1982:
185:
2006:
1994:
281:. This was part of the larger dispute between the Yuan court and the Chinese literati scholars, in which the Chinese political theory whereby only one dynasty could be deemed legitimate at a time clashed with the Mongol's beliefs to the contrary. Due to this dispute between two different political cultures, the
289:
and Song dynasties, was not officially compiled until 1343–1344, when the pro-Chinese Chief
Councillor Toqto'a took up the pre-Yuan histories project again. In its final form, this project conceded to the Yuan court's desire to treat the Liao, Jin, and Song as equally legitimate dynasties. The
517:
stated that only the Song was a legitimate dynasty and the Liao and Jin were usurpers. He continued to argue this point and composed an essay titled 'On legitimate
Succession' 正統辯. Ming scholar Wang Zhu 王洙 wrote an alternative history of the Song titled
482:
are described in volumes 37 through 41 under the title
Geography (地理), organized by the five primary level circuits (道). Official posts (百官) are described in volumes 45–48. Standen gives English translations for some of the official posts in a glossary.
611:
pp. 123-125 Howorth, H. H.. 1881. "The
Northern Frontagers of China. Part V. The Khitai or Khitans". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 13 (2). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 121–82.
522:宋史質 in which the Liao and Jin states were relegated to treatises on foreign states. However, Wang Chu's text received criticism itself from Qing scholars who viewed it as an intentional distortion of history. In addition, the text
244:
contains 116 volumes, including 30 volumes of
Imperial Annals, 32 volumes of Records of Institutions, 8 volumes of Tables, 48 volumes of Biographies and Descriptions, and 1 volume of Glossary of National Language 國語解 Guoyijie (the
444:
to "correct" Chinese character transcriptions of Khitan names in the
History of Liao in his "Imperial Liao Jin Yuan Three Histories National Language Explanation" (欽定遼金元三史國語解 Qinding Liao Jin Yuan sanshi guoyujie) project.
298:
and the other two pre-Yuan histories are known for their technical errors, lack of precision, inconsistencies in transcribing non-Chinese terms and names, and over-lapping subject matter. Qing scholars
777:
576:. Vol. 52 of Harvard Yenching Institute Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series (illustrated, revised ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 864.
341:
The work of collation and punctuation have been done several times, by example in the
Qianlong edition, the Nanjian edition, the Beijian edition, Baina edition and the Daoguang edition.
475:
also known as the
Western Liao at the dissolution of the Liao dynasty. Biran describes volume 30 of the text as one of the most important sources for the history of the Qara Khitai.
779:
Mediaeval
Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century
964:
2046:
1829:
1294:
1863:
1940:
1502:
479:
1868:
1858:
1546:
448:
Qianlong's "corrections" ended up compounding the errors and making the transcription of some foreign words even worse. Marshall
Broomhall wrote that
1195:
922:, University of Helsinki, 2005. 273 pages. 2.1 Introduction to the Sources on the Pre-dynastic Khitan (pp.19–23) > The Liao shi, pp. 22–23.
1497:
1386:
273:" Liao dynasty did not merit its own official history, but rather posited that the Liao histories should be an addendum to the history of the
1482:
787:
637:
294:
was finished in one year by imperial historians, although without undergoing any but the most minimal of proofreadings. Because of this, the
250:
1930:
1470:
513:
The debate about the legacy of the Liao as a legitimate dynasty continued after the completion of the text. Around the time of publication
355:, and based on the Baina edition. This Zhonghua Shuju Press version and its annotations also refer to other historical sources such as the
571:
2031:
1475:
1352:
957:
1822:
1287:
1183:
1151:
1143:
2041:
1692:
1555:
2036:
1417:
164:(Tuotuo), and finalized in 1344. Based on Khitan's primary sources and other previous official Chinese records, it details the
2026:
1657:
1442:
1398:
1347:
950:
581:
384:
43:
1422:
877:
Chan, Hok-lam (2014). "Chinese Official History at the Yuan Court: The Compilation of the Liao, Chin, and Sung Histories".
1738:
1725:
1596:
1320:
1023:
57:
206:實錄 (Veritable Records), completed in the Liao dynasty (916–1125) under the direction of Yelü Yan (耶律儼), no longer extant;
1935:
1815:
1601:
1371:
1280:
450:
So unscientific was this work that the K'ien-lung editions of the Liao, Kin, and Yüan histories are practically useless.
1621:
1381:
1312:
364:
1972:
1507:
1337:
419:
1517:
1376:
1236:
1224:
1212:
161:
1536:
1512:
1342:
501:
general from the Later Tang who also served the Liao in volume 76; and Wang Jizhong 王繼忠, who helped broker the
321:
provides a large amount of knowledge on Khitan's imperium's tribal politics and traditions. Since Yelü Yan's
1743:
1611:
1432:
1427:
1393:
286:
214:
695:
Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Rawski, Evelyn S. (Jun 1993). "A Profile of The Manchu Language in Ch'ing History".
1711:
1616:
1403:
1207:
1853:
490:
clan as well as other clans in volume 63, tribes (部族) in volume 69, and vassal states (屬國) in volume 70.
1522:
1447:
1437:
1011:
974:
352:
1330:
184:
1952:
1579:
1566:
1774:
1357:
1107:
348:
526:
by Ming scholar Shao Jingbang 邵經邦 (1491–1561) gave the Liao and Jin the status of alien usurpers.
111:
1718:
1487:
1016:
712:
452:
396:
629:
Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911
217:
under the direction of an official named Chen Daren (陳大任), never published and no longer extant;
783:
633:
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587:
577:
1890:
1704:
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731:
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80:
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1780:
1678:
1606:
1454:
1408:
1362:
1255:
1243:
502:
403:
246:
1998:
1664:
1650:
1492:
1231:
441:
360:
221:
870:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
2020:
1918:
1880:
1796:
1764:
1071:
1040:
468:
392:
380:
376:
225:
188:
165:
2005:
904:(LS) 遼史 (History of Liao). Tuotuo 脱脱 et al. eds. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 中华书局, 1974.
2010:
1986:
1897:
1838:
1671:
1303:
1260:
1124:
1119:
1083:
1047:
514:
498:
430:
356:
274:
169:
157:
101:
87:
1923:
756:
1885:
1637:
1188:
1131:
1095:
1064:
1035:
999:
472:
372:
368:
278:
266:
173:
168:, Khitan's tribal life and traditions, as well as the official histories of the
1945:
1902:
1200:
1172:
1088:
1076:
1059:
494:
300:
591:
1786:
1572:
1527:
1248:
1136:
1112:
1028:
992:
228:
and other descriptions of the Khitans in the previous dynastic histories (
1769:
1561:
1100:
1052:
733:
Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia
455:
demonstrated how the etymologies in the Qianlong edition were incorrect.
942:
613:
333:
is the only extant Chinese-style historical record of the Liao dynasty.
1791:
1759:
1176:
933:
919:
716:
487:
388:
233:
229:
153:
108:
17:
1807:
1272:
889:
La Steppe et l’Empire : la formation de la dynastie Khitan (Liao)
1004:
464:
437:
436:
erroneously identified the Khitan people and their language with the
343:
The nowadays commonly use edition is the Zhonghua Shuju Press edited
708:
896:
China & the Mongols: History and Legend under the Yuan and Ming
987:
183:
1733:
1698:
1811:
1276:
946:
311:
Study of the Discrepancies in the Twenty-two Standard Histories
463:
The annals are covered in Volumes 1-30 beginning with founder
486:
Volumes 63–70 are tables including the lineage of the ruling
116:
493:
Notable figures included in the Biographies section include
152:), is a Chinese historical book compiled officially by the
672:
670:
265:
Many Chinese scholars of the time argued that the non-
1970:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
347:, under direction of the Khitan studies' specialists
254:
92:
1911:
1846:
1752:
1630:
1589:
1545:
1463:
1311:
198:of 1344 was compiled using older sources, mainly:
107:
100:
86:
79:
74:
56:
42:
31:
910:Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossing in Liao China
872:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
160:(1271–1368), under the direction of the historian
920:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
497:, Liao chancellor of Han origin in volume 74;
1823:
1288:
958:
939:Chinese text with matching English vocabulary
285:, as well as the histories of the concurrent
62:
48:
8:
1503:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
478:Treatises are covered in volumes 31–62. The
249:), which is a list of Khitan language words
898:. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 1999.
1830:
1816:
1808:
1295:
1281:
1273:
965:
951:
943:
315:Critical Notes on the Twenty-two Histories
71:
626:Heming Yong; Jing Peng (14 August 2008).
467:(Taizu) in volumes 1–2. Volume 30 covers
303:and Zhao Yi noted inconsistencies in the
1196:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
883:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
761:. Morgan & Scott, Limited. pp.
402:The History of Liao was translated into
1977:
912:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
826:
814:
540:
471:, who fled and founded of the state of
1498:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
220:and several other sources such as the
28:
802:
736:. Trübner & Company. pp. 5–6
703:(1). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 99.
614:https://www.jstor.org/stable/25196875
7:
2047:History books about the Liao dynasty
850:
838:
776:E. Bretschneider (15 October 2013).
661:
480:administrative divisions of the Liao
758:Islam in China: A Neglected Problem
570:Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2000).
524:Great Outline of Historical Records
891:, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2011.
697:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
25:
1184:Old History of the Five Dynasties
1152:History of the Northern Dynasties
1144:History of the Southern Dynasties
251:transcribed in Chinese characters
2004:
1992:
1980:
1693:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
1556:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
1418:Second Mongol invasion of Burma
191:man playing a string instrument
117:
1443:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
253:. It is found in Chapter 116 (
213:, compiled in the Jurchen-led
93:
63:
49:
1:
1726:The Story of the Western Wing
1597:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
1321:Division of the Mongol Empire
1024:Records of the Three Kingdoms
632:. OUP Oxford. pp. 382–.
1602:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
1353:conquest of the Song dynasty
782:. Routledge. pp. 182–.
520:Verified History of the Song
1622:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
755:Marshall Broomhall (1910).
505:of 1004–1005 in volume 81.
365:Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian
317:(二十二史劄記). Nonetheless, the
2063:
2032:14th-century history books
1508:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
1387:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
730:Bretschneider, E. (1876).
329:have been lost, Toqto'a's
1936:Memorial for Yelü Yanning
1423:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
982:
573:Chinese History: A Manual
440:, leading him to use the
128:
70:
38:
1941:Administrative divisions
1537:Goryeo under Mongol rule
1343:Mongol conquest of China
261:Creation and reliability
44:Traditional Chinese
2042:Yuan dynasty literature
1612:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
1433:1344 Yellow River flood
1428:War of the Two Capitals
1338:Kublai Khan's campaigns
908:Standen, Naomi (2007).
880:China Under Mongol Rule
676:Xu Elina-Qian, pp.22–23
424:Dailiyoo gurun i suduri
416:Dailiyoo gurun i suduri
277:, which was ethnically
172:and its successor, the
58:Simplified Chinese
2037:History of the Khitans
1712:The Injustice to Dou E
1617:Temple of Azure Clouds
1547:Science and technology
1404:Battle of Ngasaunggyan
1348:anti-Mongol fortresses
868:Biran, Michal (2005).
192:
2027:Twenty-Four Histories
1448:Battle of Lake Poyang
1438:Red Turban Rebellions
1012:Book of the Later Han
975:Twenty-Four Histories
187:
1946:Shangjing Linhuangfu
174:Western Liao dynasty
1631:Society and culture
1358:Battle of Xiangyang
1108:Book of Northern Qi
829:, pp. 158–166.
817:, pp. 241–247.
685:遼史, 脱脱, 中华书局, 1974.
560:Xu Elina-Qian, p.22
290:compilation of the
1719:The Orphan of Zhao
1488:Imperial Preceptor
853:, pp. 98–100.
652:Hok-lam Chan, p.73
453:Emil Bretschneider
193:
1968:
1967:
1854:Goryeo–Khitan War
1805:
1804:
1270:
1269:
887:Marsone, Pierre.
789:978-1-136-38021-1
639:978-0-19-156167-2
325:and Chen Daren's
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81:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
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306:History of Liao
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1636:
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1623:
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1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
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1588:
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1577:
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1570:
1568:
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1456:
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1444:
1441:
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1436:
1434:
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1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Java invasion
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
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1234:
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1205:
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1198:
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1190:
1186:
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1174:
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1165:
1162:
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1138:
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1129:
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1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1072:Book of Liang
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:Fang Xuanling
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
989:
985:
984:
981:
977:
976:
968:
963:
961:
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954:
949:
948:
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938:
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927:
921:
917:
915:
911:
906:
903:
900:
897:
893:
890:
886:
882:
879:
875:
871:
866:
865:
860:
852:
847:
844:
841:, p. 89.
840:
835:
832:
828:
823:
820:
816:
811:
808:
804:
799:
796:
791:
785:
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769:
764:
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759:
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748:
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734:
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723:
718:
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710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
688:
682:
679:
673:
671:
667:
664:, p. 91.
663:
658:
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635:
631:
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619:
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417:
405:
400:
398:
394:
393:Qidan Guo Zhi
390:
386:
382:
381:Xin Wudai Shi
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Feng Jiasheng
346:
336:
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288:
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235:
231:
227:
226:Qidan Guo Zhi
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
205:
201:
200:
199:
197:
190:
186:
179:
177:
175:
171:
167:
166:Khitan people
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:
145:
144:
139:
138:
127:
115:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
91:
89:
85:
82:
78:
73:
69:
61:
59:
55:
47:
45:
41:
37:
34:
30:
27:
19:
1958:
1957:
1898:Eastern Liao
1886:Western Liao
1839:Liao dynasty
1779:
1753:Other topics
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1672:Menggu Ziyun
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1590:Architecture
1578:
1571:
1554:
1304:Yuan dynasty
1261:Zhang Tingyu
1254:
1242:
1230:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1166:
1158:
1155:(Li Yanshou)
1150:
1147:(Li Yanshou)
1142:
1130:
1125:Linghu Defen
1120:Book of Zhou
1118:
1106:
1094:
1084:Book of Chen
1082:
1070:
1058:
1048:Book of Song
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
973:
934:
909:
901:
895:
888:
881:
878:
869:
846:
834:
822:
810:
805:, p. 4.
803:Biran (2005)
798:
778:
771:
757:
750:
738:. Retrieved
732:
725:
700:
696:
690:
681:
657:
648:
628:
621:
607:
595:. Retrieved
572:
565:
523:
519:
515:Yang Weizhen
512:
499:Zhao Yanshou
492:
485:
477:
462:
449:
447:
431:Qing dynasty
428:
423:
415:
401:
357:Cefu Yuangui
344:
340:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:(廿二史劄記) and
310:
305:
304:
295:
291:
282:
264:
241:
239:
210:
203:
195:
194:
180:Main sources
170:Liao dynasty
158:Yuan dynasty
148:
147:
142:
141:
136:
135:
133:
102:Southern Min
88:Hanyu Pinyin
32:
26:
1638:Yuan poetry
1476:family tree
1189:Xue Juzheng
1132:Book of Sui
1096:Book of Wei
1065:Xiao Zixian
1036:Book of Jin
1000:Book of Han
851:Chan (2014)
839:Chan (2014)
662:Chan (2014)
473:Qara Khitai
420:Möllendorff
397:Liao Wenhui
373:Xin Tangshu
279:Han Chinese
215:Jin dynasty
2021:Categories
1903:Later Liao
1464:Government
1201:Ouyang Xiu
1173:Ouyang Xiu
1089:Yao Silian
1077:Yao Silian
1060:Book of Qi
740:1 December
583:0674002490
530:References
495:Han Yanhui
469:Yelü Dashi
301:Qian Daxin
224:(1080's),
1924:Yelü clan
1787:Khanbaliq
1528:Dpon-chen
1518:Manchuria
1483:Empresses
1249:Song Lian
1137:Wei Zheng
1113:Li Baiyao
1029:Chen Shou
993:Sima Qian
592:0073-084X
535:Citations
271:barbarian
1931:Emperors
1912:See also
1770:Borjigin
1580:Nong Shu
1562:Jiaochao
1513:Mongolia
1471:Emperors
1372:Sakhalin
1101:Wei Shou
1053:Shen Yue
902:Liao Shi
597:24 April
414:(Wylie:
408:ᡩᠠᡳᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ
385:Song Shi
353:Chen Shu
345:Liao Shi
337:Editions
331:Liao Shi
327:Liao Shi
319:Liao Shi
296:Liao Shi
292:Liao Shi
283:Liao Shi
242:Liao Shi
211:Liao Shi
209:a draft
149:Liáo Shǐ
143:Liao Shi
94:Liáo Shǐ
1999:History
1973:Portals
1953:Coinage
1847:History
1792:Shangdu
1760:Mongols
1744:Fashion
1567:Coinage
1382:Vietnam
1313:History
1263:et al.)
1251:et al.)
1239:et al.)
1237:Toqto'a
1227:et al.)
1225:Toqto'a
1215:et al.)
1213:Toqto'a
1191:et al.)
1179:et al.)
1177:Song Qi
1139:et al.)
1127:et al.)
1043:et al.)
861:Sources
717:2719468
459:Content
389:Jin Shi
255:遼史/卷116
236:, ...).
234:Sui Shu
230:Wei Shu
162:Toqto'a
118:Liâu-sú
109:Hokkien
18:Liaoshi
1841:topics
1306:topics
1017:Fan Ye
1005:Ban Gu
786:
715:
636:
590:
580:
509:Legacy
465:Abaoji
438:Solons
412:ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ
404:Manchu
379:&
371:&
189:Khitan
154:Mongol
2011:Books
1987:China
1739:Islam
1523:Tibet
1409:Pagan
1399:Burma
1377:Japan
1363:Yamen
988:Shiji
713:JSTOR
323:Shilu
204:Shilu
156:-led
140:, or
1734:Semu
1699:Zaju
1658:Song
937:《遼史》
784:ISBN
765:–94.
742:2014
634:ISBN
599:2014
588:ISSN
578:ISBN
488:Yelü
429:The
395:and
351:and
275:Song
240:The
202:the
134:The
1651:Jin
705:doi
426:).
406:as
377:Jiu
369:Jiu
287:Jin
269:, "
267:Han
257:).
112:POJ
2023::
1175:,
763:93
711:.
701:53
699:.
669:^
586:.
543:^
422::
418:,
399:.
391:,
387:,
383:,
375:,
367:,
363:,
359:,
232:,
176:.
64:辽史
50:遼史
1975::
1831:e
1824:t
1817:v
1296:e
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1247:(
1235:(
1223:(
1211:(
1203:)
1199:(
1187:(
1171:(
1135:(
1123:(
1115:)
1111:(
1103:)
1099:(
1091:)
1087:(
1079:)
1075:(
1067:)
1063:(
1055:)
1051:(
1039:(
1031:)
1027:(
1019:)
1015:(
1007:)
1003:(
995:)
991:(
966:e
959:t
952:v
792:.
744:.
719:.
707::
642:.
616:.
601:.
146:(
20:)
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