204:"Liberal Reform exists within the Liberal Democrats to promote personal liberty and a fair society supported by free, open and competitive markets as the foundation of the party’s policy. We advocate a liberalism that draws upon the values of entrepreneurship, competition and innovation to deliver a society that empowers individuals through freedom and opportunity. Our vision of freedom is all encompassing, covering personal, political, economic and social liberties. As such, we seek to put the rights of individuals first, but recognise the importance of challenging concentrations of power where they develop, both within and beyond the state."
271:
213:
428:
194:; the provision of citizens' freedom of information and of high-quality and accountable public services; and the right of senior citizens to control their own pension savings. It also endorses the principles described in the preamble to the party's Constitution, which states: "The Liberal Democrats exist to build and safeguard a fair, free and open society,… in which no one shall be enslaved by poverty, ignorance, or conformity".
40:
127:
319:, its main twice-per-year gathering, had already voted overwhelmingly against the legislation. However, it was passed into law, with only seven of the party's then-56 MPs voting against on third reading on 4 March 2013. An emergency motion was filed for the party's Spring Conference the following weekend. The Conference again rejected the legislation by an overwhelming majority.
335:
policies. Liberal Reform is opposed to a pact with a Labour Party which it believes to have been increasingly attracted to centralised state control in recent years, and to a "return to the 1970s" on economic policies. It also opposes a pact with the Green Party, which it contends supports an agenda
327:
Liberal Reform has led the campaign within the
Liberal Democrats against a so-called 'progressive alliance', which would see the party stand down for Labour and Green Party candidates at election time in an attempt to defeat the Conservatives. This campaign came to a head in Southport in 2018, where
252:
Liberal Reform argues that while economic freedom is itself a virtue, it has proven to be the only reliable way for modern societies to generate sufficient resources to promote individual freedom and security, and by "spreading opportunity through the provision of high quality public services and a
256:
Liberal Reform also argues that the state must be accountable and open to its citizens, ensuring equal treatment "regardless of gender, race or sexuality", and in keeping with its views on social and personal liberalism, says that it believes it is necessary to guard against excessive state power,
348:
Liberal Reform is run by a Board which is elected by the membership of
Liberal Reform and two co-Chairs who are chosen from within the Board itself. In addition Liberal Reform has an Advisory Council which consists of a broad group of campaigners and policy experts to advise the elected Board and
189:
Liberal Reform's four-cornered liberalism is exemplified by specific policy goals: a belief in the importance of open markets and free trade; strong opposition to discrimination and abuses of power; the need to reduce taxation for those on low and middle incomes by such measures as increasing the
339:
However, Liberal Reform does not reject co-operation with groups, organisations and parties that share the party's aims, and in opposing the use of the term 'progressive alliance' in the motion, it stated that it believes in “working with those on all sides of politics who share goals with us to
288:
Liberal Reform has campaigned strongly against the presence of secret courts, and the legislation that enables them to operate. In an open letter to MPs, signed by 116 Liberal
Democrats and published in March 2013, Liberal Reform, together with other Liberal Democrats, argued that Part II of the
257:
and that public monopolies can be just as unacceptable to citizens as private ones. It believes that taxation should be kept as low as possible to avoid interference with personal liberty, but must be set at a level to ensure the provision of well-funded and accountable public services.
156:. Membership of the group is open to any Liberal Democrat member, and is free of charge. It was launched on 13 February 2012, and describes itself as a broadly centrist group that seeks to promote 'four-cornered liberalism' within the party. Each 'corner' consists respectively of
178:. It states that it accepts that virtually all Liberal Democrats believe in four-cornered liberalism, but emphasises its belief that economic liberalism, consisting of the promotion of open markets, competition and free trade, "has to be a key component of modern liberalism".
197:
Liberal Reform intends to be "at the heart of the party, encouraging friendly debate and participation with other groups", in the cause of both
Liberal Democrats and those of a liberal outlook. All members of Liberal Reform are active campaigners for the party.
311:
proceedings if the Bill were to be passed. Its concluding lines began, "We call on all MPs now to act before it is too late, and they become complicit in irrevocable damage to our constitution.This issue goes beyond party politics".
1808:
1895:
596:
516:, which argued that disruptive technologies such as Uber should broadly be welcomed, and attempts to regulate these technologies should reflect the opportunities they present to increasing individual liberty.
2020:
763:"Liberal Reform – Liberal Reform exists within the Liberal Democrats to promote personal liberty and a fair society supported by free, open and competitive markets as the foundation of the party's policy"
879:
1513:
331:
Liberal Reform believes the term would be a "slippery slope" that would soon commit the party to entering a formal electoral pact with parties that do not share the
Liberal Democrats' support for
307:, who it said had been the victims of such abuses of power, and that the new law would exclude victims from the trials of their own claims for damages. It stated that the Bill could also apply to
299:. It argued that "liberty has been sacrificed in the name of security", and that similar laws had already led to the facilitation of kidnap and torture. It cited the cases of two individuals,
2030:
1925:
1353:
1184:
1985:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
2035:
1295:
1004:
138:
604:
458:
870:
1271:
1055:
2025:
1478:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1216:
2000:
1234:
2005:
1990:
790:
1473:
1468:
1117:
237:
232:
Liberal Reform was launched in
February 2012. It aims to promote 'four-cornered liberalism': personal, political, social and economic freedom.
1575:
505:
846:
1870:
1557:
997:
901:
1798:
1551:
1523:
476:
1755:
1750:
1735:
1635:
1545:
1251:
1885:
1875:
1677:
1667:
682:
270:
1745:
1539:
1518:
1452:
2015:
1880:
1845:
1463:
1283:
1277:
1038:
990:
328:
the
Liberal Democrat Spring Conference voted to remove the 'progressive alliance' term from a motion on the party's strategy.
1995:
1760:
627:
134:
1581:
1569:
1563:
290:
281:
708:
2010:
1905:
1803:
73:
246:
1651:
1587:
1201:
1192:
525:
479:, former Deputy First Minister of Wales, Welsh Assembly Member and Minister of State for Wales in the House of Lords .
316:
183:
2040:
1609:
1240:
1228:
1604:
737:
1910:
1960:
1685:
1630:
819:
655:
535:
1825:
1698:
1614:
1860:
1694:
1013:
153:
1840:
1818:
1915:
1835:
1770:
1702:
530:
332:
165:
1690:
597:"Lib Dem conference: Clegg isn't fighting his activists, he's just fighting a faction of activists"
570:
540:
235:
Liberal Reform broadly supports the open market, free trade and economically liberal philosophy of
157:
82:
1855:
1813:
93:
1259:
442:
The following prominent
Liberal Democrats are members of the Liberal Reform Advisory Council:
304:
161:
86:
1890:
1865:
1222:
1137:
1125:
1076:
212:
191:
427:
1931:
1920:
1830:
1740:
1265:
1070:
455:, Former Liberal Democrat MP for Taunton Deane and Minister of State at the Foreign Office
431:
170:
130:
1900:
435:
300:
221:
1979:
1155:
1064:
501:
452:
308:
225:
925:
1289:
1173:
1149:
795:
39:
950:
1307:
1210:
1143:
1094:
1046:
513:
497:
464:
295:
276:
217:
126:
1301:
1161:
1131:
1100:
1088:
1082:
493:
470:
447:
293:, would prevent the guarantee of a fair trial, enshrined in English law since
242:
228:, has addressed Liberal Reform events and is a member of its Advisory Council.
175:
78:
20:
1313:
473:, former MP for Yeovil and Minister of State at the Department for Education
142:
791:"Liberal Democrat members 'left in the dark' about party's spending plans"
1167:
1106:
98:
360:
In alphabetical order, from left to right, the current Board comprises:
1850:
871:"Activists quit in protest over government plans for 'secret courts'"
274:
Liberal Reform contends that the right to a fair trial, enshrined in
982:
19:
For the period of reform in Mexico known as the
Liberal Reform, see
977:
902:"Why Lib Dem members were right to reject a "progressive alliance""
762:
426:
349:
help ensure a broad
Liberal heritage is represented in the party.
269:
211:
125:
118:
847:"Lib Dems prepare to challenge Clegg over secret courts betrayal"
1949:
1787:
1724:
1495:
1450:
1335:
1026:
986:
133:
is a member of Liberal Reform's Advisory Council and a former
280:
in 1215 (above), is now in jeopardy since the passing of the
628:"Coalition and Beyond: Liberal Reforms for the Decade Ahead"
490:
Coalition and Beyond: Liberal reforms for the decade ahead
182:
organises a number of fringe events at the twice-per-year
2021:
Organisations associated with the Liberal Democrats (UK)
820:"Secret courts plan receives blow at Lib Dem conference"
709:"Julian Huppert MP writes.....The Preamble, 25 years on"
461:, an International Development and Foreign Policy expert
434:
is an Advisory Council member and senior member of the
683:"Letter to Nick Clegg on the Communications Data Bill"
245:, who would go on to serve as schools minister in the
379:
362:
1676:
1660:
1644:
1623:
1597:
1532:
1506:
1397:
1346:
1250:
1183:
1116:
1037:
446:Julian Astle, former Special Adviser the Deputy PM
112:
104:
92:
72:
64:
56:
46:
28:
869:
1926:Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement
467:, MP for North Norfolk and former Health Minister
2031:Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
459:Kishwer Falkner, Baroness Falkner of Margravine
289:Justice and Security Bill, later to become the
951:"Sharing Economy Publication – Liberal Reform"
16:Pressure group within the UK Liberal Democrats
998:
492:, includes a foreword by former party leader
323:Reasons for opposing a 'progressive alliance'
168:liberalism, mirroring the opening chapter of
8:
1703:Welsh Young Liberals/Rhyddfrydwr Ifanc Cymru
1946:
1784:
1721:
1503:
1492:
1479:Liberal Democrat Home Affairs spokesperson
1447:
1343:
1332:
1034:
1023:
1005:
991:
983:
784:
782:
738:"New Liberal Reform group to launch today"
25:
1986:2012 establishments in the United Kingdom
224:Minister of State, and political author,
201:The group's Mission Statement says that:
656:"Liberal Reform response to Budget 2014"
496:, with chapters by former Care Minister
2036:Political organisations based in London
552:
1474:Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson
1469:Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats
731:
729:
650:
648:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
238:The Orange Book: Reclaiming Liberalism
1876:National Liberal Party (Lloyd George)
1576:Second Frontbench Team of Vince Cable
336:that is not in favour of free trade.
241:, published in 2004 and co-edited by
152:is a group of members of the British
7:
1886:National Liberal Party ("Simonites")
1558:First Frontbench Team of Vince Cable
595:Isabel Hardman (26 September 2013).
500:, former Northern Ireland spokesman
1881:Independent Liberals (Lloyd George)
1871:Independent Liberal Party (Asquith)
1799:Liberal Democrats headquarters (UK)
1552:Frontbench Team of Menzies Campbell
926:"Liberal Reform - Advisory Council"
508:. In 2016 Liberal Reform published
488:Liberal Reform's 2013 publication,
477:Jenny Randerson, Baroness Randerson
322:
253:safety net for those who need it".
1736:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
1636:Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats
1546:Frontbench Team of Charles Kennedy
818:Syal, Rajeev (25 September 2012).
789:Frances Perraudin (9 March 2015).
14:
2026:Organizations established in 2012
190:tax-free personal allowance; the
2001:Liberalism in the United Kingdom
1540:Frontbench Team of Paddy Ashdown
38:
1464:Leader of the Liberal Democrats
882:from the original on 2022-06-14
868:Grice, Andrew (10 March 2013).
707:Julian Huppert (3 March 2013).
681:Alan Muhammed (24 April 2013).
423:Liberal Reform Advisory Council
2006:Centrism in the United Kingdom
1991:Liberal Democrat (UK) factions
1804:List of MPs (past and present)
845:Eaton, George (5 March 2013).
736:Zadok Day (13 February 2012).
247:2010-2015 coalition government
135:Deputy First Minister of Wales
1:
1582:Frontbench Team of Jo Swinson
1570:Frontbench Team of Tim Farron
1564:Frontbench Team of Nick Clegg
1514:Current members of Parliament
569:Alan Muhammed (21 May 2015).
291:Justice and Security Act 2013
282:Justice and Security Act 2013
141:. In 2011, she was created a
571:"Introducing Liberal Reform"
1809:General election manifestos
1652:Liberal Democrat Conference
1588:Frontbench Team of Ed Davey
526:Liberal Democrat Conference
317:Liberal Democrat Conference
184:Liberal Democrat Conference
2057:
1789:History and related topics
1610:Scottish Liberal Democrats
626:Stephen Tall, ed. (2013).
512:, featuring a foreword by
344:Organisation and structure
108:'Four-Cornered Liberalism'
18:
1956:
1945:
1794:
1783:
1731:
1720:
1605:English Liberal Democrats
1502:
1491:
1459:
1446:
1342:
1331:
1033:
1022:
504:and Communities Minister
382:
365:
117:
37:
1961:Liberal Party (UK, 1989)
1631:London Liberal Democrats
1533:Frontbench in opposition
955:www.liberalreform.org.uk
767:www.liberalreform.org.uk
536:Social Market Foundation
119:www.liberalreform.org.uk
1906:Social Democratic Party
1826:Glee Club (UK politics)
1699:Scottish Young Liberals
1686:LGBT+ Liberal Democrats
1615:Welsh Liberal Democrats
94:Political position
2016:Liberal Democrats (UK)
1861:Scottish Liberal Party
1695:English Young Liberals
978:Liberal Reform Website
906:Liberal Democrat Voice
742:Liberal Democrat Voice
713:Liberal Democrat Voice
660:Liberal Democrat Voice
575:Liberal Democrat Voice
439:
285:
229:
146:
1996:Liberal organizations
1841:National Liberal Club
1819:Limehouse Declaration
1726:Related organisations
430:
273:
215:
139:Welsh Office Minister
129:
1916:Southport Resolution
1911:SDP–Liberal Alliance
1836:Liberator (magazine)
1771:Social Liberal Forum
1337:Leadership elections
1185:Leaders in the Lords
531:Social Liberal Forum
402:Gareth Lloyd-Johnson
356:Liberal Reform Board
333:economically liberal
2011:Economic liberalism
510:The Sharing Economy
261:Policies and issues
83:Economic liberalism
1507:MPs and Frontbench
607:on 4 November 2018
440:
416:Stuart Wheatcroft
399:Oliver Jones-Lyons
286:
230:
147:
2041:Social liberalism
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1951:Breakaway parties
1941:
1940:
1779:
1778:
1756:Friends of Turkey
1751:Friends of Israel
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1487:
1486:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1398:Deputy Leadership
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1015:Liberal Democrats
420:
419:
378:
377:
305:Abdelhakim Belhaj
154:Liberal Democrats
124:
123:
87:Social liberalism
2048:
1947:
1866:Coalition Coupon
1785:
1722:
1624:Regional parties
1504:
1493:
1448:
1344:
1333:
1035:
1024:
1016:
1007:
1000:
993:
984:
965:
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733:
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704:
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678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
652:
643:
642:
640:
638:
623:
617:
616:
614:
612:
603:. Archived from
592:
586:
585:
583:
581:
566:
506:Stephen Williams
410:Callum Robertson
380:
363:
192:right to privacy
60:13 February 2012
42:
26:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2045:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1952:
1937:
1932:For a Fair Deal
1921:The Orange Book
1831:The Land (song)
1790:
1775:
1746:Christian Forum
1741:Beveridge Group
1727:
1708:
1672:
1656:
1640:
1619:
1593:
1528:
1519:Frontbench team
1498:
1483:
1455:
1453:Frontbench team
1434:
1405:2003 (Campbell)
1393:
1364:2006 (Campbell)
1338:
1319:
1246:
1179:
1112:
1029:
1018:
1014:
1011:
974:
969:
968:
959:
957:
949:
948:
944:
934:
932:
924:
923:
919:
910:
908:
900:
899:
895:
885:
883:
876:The Independent
867:
866:
862:
852:
850:
849:. New Statesman
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
817:
816:
812:
802:
800:
788:
787:
780:
771:
769:
761:
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746:
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735:
734:
727:
717:
715:
706:
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701:
691:
689:
680:
679:
675:
665:
663:
662:. 20 March 2014
654:
653:
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634:
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620:
610:
608:
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593:
589:
579:
577:
568:
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554:
549:
522:
486:
432:Kishwer Falkner
425:
358:
352:
346:
340:achieve them”.
325:
268:
263:
210:
171:The Orange Book
164:, personal and
131:Jenny Randerson
85:
81:
51:
33:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1978:
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1971:
1970:
1967:
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1964:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1939:
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1935:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:One more heave
1898:
1893:
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1878:
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1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
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1801:
1795:
1792:
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1768:
1766:Liberal Reform
1763:
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1729:
1728:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
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1709:
1707:
1706:
1691:Young Liberals
1688:
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1680:
1674:
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1670:
1664:
1662:
1658:
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1654:
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1620:
1618:
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1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1590:(2020-present)
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
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1456:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1425:2017 (Swinson)
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1384:2019 (Swinson)
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:1999 (Kennedy)
1356:
1354:1988 (Ashdown)
1350:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
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1318:
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1208:
1199:
1189:
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1178:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1118:Deputy Leaders
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1043:
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1031:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:
995:
987:
981:
980:
973:
972:External links
970:
967:
966:
942:
930:Liberal Reform
917:
893:
860:
837:
810:
778:
754:
725:
699:
687:Liberal Reform
673:
644:
632:Liberal Reform
618:
587:
551:
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548:
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543:
541:Young Liberals
538:
533:
528:
521:
518:
485:
482:
481:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
436:House of Lords
424:
421:
418:
417:
414:
411:
407:
406:
405:Simon McGrath
403:
400:
396:
395:
394:Fraser Coppin
392:
389:
385:
384:
383:Board Members
376:
375:
374:Alan Muhammed
372:
368:
367:
357:
354:
345:
342:
324:
321:
301:Binyam Mohamed
267:
264:
262:
259:
222:Foreign Office
209:
206:
180:Liberal Reform
150:Liberal Reform
122:
121:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
76:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:Fraser Coppin
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:Liberal Reform
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2053:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
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1896:Liberal Leave
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601:The Spectator
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502:Stephen Lloyd
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453:Jeremy Browne
451:
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429:
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412:
409:
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398:
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391:Harry Compson
390:
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371:Fraser Coppin
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309:habeas corpus
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266:Secret courts
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226:Jeremy Browne
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63:
59:
55:
52:Alan Muhammed
49:
45:
41:
36:
27:
22:
1930:
1891:Lib–Lab pact
1814:Gang of Four
1765:
1430:2019 (Davey)
1420:2014 (Bruce)
1410:2006 (Cable)
1389:2020 (Davey)
1379:2017 (Cable)
1369:2007 (Clegg)
1204:
1195:
1058:
1049:
958:. Retrieved
954:
945:
933:. Retrieved
929:
920:
909:. Retrieved
905:
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884:. Retrieved
875:
863:
851:. Retrieved
840:
828:. Retrieved
824:The Guardian
823:
813:
801:. Retrieved
796:The Guardian
794:
770:. Retrieved
766:
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745:. Retrieved
741:
716:. Retrieved
712:
702:
690:. Retrieved
686:
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664:. Retrieved
659:
635:. Retrieved
631:
621:
609:. Retrieved
605:the original
600:
590:
578:. Retrieved
574:
509:
489:
487:
484:Publications
441:
413:Emily Tester
359:
351:
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338:
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236:
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169:
149:
148:
65:Headquarters
1578:(2017–2019)
1572:(2015–2017)
1566:(2007–2010)
1554:(2006–2007)
1548:(1999–2006)
1542:(1997–1999)
1316:(from 2020)
1310:(2015–2019)
1304:(2011–2014)
1298:(2009–2010)
1292:(2005–2008)
1286:(2001–2004)
1280:(1999–2000)
1274:(1995–1998)
1268:(1991–1994)
1262:(1989–1990)
1243:(from 2016)
1237:(2013–2016)
1231:(2004–2013)
1225:(2001–2004)
1219:(1997–2001)
1213:(1988–1997)
1176:(from 2020)
1170:(2019–2020)
1164:(2017–2019)
1158:(2014–2015)
1152:(2010–2014)
1146:(2006–2010)
1140:(2003–2006)
1134:(1992–2003)
1128:(1988–1992)
1109:(from 2020)
1097:(2017–2019)
1091:(2015–2017)
1085:(2007–2015)
1079:(2006–2007)
1073:(1999–2006)
1067:(1988–1999)
935:24 December
886:24 December
853:24 December
830:24 December
803:17 December
747:27 December
718:30 December
666:27 December
637:27 December
611:27 December
580:27 December
514:Vince Cable
498:Norman Lamb
465:Norman Lamb
296:Magna Carta
277:Magna Carta
218:Home Office
1980:Categories
1846:Whig Party
1661:Committees
1645:Conference
1524:Chief whip
1347:Leadership
1252:Presidents
1028:Leadership
960:2018-11-03
911:2018-11-03
878:. London.
772:2018-11-03
547:References
494:Nick Clegg
471:David Laws
448:Nick Clegg
388:Guy Benson
366:Co-Chairs
243:David Laws
176:David Laws
79:Liberalism
21:La Reforma
1497:Structure
1272:Maclennan
1196:(Liberal)
1056:Maclennan
1050:(Liberal)
798:newspaper
692:7 January
166:political
143:life peer
47:Co-Chairs
1851:Peelites
1284:Dholakia
1223:Williams
1138:Campbell
1126:Johnston
1077:Campbell
880:Archived
826:. London
520:See also
208:Overview
158:economic
74:Ideology
1308:Brinton
1278:Maddock
1266:Kennedy
1235:Wallace
1229:McNally
1217:Rodgers
1211:Jenkins
1202:Diamond
1162:Swinson
1101:Swinson
1071:Kennedy
1065:Ashdown
1039:Leaders
216:Former
113:Website
57:Founded
1584:(2019)
1560:(2007)
1302:Farron
1290:Hughes
1207:(1988)
1198:(1988)
1174:Cooper
1150:Hughes
1103:(2019)
1089:Farron
1061:(1988)
1052:(1988)
162:social
105:Slogan
99:Centre
68:London
1296:Scott
1241:Newby
1205:(SDP)
1193:Seear
1168:Davey
1156:Bruce
1144:Cable
1132:Beith
1107:Davey
1095:Cable
1083:Clegg
1059:(SDP)
1047:Steel
1678:SAOs
1314:Pack
937:2016
888:2016
855:2016
832:2016
805:2016
749:2016
720:2016
694:2017
668:2016
639:2016
613:2016
582:2016
315:The
303:and
220:and
137:and
174:by
1982::
1701:,
1697:,
953:.
928:.
904:.
874:.
822:.
793:.
781:^
765:.
740:.
728:^
711:.
685:.
658:.
647:^
630:.
599:.
573:.
555:^
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160:,
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1693:(
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999:t
992:v
963:.
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857:.
834:.
807:.
775:.
751:.
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696:.
670:.
641:.
615:.
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438:.
284:.
145:.
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