2042:
1821:
2267:
2236:
2672:
1658:
1646:
2515:
40:
1844:. From 1840 onward, the amount of liberals in the House gradually increased. These liberals advocated a parliamentary democracy with a directly elected House of Representatives and in which the ministers, not the King, had executive power. In 1844, nine liberal representatives led by the jurist and historian
1811:
was founded in 1966. Since the 1970s however liberalism has been on the rise again electorally. Since 1977 the largest, more conservative, liberal party, VVD has been in government for twenty two years. In early 21st century the VVD saw major splits over the issue of integration and migration. In
1957:
in 1906. There are different names for these two tendencies. The more progressive liberals have been called "radical", "freeminded" or "democratic" liberals, while the more conservative liberals have been called "free" or "old" liberals. The issue which divided the liberals most was the question
2774:
political system the liberals mainly appealed to urban, secular upper and middle class. The liberals did not have a strong pillar of social organization, such as trade unions and news papers, like the other political families had. Instead they were aligned with the weak neutral pillar.
2886:
for mismanaging the public sector, migration and the integration of migrants. The two liberal parties lost considerably in the elections. Liberalism in the
Netherlands came under attack after the shock assassination of Fortuyn just days before the election.
2270:
2936:. In 2006 a conflict between Hirsi Ali and Verdonk over her status as an asylum seeker caused the downfall of the cabinet after D66 had revoked its confidence of Verdonk, whose positions on migration the party had already distanced itself from.
2765:
with social-democrats, Catholics and
Protestants in the late 1940s early 1950s, and with the Catholics and Protestants over the course of the 1960s. The party was led by the former leader of the Freeminded Democratic League,
2275:
2493:
1897:
in 1849, and would serve two more terms throughout his lifetime. Because of their dominant position, the liberals did not deem it necessary to organise themselves in a political party. Instead there was a loose liberal
5169:
1966:, the progressive liberals favoured universal suffrage, the conservative liberals did not. The progressive liberals also favoured government intervention in the economy, such as Van Houten's ban on child labour.
1884:
In the period following the constitutional amendment, liberalism was the dominant political force in the
Netherlands. Liberalism also dominated the universities, the media and business. The liberals supported a
2282:
2789:. In the foundation several progressive liberals from the VVD had been involved. The party sought to radically democratize the political system, the society and the economy. D66 was led by the charismatic
2239:
1852:
across Europe, the balance of power shifted in favour of the liberals. In order to prevent civil unrest in the
Netherlands, William II formed a commission, chaired by Thorbecke, which would draft a new
2713:
In 1922 the liberal parties reorganized: all conservative liberals, from the
Liberal Union and the League Free Liberals as well as more conservative liberals from smaller parties, joined to form the
2615:
2498:
2961:
In the
European Parliament election of 2009, the VVD and D66 both won 3 seats each, while PVV picked up 4 seats. The PVV was assigned the additional seat that went to the Netherlands after the
5162:
1949:
and
Kappeyne van de Coppello started to propose a more active role of the government, breaking with the Thorbeckian laissez-faire ideal. This led to the establishment of the progressive
2106:
2943:
the VVD and D66 lost considerably: D66 lost three of its six seats, the VVD six of its 28 seats. Wilders' PVV won nine seats. Rita
Verdonk, second on the list of the VVD won more
5474:
5155:
2700:
2256:
2244:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
988:
5260:
4785:
2972:
the VVD returned to previous strength and became the largest party the first time in history with 31 seats, leading to a liberal-led coalition for the first time
2589:
2585:
2648:
5469:
1013:
983:
1918:. After Thorbecke's death in 1872, the liberals grew increasingly disunited. By 1897, a division had emerged between the supporters of the progressive liberal
5181:
4568:
2508:
1755:
1688:
1065:
5289:
3465:
3094:
2488:
2160:
2062:
2693:
2571:
1018:
138:
2173:
2129:
1985:. On basis of concentration pluralities, often supported by social democrats for a majority several cabinets were formed in the early 20th century.
1770:
in the 16th century to beginning of the 19th century the main political conflict was between the liberal urban patriciate and the supporters of the
1408:
2921:
sought to limit migration and stimulate integration of minorities. Two years after
Fortuyn's assassination, another murder, this time of filmmaker
998:
5459:
5375:
5209:
4592:
2737:
2536:
2251:
2124:
2111:
1833:
1800:
1748:
1487:
2965:
was signed. The VVD and D66 joined the
Liberal fraction in the European Parliament, while the PVV did not register as member of any fraction.
5405:
4582:
2546:
2225:
1532:
1326:
1105:
2686:
2605:
2564:
1358:
1219:
1167:
1162:
2307:
2099:
1475:
1187:
1038:
640:
5395:
4778:
1398:
1296:
1244:
1182:
1177:
1115:
2902:
the D66 replaced the LPF. The centre-right cabinet implemented reforms of the welfare state and oversaw declining migration figures.
2761:
The VVD remained a small party until the 1970s, with about 10% of the vote. They did however form part of the government both in the
783:
3575:
3074:
2730:
2213:
2156:
2119:
1894:
1403:
1028:
2836:
of the 1970s and made considerable electoral gains: in 1967 the party won just over 10% in 1981 this had more than doubled to 23%.
5050:
4863:
3280:
2653:
2610:
2302:
1681:
1438:
5434:
5355:
5245:
4888:
3726:
3377:
2875:
2871:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2074:
2055:
1950:
1854:
1713:
1465:
370:
5464:
5255:
2479:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
1911:
833:
402:
2754:. Several progressives were unhappy with the social-democratic course of the PvdA and joined the Freedom Party to found the
1977:
win the second round of the elections, all the liberals united behind their candidates in the second round, often joined by
4913:
5250:
4975:
4843:
4771:
4620:
3333:
3191:
3127:
2976:. Also D66 increased their number of seats to 10. Ultimately, the VVD opted for a coalition with the CDA, with VVD leader
2922:
2867:
2840:
2806:
2718:
2633:
2200:
1997:
1993:
1841:
1807:, but the party remained small. It entered some administration coalitions as a junior party. A progressive liberal party,
1346:
1311:
5390:
4587:
4553:
2855:
the Christian democratic CDA lost its traditional electoral power base. The VVD and D66 won considerably. A progressive
2337:
2295:
1978:
1919:
1837:
1224:
1820:
5360:
5350:
5335:
4563:
4512:
4478:
4444:
4410:
4376:
4342:
4308:
4274:
4240:
4206:
4172:
4138:
4104:
4070:
4036:
4002:
3968:
3934:
3906:
3878:
3850:
3822:
3794:
3426:
3414:
3312:
3292:
3214:
3081:
3051:
2999:
2969:
2940:
2899:
2879:
2852:
2829:
2810:
2801:. Over the course of the 1980s however the party began to espouse a more progressive liberal course, especially under
2798:
2794:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2094:
2087:
2032:
2009:
2005:
1982:
1946:
1938:
1674:
1336:
913:
380:
274:
5111:
803:
5224:
5126:
5078:
4558:
3443:
3370:
3285:
2863:
2518:
2317:
2149:
1934:
1858:
1829:
1388:
1053:
838:
520:
365:
5380:
5083:
5035:
4935:
2726:
2541:
1874:
1499:
1393:
1003:
793:
473:
459:
5088:
2004:. The extension of suffrage however severely weakened the position of the liberals. Of the 37 seats they had in
4965:
4945:
4736:
3392:
3317:
2955:
2906:
2891:
2859:
1930:
1286:
1271:
1137:
1033:
284:
91:
5005:
4925:
4828:
3152:
1948: Some former members left the Labour Party and merged into the ⇒ People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
3092:
1948: The Freedom Party merged with former members of the Freethinking Democratic League into the present-day
888:
773:
5116:
5340:
5274:
5136:
5121:
5068:
4940:
3620:
3540:
3453:
3345:
3168:
3026:
1901: A radical faction seceded to merge with the ⇒ Radical League into the ⇒ Freethinking Democratic League
2658:
2068:
1974:
1954:
1923:
1845:
1792:
1779:
1717:
1591:
1470:
1413:
1301:
1266:
1125:
1080:
993:
828:
670:
218:
183:
59:
4908:
4833:
4813:
2041:
1857:. The new constitution, which was introduced in October 1848, limited the power of the king by introducing
5131:
5073:
5020:
5015:
4990:
4960:
4848:
3751:
3707:
3275:
2741:
2643:
2312:
1788:
1504:
1480:
1448:
1418:
1383:
1378:
1353:
1214:
1132:
1008:
978:
203:
5106:
4950:
3355:
2909:, however, remained controversial issues. In 2003 the VVD had invited social-democratic critic of Islam,
763:
605:
5045:
4995:
4955:
4903:
4893:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4853:
4838:
4823:
4818:
4808:
3687:
3350:
2721:, a merger of the Radical League and progressive liberals, that had already been formed in 1901. In the
2638:
2595:
1959:
1625:
1547:
1522:
1494:
1453:
1433:
1423:
1368:
1306:
1281:
1197:
1192:
1157:
1142:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1075:
1070:
1023:
918:
893:
883:
788:
620:
505:
447:
69:
2954:. After demanding the leadership of the party, Verdonk left the VVD to form her own nationalist party,
1861:
and by giving parliament the right to amend laws and hold investigative hearings. It also extended the
3382:
2843:, which implemented a far reaching reform of the welfare state the VVD had advocated since the 1970s.
5319:
5040:
5030:
5010:
5000:
4985:
4980:
4930:
4898:
4883:
4858:
4794:
3677:
3595:
3365:
3142:
2820:
the VVD has taken a more conservative course. The party began to criticize the large and inefficient
2779:
2751:
2220:
2001:
1878:
1848:
attempted in vain to amend the constitution and introduce parliamentary democracy. In 1848, amidst a
1613:
1428:
1373:
1363:
1341:
1321:
1316:
1276:
1261:
1239:
1202:
1152:
1110:
1100:
1060:
580:
570:
545:
454:
407:
252:
126:
121:
116:
54:
4697:
3431:
2917:
caused considerable controversy with her direct criticism of the Islam. In the cabinet VVD minister
5345:
5025:
4920:
4750:
3565:
3438:
3058:
3039:
2825:
2714:
2229:
1915:
1899:
1870:
1849:
1775:
1728:
1608:
1256:
1229:
1172:
1120:
903:
675:
615:
565:
338:
257:
198:
131:
101:
96:
64:
23:
778:
5304:
4577:
4573:
3667:
3520:
3458:
3070:
3034:
2322:
1989:
1963:
1953:
in 1901. The liberals saw a second split with the establishment of the more conservative liberal
1796:
1724:
1331:
1234:
1147:
943:
878:
333:
313:
150:
595:
5147:
5299:
5189:
4602:
3419:
3402:
3387:
3360:
3125:
1901: A second radical faction of the ⇒ Liberal Union merged with the Radical League into the
2929:
2805:. The party remained an ally of the PvdA however, joining a short-lived centre-left coalition
2024:
1942:
1910:, a system of like-minded social organisations. The liberals were politically allied with the
1736:
1650:
923:
680:
610:
585:
575:
555:
375:
262:
193:
155:
1774:, from the lower class and orthodox variants of Protestantism. The urban patriciate favoured
5370:
5365:
5294:
5214:
4597:
3702:
3610:
3605:
3570:
3505:
3297:
3254:
2962:
2895:
2856:
1970:
1778:. Between mid-19th century to the late-1800 they were a dominant force in shaping the Dutch
1566:
1559:
898:
848:
818:
813:
758:
665:
650:
625:
560:
530:
397:
348:
323:
306:
301:
235:
160:
86:
74:
39:
2797:
to work for a more fair and democratic Netherlands. The party participated in the leftwing
3672:
3652:
3625:
3535:
3500:
3495:
3480:
3302:
2910:
2790:
2762:
2676:
2577:
1862:
1771:
1662:
958:
948:
933:
853:
843:
823:
715:
695:
655:
630:
540:
434:
422:
412:
353:
213:
208:
79:
2988:
Note: The ⇒ sign denotes parties which never achieved any representation in parliament.
2793:. The party joined forces with the social-democratic PvdA and the progressive Christian
5419:
5240:
5219:
3745:
3560:
3550:
3329:
3114:
3012:
2948:
2933:
2832:, homosexuality and women's rights. The VVD capitalized the weakening of religious and
2600:
2188:
2183:
1767:
1630:
1603:
1598:
1571:
1527:
873:
863:
808:
685:
660:
635:
600:
550:
490:
417:
318:
279:
269:
143:
111:
2932:, which combined uncompromising criticism of Islam with a plea for lower taxation and
2671:
1758:
with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament.
1657:
5453:
5400:
4655:
3692:
3640:
3635:
3590:
3585:
3545:
3510:
3475:
3307:
3030:
2914:
2833:
2821:
2771:
1907:
1886:
1586:
908:
868:
798:
768:
735:
730:
710:
590:
515:
427:
290:
106:
2828:
with progressive positions on social issues, which characterized the 1970s, such as
5204:
4635:
3739:
3682:
3647:
3630:
3615:
3600:
3530:
3338:
3234:
3029:
1921: The LU merged with the ⇒ Economic League, the ⇒ League of Free Liberals, the
2918:
2786:
2733:. The liberals did cooperate as junior partners in several cabinets in the crisis.
2260:
2193:
1929:
Only in the late 19th century, when the opposition began to organise itself in the
1866:
1620:
953:
928:
858:
705:
535:
525:
328:
1754:
This article gives an overview of liberalism in the Netherlands. It is limited to
1645:
1766:
The Netherlands has a long liberal political tradition. From the founding of the
5309:
3712:
3697:
3657:
3515:
3485:
3407:
3322:
2883:
2817:
2802:
2722:
2551:
2178:
2166:
1783:
1705:
938:
740:
725:
700:
495:
480:
387:
240:
188:
3162:
1894: A conservative faction of the ⇒ Liberale Union formed the Free Liberals (
3525:
3490:
3470:
3397:
3189:
1917: A right-wing faction of the ⇒ Freethinking Democratic League formed the
2977:
2951:
2862:
was formed with D66 and the VVD under the lead of PvdA. The cabinet managed a
2767:
1890:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1701:
1576:
1542:
1537:
1207:
720:
510:
485:
392:
245:
225:
31:
3662:
3580:
3555:
3448:
2944:
2782:
2746:
1709:
1443:
645:
165:
2882:
the purple coalition came under heavy criticism of the populist politician
2816:
In the meanwhile the VVD had grown considerably. Under the leadership of
1836:
was dominated by conservatives supportive of the policy of government of
1824:
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke in 1852, during his first term as Prime Minister.
1812:
2010, they won the national elections for the first time in its history.
1708:
started as an anti-monarchical effort spearheaded by the Dutch statesman
1581:
1554:
1458:
1249:
500:
343:
4763:
3733:
1808:
690:
296:
230:
2744:. The progressive liberal Freeminded Democratic League joined the new
5385:
1903:
1893:, civil rights and a gradual expansion of suffrage. Thorbecke became
360:
3141:
1946: The Free-minded Democratic League merged into the present-day
1743:. A common characteristic of these parties that they are nominally
1819:
2992:
From Liberal Union until People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
2980:
as prime minister—the first liberal to hold the post since 1918.
2740:
the conservative liberal Liberal State Party refounded itself as
1973:
the liberals were required to cooperate. In order to prevent the
5314:
5151:
4767:
3212:
1922: A right-wing faction of the ⇒ Freedom League formed the
3089:), including a faction of the ⇒ Freethinking Democratic League
2755:
2616:
Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean
1804:
1747:, in contrast to the traditionally dominant and still popular
2839:
Between 1982 and 1986 the VVD cooperated in the centre-right
1799:
the liberals disappeared from the political stage. After the
3138:
1917: A right-wing faction secededas the ⇒ Economic League
3112:
1892: A radical faction of the ⇒ Liberal Union formed the
2905:
Migration and integration and especially the place of the
1795:. Due to their political division and the introduction of
4679:
4677:
3232:
1966: Independent progressive liberals formed the party
2913:
to join their parliamentary party. She together with MP
3023:
1894: A conservative faction formed the ⇒ Free Liberals
2925:, put the country's liberal tradition at further risk.
1922:
on the one side, and those of the conservative liberal
1787:. In the early 20th century the liberals split between
2725:
the liberals grew even smaller. Under pressure of the
1988:
In 1917 under one of these liberal minority cabinets
1941:
was established. In the 1890s some liberals, such as
2717:. The progressive liberals remained separate in the
5427:
5418:
5328:
5282:
5273:
5233:
5197:
5188:
5097:
5059:
4801:
4751:"The murder that shattered Holland's liberal dream"
1937:, the liberals followed suit. On 4 March 1885, the
1803:the liberals were united again under one roof, the
989:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
5261:Party for Neighbourly Love, Freedom and Diversity
3202:1921: The league merged into the ⇒ Freedom League
3179:1921: The league merged into the ⇒ Freedom League
2898:and the CDA. The cabinet fell shortly. After the
1877:, freedom of ecclesiastical organisation and the
3107:Radical League and Free-minded Democratic League
2866:, implemented progressive social legislation on
2991:
2928:In 2004 Geert Wilders left the VVD to form the
1906:. The liberals also did not organize their own
3050:1922: A conservative faction seceded as the ⇒
5163:
4779:
2694:
1682:
1014:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
984:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
8:
5475:Philosophy and thought in the Dutch Republic
4569:List of political parties in the Netherlands
1712:, who almost single-handedly wrote the 1848
4650:
4648:
4621:What's liberal politics in the Netherlands?
3729:the following Dutch thinkers are included:
2809:with the PvdA and the Christian democratic
5424:
5279:
5194:
5170:
5156:
5148:
4786:
4772:
4764:
4724:Governance and Politics of the Netherlands
4685:Governance and Politics of the Netherlands
4640:Governance and Politics of the Netherlands
2701:
2687:
2019:
1689:
1675:
18:
1914:, whom the liberals granted considerable
1723:In contemporary politics, there are both
1019:International Federation of Liberal Youth
16:Overview of liberalism in the Netherlands
5290:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
3762:
3466:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
3095:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
2756:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
1735:", with the former more often espousing
4613:
3149:), a faction joined the ⇒ Freedom Party
3100:Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie
2934:skepticism towards European integration
2030:
999:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
30:
5376:Party for Justice, Action and Progress
4593:Christian democracy in the Netherlands
3079:1945: The LSP is reorganised into the
3056:1928: The Vrijheidsbond is renamed in
1975:coalition of Catholics and Protestants
4583:Orangism (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
3010:1892: A radical faction formed the ⇒
1731:parties that refer to themselves as "
7:
5470:Political history of the Netherlands
5182:political parties in the Netherlands
4722:Andeweg, R.B. and G.A. Irwin (2002)
4683:Andeweg, R.B. and G.A. Irwin (2002)
1739:and the latter more often espousing
1998:equal finance for religious schools
1039:Liberal South East European Network
5396:Democratic Political Turning Point
14:
3576:Annelien Kappeyne van de Coppello
3075:Middle Party for City and Country
2000:, this compromise was called the
1895:Prime Minister of the Netherlands
1029:Liberal Network for Latin America
462:(contributions to liberal theory)
3281:Joannes Kappeyne van de Coppello
2973:
2670:
2654:Republicanism in the Netherlands
2611:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
2514:
2513:
2266:
2265:
2235:
2234:
2040:
1656:
1644:
38:
5246:Free-thinking Democratic League
3727:Contributions to liberal theory
3378:Free-thinking Democratic League
3073:, leaves the LSP and found the
3069:1929: Staalman, founder of the
1981:. This alliance was called the
1951:Free-thinking Democratic League
1716:that turned the country into a
1714:Constitution of the Netherlands
1902:and locally organised liberal
403:Separation of church and state
1:
5460:Liberalism in the Netherlands
3444:Hendrik Coenraad Dresselhuijs
3371:Hendrik Coenraad Dresselhuijs
3272:Liberals in the 19th century
3133:Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond
3128:Free-minded Democratic League
2634:Corruption in the Netherlands
1994:proportional electoral system
1992:was introduced, as well as a
5391:Onafhankelijke Burger Partij
4737:"The paradox of Pim Fortuyn"
4726:Basingstoke: MacMillan, p.25
4687:Basingstoke: MacMillan, p.48
4642:Basingstoke: MacMillan, p.47
4588:Socialism in the Netherlands
4554:Anarchism in the Netherlands
3759:Parliamentary representation
2719:Freeminded Democratic League
2008:, they were left with 14 in
1920:Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello
4564:Politics of the Netherlands
3313:Johannes Tak van Poortvliet
3242:), later without apostrophe
2731:National Socialist Movement
2572:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2033:Politics of the Netherlands
1947:Johannes Tak van Poortvliet
5491:
4698:"Bond van Vrije Liberalen"
4559:History of the Netherlands
3286:Pieter Cort van der Linden
3166:), since 1906 renamed the
2997:1885: Liberals formed the
2984:Individual Liberal Parties
2824:. The party combined this
1971:two round electoral system
1935:Roman Catholic State Party
1859:ministerial responsibility
1830:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1828:In the early years of the
5381:Party for the Netherlands
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3222:) and disappeared in 1925
3157:(League of) Free Liberals
2890:The VVD however joined a
2727:Wall Street Crash of 1929
2112:Ministers Plenipotentiary
1875:privacy of correspondence
1626:Sexually liberal feminism
1533:Bias in American academia
1004:European Democratic Party
460:List of liberal theorists
5210:Liberal Democratic Party
4702:Parlement & Politiek
4660:Parlement & Politiek
3393:Hendrik Lodewijk Drucker
3318:Hendrik Goeman Borgesius
3174:Bond van Vrije Liberalen
2956:Proud of the Netherlands
2907:Islam in the Netherlands
2283:Parliamentary committees
2252:House of Representatives
1931:Anti-Revolutionary Party
1834:House of Representatives
1780:parliamentary democratic
285:Labor theory of property
5341:League of Free Liberals
3621:Jo Schouwenaar-Franssen
3541:Otto van Lidth de Jeude
3346:League of Free Liberals
3169:League of Free Liberals
2659:Social Economic Council
2069:Wet Algemene Bepalingen
1990:universal male suffrage
1955:League of Free Liberals
1846:Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
1718:constitutional monarchy
994:Arab Liberal Federation
184:Consent of the governed
4844:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4638:and G.A. Irwin (2002)
3752:Johan Rudolf Thorbecke
3708:Laurens Jan Brinkhorst
3454:Willem Carel Wendelaar
3276:Johan Rudolf Thorbecke
3087:Partij van de Vrijheid
2880:2002 election campaign
2864:thriving Dutch economy
2644:Law of the Netherlands
2586:Diplomatic missions of
2308:High Councils of State
2174:Deputy Prime Ministers
1958:whether to extend the
1924:Johan George Gleichman
1825:
1009:European Liberal Youth
979:Africa Liberal Network
204:Economic globalization
5465:Liberalism by country
4795:Liberalism in Europe
3688:Alexander Rinnooy Kan
3064:Liberale Staatspartij
2970:2010 general election
2941:2006 general election
2639:De Nederlandsche Bank
1962:or even to introduce
1823:
1793:conservative liberals
1651:Liberalism portal
1523:Anti-authoritarianism
1024:Liberal International
5406:Entrepreneurs' Party
5320:Belang van Nederland
3678:Jan Glastra van Loon
3596:Frits Korthals Altes
3147:Partij van de Arbeid
2729:and the rise of the
2276:Historic composition
2245:Historic composition
2107:Council of Ministers
2002:pacification of 1917
1879:freedom of education
1789:progressive liberals
455:Age of Enlightenment
408:Separation of powers
5346:Liberal State Party
5060:States with limited
3566:Annemarie Jorritsma
3439:Liberal State Party
3356:Hendrik Dresselhuys
3059:Liberal State Party
2826:economic liberalism
2785:party was founded,
2715:Liberal State Party
2677:Politics portal
2537:Provincial politics
2230:Jan Anthonie Bruijn
1916:freedom of religion
1900:parliamentary group
1871:freedom of assembly
1850:wave of revolutions
1776:religious tolerance
1749:Christian democracy
1663:Politics portal
366:Civil and political
339:Popular sovereignty
199:Economic liberalism
5305:Trots op Nederland
4757:. 7 November 2004.
4578:Dutch States Party
4574:Loevestein faction
3668:Alexander Pechtold
3521:Jozias van Aartsen
3351:Willem de Beaufort
3071:Middle Class Party
3035:Middle Class Party
2590:in the Netherlands
2547:Municipal politics
2323:National Ombudsman
2271:Current membership
2240:Current membership
1964:universal suffrage
1826:
1797:universal suffrage
334:Permissive society
314:Limited government
5447:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5435:Libertarian Party
5414:
5413:
5356:Fatherland League
5300:Party for Freedom
5269:
5268:
5145:
5144:
4603:Party for Freedom
4545:
4544:
3420:Samuel van Houten
3403:Roelof Kranenburg
3361:Samuel van Houten
2947:than the party's
2930:Party for Freedom
2892:coalition cabinet
2711:
2710:
2606:Visa requirements
2565:Foreign relations
2509:Political parties
2344:Recent elections
1943:Samuel van Houten
1756:political parties
1737:social liberalism
1699:
1698:
1538:Bias in the media
1054:Regional variants
371:Natural and legal
5482:
5425:
5371:Pim Fortuyn List
5366:New Middle Party
5295:Forza! Nederland
5280:
5256:Democratic Party
5215:Volt Netherlands
5195:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5149:
5098:Dependencies and
4802:Sovereign states
4788:
4781:
4774:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4733:
4727:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4652:
4643:
4633:
4627:
4618:
4598:Pim Fortuyn List
4540:
4530:
4520:
4506:
4496:
4486:
4472:
4462:
4452:
4438:
4428:
4418:
4404:
4394:
4384:
4370:
4360:
4350:
4336:
4326:
4316:
4302:
4292:
4282:
4268:
4258:
4248:
4234:
4224:
4214:
4200:
4190:
4180:
4166:
4156:
4146:
4132:
4122:
4112:
4098:
4088:
4078:
4064:
4054:
4044:
4030:
4020:
4010:
3996:
3986:
3976:
3962:
3952:
3942:
3928:
3914:
3900:
3886:
3872:
3858:
3844:
3830:
3816:
3802:
3763:
3721:Liberal thinkers
3703:Roger van Boxtel
3611:Hans Hoogervorst
3606:Leendert Ginjaar
3571:Haya van Someren
3506:Frits Bolkestein
3383:Philip Kohnstamm
3298:Nicolaas Pierson
3255:Volt Netherlands
3197:Economische Bond
2963:Treaty of Lisbon
2945:preference votes
2896:heirs of Fortuyn
2841:cabinets Lubbers
2738:Second World War
2703:
2696:
2689:
2675:
2674:
2531:Local government
2517:
2516:
2313:Council of State
2269:
2268:
2238:
2237:
2100:Willem-Alexander
2044:
2020:
1979:social democrats
1832:(1814–1848) the
1801:Second World War
1691:
1684:
1677:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1648:
1567:Economic freedom
1560:Radical centrism
398:Secular humanism
324:Natural monopoly
275:Internationalism
92:Internationalist
42:
19:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5439:
5410:
5324:
5265:
5251:Economic League
5229:
5184:
5176:
5146:
5141:
5099:
5093:
5079:Northern Cyprus
5061:
5055:
4976:North Macedonia
4797:
4792:
4762:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4682:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4634:
4630:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4550:
4541:
4538:
4531:
4528:
4521:
4518:
4507:
4504:
4497:
4494:
4487:
4484:
4473:
4470:
4463:
4460:
4453:
4450:
4439:
4436:
4429:
4426:
4419:
4416:
4405:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4385:
4382:
4371:
4368:
4361:
4358:
4351:
4348:
4337:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4303:
4300:
4293:
4290:
4283:
4280:
4269:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4249:
4246:
4235:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4201:
4198:
4191:
4188:
4181:
4178:
4167:
4164:
4157:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4133:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4113:
4110:
4099:
4096:
4089:
4086:
4079:
4076:
4065:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4045:
4042:
4031:
4028:
4021:
4018:
4011:
4008:
3997:
3994:
3987:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3963:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3943:
3940:
3929:
3926:
3915:
3912:
3901:
3898:
3887:
3884:
3873:
3870:
3859:
3856:
3845:
3842:
3831:
3828:
3817:
3814:
3803:
3800:
3761:
3723:
3673:Jacob Kohnstamm
3653:Hans van Mierlo
3626:Hans van Baalen
3536:Johan Witteveen
3501:Joris Voorhoeve
3496:Rudolf de Korte
3481:Molly Geertsema
3366:Meinard Tydeman
3334:Economic League
3303:Theo de Meester
3269:
3267:Liberal leaders
3249:
3229:
3220:Liberale Partij
3209:
3192:Economic League
3186:
3184:Economic League
3164:Vrije Liberalen
3159:
3109:
2994:
2986:
2911:Ayaan Hirsi Ali
2849:
2834:depillarization
2799:cabinet Den Uyl
2791:Hans van Mierlo
2770:. In the Dutch
2763:grand coalition
2707:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2596:Nationality law
2592:
2580:
2578:Caspar Veldkamp
2567:
2557:
2556:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2503:
2474:
2437:
2410:
2383:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2058:
2035:
2025:Politics series
2018:
1863:census suffrage
1818:
1772:House of Orange
1764:
1695:
1655:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1312:North Macedonia
1056:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1034:Liberal parties
972:
964:
963:
754:
746:
745:
476:
466:
465:
450:
440:
439:
435:State of nature
423:Social services
413:Social contract
376:To own property
179:
171:
170:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5488:
5486:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5452:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5431:
5429:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5241:Radical League
5237:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5220:Henk Krol List
5217:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5100:other entities
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5051:United Kingdom
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:Czech Republic
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4761:
4760:
4742:
4739:. 16 May 2002.
4728:
4715:
4689:
4673:
4644:
4628:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3746:Baruch Spinoza
3743:
3737:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Hans de Koster
3558:
3553:
3551:Klaas Dijkhoff
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3432:Steven Bierema
3424:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3330:Radical League
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:) was founded.
3260:Volt Nederland
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:Democraten '66
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3139:
3136:
3123:
3115:Radical League
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3090:
3077:
3067:
3054:
3048:
3040:Freedom League
3027:
3024:
3021:
3013:Radical League
3008:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2949:lead candidate
2900:2003 elections
2848:
2845:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Modern history
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:Related topics
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2318:Court of Audit
2315:
2305:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2232:
2217:
2214:States General
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2189:Eddy van Hijum
2186:
2184:Sophie Hermans
2181:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2157:Prime Minister
2153:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2014:
1926:on the other.
1869:, such as the
1817:
1814:
1768:Dutch Republic
1763:
1760:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:Utilitarianism
1628:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1604:Libertarianism
1601:
1599:Land value tax
1596:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1572:Egalitarianism
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:Anti-communism
1525:
1519:
1517:Related topics
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1471:Arizona School
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1439:United Kingdom
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
975:
974:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
566:Wollstonecraft
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
477:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
457:
451:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
432:
431:
430:
425:
418:Social justice
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
384:
383:
378:
373:
368:
358:
357:
356:
351:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
319:Market economy
316:
311:
310:
309:
304:
294:
287:
282:
280:Invisible hand
277:
272:
270:Harm principle
267:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
249:
248:
243:
228:
223:
222:
221:
216:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
147:
146:
141:
136:
135:
134:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
83:
82:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5487:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5401:VoorNederland
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5361:Freedom Party
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:Liberal Party
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:Liberal Union
5334:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:Faroe Islands
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:South Ossetia
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:Liechtenstein
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4636:Andeweg, R.B.
4632:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4536:
4533:
4526:
4523:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4502:
4499:
4492:
4489:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4468:
4465:
4458:
4455:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4434:
4431:
4424:
4421:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4400:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4366:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4298:
4295:
4288:
4285:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4230:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4193:
4186:
4183:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4159:
4152:
4149:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4128:
4125:
4118:
4115:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4057:
4050:
4047:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4026:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3958:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3764:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Thom de Graaf
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3641:Koos Rietkerk
3639:
3637:
3636:Ivo Opstelten
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Henk Korthals
3589:
3587:
3586:Uri Rosenthal
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Harm van Riel
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Hans Dijkstal
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Edzo Toxopeus
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:Freedom Party
3425:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3415:Liberal Party
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:Cornelis Lely
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:Liberal Union
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3215:Liberal Party
3211:
3210:
3207:Liberal Party
3206:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3120:Radicale Bond
3117:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3082:Freedom Party
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3052:Liberal Party
3049:
3046:
3045:Vrijheidsbond
3042:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3031:Neutral Party
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:Radicale Bond
3015:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3005:Liberale Unie
3002:
3001:
3000:Liberal Union
2996:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2923:Theo van Gogh
2920:
2916:
2915:Geert Wilders
2912:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:welfare state
2819:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2742:Freedom Party
2739:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:Referendums:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Supreme Court
2301:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1983:concentration
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:Liberal Union
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:laissez-faire
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1865:and codified
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:Individualism
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:United States
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:Latin America
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
971:Organizations
968:
967:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
475:
470:
469:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
444:
443:
436:
433:
429:
428:Welfare state
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
298:
295:
293:
292:
291:Laissez-faire
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
227:
224:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
175:
174:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
145:
142:
140:
137:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
5275:Conservative
5205:Democrats 66
5178:
5089:Transnistria
4970:
4755:The Guardian
4754:
4745:
4731:
4723:
4718:
4706:. Retrieved
4701:
4692:
4684:
4664:. Retrieved
4659:
4639:
4631:
4624:
4616:
3775:Total seats
3740:Hugo Grotius
3724:
3683:Aar de Goede
3648:Democrats 66
3631:Henk Vonhoff
3616:Neelie Kroes
3601:Johan Remkes
3531:Dirk Stikker
3339:Willem Treub
3259:
3253:
3239:
3235:Democrats 66
3233:
3227:Democrats 66
3219:
3213:
3196:
3190:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3146:
3143:Labour Party
3132:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3063:
3057:
3044:
3038:
3017:
3011:
3004:
2998:
2987:
2967:
2960:
2938:
2927:
2919:Rita Verdonk
2904:
2889:
2876:prostitution
2872:gay marriage
2850:
2838:
2815:
2787:Democrats 66
2777:
2760:
2752:Labour Party
2745:
2735:
2712:
2542:Water boards
2389:Provincial:
2377:
2261:Martin Bosma
2194:Mona Keijzer
2075:Human rights
2067:
2056:Constitution
2023:Part of the
1987:
1968:
1928:
1883:
1867:civil rights
1855:constitution
1827:
1782:
1765:
1753:
1722:
1700:
1621:Pirate Party
1481:Jeffersonian
1389:South Africa
1291:
879:Lloyd George
474:Philosophers
381:To bear arms
329:Open society
289:
60:Conservative
5420:Libertarian
5310:Otten Group
5127:Isle of Man
5062:recognition
5036:Switzerland
4971:Netherlands
4708:4 September
4666:4 September
4656:"Liberalen"
3754:(1798–1872)
3748:(1632–1677)
3742:(1583–1645)
3736:(1466–1536)
3713:Sigrid Kaag
3698:Hans Wijers
3658:Jan Terlouw
3516:Gerrit Zalm
3486:Hans Wiegel
3459:Ben Telders
3408:Dolf Joekes
3323:Pieter Rink
2884:Pim Fortuyn
2818:Hans Wiegel
2803:Jan Terlouw
2723:interbellum
2552:BES islands
2519:Politicians
2480:Referendums
2416:Municipal:
2179:Fleur Agema
2167:Dick Schoof
2130:St. Maarten
1969:Due to the
1816:Before 1918
1784:rechtsstaat
1706:Netherlands
1449:Gladstonian
1409:Switzerland
1394:South Korea
1337:Philippines
1297:New Zealand
1292:Netherlands
949:Verhofstadt
944:Balcerowicz
753:Politicians
681:Collingwood
621:Tocqueville
496:Montesquieu
388:Rule of law
189:Due process
5454:Categories
5006:San Marino
4966:Montenegro
4946:Luxembourg
4926:Kazakhstan
4829:Azerbaijan
4704:(in Dutch)
4662:(in Dutch)
4609:References
3526:Mark Rutte
3491:Ed Nijpels
3471:Pieter Oud
3398:Pieter Oud
2978:Mark Rutte
2974:since 1918
2952:Mark Rutte
2868:euthanasia
2847:After 1994
2783:democratic
2778:In 1966 a
2772:pillarized
2768:Pieter Oud
2736:After the
2576:Minister:
2443:European:
2201:Ministries
1891:free trade
1842:William II
1840:and later
1762:Background
1741:liberalism
1729:right-wing
1702:Liberalism
1577:Empiricism
1548:Democratic
1543:Capitalism
1454:Manchester
1287:Montenegro
1272:Luxembourg
1208:Venizelism
1138:Costa Rica
393:Secularism
226:Federalism
178:Principles
70:Democratic
32:Liberalism
5117:Gibraltar
4941:Lithuania
3789:In gov't
3783:In gov't
3766:Election
3663:Els Borst
3581:Henk Kamp
3556:Arie Pais
3449:Dirk Fock
3037:into the
2894:with the
2878:. In the
2813:in 1981.
2758:in 1948.
2750:leftwing
2747:Doorbraak
2350:General:
2338:Elections
2296:Judiciary
2226:President
2016:1918-1994
1912:Catholics
1889:economy,
1838:William I
1710:Thorbecke
1592:Anarchist
1500:Venezuela
1476:Classical
1444:Cobdenism
1347:Cracovian
1302:Nicaragua
1267:Lithuania
1126:Hong Kong
1081:Australia
919:Roosevelt
889:Ståhlberg
884:Venizelos
839:Sarmiento
829:Gladstone
789:Lamartine
759:Jefferson
611:Martineau
561:De Gouges
546:Condorcet
531:Priestley
194:Democracy
166:Third Way
127:Christian
122:Religious
55:Classical
5225:Splinter
5137:Svalbard
5122:Guernsey
5069:Abkhazia
5021:Slovenia
5016:Slovakia
4991:Portugal
4849:Bulgaria
4625:Expatica
4548:See also
4539:33 / 150
4519:24 / 150
4505:58 / 150
4495:24 / 150
4485:34 / 150
4471:52 / 150
4461:19 / 150
4451:33 / 150
4437:53 / 150
4427:12 / 150
4417:41 / 150
4403:41 / 150
4393:10 / 150
4383:31 / 150
4369:25 / 150
4349:22 / 150
4335:34 / 150
4315:28 / 150
4301:31 / 150
4281:24 / 150
4267:52 / 150
4257:14 / 150
4247:38 / 150
4233:55 / 150
4223:24 / 150
4213:31 / 150
4199:34 / 150
4189:12 / 150
4179:22 / 150
4165:36 / 150
4145:27 / 150
4131:42 / 150
4111:36 / 150
4097:43 / 150
4087:17 / 150
4077:26 / 150
4063:36 / 150
4043:28 / 150
4029:28 / 150
4009:22 / 150
3995:27 / 150
3985:11 / 150
3975:16 / 150
3961:24 / 150
3941:17 / 150
3927:16 / 150
3913:16 / 150
3899:19 / 150
3885:19 / 150
3871:13 / 150
3857:13 / 150
3388:Dirk Bos
3033:and the
2830:abortion
2601:Passport
2088:Monarchy
1933:and the
1904:caucuses
1582:Humanism
1555:Centrism
1505:Zimbabwe
1459:Whiggism
1419:Thailand
1384:Slovenia
1379:Slovakia
1354:Portugal
1327:Paraguay
1250:Liberism
1215:Honduras
1133:Colombia
1106:Bulgaria
899:Rathenau
874:Milyukov
794:Macaulay
764:Kołłątaj
736:Kymlicka
716:Friedman
661:Cassirer
651:Hobhouse
586:Constant
581:Humboldt
541:Beccaria
506:Rousseau
501:Voltaire
344:Property
307:Positive
302:Negative
258:Religion
236:Economic
209:Equality
132:Catholic
102:National
97:Muscular
75:Feminist
65:Cultural
24:a series
22:Part of
5428:Current
5329:Defunct
5283:Current
5234:Defunct
5198:Current
5179:Liberal
5046:Ukraine
4996:Romania
4956:Moldova
4914:Ireland
4909:Iceland
4904:Hungary
4894:Germany
4889:Georgia
4879:Finland
4874:Estonia
4869:Denmark
4854:Croatia
4839:Belgium
4834:Belarus
4824:Austria
4819:Armenia
4814:Andorra
4809:Albania
4529:9 / 150
4359:3 / 150
4325:6 / 150
4291:7 / 150
4155:9 / 150
4121:6 / 150
4053:8 / 150
4019:6 / 150
3951:7 / 150
3843:9 / 100
3829:9 / 100
3815:8 / 100
3801:8 / 100
3734:Erasmus
3725:In the
2968:In the
2939:In the
2860:cabinet
2807:cabinet
2780:radical
2257:Speaker
2150:Cabinet
2125:Curaçao
2063:Charter
1745:secular
1733:liberal
1704:in the
1495:Uruguay
1434:Ukraine
1424:Tunisia
1369:Senegal
1359:Romania
1307:Nigeria
1282:Moldova
1225:Iceland
1220:Hungary
1198:Germany
1193:Georgia
1183:Finland
1178:Estonia
1168:Ecuador
1163:Denmark
1158:Czechia
1143:Croatia
1096:Bolivia
1091:Belgium
1086:Austria
1076:Armenia
1071:Albania
939:Jenkins
934:Kennedy
924:Pearson
909:Einaudi
894:Gokhale
854:Itagaki
849:Naoroji
844:Mommsen
824:Lincoln
814:Mazzini
799:Kossuth
784:Broglie
779:Bolívar
774:Artigas
769:Madison
631:Spencer
616:Emerson
606:Bastiat
591:Ricardo
551:Bentham
491:Spinoza
448:History
349:Private
297:Liberty
231:Freedom
151:Secular
139:Islamic
117:Radical
49:Schools
5386:One NL
5190:Social
5132:Jersey
5074:Kosovo
5041:Turkey
5031:Sweden
5011:Serbia
5001:Russia
4986:Poland
4981:Norway
4961:Monaco
4931:Latvia
4899:Greece
4884:France
4859:Cyprus
3786:Seats
3780:Seats
3252:2018:
2857:purple
2221:Senate
1960:census
1908:pillar
1873:, the
1488:Modern
1429:Turkey
1414:Taiwan
1404:Sweden
1374:Serbia
1364:Russia
1342:Poland
1322:Panama
1317:Norway
1277:Mexico
1262:Latvia
1240:Israel
1203:Greece
1188:France
1153:Cyprus
1111:Canada
1101:Brazil
1061:Europe
959:Macron
904:Madero
869:Deakin
859:Levski
834:Cavour
819:Juárez
809:Cobden
741:Badawi
731:Nozick
711:Berlin
701:Popper
676:Keynes
671:Ortega
636:Arnold
596:Guizot
556:Korais
521:Turgot
481:Milton
361:Rights
354:Public
263:Speech
241:Market
214:Gender
161:Techno
156:Social
144:Jewish
80:Equity
5107:Åland
5026:Spain
4951:Malta
4921:Italy
2120:Aruba
1614:Right
1399:Spain
1257:Japan
1245:Italy
1230:India
1173:Egypt
1121:China
1116:Chile
954:Obama
929:Ohlin
864:Kemal
721:Rawls
696:Hayek
686:Čapek
666:Mises
656:Croce
646:Weber
641:Acton
571:Staël
536:Paine
526:Burke
511:Smith
486:Locke
253:Press
246:Trade
219:Legal
87:Green
5315:JA21
4710:2015
4668:2015
4524:Yes
4513:2023
4500:Yes
4490:Yes
4479:2021
4466:Yes
4456:Yes
4445:2017
4422:Yes
4411:2012
4388:Yes
4377:2010
4343:2006
4330:Yes
4320:Yes
4309:2003
4286:Yes
4275:2002
4262:Yes
4252:Yes
4241:1998
4228:Yes
4218:Yes
4207:1994
4173:1989
4150:Yes
4139:1986
4116:Yes
4105:1982
4092:Yes
4071:1981
4048:Yes
4037:1977
4024:Yes
4003:1972
3980:Yes
3969:1971
3946:Yes
3935:1967
3918:Yes
3907:1963
3890:Yes
3879:1959
3851:1956
3823:1952
3806:Yes
3795:1948
3772:D66
3769:VVD
3247:Volt
2874:and
2853:1994
2499:2018
2494:2016
2489:2005
2470:2024
2465:2019
2460:2014
2455:2009
2450:2004
2445:1999
2433:2022
2428:2018
2423:2014
2418:2010
2406:2023
2401:2019
2396:2015
2391:2011
2378:Next
2372:2023
2367:2021
2362:2017
2357:2012
2352:2010
2161:list
2095:King
2010:1918
2006:1917
1996:and
1809:D'66
1791:and
1727:and
1725:left
1609:Left
1332:Peru
1235:Iran
1148:Cuba
914:King
804:Deák
706:Aron
626:Mill
601:List
516:Kant
112:Ordo
4534:No
4432:No
4398:No
4364:No
4354:No
4296:No
4194:No
4184:No
4160:No
4126:No
4082:No
4058:No
4014:No
3990:No
3956:No
3862:No
3834:No
2851:In
2811:CDA
2795:PPR
1805:VVD
726:Sen
576:Say
107:Neo
5456::
4753:.
4700:.
4676:^
4658:.
4647:^
4623:,
4576:,
2958:.
2870:,
2588:/
2259::
2228::
2163:)
2012:.
1945:,
1881:.
1751:.
1720:.
691:Hu
26:on
5171:e
5164:t
5157:v
4787:e
4780:t
4773:v
4712:.
4670:.
3332:/
3258:(
3238:(
3218:(
3199:)
3195:(
3176:)
3172:(
3145:(
3135:)
3131:(
3122:)
3118:(
3102:)
3098:(
3085:(
3066:)
3062:(
3047:)
3043:(
3020:)
3016:(
3007:)
3003:(
2702:e
2695:t
2688:v
2159:(
1690:e
1683:t
1676:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
