Armed Forces of Liberia - Knowledge (XXG)

491: 1058:, to Liberia. The force arrived at the Freeport of Monrovia on August 24, 1990, landing from Nigerian and Ghanaian vessels. By the time ECOMOG arrived, Prince Johnson's INPFL and Taylor's NPFL were fighting on the outside bounds of the port. A series of peacemaking conferences in regional capitals followed. There were meetings in Bamako in November 1990, Lome in January 1991, and Yamoussoukro in June–October 1991. The first seven peace conferences, including the Yamoussoukro I-IV processes and the Carter Center negotiation leading to the Cotonou Accords, failed due to lack of agreement between the warring factions. The NPFL launched an assault on Monrovia in 1992, which they named 'Operation Octopus.' The civil war lasted until the Abuja Accords of August 1996. 802: 1390: 446:. The only troops dispatched overseas were a few individuals to France during World War I, and reported volunteers under U.S. command in World War II, but none served in combat in either war. A law of 20 February 1940 stipulated that the armed forces of the Republic "shall consist ..of the Frontier Force, of twelve companies ..the Militia, ..and the Militia Reserve." During World War II, U.S. involvement in the country increased greatly. A steady supply of rubber from the world's largest rubber plantation, operated at Harbel by the Firestone Company since 1926 was vital. Thus the US government built roads, created an international airport (known as 1175: 384: 1223:, to train a new 4,000-man Liberian military. DynCorp was made responsible for individual training and PA&E unit training. In June–July 2005 the projected force strength was reduced to 2000 men. DynCorp and the U.S. Embassy scrutinized the personnel for the new armed forces thoroughly. Recruits had to pass a literacy test, an aptitude test, a drug test and an HIV test, and their names and faces were put on posters which are distributed to try to make sure none have a history of war crimes or other human rights violations. A new batch of 500 screened personnel started to arrive at the Camp Ware base at VOA 370:

contingents. At no time during peacetime however, shall the AFL engage in law enforcement within Liberia, such function being the prerogative of the Liberia National Police and other law enforcement agencies. Notwithstanding, the Military Police of the AFL may, on request of the Ministry of Justice made to the Ministry of National Defense, and approved by the President of Liberia, provide assistance to these law enforcement agencies as determined by prevailing situations. The AFL shall intervene only as a last resort, when the threat exceeds the capability of the law enforcement agencies to respond.

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in search and rescue operations; undertake emergency operations; conduct reconnaissance patrols; participate in joint military operations and perform other duties as may be designated by the Ministry of Defense. The LAF was to be headed by a colonel in his capacity as Assistant Chief of Defense Staff for the Air Force and was mandated to do the following: to train personnel and develop doctrine; advise the Chief of Staff of the AFL on matters relating to the Air Force. In 1989 two refurbished

1444: 1243: 1509: 42: 1193:(CPA) which ended the Second Liberian Civil War addressed security sector reform. It declared that future recruits for the new AFL would be screened for their fitness for service as well as prior human rights violations, that the new force would be ethnically balanced and without political bias, and that the new force's mission would be to defend national sovereignty and "in extremis" respond to natural disasters. 1301:

Johnson, Daniel K. Moore and Major Andrew J. Wleh. Subsequently, Aaron T. Johnson was promoted to colonel and confirmed by the Liberian Senate as Deputy Chief of Staff of the AFL, immediately subordinate to General Abdurrahman. A number of the current senior AFL officers have been drawn from the ranks of the previous 1993–94 Interim Government of National Unity paramilitary police force, the 'Black Berets.'

649:. The Service Support Battalion was located at BTC, and comprised the Medical Company, the Brigade Band, the Brigade Special Unit (a parade unit) and the Military Police Unit. Also at BTC was the Logistical Command, consisting of a depot, arsenal (whose location had been declared unsafe), the AFL Quartermaster Corps, and the AFL Transportation Company. Strength was reported to be 4,822 in 1978. 877:"... Military discipline was an early casualty of the coup. The revolt had been an enlisted men's affair, and one of the first instructions broadcast over the radio had ordered soldiers not to obey their officers. Over four years later, according to observers, the reluctance of most officers to impose discipline had combined with the unwillingness of more than a few enlisted men to accept it." 543:

given Liberia a loan." .. "The Sierra Leonean commanders took orders from the British government and not the President of Liberia, then Arthur Barclay. When they began to misbehave, the army was turned over to a Liberian who refused. It was during that time that some soldiers took to the streets in demand of salary arrears, so soldiers getting in the streets.. in demand of salary is not new."

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the model of the United States Army . In 1900, Liberian men between the ages of sixteen and fifty were considered liable for service in the militia. The militia also had a navy consisting of two small gunboats. In the 1850s, the Liberian president requested naval support from the British government to transport Liberian troops to the

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this period, Liberia's armed forces consisted of the Liberian National Guard, the Liberian Militia, whose ostensible structure is depicted below, and the Liberian Coast Guard. Until 1980, by law every able-bodied male between the ages of 16 and 45 years was to serve in the militia, though this stipulation was not enforced.

1435:"..The first battalion started the United States Army Training and Evaluation Programme, which it will complete in September , while the second battalion will complete the programme in December . At that time, the United States contractors currently training and equipping the force will hand over to the 1426:

with a headquarters of 113 personnel. Supporting units were to include a band platoon (40 members), engineer company (220 strong), Brigade Training Unit (162 strong, now retitled the Armed Forces Training Command, located at Camp Ware under Major Wleh), and a military police company (105 strong). The

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By July 1990 the government began to distribute weapons to civilians in turn, to Krahn and Mandingo who wished to protect themselves. These hastily enlisted civilians became known as '1990 soldiers.' A '1990 soldier' which the President had personally picked, Tailey Yonbu, led a massacre of refugees,

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By the early 1970s the militia reported a strength of some 4,000 poorly trained and ill-equipped men. The 1978 Annual Report of the Liberian Ministry of National Defense said that "The various militia regiments, in accordance with the law, held quarterly parades. ...Furthermore, the entire Regiments

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The National Guard was not a high status force: "It was a skeleton brigade of soldiers who were predominantly from the lower economic and social stratum of society. They were poorly paid, and had less than decent facilities for accommodation and care." Despite this, a Liberian company, designated the

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in the early 1960s. Initially under Nigerian command, the AFL platoon came under Togo Contingent Command when Nigeria withdrew from the mission. Despite some initial logistical problems the platoon performed admirably, performing patrols and VIP escort duties. The deployment has now seen a number of

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Shortly after the induction of Taylor as elected president of Liberia in August 1997, the Ministry of National Defense determined that the strength of the AFL had risen during the war from 6,500 to 14,981 service members. To begin demobilization, the AFL Chief of Staff published Special Orders No. 1

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The Liberian Air Force was established from the Aviation Unit by an Act of Legislature on August 12, 1987. Its statutory responsibilities were to: protect and defend the air space of the Republic of Liberia; protect lives and properties; provide air mobility for military and civil personnel; assist

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The LFF was renamed as the Armed Forces of Liberia under the Amended National Defense Law of 1956, though other sources say February 1962, which appears to have been the date the land force became the Liberian National Guard. Liebenow says that the LFF was 'restyled the National Guard in 1962.' From

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National Commission on Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation and Reintegration, DDRR Consolidated Report Phase (Status of Disarmament and Demobilization Activities as at January 16, 2005). 1,2 & 3, cited in Ebo, 2005. The UN Secretary-General's 6th Report on UNMIL, S/2005/177, dated March

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On January 11, 2008, a total 485 soldiers graduated from Initial Entry Training class 08–01. The addition of this third class of soldiers, consisting of 468 men and 17 women, raised the total strength of the AFL from 639 to 1,124. As the new Liberian force developed, UNMIL started winding down its

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Under Samuel Doe the Coast Guard was retitled the Liberian Navy in 1986 through the passage of The Liberian Navy Act of 1986. The Aviation Unit was founded in 1970 with the delivery of three Cessna U-17C light aircraft. An Aviation Unit aircraft crashed at Spriggs-Payne in 1984. In 1985 it operated

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at the Barclay Training Center, Monrovia, the Executive Mansion Guard Battalion on Capitol Hill, Monrovia, the Engineer Battalion and the First Field Artillery Battalion (both at Camp Jackson, Naama) two tactical combat battalions (the First Infantry Battalion, at Schiefflin and the Second Infantry

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in the early 1960s. Six rotations were made. The 1964 US Army Area Handbook described the company's actions as "...After a poor start, the performance of the contingent improved steadily; the last company, which returned home in May 1963, had performed creditably and, by its conduct and appearance,

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now is) and the agent of the settlements directed the mobilization of all "able-bodied males into a militia and declared martial law." By 1846, the size of the militia had grown to two regiments. Following independence in 1847, the militia continued to serve as the country's defense force Following

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The revolt reached Monrovia by July 1990, and General Dubar left the country for exile in the United States. In place of Dubar, Brigadier General Charles Julu, former commander of the Executive Mansion Guard Battalion, was appointed Chief of Staff. Two Liberian Coast Guard vessels were sunk in the

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The launch of Doe's coup meant that Major William Jarbo, another soldier with political ambitions who was said to have excellent connections to U.S. security officials, had had his takeover plans forestalled. He tried to escape abroad but was hunted down and killed by the new government. The junta

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became commander of the army and the other co-chair of the PRC. (In the aftermath of the coup, the title of LNG Brigade commanding general was confusingly changed to commanding general of the AFL, reporting to the chief of staff, and it was this position that Quiwonkpa inherited.) Henry Dubar (who

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While militia service was compulsory by law for all eligible males, the law was only enforced in a lax manner. From the mid-1960s, and in its later years, members of the militia met only quarterly for sparsely attended drill practice. Estimates of men enrolled over the years vary. The 1964 US Army

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In 1964 the US Army Area Handbook described the National Guard as 3,000 strong with a headquarters company, the Executive Mansion Guard Battalion in Monrovia, three infantry battalions and one engineer battalion (which was newly formed at Camp Naama in 1962 and only had one company organized). The

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Liebenow writes that the head of the National Guard was arrested, along with others, in February 1963, to forestall an alleged coup, and that Tubman had announced that following the labour strikes of 1966, a foreign power had attempted to bribe army officers to stage a coup. In addition, Albert T.

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In 1912, the United States established military ties with Liberia by sending some five black American officers to help reorganize the force. The LFF in its early years was frequently recruited by inducing men from the interior forcibly. When dispatched to the interior to quell tribal unrest, units

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The armed forces' third arm, the Liberian National Coast Guard, was established in 1959. Throughout the Tubman period the coastguard was little more than a few sometimes unserviceable patrol craft manned by ill-trained personnel, though its training improved in the 1980s to the point where it was

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A member of the AFL has been arraigned in Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount County to answer to an alleged possession of marijuana on Wednesday. According to a local journalist, Private Jenkins Toe of the Engineering Department of the AFL was arrested by officers of the Drugs Enforcement Agency for

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Demonstrations and protests by the demobilized personnel eventually led to a riot in which three died on May 5, 1998. As a result, Taylor authorised the formation of a commission to submit recommendations on how the AFL should be reorganized. The commission, led by Blamoh Nelson, Director of the

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On January 26, 1957, the Liberian Legislature set aside Feb 11, 1957, as Armed Forces Day. Speaking in 2012, Jonathan B. B. Hart, the Bishop of the Episcopal Church of Liberia recalled that "..the Sierra Leoneans were sent to Liberia to take over the army by the British government because it had

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in 1908, and retitled in 1956. For almost all of its history, the AFL has received considerable materiel and training assistance from the United States. For most of the 1941–89 period, training was largely provided by U.S. advisers, though this assistance has not prevented the same generally low

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Luka had succeeded the previous Liberian Chief of Staff, Kpenkpa Y. Konah, in 2006. In mid-July 2008, five reinstated AFL officers returned from the Nigerian Armed Forces Command and Staff College after training there. These officers include Lt Cols. Sekou S. Sheriff, Boakai B. Kamara, Aaron T.

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Mr. Samukai also complains that he feels sidelined from the formation of an army that, as defense minister, he is supposed to oversee. Neither the State Department nor DynCorp will let him see the company's contract, for instance. And the U.S. insists that instead of talking directly to DynCorp

1019:. The Liberian government forces assumed that most of the Mano and Gio peoples in the Nimba region were supporting the rebels. They thus acted in a very brutal and scorched-earth fashion which quickly alienated the local people. Taylor's support rose rapidly, as the Mano and Gio flocked to his 342:

Section 2.3(a): The primary mission of the AFL shall be to defend the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of Liberia, including land, air and maritime territory, against external aggressions, insurgency, terrorism and encroachment. In addition thereto the AFL shall respond to natural

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From February 2017 the Mali deployment was increased to a 75-strong contingent, growing to a company of 105 personnel, with additional military observers and staff officers, from September 2018. In August 2019 training was completed of another company, the sixth rotation, due for deployment in

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Section 2.5: Standards of Conduct for the Armed Forces of Liberia: Members of the AFL shall perform their duties at all times in accordance with democratic values and human rights. They shall perform their duties in a non-partisan manner, obey all lawful orders and commands from their superior

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as president in 1971, he retired more than 400 aging soldiers. Sawyer comments that "retired soldiers were replaced by young recruits from urban areas, many of whom were then poorly trained at the Tubman Military Academy. This development dramatically changed the character of the military in

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May 3, 2017, saw the first Liberian soldier killed on deployment with MINUSMA. Corporal Sheriff Ousmane was killed when a rebel group fired mortars into a UN base near Timbuktu. Seven other Liberians were wounded in the bombardment, three seriously so, together with a Swedish peacekeeper.

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troops arrived from June 1942. During the war, funding provided by the United States allowed an increase in the Frontier Force's strength to around 1,500. The armed forces came to rely almost exclusively on American assistance in terms of training, with non-US training "tend to be brief and

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Section 2.3(e): The duties of the AFL in peacetime shall include support to the national law enforcement agencies when such support is requested and approved by the President. Such support shall include exchange of information, personnel training, and mobilization and deployment of security

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The two battalions and supporting units went through training and preparation for an assessment exercise, a modified US Army Readiness Training Evaluation Program (ARTEP), which was held in late 2009. When declared operational, the 23rd Infantry Brigade was planned to be commanded by a

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Section 2.3(c): The AFL shall provide command, communications, logistical, medical, transportation, and humanitarian support to the civil authority in the event of a natural or man-made disaster, outbreak of disease, or epidemic. Such assistance shall be authorized by the President of

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during the later part of World War II, using instructors selected from the American troops in the country. The school conducted two courses and graduated nearly 300 new officers. Just under twenty years later in 1964, the group still made up over 50% of the officer corps of the AFL.

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On February 6, 1908, the militia was established on a permanent basis as the 500-strong Liberian Frontier Force (LFF). The LFF's original mission was "to patrol the border in the Hinterland and to prevent disorders." The LFF was initially placed under the command of British Major

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Section 2.3(d): The AFL shall assist civil authorities in search, rescue, and saving of life on land, sea, or air; such assistance shall be authorized by the President for immediate response by specialized search and rescue units in conjunction with other Government Ministries and

1946:. In August 2015, the Ministry of National Defense announced its intention with the Ministry of Education to resume ROTC in Liberian schools. ROTC had not been institutions since the end of the conflicts in the 2000s. A year later, an ROTC pilot program was established at (BWI). 1088:

on January 1, 1998, demobilizing and retiring 2,250 personnel. The demobilization process was delayed and badly managed, and only on April 22, 1998, did payments began to be issued to the demobilizing personnel, without prior explanation of what exactly the payments represented.

1212:(MODEL). That year most former AFL elements were concentrated at Camp Schiefflin. The previous AFL personnel, including those of the Navy and Air Force, were slowly retired with pensions obtained by the MND and international partners from a number of international donors. 951:

In the aftermath of the rigged elections of 1985, which Doe manipulated to solidify his power, Quiwonkpa returned from his U.S. exile to enter Liberia from Sierra Leone. On November 12, 1985, he entered Monrovia with a group of dissident soldiers, took over the national

1439:, which will assume responsibility for training and standing up the new army. The United States has indicated that it plans to assign as many as 60 United States serving military personnel to continue mentoring the Armed Forces of Liberia, beginning in January 2010." 1417:

As a result of the concentration of troops at EBK, the camp was overcrowded, and disturbances among the soldiers have occurred. As of mid-2009, the Ministry of Defense is attempting to alleviate the problem by relocating some personnel to Camp Tubman in Gbarnga.

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battles for the city. The NPFL had been distributing weapons to Gio civilians after it arrived in Nimba, where many were very interested in taking their revenge on the government after Doe had punished Nimba country for its support of Quiwonkpa in 1983 and 1985.

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in central Monrovia in mid-2005, apparently a hangover from the war. Meanwhile, during the Taylor era, the Navy consisted of a couple of small patrol craft. However, on shore, both late 1990s and 2005 sources indicate the Navy included the 2nd Naval District,

1137:, all aircraft, equipment, materiel, and facilities belonging to the Liberian Air Force were badly damaged, rendering the force inoperable. During the Civil War the Taylor government made a variety of different air support arrangements; a seemingly inoperable 1277:

Whether well regarded or not, Samukai has been accused of misusing his power; there have been allegations that he has ordered soldiers to manhandle other senior Liberian government officials—the Comptroller General of the Ministry of Finance in August 2008.

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radio station and announced that the 'National Patriotic Forces of Liberia' had seized power. Adekeye says that Quiwonkpa erred in 'fail to establish control over the country's communications system and resisted a frontal attack on the Executive Mansion.'

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Photo 2 of 9 covering senior officials visit: “United States Marine Brig. Gen. Paul W. Brier, commander, U.S. Marine Forces Africa, and Michelle Stefanick, foreign policy advisor, U.S. Marine Forces Africa, learn about the progress of Operation ONWARD

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The AFL was confined to an enclave around the capital during the conflict, and did not play a significant part in the fighting. Elections in July 1997 finally brought Taylor to power. Under the accords, which led to a break in fighting in 1996 and the

893:. In 1984 the AFL included the Liberian National Guard (LNG) Brigade and related units (6,300 men), and the Liberian National Coast Guard (about 450 men). The brigade, formed between 1964 and 1978, was based at the Barclay Training Center (BTC) in 337:

The New National Defense Act of 2008 was approved on August 21, 2008. It repeals the National Defense Act of 1956, the Coast Guard Act of 1959, and the Liberian Navy Act of 1986. The duties and functions of the AFL are officially stated as follows:

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From 1945 to 1964, the officers appointed were nearly all college graduates. From 1951, there was a US military mission based in Liberia to assist in training the AFL. A Reserve Officers' Training Corps was established in 1956 with units at the

1561:"The basic weaponry provided to the AFL- AK-47 assault rifles and RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade launchers— compatible with that of other ECOWAS countries. ..eapons were donated by the Romanian government." Other reporting on weaponry includes 1079:, appointed during the interim rule of the Council of State in 1996, who was chief of staff from May 1996 to April 1997. Following Kromah, Lieutenant General Prince C. Johnson was appointed, who died in October 1999 following a car accident. 848:

led the plotters, it was the group led by Samuel Doe that found Tolbert in his office, and it was Doe, as a master sergeant the highest ranking of the group, who went on the radio the next day to announce the overthrow of the long-entrenched

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seeking revenge. Many government soldiers deserted, some to join the NPFL. The inability of the AFL to make any headway was one of the reasons why Doe changed his field commander in the area five times in the first six months of the war.

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Battalion which in the intervening period had moved from the BTC to Camp Tolbert, Todee) and three non-tactical battalions, tasked with providing guard services to government officials, tax collection, and 'other non-military duties'.

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also comments that "recruitment of such individuals for the military was part of Tolbert's efforts to replace aging, illiterate soldiers with younger, literate men who were capable of absorbing technical and professional training."

980:. Their duties included reconnaissance and transport of light cargo and VIPs. The Aviation Unit was expanded in the 1980s with the delivery of more Cessna aircraft: three 172s, a 206, 207 and two single engined turboprop 208s. 1316:. The Barclay Training Center (BTC) was handed back to the Government of Liberia on July 31, 2009, at a ceremony attended by the Minister for National Defense and the United States Ambassador after four years of management by 4141: 1344: 1074:

During the 1990–99 period, Chiefs of Staff included Lieutenant Colonel Davis S. Brapoh, Lieutenant General Hezekiah Bowen (later Minister of Defense), Lieutenant General A.M.V. Doumuyah, and Lieutenant General Kalilu

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c:File:Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) Pfc. Cyres Thompson, right, checks out his shot placement while U.S. Marine Corps Gunnery Sgt. Daniel Garcia, a mentor for the AFL's 1st Battalion, 23rd Infantry Brigade, ensures

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was to retrain a new national army based on fair ethnic and geographical representation. Yet Taylor denied ECOMOG any role in the restructuring of the AFL, and the force eventually left Liberia by the end of 1998.

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United States Africa Command, Social Sciences Research Center, "Civilian and Enlisted Perspectives on the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL): A Qualitative Research Study Report", September 2010, accessible at

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The Liberian Air Force was formally dissolved in 2005 as part of the armed forces demobilization programme, though it had effectively ceased to exist during the civil war. There was also a paramilitary

927:—were tactical elements designed to operate against hostile forces. The other battalions, the Third Infantry Battalion based at the Barclay Training Centre in Monrovia, the Fourth Infantry Battalion at 358:, and/or all international institutions of which Liberia may be a member. All such activities shall be undertaken only upon authorization of the President of Liberia with the consent of the Legislature. 3809: 4911: 4220: 3547: 3925: 964:

to reestablish control. Quiwonkpa was captured, killed, and mutilated, his body being dismembered and parts eaten. In the aftermath of the attempted coup, purges took place in Monrovia and in

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Chief of the Liberian Frontier Force, Captain Alford Russ (seated far right) sits alongside members of President Barclay's party during the Liberian President's visit to Washington DC in 1943.

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From 1952 onwards, Chiefs of Staff of the AFL included Major General Alexander Harper (1952–54), Lieutenant General Abraham Jackson (1954–60), Albert T. White (1964–65), Lieutenant General

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served mostly as providers of personnel for non-military duties. Soldiers in these units were used extensively as policemen, customs and immigration officials, and as tax collectors.

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had helped recruit Doe personally years before) was promoted in one leap from captain to lieutenant general as chief of staff. From 1980 onward, Doe's systematic promotion of ethnic

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Cabinet, submitted its report on December 17, 1998, recommending a 6,000-strong armed forces (5,160 Army, 600 Navy, and 240 Air Force) but the proposal was never implemented.

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often lived off the areas that they were pacifying, as a form of communal punishment. The Force's officers were drawn from either the coastal aristocracy or tribal elites.

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Major Andrew Wleh, commander, AFL Armed Forces Training Command (left), discusses marksmanship training with a U.S. soldier (right) whilst on a visit to the United States.

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In the interim buildup period, President Johnson-Sirleaf decided that a Nigerian officer would act as the Command Officer-In-Charge of the new armed forces. Major General

5348:– in November 2018 a soldier of the AFL deployed to cover a sports match sustained wounds from an unintentional shooting from the EPS at the SKD Stadium outside Monrovia. 2822: 2153: 2030: 1467:

The Coast Guard was reactivated on the 53rd Armed Forces Day on February 11, 2010, with an initial strength of 40 personnel who had been trained in the United States. A

1205: 1410:, and the 2nd Battalion, 23rd Infantry Brigade in December that year. Both battalions are currently based at the former Camp Schiefflin, which has now been renamed the 1107:, and the Special Security Service. On November 19, 1999, Taylor named General Kpenkpah Konah as the new Chief of Staff of the AFL (where he would stay until 2006) and 3513: 1489:-funded boat ramp and concrete perimeter wall for the Coast Guard, which was handed over in December 2010. In February 2011, the United States turned over two donated 1122:

originated in clashes in April 1999 but was not a major threat to Taylor until 2000–01. However, on the government side the AFL played only a minor role; irregular ex

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were out in full strength during burial occasions." By the time it was disbanded in 1980, the militia was considered to be completely ineffective as a military force.

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Annual Report of the Ministry of National Defense to the Fourth Session of the Forty-Eighth Legislature of the Republic of Liberia, Year Ending December 31, 1978

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Annual Report of the Ministry of National Defense to the Fourth Session of the Forty-Eighth Legislature of the Republic of Liberia, Year Ending December 31, 1978

2726: 4400: 3664: 3357: 1047:, Monrovia. Some 600 were killed. Because of the previous ethnic purges carried out by Doe's forces, the conflict took on characteristics of an ethnic pogrom. 882:

started to split in 1983, with Doe telling Quiwonkpa that he was planning to move Quiwonkpa from command of the army to a position as secretary-general of the

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writes that the AFL was reduced practically to the point of non-existence by fall 2001, by which time a total of 4,000 personnel had been retired. The

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officers in ways that command citizen respect and confidence and contribute towards the maintenance and promotion of the respect for the rule of law.

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Ahadzi, 'Failure of Domestic Politics..,' in Omeje, Kenneth. "War to peace transition: conflict intervention and peacebuilding in Liberia." (2009).

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Kromah was a former police officer, and promoted again, like Dubar, in one leap to lieutenant general. He now appears to be in the United States. (

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Facility reconstruction has not been limited to VOA/Camp Ware and Schiefflin/EBK. The Chinese Government offered in 2006 to rebuild Camp Tubman in

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The Liberian ground forces currently consist of two infantry battalions under the 23rd Infantry Brigade and supporting units. The 1st Battalion,

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Three of the infantry units—the First Infantry Battalion, stationed at Camp Schieffelin, the Second Infantry Battalion at Camp Todee in northern

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Area Handbook said that "some 20,000 men are estimated to be enrolled." The IISS estimated militia numbers at 5,000 in 1967 and 6,000 in 1970.

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that was formed by the first black colonists from the United States. The militia was first formed when in August 1822 an attack was feared on

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The Armed Forces Training Command (AFTC) is the training center for the Armed Forces of Liberia. It was established in February 2009.

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As of December 2010, a Logistics Command is being established within the AFL, taking the same name as a pre-Civil War AFL formation.

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with several subsidiary locations. These aircraft left the country on or before the cessation of UNMIL operations on 31 March 2018.

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to sensitive posts in the government and military, began to drive deepening divisions within the AFL, among others with Quiwonkpa's

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Robinson, Colin (March 4, 2017). "How might Democratisation Affect Military Professionalism in Africa? Reviewing the Literature".

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Charles Hartung, 'Peacekeeping in Liberia: ECOMOG and the Struggle for Order,' Liberian Studies Journal, Volume XXX, No.2, 2005

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During January 2019 the Ministry of National Defense announced plans to send a platoon-size contingent of peacekeepers to the

960:

These mistakes allowed Doe the time to rally the Krahn-dominated Executive Mansion Guard and 1st Infantry Battalion from Camp

6328: 6252: 6022: 5341: 5083: 2441: 2008: 1979: 769: 591:, the 2nd Infantry Battalion, HQ at Barclay Training Center (BTC), Monrovia, and the 3rd Infantry Battalion, HQ at Baworobo, 5312: 5216: 5051: 4741: 4680: 4313: 4245: 4190: 4038: 3989: 3956: 3945: 3858: 3838: 3786: 3748: 3719: 3517: 3069: 2389: 883: 857: 5304: 4710: 515:. By 1978 the program had been redesignated the Army Student Training Program (ASTP) and had a total of 46 students at the 5587: 5509: 4793: 4293: 4122:

Our Heroes Return from Peacekeeping Mission, Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Liberia, accessed February 8, 2017

3491: 3146:

2006/2007 Budget, Republic of Liberia. Retrieved December 2008 – January 2009. (The link, which now does not work, was at

1538: 1294: 1146: 1127: 1100: 1035:

on the coast. The NPFL had now gathered an estimated 10,000 fighters while the AFL, splintering, could only summon 2,000.

588: 555: 319: 91: 5279: 4926:

International Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Papers 27 (1967) and 67 (1970), The Armed Forces of African States

6333: 5977: 5788: 5758: 5565: 5457: 5366: 5267: 4253: 3681: 1486: 817:

The AFL became involved in politics when seventeen soldiers launched a coup on April 12, 1980. The group was made up of

346:

Section 2.3(b): The AFL shall also participate in international peacekeeping peace enforcement and other by the UN, the

110: 5131:

Dunn, D. Elwood, 'Liberia and the United States during the Cold War: Limits of Reciprocity,' Palgrave Macmillan, 2009,

4142:"FrontPageAfrica Newspaper – AFL Deputy Chief of Staff Represents Liberia At UN Chiefs of Staff Conference in New York" 3094: 2335:

Chapter XIX, An Act Relating to the Military Service of the Republic, approved February 20, 1940, Chapter I, Section 2.

6107: 5900: 5716: 5504: 5484: 4347: 3150: 2660: 1939: 1220: 953: 520: 508: 3387: 908:

battalion (which circa 1974 under the command of Colonel Robert M. Blamo completed an airstrip at Belefania Town), a

4493: 3660: 3354: 2782:"Liberia's Belle Yella Prison Camp (1910–1990): Repression, Stigma, and Forced Labor in the Heart of the Rainforest" 2659:

Annex O: Location and Strength of UN Units in the Congo: September 1960, in Lefever, Ernest W., and Wynfred Joshua.

583:

three infantry battalions were the 1st Infantry Battalion, at Camp Schiefflin, situated on the airport road between

6097: 5773: 5692: 5437: 5427: 4886: 4329: 3972:'Citizens of Todee Celebrate Road Rehabilitation and Development Initiatives Gifts from American People,' Monrovia 1471:

officer is now serving at the U.S. Embassy in Monrovia supporting efforts to reestablish the Liberian Coast Guard.

1227:, inland from Monrovia, for initial training in early November 2007, joining 608 others who had graduated earlier. 1115: 1104: 4471: 3820: 6052: 5972: 5957: 5841: 5674: 5638: 5514: 5493: 5479: 5447: 2121: 2087: 1468: 1324: 1179: 1134: 1119: 1027:

Field commanders apparently included Brigadier General Edward Smith. By May 1990 the AFL had been forced back to

308: 255: 383: 5623: 5597: 5592: 5432: 2805:"National Defense Law 1956, § 70-A. Composition of the Armed Forces, via Liberia's Security Sector Legislation" 1490: 1012: 1004: 619: 478: 304: 5071: 4277: 6276: 6225: 6202: 6142: 6017: 5987: 5811: 5743: 5669: 5575: 5550: 5359: 5166: 4954: 4266: 3769: 2921:

Sawyer 1982 p287 draws on Martin Lowenkopf, Politics in Liberia: The Conservative Road to Development, 1976.

2767: 2729:, The Armed Forces of African States, 1967 and 1970, Adelphi Papers 27 and 67, pages 11 and 22 respectively. 2548: 2272:

See Timothy D. Nevin, "The Uncontrollable Force: A Brief History of the Liberian Frontier Force, 1908-1944,

1903: 1897: 1328: 1256: 841: 558:. In 1961, during their first combat action in the country, 300 Liberian troops repelled an attack by 5,000 524: 433: 276: 4243:

Liberia's President Johnson-Sirleaf, U.S. General Ward Attend Historic Activation of Liberian Military Unit

3889: 2459: 2280: 1111:

as head of the army. Tarnue was later implicated in a land dispute in 1999, while acting as AFL commander.

1015:. Doe responded by sending two AFL battalions to Nimba in December 1989 – January 1990, under then-Colonel 416:, who was quickly replaced under threat of arms after he complained the Force was not being properly paid. 6117: 6102: 6087: 5952: 5664: 5618: 5580: 5142: 5034: 4614: 1452: 1411: 554:, and were airlifted into the Congo by the United States Air Force. The Liberian troops were initially in 429: 218: 2203:

The Statesman's Year Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1900

6230: 6197: 6187: 6182: 6172: 6127: 6067: 6032: 6007: 6002: 5967: 5733: 5442: 4085: 3735:

The Analyst Newspaper, Liberia : AFL Regaining Shape, September 2007 (Nonfunctioning link removed).

3013: 1931: 1232: 1216: 1150: 973: 646: 516: 504: 148: 3285: 3206:"The Daily Maverick :: Photojournalist Gregory Stemn on living and documenting the war in Liberia" 405: 2299:

Harrison Akingbade, "U.S. Liberian relations during World War II," Phylon, Vol. XLVI, No.1, 1985, p.25

1518: 159: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6268: 6264: 6132: 6062: 5942: 5783: 5768: 5748: 5702: 5633: 5555: 5467: 1095:

Instead Taylor ran down the Armed Forces, letting go 2,400–2,600 former personnel, many of whom were

634: 451: 228: 203: 135: 120: 4963: 4764: 1200:(UNMIL) had disarmed and demobilized 103,018 people who claimed to have fought for former president 633:

Other field units of the brigade were the Armoured Unit, at Camp Ram Rod, Paynesward City (possibly

546:

At the start of the 1960s, Liberia dispatched troops, including a movement control unit, to support

6288: 6284: 6240: 6157: 6092: 6077: 6037: 5836: 5778: 5728: 5533: 5519: 5192: 5039:

Pamphlet 550–38. Also Irving Kaplan, Barbara Lent, Dennis Morrisey, Charles Townsend, Neda Walpole.

2528: 1574: 1159: 413: 307:

in 1989. The AFL became entangled in the conflict, which lasted from 1989 to 1996–97, and then the

1443: 1389: 1242: 1043:

mostly Gio and Mano civilians, on the night of July 29/30, 1990 at St. Peter's Lutheran Church in

6122: 6042: 5982: 5947: 5860: 5798: 5697: 5652: 5560: 5422: 5407: 5402: 5394: 5253: 5080:

Armed Forces Of Liberia: Reality Check For A New Military With A Redefined Constitutional Mission

4810: 4795:

Enhancing post-Conflict Democratic Governance through effective Security Sector Reform in Liberia

4119: 3450: 3422: 2439:

Armed Forces Of Liberia: Reality Check For A New Military With A Redefined Constitutional Mission

2253: 1911: 1638: 1545: 1482: 1428: 1099:

brought in by former President Doe, in December 1997 – January 1998, and building up instead the

932: 920: 611: 607: 576: 575:

White, Commanding Officer of the LNG, was 'rusticated' by Tubman to become the Superintendent of

532: 495: 462:

As a result of American arms sales, by the 1920s Liberian forces were equipped with the American

455: 4021: 1335:. The 2009–2010 budget appears to indicate however that this consolidation has not taken place. 924: 477:

U.S. Army Forces in Liberia commanded by Brigadier General Percy Lee Sadler also established an

5143:

Taylor-made: The Pivotal Role of Liberia's Forests and Flag of Convenience in Regional Conflict

1308:, and the new facility was opened in April 2009. There is also a plan to rebuild Camp Todee in 844:

sleeping in his office in the Executive Mansion and there they killed him. While then-Sergeant

322:. For several years after the war, a Nigerian Army officer served as head of the armed forces. 5806: 5763: 5687: 5245: 5132: 5033:. Area Handbook Series. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies Division, American University, 4935: 4855: 4829: 4660: 4582: 3111: 2807:. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. p. 66. Archived from 2640: 2601: 2595: 2379: 2216: 1448: 1286: 1247: 1201: 1155: 1032: 905: 810: 2634: 5876: 5831: 5826: 5816: 5738: 5237: 4441: 2739: 1508: 1282:

initially 15,000 strong peacekeeping mission; by 2008 the force had been reduced to 11,000.

886:. Unhappy with this proposed change, Quiwonkpa fled into exile in late 1983, along with his 845: 598:

By 1978, the LNG Brigade had been established and the brigade was described as comprising a

355: 326: 285: 1914:

trains officer candidates in the AFL. The Officer Candidate School is part of the academy.

5929: 5821: 5679: 5345: 5286: 5273: 5220: 5173: 5149: 5087: 4899: 4880: 4803:

AFL Restructuring Commission Report submitted to H.E. Charles Taylor, President of Liberia

4497: 4478: 4467: 4448: 4428: 4408: 4317: 4297: 4273: 4249: 4194: 4127: 4017: 4010: 3993: 3960: 3949: 3929: 3893: 3873: 3862: 3842: 3824: 3813: 3790: 3752: 3723: 3685: 3443:

AFL Restructuring Commission Report submitted to H.E. Charles Taylor, President of Liberia

3415:

AFL Restructuring Commission Report submitted to H.E. Charles Taylor, President of Liberia

3361: 3154: 3098: 2829: 2743: 2535: 2445: 2284: 1236: 1163: 909: 850: 818: 776: 592: 198: 78: 3598: 2031:"Liberia: Armed Forces of Liberia's Deputy Chief of Staff Wants More Women Join the Army" 1293:, in early June 2007; Lieutenant General Yusuf had been posted home to Nigeria to become 5280:

Principal Policies and Problems in the Relations of the United States with Liberia, 1950

5001: 4460: 4333: 4107:'Liberian Peacekeepers in Mali Return Home June 25', Liberia News Agency, June 23, 2015. 3638: 3182:

Then Lieutenant General Hezekiah Bowen was later mentioned in the Abuja Accords of 1996.

1356:

Platoon 1 (Capt.? Nathaniel Waka) – 45 personnel strong; June 23, 2013, to June 26, 2014

41: 5881: 4221:"AFL Contingent to Join UN Peacekeeping Mission in South Sudan – Defense Authorities', 1907: 1725: 1717: 1712: 1570: 1309: 1076: 1016: 890: 837: 825: 780: 528: 6322: 5289:, pages 1712–1714, 1721, 1723–29 note the beginning of the U.S. military aid mission. 5257: 4421: 3745: 1817: 1794: 1771: 1748: 1691: 1665: 1643: 985: 467: 396: 347: 295:, the AFL saw little action, apart from a reinforced company group which was sent to 250: 238: 123: 17: 4844:

The Challenges And Opportunities Of Security Sector Reform in post-conflict Liberia,

571:

gave the impression of being a well-trained and disciplined military organization."

1008: 965: 887: 615: 551: 523:, and three smaller institutions. However it was not until the late 1960s that the 471: 447: 443: 98: 5339: 5241: 5078: 4733: 4684: 3388:"ELECTIONS SPECIAL: Board Chairman Needs Your Unflinching Support For Re-election" 2594:

Eric Berman; Katie E. Sams; Institute for Security Studies (South Africa) (2000).

2438: 2004: 1971: 5320: 5213: 5045: 4310: 4242: 4183: 4034: 3986: 3953: 3942: 3855: 3835: 3783: 3716: 3065: 2677: 2578: 2373: 658:

Organization of the Liberian Militia, according to the National Defense Law 1956

6244: 5160: 5100: 1496:

The ranks and insignia of the Armed Forces of Liberia are based on those of the

1313: 1174: 1108: 989: 961: 940: 913: 789: 642: 439: 209: 4290: 3483: 2205:. New York: MacMillan, 1900. p 794. (Retrieved via Google Books March 3, 2011.) 5125:

Security Sector Reform in Liberia: Domestic Considerations and the Way Forward

5109:, United Nations Secretary-General's Report on UNMIL, released August 10, 2009 4006: 1812: 1789: 1766: 1743: 1699: 1686: 1673: 1660: 1290: 1273:

managers, he go through Major Wyatt on all matters related to the training.

1268:, who is training the new army. The newspaper said in an August 2007 report: 1224: 977: 821: 806: 785: 463: 5249: 5155:

Renanah Miles Joyce, “A Force for Good”: Army-Building After War in Liberia.

4798:, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, RSA, (Chapter 11 of larger book) 4490: 3678: 1347:(MINUSMA), marking the first time that the AFL had operated abroad since the 3091: 1840: 1534: 993: 912:

battalion (the First Field Artillery Battalion, reportedly at Camp Naama in

901: 870: 861: 829: 5278:

United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States,

5009:. Area Handbook Series. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 3887:

Five Reinstated AFL Officers Complete Senior Leadership Training in Nigeria

3147: 5299: 3816:, January 13, 2009, p.13, and Lieutenant Colonel William C. Wyatt's blog, 3391: 3066:"Liberia: Ellen Signs Anti-Corruption Act, Commissions Several Officials" 1935: 1862: 1530: 1522: 1407: 1142: 1138: 898: 894: 833: 638: 584: 400: 343:

disasters and engage in other civic works as may be required or directed.

292: 103: 5070:, Comments on Africa No. 13, Conflict, Security, and Development Group, 4964:"Security Sector Reform in Liberia: Mixed Results from Humble Beginnings 4276:, Comments on Africa No. 13, Conflict, Security, and Development Group, 3923:

Progressive Deception to create Black Berets and their trail of violence

3817: 2661:

United Nations Peacekeeping in the Congo: 1960-1964: Appendices. Vol. 3.

1345:

United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali

1327:

relationship was begun between the AFL and the U.S. state of Michigan's

606:

The Third Infantry Battalion covered Montserrado, Grand Cape Mount, and

494:

Members of the Liberian National Guard at the inauguration of President

408:

territory to punish Liberians there who persisted in slave trafficking.

6260: 5892: 5382: 4075:

Kwanue, C.Y., 2015, 'A Profile: Commander of AFL 2nd Batch From Mali',

1423: 1362:

Platoon 3 (Capt. Stephen T. Powo) – June 25, 2015, to September 2, 2016

1317: 1305: 1265: 1028: 936: 627: 459:

uninspired accomplished other than some desultory close-order drill."

392: 272: 2781: 1359:

Platoon 2 (Capt. Ernest A. Appleton) – June 26, 2014, to June 25, 2015

4765:"Armed Forces Training Command (AFTC) – Ministry of National Defense" 3110:

Andrade, John (1982). Militair 1982. London: Aviation Press Limited.

1943: 1867: 1845: 1621: 1475: 1254:

There appears to be some lack of coordination, at least according to

1067: 1055: 1044: 1011:

on Christmas Eve 1989 with a force of around 150 men, initiating the

928: 623: 559: 512: 2375:

Liberia: Underdevelopment and Political Rule in a Peripheral Society

1585:

The Liberian Air Force inventory for its entire existence included:

5351: 3865:, The Inquirer (Monrovia), June 11, 2007, See also AfriqueJet.com, 2821:

Another reference to the 9th Regiment AFL is at Liberian Observer,

1406:, was formed on August 29, 2008, at the Barclay Training Center in 6256: 3746:

LIBERIA: Sirleaf unveils first members of new peacetime government

3661:"Liberia: US Hires Private Company to Train 4,000 strong military" 3255:"Rebel forces in Liberia surround the capital and begin an attack" 3008:'Looking at the LNG Brigade,' Armed Forces Day Brochure, 1973–74, 2114:"Friday is Armed Forces Day; to be observed as a National Holiday" 2088:"Nigeria Agrees To Resume Training Liberian Army (DDeazi Lakpor)-" 1507: 1442: 1388: 1241: 1173: 1096: 866: 800: 489: 450:), and transformed the capital by building a deep water port (the 382: 284:

levels of effectiveness common to most of the armed forces in the

52: 4541:"Armed Forces of Liberia to Model Air Wing after Ghana Air Force" 4184:

Tamba, G.T. (2017) 'Tears Greet Cpl. Sheriff Ousmane's Remains',

4022:

Defense Minister hosts Michigan National Guard's Adjutant General

1178:

President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf inspecting AFL soldiers on board

5184:

The Art and Aggravation of Vetting in Post-Conflict Environments

4170:

Parley, W.W. (2019) 'Experts Prepare Liberian Troops for Mali',

4020:, Air Force Print News Today, April 12, 2010, and The Inquirer, 3886: 2463: 2295: 2293: 2277: 1927: 1126:

militias backed by more privileged Taylor partisans such as the

547: 296: 5896: 5355: 4391:

UN Secretary-General's Report on UNMIL, released 10 August 2009

4188:(Monrovia), 12 May 2017, accessed 14 May 2017 via Allafrica.com 1972:"Liberia: A Story of Success - the New Armed Forces of Liberia" 4311:

Liberia: UNMIL Provides training for 60 AFL Military Engineers

4120:

http://mod.gov.lr/our-heroes-return-from-peacekeeping-mission/

3587:"Link to Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement, August 18, 2003" 3516:. Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archived from 2549:"Armed Forces Day Activities Released | The Liberian Observer" 1562: 5068:

Military or hybrid solutions for border patrolling in Liberia

4451:, Africa Partnership Station Public Affairs, October 20, 2009 4267:

Military or hybrid solutions for border patrolling in Liberia

3987:

Barclay Training Center to be handed over to Defense Ministry

1250:

officer speaks to AFL troops during a 2009 training exercise.

5096:

The Emergence of Autocracy in Liberia: Tragedy and Challenge

4581:(35th ed.). Jane's Information Group. January 5, 2009. 3024: 3022: 2409: 2407: 1365:

Platoon 4 (Capt. Forkpah Tarnue) – September 2, 2016, to ...

664: 641:, and the Bella Yella Special Detachment, Camp Bella Yella, 2372:

Robert Kappel; Werner Korte; R. Friedegund Mascher (1986).

2355: 2353: 46:

A Liberian color guard marches on Armed Forces Day in 2010.

4372: 4370: 275:. Tracing its origins to a militia that was formed by the 4951:

Politics in Liberia: The Conservative Road to Development

4846:

Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces,

3355:

LIBERIA: Soldiers refuse to quit camp needed for new army

2704:

Liebenow, Liberia: The Evolution of Privilege, 1969, 110.

1451:, Command Officer-in-Charge of the AFL, hands over a new 610:

counties from BTC. The Fourth Infantry Battalion covered

4206:

Kamara, S.P. (2017) 'MOD Speaks on Troops' Casualties',

4079:(Monrovia), July 2, 2015, accessed October 2, 2016, < 2874: 2872: 2508: 2506: 2307: 2305: 2005:"Liberia: Weah Appoints Army Chief of Staff As Minister" 1500:, and are laid out in the Liberian Defense Act of 2008. 5262:(includes section on Liberian military professionalism) 5167:

Building Better Armies: An Insider's Account of Liberia

2274:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

1196:

By March 1, 2005, over a year after the war ended, the

645:. Bella Yella was of course the location of the feared 3313: 3311: 2968: 2966: 2953: 2951: 2597:

Peacekeeping in Africa: Capabilities and Culpabilities

1830:

Operated by the Liberian Army Air Reconnaissance Unit

1807:

Operated by the Liberian Army Air Reconnaissance Unit

1784:

Operated by the Liberian Army Air Reconnaissance Unit

1761:

Operated by the Liberian Army Air Reconnaissance Unit

5103:

was an interim president of Liberia in the mid-1990s.

3417:. Monrovia, Liberia. December 17, 1998. pp. 3–4. 3349: 3347: 2600:. United Nations Publications UNIDIR. pp. 240–. 1289:

succeeded the previous incumbent, Lieutenant General

5098:. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies. 4792:

Aboagye, Festus B, and Rupiya, Dr Martin R, (2005).

2215:

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1859).

1544:

In 2018–19, two Liberian pilots were trained by the

566:

Reinforced Security Company, was contributed to the

65:

1847(Liberian militia) 1908(Liberian Frontier Force)

6239: 6211: 5928: 5797: 5715: 5651: 5532: 5466: 5393: 3445:. Monrovia, Liberia. December 17, 1998. p. 34. 3286:"Liberian Rebels Tighten Grip on North of Monrovia" 1343:In 2013, the AFL deployed a platoon as part of the 765:considered the best trained of the armed services. 249: 244: 234: 227: 217: 197: 192: 182: 177: 165: 154: 141: 129: 116: 109: 97: 77: 69: 61: 51: 34: 4973:. United States Army Strategic Studies Institute. 4872:Liberia: Uneven Progress in Security Sector Reform 4511:"Amphibious ships pass preliminary design reviews" 3805:Liberia: Uneven Progress in Security Sector Reform 2764:. Monrovia: Government of Liberia. pp. 10–13. 303:in the 1960s. This changed with the advent of the 6213:States and regions with limited or no recognition 4908:"Liberia: The Key to Ending Regional Instability" 4707:"Gov't Plans to Re-introduce ROTC in All Schools" 4082:"A Profile: Commander Of AFL 2nd Batch From Mali" 3908:, 'Profile of AFL Deputy Chief of Staff (DCOS),' 3570:Annual Report of the Ministry of National Defense 3544:"Liberia: The Key to Ending Regional Instability" 3234:Adebajo, 2002, p.58. See also Hubard, pp.118–125. 2682:. West African review, Limited. 1961. p. 57. 1206:Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy 856:Doe became Head of State and co-chair of the new 391:The modern Armed Forces of Liberia grew out of a 4481:, December 29, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2011 4011:Multi-State Efforts Support West African Partner 3954:Liberia: GOL breaks ground for military barracks 2538:. theinquirer.com.lr. Tuesday, February 7, 2012. 1529:(UNMIL) operated military aircraft in Liberia – 1414:Barracks, often known simply as 'EBK Barracks.' 1215:In 2005, the United States provided funding for 1189:Part 4 (Articles VI and VII) of the August 2003 4461:NMCB 7 Liberia Detachment Receives Commendation 652: 5334:allegedly travelling with 4 kgs of marijuana. 5127:, United States Institute of Peace, April 2007 4734:"BWI to Resume ROTC Course Next Academic Year" 4058: 4056: 3836:Liberia: Govt pleads for UNMIL's full presence 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 2865:. Monrovia: Government of Liberia. p. 21. 2460:"Brief History of the Armed Forces Of Liberia" 2433: 2431: 1427:force operates according to slightly modified 1103:(ATU), the Special Operations Division of the 579:in 1966, though he was later 'rehabilitated'. 279:in what is now Liberia, it was founded as the 5908: 5367: 5161:https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2020.1798672 4906:International Crisis Group (April 24, 2002). 3542:International Crisis Group (April 24, 2002). 3092:Eviction Hangs Over 2,000 Wroto Town Dwellers 2727:International Institute for Strategic Studies 2523: 2521: 8: 5176:, Strategic Studies Institute, November 2013 4579:Jane's infantry weapons, 2009–2010 2009/2010 4387: 4385: 4241:Petty Officer 1st Class Daniel P. Lapierre, 3484:"World: Africa Liberia names new army chief" 2667:by the Brookings Institution, June 30, 1966. 2636:Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002 3952:, link verified April 2009, and AllAfrica, 3784:Liberia: Prince Johnson wants investigation 3572:. Monrovia: Government of Liberia. c. 2002. 2218:Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons 5915: 5901: 5893: 5721: 5657: 5538: 5472: 5374: 5360: 5352: 5157:The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 5077:Samukai, Brownie J., (February 17, 2004). 4828:. London & Boulder, CO: Lynn Rienner. 4815:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4442:APS, Seabees Bolster Liberia's Coast Guard 3717:Liberia: New AFL Recruits Go Into Training 3537: 3535: 3455:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3427:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2756: 2754: 2752: 2448:, February 17, 2004. Retrieved August 2010 2378:. Institut für Afrika-Kunde. p. 134. 2258:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1054:(ECOWAS) dispatched a peacekeeping force, 40: 5000:Nelson, Harold D., ed. (September 1984). 4470:, May 30, 2010. Retrieved June 2010, and 4348:"Liberian delegation visits Fort Benning" 2713: 2500:(p.109). Other source says February 1962. 1930:) program was established in 1956 at the 1052:Economic Community of West African States 5319:. Monrovia. July 7, 2017. Archived from 5313:"Liberia: AFL Soldier Faces Drugs Trail" 4902:, Africa Report No. 36, January 13, 2006 4300:, Inter Press Service, December 26, 2009 4115: 4113: 3867:Liberia gets new Nigerian Chief of Staff 3514:"UN Lutheran Massacres Victim Testifies" 3148:http://www.mofliberia.org/budget0607.xls 2889: 2887: 2852:IISS, Adelphi Papers 27 and 67, op. cit. 2803:Thomas Jaye (compiler) (February 2008). 2221:. Ordered to be printed. pp. 225–. 1999: 1997: 1970:Addison, Abraham N. (January 18, 2022). 1587: 1219:and Pacific Architects & Engineers, 809:with United States Secretary of Defense 57:"Building a Force For Good" (unofficial) 5123:Bekoe, Dorina, and Parajon, Christina, 4805:. Monrovia, Liberia. December 17, 1998. 4472:Liberian Coast Guard Ready for 24/7 Ops 3697:Michael M. Phillips (August 14, 2007). 3469: 3373: 3052: 2942: 2840: 2692: 2484: 2413: 2359: 1962: 1231:The Minister of Defense that President 813:during a visit to Washington DC in 1982 562:tribesmen and their European officers. 188:1,800 or less (actual after desertions) 4808: 4771:from the original on December 27, 2022 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4625:from the original on November 22, 2020 4521:from the original on November 13, 2020 3906:Ministry of National Defense (Liberia) 3620:17, 2005, paragraph 22, gives 101,495. 3581: 3579: 3448: 3420: 3127: 3028: 3010:Ministry of National Defense (Liberia) 2984: 2930: 2909: 2894:Ministry of National Defense (Liberia) 2878: 2512: 2323: 2311: 2251: 2225:from the original on November 14, 2017 2189: 2177: 2141: 2139: 1982:from the original on December 21, 2022 935:, and the Fifth Infantry Battalion at 923:, and the Sixth Infantry Battalion at 626:. The Fifth Infantry Battalion was at 31: 4980:from the original on January 12, 2009 4565: 4376: 3943:Liberia: Chinese to Build Camp Tubman 3329: 3317: 3296:from the original on October 18, 2012 3040: 2996: 2972: 2957: 2900:Vol. 2, No.1, February 11, 2008, p.63 2725:Roberts et al. 1964, p.394. See also 2639:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 11–12. 2559:from the original on February 7, 2017 2276:, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2011, 280-281, and 2159:from the original on December 1, 2017 2094:from the original on February 7, 2017 2067:from the original on December 1, 2017 2037:from the original on February 9, 2019 2011:from the original on February 9, 2019 1379:United Nations Mission in South Sudan 1349:United Nations Operation in the Congo 600:Headquarters and Headquarters Company 568:United Nations Operation in the Congo 7: 4914:from the original on August 19, 2010 4732:Richard D. Baysay (March 23, 2016). 4346:Molinaro, Kristin (August 6, 2009). 3550:from the original on August 19, 2010 3494:from the original on August 11, 2010 3195:Hurst and Company, London, 2001, 78. 3072:from the original on October 7, 2012 1950:Armed Forces Training Command (AFTC) 1000:First Liberian Civil War (1989–1997) 27:Combined military forces of Liberia. 5054:from the original on April 27, 2016 5050:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 5016:from the original on April 18, 2020 4547:from the original on August 5, 2020 4354:from the original on August 9, 2009 3663:. IRINNEWS.org. February 15, 2005. 3253:Krauss, Y Clifford (July 3, 1990). 2780:Timothy D. L. Nevin (Spring 2020). 2665:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 2529:Espicopal Bishop Urges AFL Soldiers 2498:Liberia: The Evolution of Privilege 1498:United States Department of Defense 1479:Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 1431:practices, and uses U.S. doctrine. 1191:Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement 1124:National Patriotic Front of Liberia 1021:National Patriotic Front of Liberia 535:, as an officer training facility. 314:As of 2014, the AFL consists of an 4744:from the original on April 9, 2016 4615:"Liberia operating Streit Cougars" 4440:Chief Petty Officer Jason Morris, 4320:, The Informer, September 16, 2009 4041:from the original on June 10, 2015 4035:"Liberia: AFL Off to Mali At Last" 3667:from the original on June 17, 2010 3265:from the original on March 4, 2016 2633:Peter Abbott (February 20, 2014). 2614:from the original on June 27, 2017 2580:Aviation Week and Space Technology 438:Liberia joined the Allies in both 329:, having been proclaimed in 2011. 311:, which lasted from 1999 to 2003. 25: 5408:Americo-Liberian rule (1847–1980) 5107:United Nations Mission in Liberia 4709:. August 26, 2018. Archived from 4659:. Salamander Books. p. 149. 4291:New Army Faces Greatest Challenge 4062:'AFL Peacekeepers Return Today', 3726:, allAfrica.com, November 8, 2007 3631:United Nations Mission in Liberia 2392:from the original on May 12, 2016 2086:Brooks, Cholo (August 20, 2016). 1880:Operated by the Justice Air Wing 1617:De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou 1527:United Nations Mission in Liberia 1210:Movement for Democracy in Liberia 1198:United Nations Mission in Liberia 6221:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5993:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5298: 5159:vol. 11, no. 3 (2020), 273–293. 3912:Vol. 3, No. 1, February 11, 2009 3856:Liberia: Army Gets New Commander 3595:United States Institute of Peace 3212:. March 22, 2011. Archived from 2583:. McGraw-Hill. 1960. p. 33. 2344:Harrison Akingbade's article in 1924:Reserve Officers' Training Corps 1239:, had a good public reputation. 1007:invaded the country at Butuo in 301:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6339:1900s establishments in Liberia 2786:Journal of West African History 1455:to the reactivated Coast Guard. 1333:Liberia Drug Enforcement Agency 1064:Liberian general election, 1997 972:three fixed-wing aircraft from 2246:Institute for Security Studies 1162:, and the 4th Naval District, 271:) are the armed forces of the 87: 1: 5242:10.1080/09592318.2017.1288404 5230:Small Wars & Insurgencies 5044:Thomas Duval Roberts (1972). 5031:US Army Area Handbook Liberia 4854:. London: Hurst and Company. 4411:. Retrieved December 2, 2010. 4146:www.frontpageafricaonline.com 3976:Wednesday, May 27, 2009, p.6b 3677:See funding for 2007–2009 at 3284:Smith, Jack (July 20, 1990). 2823:Former AFL Colonel Remembered 2278:http://newliberian.com/?p=137 1539:Roberts International Airport 622:counties from Camp Whisnant, 589:Roberts International Airport 169:Sergeant Major Cooper Manqueh 5448:Second Civil War (1999–2003) 4869:International Crisis Group, 4254:United States Africa Command 3802:International Crisis Group, 1557:Infantry battalion equipment 1487:United States Africa Command 1437:Ministry of National Defense 1262:Ministry of National Defense 1221:private military contractors 661:Two Divisional Headquarters 166:Force Command Sergeant Major 131:Minister of National Defense 6058:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) 5433:First Civil War (1989–1997) 5029:Roberts, T.D., ed. (1964). 4248:September 12, 2008, at the 4225:(Monrovia), 8 January 2019" 3932:. Retrieved August 18, 2010 3789:September 20, 2008, at the 3699:"An Army unsullied by past" 3482:Anon. (November 19, 1999). 3097:September 14, 2010, at the 2244:Aboagye and Rupiya (2005). 2057:"Embassy of Liberia – News" 1940:Booker Washington Institute 1149:markings, could be seen at 996:STOL twins were delivered. 954:Liberia Broadcasting System 916:) and a support battalion. 884:People's Redemption Council 858:People's Redemption Council 521:Booker Washington Institute 509:Booker Washington Institute 6355: 5423:Samuel Doe era (1980–1989) 5344:December 13, 2019, at the 5219:December 12, 2007, at the 5172:December 23, 2016, at the 5148:September 2, 2010, at the 4949:Lowenkopf, Martin (1976). 4887:International Crisis Group 4496:February 19, 2011, at the 4422:President's Annual Message 4330:United States Marine Corps 4256:. Retrieved August 3, 2010 4174:(Monrovia), 8 August 2019. 4126:February 11, 2017, at the 3841:February 26, 2008, at the 2738:Baworobo appears to be in 1895: 1512:Liberian Air Force Roundel 1158:, the 3rd Naval District, 1130:saw most of the fighting. 1116:International Crisis Group 897:, and was composed of six 779:replaced the long-serving 470:rifles, as well as German 427: 5854: 5724: 5660: 5541: 5475: 5458:2020 coronavirus pandemic 5453:2014 Ebola virus epidemic 5285:January 18, 2017, at the 5272:February 2, 2017, at the 5047:Area Handbook for Liberia 5042:Roberts et al. 1972. See 4824:Adebajo, Adekeye (2002). 4655:Peacock, Lindsay (1991). 4500:US Equip AFL with 2 Boats 4427:January 30, 2010, at the 4272:February 2, 2014, at the 4066:(Monrovia), June 26, 2014 3985:The Informer (Monrovia), 3782:The Inquirer (Monrovia), 3766:An Army unsuilled by past 3751:October 13, 2007, at the 3722:November 9, 2007, at the 2061:www.liberianembassyus.org 1834: 1737: 1610: 1491:USCG Defender class boats 1469:United States Coast Guard 1325:State Partnership Program 1235:appointed in early 2006, 1204:or the two rebel groups, 1120:Second Liberian Civil War 1083:Taylor regime (1997–2003) 309:Second Liberian Civil War 256:Military ranks of Liberia 173: 39: 5978:Central African Republic 5546:Administrative divisions 5403:Colonization (1821–1847) 5086:August 14, 2007, at the 5003:Liberia: A Country Study 4892:Liberia: Staying Focused 3959:October 7, 2012, at the 3948:October 7, 2012, at the 3872:October 5, 2011, at the 3861:October 2, 2012, at the 3180:. pp. 115, 118–119. 2553:www.liberianobserver.com 2444:August 14, 2007, at the 2283:August 16, 2016, at the 2248:. Pretoria. p. 258. 1537:attack helicopters from 1105:Liberian National Police 1013:First Liberian Civil War 873:, and to hamper morale. 479:officer candidate school 305:First Liberian Civil War 4874:, Africa Report No. 148 4850:Ellis, Stephen (2001). 4754:(subscription required) 4420:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, 4210:(Monrovia), 5 May 2017. 4077:Liberian Daily Observer 4016:March 11, 2012, at the 3812:August 5, 2010, at the 3807:, Africa Report No. 148 3770:The Wall Street Journal 3360:April 16, 2007, at the 2768:New York Public Library 2679:The West African Review 2425:1978 Annual Report, p.7 1904:Tubman Military Academy 1898:Tubman Military Academy 1525:. After 2003, only the 1485:, Spain, constructed a 1339:Peacekeeping Operations 1329:Michigan National Guard 1257:The Wall Street Journal 976:in Monrovia, including 840:. They found President 788:was among this group.) 525:Tubman Military Academy 434:Liberia in World War II 318:, an air wing, and the 281:Liberian Frontier Force 265:Armed Forces of Liberia 35:Armed Forces of Liberia 5035:Department of the Army 4955:Hoover Institute Press 4879:June 18, 2021, at the 4842:Ebo, Adedeji, (2005). 4603:130426-F-ED706-093.jpg 4466:June 29, 2011, at the 4447:July 20, 2011, at the 4407:July 23, 2011, at the 4350:. United States Army. 4316:June 29, 2011, at the 4049:– via AllAfrica. 3928:July 13, 2011, at the 3892:March 5, 2016, at the 3818:Monrovia Daily Monitor 3178:The Liberian Civil War 3153:July 10, 2007, at the 3080:– via AllAfrica. 2828:April 4, 2008, at the 2534:March 4, 2016, at the 2287:for the Cadell affair. 1573:. It may also include 1513: 1456: 1441: 1412:Edward Binyah Kesselly 1394: 1275: 1251: 1186: 879: 814: 797:Doe regime (1980–1990) 753: 499: 430:Liberia in World War I 388: 6329:Government of Liberia 6138:São Tomé and Príncipe 5998:Republic of the Congo 5571:Government ministries 5443:1998 Monrovia clashes 5307:at Wikimedia Commons 5094:Sawyer, Amos (1992). 5072:King's College London 4930:Keegan, John (1979). 4898:July 6, 2016, at the 4657:The Worlds Air Forces 4621:. February 20, 2020. 4543:. December 11, 2019. 4477:July 1, 2011, at the 4296:June 7, 2010, at the 4278:King's College London 4193:May 15, 2017, at the 3992:June 4, 2011, at the 3823:July 8, 2011, at the 3764:Michael M. Phillips, 3684:May 24, 2019, at the 3014:University of Liberia 2152:. September 3, 2008. 1932:University of Liberia 1733:Government Transport 1726:BAC 1–11 Series 401AK 1707:Government transport 1681:Government transport 1511: 1446: 1433: 1404:23rd Infantry Brigade 1398:23rd Infantry Brigade 1392: 1270: 1245: 1233:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 1217:DynCorp International 1177: 1151:Spriggs Payne Airport 992:light twin and three 974:Spriggs Payne Airport 947:Attempted coup (1985) 875: 804: 517:University of Liberia 505:University of Liberia 493: 454:). Black ("Colored") 386: 277:first black colonists 186:2,100 (establishment) 155:Deputy Chief of Staff 149:Prince C. Johnson III 84:23rd Infantry Brigade 18:Liberian Armed Forces 5923:Militaries of Africa 5490:Environmental issues 4962:Malan, Mark (2008). 4713:on December 20, 2022 4515:www.defenceweb.co.za 4491:liberianobserver.com 4231:on February 2, 2019. 3715:D. Webster Cassell, 3193:The Mask of Anarchy, 3101:, September 11, 2010 2437:Brownie J. Samukai, 2033:. February 8, 2019. 2007:. January 23, 2018. 1639:Cessna 208 Caravan 1 1569:assault rifles, and 1493:to the Coast Guard. 770:George T. Washington 740:Seventeenth Regiment 655:The Liberian Militia 507:in Monrovia and the 452:Freeport of Monrovia 92:National Coast Guard 6334:Military of Liberia 6269:Plazas de soberanía 5305:Military of Liberia 5224:, July–August 2007. 4852:The Mask of Anarchy 4826:Liberia's Civil War 3910:Armed Forces Today, 3845:, February 22, 2008 3703:Wall Street Journal 3641:on January 22, 2009 3601:on October 16, 2010 3341:Adebajo, 2002, p.75 3243:Adebajo, 2002, p.58 3090:Liberian Observer, 3068:. August 26, 2008. 2898:Armed Forces Today, 1922:The first Liberian 1295:Chief of Army Staff 1147:Anti-Terrorist Unit 1133:As a result of the 1128:Anti-Terrorist Unit 1101:Anti-Terrorist Unit 1050:In August 1990 the 734:Thirteenth Regiment 723:Fourteenth Regiment 527:was established in 273:Republic of Liberia 4883:, January 13, 2009 4431:, January 25, 2010 4309:Jefferson Massah, 4152:on August 15, 2017 4088:on October 2, 2016 3921:Thomas Kai Toteh, 3854:Charles B. Yates, 3755:, January 17, 2006 3376:, p. 233–235. 3364:, January 4, 2006. 3259:The New York Times 3210:The Daily Maverick 3031:, p. 270-272. 2811:on October 4, 2008 2527:C. Winnie Saywah, 2201:Keltie, J.S., ed. 1912:Montserrado County 1581:Aircraft inventory 1546:Nigerian Air Force 1514: 1483:Naval Station Rota 1474:A detachment from 1457: 1429:United States Army 1395: 1323:In October 2009 a 1252: 1187: 1170:Rebuilding the AFL 933:Grand Gedeh County 921:Montserrado County 815: 737:Sixteenth Regiment 699:Fifteenth Regiment 647:Bella Yella prison 577:Grand Gedeh County 533:Montserrado County 500: 496:William R. Tolbert 456:United States Army 389: 158:Brigadier General 117:Commander-in-Chief 6316: 6315: 6309: 6293: 6281: 6273: 6013:Equatorial Guinea 5890: 5889: 5850: 5849: 5759:Gender inequality 5711: 5710: 5647: 5646: 5629:Political parties 5566:Foreign relations 5528: 5527: 5438:1994 coup attempt 5428:1985 coup attempt 5303:Media related to 5137:978-0-230-61735-3 4941:978-0-333-17236-0 4835:978-1-58826-052-9 4588:978-0-7106-2869-5 4517:. July 23, 2009. 4379:, pp. 36–37. 4223:Liberian Observer 4186:Liberian Observer 4037:. June 21, 2013. 4005:TSgt Dan Heaton ( 3793:, August 22, 2008 3773:, August 14, 2007 3290:Los Angeles Times 3216:on March 22, 2011 2663:Prepared for the 2646:978-1-78200-076-1 2607:978-92-9045-133-4 2496:Gus Liebenow, in 2458:NewLiberian.com. 2416:, p. 389-90. 2385:978-3-923519-65-1 1884: 1883: 1449:Suraj Abdurrahman 1287:Suraj Abdurrahman 1248:U.S. Marine Corps 906:military engineer 811:Caspar Weinberger 751: 750: 720:Eleventh Regiment 556:Équateur province 261: 260: 235:Foreign suppliers 213: 16:(Redirected from 6346: 6308:(United Kingdom) 6307: 6305:Tristan da Cunha 6301:Ascension Island 6291: 6279: 6271: 5930:Sovereign states 5917: 5910: 5903: 5894: 5870: 5863: 5722: 5683: 5658: 5539: 5473: 5418:1980 coup d'état 5413:1871 coup d'état 5376: 5369: 5362: 5353: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5302: 5261: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5198:on July 21, 2011 5197: 5191:. 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3353:See also IRIN, 3352: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3191:Stephen Ellis, 3190: 3186: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3155:Wayback Machine 3145: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3109: 3105: 3099:Wayback Machine 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3020: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2830:Wayback Machine 2814: 2812: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2760: 2759: 2750: 2744:Maryland County 2737: 2733: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2608: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2536:Wayback Machine 2526: 2519: 2511: 2504: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2446:Wayback Machine 2436: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2386: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2285:Wayback Machine 2271: 2267: 2250: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2124:on July 9, 2022 2118:www.mofa.gov.lr 2112: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1976:Frontpageafrica 1969: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1920: 1900: 1894: 1889: 1822:Communications 1799:Communications 1776:Communications 1753:Communications 1738:Communications 1674:Boeing 707-351B 1583: 1571:PK machine guns 1559: 1554: 1521:operating some 1506: 1465: 1400: 1387: 1341: 1237:Brownie Samukai 1230: 1172: 1085: 1002: 949: 910:field artillery 851:True Whig Party 826:staff sergeants 819:Master Sergeant 799: 777:William Tolbert 754: 752: 728:Fourth Brigade 714:Second Regiment 711:Second Brigade 693:Eighth Regiment 690:Fourth Regiment 657: 593:Maryland County 488: 436: 426: 381: 335: 325:11 February is 187: 136:Daniel Ziankahn 90: 86: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6352: 6350: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6321: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6294: 6282: 6274: 6265:Alboran Island 6253:Canary Islands 6249: 6247: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5872: 5871: 5864: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5677: 5675:Communications 5672: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5639:Vice President 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5612:Chief of Staff 5604: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5494:Climate change 5487: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5337: 5295: 5294:External links 5292: 5291: 5290: 5276: 5263: 5236:(2): 385–400. 5225: 5210:(1.55 MB) 5179:McFate, Sean, 5177: 5163: 5153: 5139: 5129: 5120: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5104: 5091: 5075: 5064: 5040: 5026: 4997: 4959: 4946: 4940: 4927: 4924: 4903: 4884: 4867: 4860: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4821: 4799: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4756: 4724: 4698: 4687:on May 3, 2016 4672: 4665: 4636: 4606: 4594: 4587: 4570: 4558: 4532: 4502: 4483: 4453: 4433: 4413: 4393: 4381: 4366: 4338: 4322: 4302: 4282: 4258: 4234: 4212: 4199: 4176: 4163: 4132: 4109: 4100: 4068: 4052: 4026: 3998: 3978: 3965: 3934: 3914: 3898: 3885:New Liberian, 3878: 3847: 3828: 3795: 3775: 3757: 3737: 3728: 3708: 3689: 3652: 3622: 3612: 3575: 3561: 3531: 3505: 3474: 3472:, p. 235. 3462: 3434: 3406: 3378: 3366: 3343: 3334: 3322: 3307: 3276: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3197: 3184: 3176:Hubard, Mark. 3168: 3159: 3132: 3130:, p. 272. 3120: 3103: 3083: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3018: 3001: 2989: 2987:, p. 271. 2977: 2962: 2947: 2935: 2933:, p. 375. 2923: 2914: 2912:, p. 287. 2902: 2883: 2881:, p. 274. 2868: 2854: 2845: 2843:, p. 395. 2833: 2795: 2772: 2770:, October 2007 2766:, Accessed at 2748: 2731: 2718: 2716:, p. 179. 2714:Lowenkopf 1976 2706: 2697: 2695:, p. 394. 2685: 2669: 2652: 2645: 2625: 2606: 2586: 2570: 2540: 2517: 2515:, p. 269. 2502: 2489: 2487:, p. 387. 2477: 2450: 2427: 2418: 2403: 2384: 2364: 2349: 2337: 2328: 2326:, p. 261. 2316: 2314:, p. 435. 2301: 2289: 2265: 2236: 2207: 2194: 2182: 2170: 2135: 2105: 2078: 2048: 2022: 1993: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1919: 1916: 1896:Main article: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1718:United Kingdom 1715: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1582: 1579: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1533:transport and 1505: 1502: 1464: 1461: 1447:Major General 1399: 1396: 1386: 1383: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1340: 1337: 1310:Todee District 1260:, between the 1208:(LURD) or the 1202:Charles Taylor 1171: 1168: 1084: 1081: 1017:Hezekiah Bowen 1005:Charles Taylor 1001: 998: 948: 945: 891:Prince Johnson 798: 795: 781:William Tubman 749: 748: 744: 743: 742: 741: 738: 735: 732: 726: 725: 724: 721: 718: 717:Third Regiment 715: 707: 706: 705: 704: 703: 702:Sixth Regiment 700: 697: 696:Ninth Regiment 694: 691: 687:Third Brigade 685: 684: 683: 682:Tenth Regiment 680: 679:Sixth Regiment 677: 676:Fifth Regiment 674: 673:First Regiment 670:First Brigade 663: 651: 529:Todee District 487: 484: 425: 422: 380: 377: 376: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 344: 334: 333:Legal standing 331: 259: 258: 253: 247: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 225: 224: 221: 219:Percent of GDP 215: 214: 201: 195: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 156: 152: 151: 147:Major General 145: 143:Chief of Staff 139: 138: 133: 127: 126: 118: 114: 113: 107: 106: 101: 95: 94: 81: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6351: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6278: 6275: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6053:Guinea-Bissau 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:Ethnic groups 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5599: 5598:Chief Justice 5596: 5595: 5594: 5593:Supreme Court 5591: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5365: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5322: 5318: 5317:Capitol Times 5314: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5301: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5194: 5187: 5185: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5165:Sean McFate, 5164: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058:September 27, 5053: 5049: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5012: 5005: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4994:(374 KB) 4989: 4976: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4934:. Macmillan. 4933: 4928: 4925: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4861:1-85065-417-4 4857: 4853: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4725: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4668: 4666:0-86101-563-0 4662: 4658: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4568:, p. 36. 4567: 4562: 4559: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4364:(The Bayonet) 4353: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4280:, March 2012. 4279: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3679:US State Dept 3666: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3616: 3613: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3424: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3332:, p. 80. 3331: 3326: 3323: 3320:, p. 78. 3319: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3116:0-907898-01-7 3113: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3055:, p. 29. 3054: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2975:, p. 56. 2974: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2960:, p. 53. 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2945:, p. 24. 2944: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2626: 2618:September 27, 2613: 2609: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2574: 2571: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2396:September 27, 2391: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2229:September 27, 2224: 2220: 2219: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2180:, p. 79. 2179: 2174: 2171: 2155: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2106: 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