Liberty Party (United States, 1840)

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public image and win support from a skeptical northern electorate by casting the anti-Slave Power stance as the party's signature issue. Chase assumed that the national government lacked the authority to abolish slavery in the states and that abolition would therefore necessarily be accomplished by the states themselves; the role of an antislavery party was to weaken slavery by denying it the support of the national government, while persuading the large majority of whites who were not large slaveholders of the benefits of abolition. He assessed that moral arguments appealed to only a narrow swath of the electorate, concentrated in areas of Yankee settlement, while the constitutional violations and economic malaise associated with the domination of the Slave Power posed more compelling reasons for white voters to abandon their former partisan allegiances. Simultaneously, Chase sincerely believed that the domination of the national government by the Slave Power threatened the foundations of republican institutions. By his estimation, large slaveholders accounted for roughly one percent of the population of the United States; considering this, that slaveholders were able to so effectively keep control of Congress, the White House, the Supreme Court, and leadership of both established political parties made a mockery of democratic self-government. In a letter to Joshua Leavitt, Chase and other Ohio Liberty leaders wrote that "the proper end of a Liberty Party the deliverance of the government from the control of the slave power. ... If slavery should cease tomorrow, this great aim would still remain." The destruction of the Slave Power thus appeared as at once the most immediate and practical means of stopping the spread of slavery nationally, a politically useful argument for recruiting new voters to the antislavery cause, and a desirable object in its own right.

892:, where he served as an Independent Democrat. Another group, including Smith and William Goodell, continued to eschew cross-party cooperation. Instead, they proposed that the Liberty Party should embrace other popular reform causes in order to appeal to a broader swath of the electorate. This group organized the Liberty League to promote their platform and candidates within the Liberty Party. The core disagreement between these two groups was whether Liberty members should consider themselves a "temporary" or "permanent" party. Chase, Bailey, Stanton, and Whittier saw the party as a temporary organization whose role was to initiate a political realignment, with Liberty members joining antislavery Whigs and Democrats in a new, broad-tent anti-extension party. Smith, Goodell, Leavitt, and Birney, meanwhile, insisted that the Liberty Party was a permanent project whose objective was to defeat rather than convert the two established parties. 1557:

elections between 1841 and 1843 had at one time been Whigs. Alienated by the events of the Tyler presidency and the equivocating rhetoric of Whig slaveholders like Henry Clay, they turned to the Liberty Party to vindicate the emancipationist hopes they had once placed in William Henry Harrison. After 1843, the nomination and election of James K. Polk, the Mexican–American War, and the overt hostility of national party leaders to antislavery politics drove many Democrats into the waiting arms of the Liberty Party. Simultaneously, the Whigs regained some support with antislavery voters through the efforts of those like William H. Seward and Joshua Reed Giddings. Resultantly, as the Liberty vote increased in annual elections, it also grew increasingly Democratic. Former Democrats predominated the Liberty Party by the time of its subsumption into the Free Soil Party, and the new organization was sometimes called the Free Democratic Party.

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the principle of equal rights into all its practical consequences and applications, and support every just measure conducive to individual and social freedom." This egalitarianism formed the core principle of the Liberty Party and was sometimes called by contemporary participants the movement's unifying "one idea." As the party was tearing itself apart in 1848, the rump National Liberty Convention that nominated Smith and Foote expressed, "the Liberty Party is not a temporary but a permanent party—not a piece-of-an-idea party, but the whole-of-an-idea party—not bound to carry out the one idea of political justice against slavery only, but against wars, tariffs, the traffic in intoxicating drinks, land monopolies, and secret societies, and whatever else is opposed to that comprehensive, great and glorious One Idea."

1490:; the repeal of the Three-Fifths Clause and the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution; the repeal of the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act; preference for free labor in dispensing federal patronage and contracts; and repeal of the congressional gag rule. The convention expressed support for the efforts of free people of color to achieve equal political and civil rights and declared that the United States military should not be used to suppress an enslaved rebellion. It declared the Fugitive Slave Clause to be null and void, on the reasoning that "any contract, covenant or agreement to do an act derogatory to natural rights is vitiated and annulled by its inherent immorality," and called on the free states to adopt legislation to protect the rights of people of color accused under the national fugitive slave law. 935:. Nevertheless, Hale was not a member of the Liberty Party, nor did he call himself an abolitionist. When the Liberty Party delegates at Buffalo voted overwhelmingly to nominate Hale over Smith, it represented a victory for Chase and the coalitionists. By nominating Hale, the delegates had chosen to fight the next campaign on the narrow ground of opposition to slavery's westward extension, rather than the broader reform agenda advocated by the Liberty League. This position had the advantage of appealing to a wider range of voters than the Liberty Party had previously been able to reach. For the Liberty Leaguers, however, this represented a retreat from the broader evangelical reform spirit that had led them into the abolitionist movement. Their opposition to slavery grew out of a comprehensive ethic of 1317:

moniker announced the party's "paramount objects" as namely, "emancipation, abolition, human freedom" for all people held in bondage. While moderate critics of slavery frequently sought to distinguish between opposition to the negative social, political, and economic conditions created by slavery and support for the human rights of enslaved people, the Liberty Party made no such distinction. The express aim of the Liberty Party's political program was to bring about the swift, unconditional, and universal emancipation of all enslaved people in the United States. While the Liberty leaders' embrace of direct political action eventually drew them into conflict with William Lloyd Garrison, they shared the immediatist perspective of the AASS and rejected the equivocal position maintained by the

1153:), the Free Soil Party eclipsed the Democrats as the second-largest party. Most of the new converts were former Democrats attracted by the presence of Van Buren on the top of the ticket; Johnson estimates that even if the New York Barnburners are discounted, "Democrats contributed proportionally more support than the Whigs" to the new party. Twelve Free Soilers were elected to the House of Representatives, and a coalition of Free Soilers and Democrats in Ohio elected Chase to the Senate. Downballot the party performed respectably, electing several dozen state legislators across the Upper North. The Liberty ticket of Smith and Foote received fewer than 3,000 votes, almost all from New York. The Free Soil coalition thus spelled the death of the Liberty Party as an independent political force. 693: 1407:, they imagined the Liberty Party would dissolve once its immediate aims were accomplished. Others, namely the Liberty League, understood the Liberty Party as a continuous reform movement animated by a comprehensive political theory embodied by the party's "one idea." In this view, cooperation with factions who shared certain immediate policy objectives with the Liberty Party but rejected its larger egalitarian ethic ultimately weakened the movement and destroyed the usefulness of the Liberty Party as a transformational agent in national politics. These conflicting interpretations of the role of political abolitionism reflected the range of attitudes towards politics and political parties in the 1466: 1308:

New Hampshire coalitionists, Smith judged the prospects of converting the two major parties to antislavery principles were more hopeless than ever, and that the Liberty Party must therefore cease to be a "temporary" party and become a "permanent" party with a comprehensive political program extending beyond the immediate aims of the abolitionist movement. Whether and how the Liberty Party should address issues apart from slavery, and the nature of their relationship to antislavery members of the two established parties, were key points of contention in the internal struggle to define the ideology and character of the Liberty Party prior to 1848.

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farming communities," typically individuals of "considerable standing" and "much better than average education," who "shared a common set of 'radical religious beliefs.'" However, Reinhard Johnson notes that Protestant evangelicals in the Liberty Party were "liturgically indistinguishable" from their brethren who did not become political abolitionists, while local leaders struggled to make ends meet and "often lived on the edge of poverty." The party attracted strong support from women and African-Americans, who were involved at the highest levels of the party as delegates, campaign surrogates, and officers in the national organization.

508: 638: 1296: 1597:, two locally prominent Black abolitionists. As Garrisonianism fell out of favor with Black abolitionists in the 1840s, Black support for the Liberty Party increased. Garnett, Ward, and Henry Bibb were among the party's foremost advocates and regularly clashed with Black Garrisonians who question the motives and strategy of political abolitionists. Frederick Douglass was one such early critic of the Liberty Party, but by 1848 had become involved in political abolitionism and was present at the Buffalo Convention that established the Free Soil Party. 1566: 774: 1129: 1162: 1627:; they argued Liberty members should be willing to cooperate with the established parties if they could secure meaningful commitments to support Black suffrage. Liberty meetings and conventions were racially integrated, and Black attendees were "treated equally and mingled freely" with white members. While Black members were rarely candidates for elected office, Ward received 12 votes for vice president at the 1848 convention of the Liberty League, finishing third out of a field of nine candidates. 1403:

on the abolition of slavery to the exclusion of all other goals and opening the party to all who shared this objective, regardless of their positions on temperance, land reform, or other causes. This included those like Chase who saw the role of the Liberty Party as fundamentally to reform the established parties through outside pressure, prompting an electoral realignment in which Liberty voters would join antislavery Whigs and Democrats in a new, broad-tent anti-extension party. Like the earlier

1222:," he declared that while the platform adopted by the Pittsburgh convention was lacking in certain respects, most notably in its failure to declare slavery unconstitutional, "I, nevertheless, regard myself as a member of that party. It is a good party—and it will, rapidly, grow better." He urged the Liberty Party not to disband, but to maintain a separate organization in hopes of reforming the Free Soil Party through outside pressure. When the Liberty Party met in convention at 1636: 1507:

glaring instance, in which, in our own country, Government fails to afford protection to its own subjects, is slavery," the address positively asserted that the national government "has power, under its Constitution, to abolish every part of American slavery" and declared state laws recognizing slavery to be null and void. It endorsed universal suffrage, a progressive income tax, an end to private ownership of land, prohibition against extrajudicial oaths administered by

1453:. The ability of the Slave Power thesis to explain the actions of governments and political parties in relation to slavery made it a potent weapon in the hands of political abolitionists, who argued persuasively that proslavery political corruption required organized antislavery political resistance. The cooption of the Whig and Democratic parties by the Slave Power meant that the Liberty Party was the only practical vehicle for political opposition to slavery. 6022: 1544:

While some leading citizens joined the Liberty Party, in aggregate Liberty voters were not wealthier or better educated than non-abolitionists. These findings contradict Benson's description of the Liberty electorate but are consistent with the self-portrait of the Liberty Party drawn by contemporary abolitionist writers, who considered themselves the representatives of the "honest, hard-handed, clear-headed free laborers and mechanics of the north."

896:

that committed the national government to slavery's defense. The 1843 Liberty platform accepted this argument in part, demanding the "divorce" of the national government from slavery, but conceding that Congress lacked the authority to abolish slavery directly. After 1844, Liberty leaders including Smith and Goodell began to argue that the Constitution was in fact antislavery and had been wrongly construed by proslavery judges and elected officials.

864: 413: 1379:

temperance, nonresistant, and utopian socialist movements. Waters sees the influence of the liberal concept of "possessive individualism" on the abolitionist movement, its language "an interesting mixture of Christianity and commerce" with roots in 17th century English political thought. In contrast to the nationalist Whig Party, but in line with the Jacksonian Democratic Party, Liberty leaders took a generally skeptical view of

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colleagues of the necessity of independent political action for the new party to be successful. Nevertheless, electoral tickets pledged to Birney and Earle were organized in every free state. Concerns that the party was still too young to attract the support of most abolitionists proved warranted. Birney polled fewer than 7,000 votes in the 13 states where there were electors pledged to him; in four of these (

1353: 801:), his share of the total vote exceeded five percent. He received no votes in the slave states. The major issue in the campaign was the annexation of Texas. Martin Van Buren, the early presumptive nominee of the Democratic Party, opposed annexation on the grounds that it would inflame sectional tensions between the free and slave states. This position cost him the support of the southern Democrats, and 1660:

elective franchise to place men in office who will remove these evils by the introduction of righteous and just laws into the civil code of our country." Michigan Liberty women raised funds to support Liberty Party activities. The Illinois Female Anti-Slavery Society coordinated with the state Liberty Party, and female editorialists like Mary Brown Davis promoted the congressional candidacy of

1043:. Though publicly neutral on the slavery question, Taylor was a slaveholder and a career military man who had risen to prominence in a war many northern Whigs had fervently opposed. Faced with a choice between a proslavery Democrat and a slaveholding Whig, the moment seemed ripe for a union of antislavery men of all parties like what Chase and the coalitionists had long anticipated. 1367:

instruments such as the gag rule, they became convinced of the necessity of direct political action to counteract the influence of the Slave Power. Liberty members also clashed with Garrisonians over the issue of nonresistance. Influenced by the involvement of Black abolitionists like Henry Highland Garnet, Liberty meetings sometimes adopted resolutions expressing support for

1494:

slavery and the rights of free people of color; the planks relating to slave revolts and the novel legal theory around the Fugitive Slave Clause, however, were dropped. In closing, the delegates expressed their firm conviction that "the measures which we propose ... will result, at no distant day, in the establishment of peaceful emancipation throughout the Union."

1375:, a step which the Garrisonians were not willing to endorse. While some political abolitionists opposed the involvement of women in the abolitionist movement in leadership roles, including James G. Birney, feminists like Smith, Henry B. Stanton, and Joshua Leavitt who supported an equal role for women in antislavery societies also joined the Liberty Party. 1250:; lamenting the inadequacy of free soilism and the inefficacy of Garrisonian moral suasion, they declared, "the Liberty Party is the only political party in the land, that insists on the right and duty to wield the political power of the nation for the overthrow of every part and parcel of American Slavery." The convention narrowly decided against arming 1227:

committee was appointed to interview Hale to determine his views on the constitutionality of slavery. Hale, however, ignored these entreaties. When the Liberty National Convention reconvened on September 30, Smith switched his support to Goodell, and the latter was nominated on a ticket with S. M. Bell. Other Liberty men continued to support Hale.

655:

the belief that the established parties were institutionally committed to slavery and therefore incapable of being converted to abolitionist principles. Many disavowed any cooperation with the established parties, even when local candidates had proven antislavery records. While Independent Democrats like Hale and Conscience Whigs like

1449:, the annexation of Texas, and the Mexican–American War had been instigated by slaveholders to increase their political power, and that federal measures such as the gag rule and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 demonstrated the influence of the Slave Power posed a threat to the civil liberties of white northerners as well as 1387:; the 1848 platform of the Liberty League urged that "what the people can do, it, and in no instance, the Government, should do," and added with respect to public charity that "there would, if not for the abuses and oppressions of Government, be comparatively few poor." The same document praised the policies of the 813:, the candidate of the Whigs, assumed an ambivalent stance on Texas in an effort to hold together his party's fracturing coalition. He initially opposed annexation, then supported it late in the campaign, only to subsequently clarify that he favored annexation only if it could be achieved without war with 1502:

Smith was among those dissatisfied by the narrowness of the 1847 platform. In his remarks to the convention, he chastised the delegates for limiting themselves to antislavery agitation and neglecting other pressing issues before the nation. A resolution declaring the Liberty Party a "permanent party"

1481:

Garrisonian and Anti-Garrisonian abolitionists shared the goal of immediate, unconditional, and universal emancipation for all enslaved people in the United States. While the AASS used moral suasion to work toward this goal, political abolitionists put forward a series of policy proposals designed to

1316:

Unlike the later Free Soil and Republican parties, whose leaders disavowed any intent to interfere directly with slavery in the states, the Liberty Party was explicitly abolitionist in its outlook and leadership. The 1841 convention that formed the national party organization and selected the Liberty

1307:

In 1843, Gerrit Smith described the Liberty Party as he understood it to be, "a union of men of all shades of opinion on other subjects, embracing all who are willing to co-operate for the one object of abolishing slavery." By 1847, he had come to amend this view. Despite the electoral success of the

1176:

The Buffalo Convention in effect marked the end of the Liberty Party as a significant force in electoral politics. After 1848, the party's grassroots infrastructure was absorbed into the Free Soil Party, and the loyalty of most Liberty leaders and voters transferred to the new organization. A remnant

1083:

The platform of the Free Soil Party was notably more conservative than earlier Liberty Party documents. It confined itself to opposing the extension of slavery into new states and expressly denied the authority of Congress to abolish slavery where it already existed. This, so far, was consistent with

684:

argued that helping to elect such "major party" opponents of slavery ultimately strengthened the Slave Power by extending the life of the established proslavery parties; they called for the Liberty Party to remain an independent organization and work to defeat the proslavery parties outright. Another

605:

remained a prominent and influential figure, the failure of moral suasion discredited the approach of the AASS, and by 1844, "the Liberty Party was the major vehicle for serious abolitionist sentiment in every state." This support translated to scattered successes in local and state legislative races

1607:, and participated in Liberty Party activities in Pittsburgh. In places where state law or local opinion was favorable to Black suffrage, men of color supported the Liberty Party with their ballots. Black men in Michigan voted the Liberty ticket in 1844 despite the whites-only suffrage clause in the 1140:

Almost all Liberty members, however, eventually followed Joshua Leavitt into the Free Soil Party. Early successes in Upper New England encouraged hopes for a political earthquake, as the Free Soilers made strong gains in the Maine and Vermont state elections ahead of November and in Vermont actually

1075:

on August 9, 1848, to organize the national Free Soil Party and nominate candidates for president and vice president. Approximately 20,000 men and women were in attendance at the convention, which lasted two days. Hale was still the preferred choice of most Liberty members, but the importance of the

930:

also received votes for president. The purpose of the convention was not to organize a new party, but to influence the upcoming Liberty National Convention. Meanwhile, Chase was working intently to promote Hale as the candidate likeliest to attract support from antislavery voters outside the Liberty

895:

Increasingly, some Liberty members began to articulate an antislavery legal theory at odds with the accepted Garrisonian interpretation of the Constitution. Garrison, who memorably described the Constitution as "a covenant with death" and "an agreement with Hell," held it to be a proslavery document

1650:

consigned formal politics to the male sphere, women's role as guardians of morality in their homes and communities allowed them to enter Liberty meetings and speak on behalf of Liberty candidates in their public activism. Most Liberty members considered the party a moral crusade against slavery; an

1556:

Initially, former Whigs made up a large majority of Liberty voters; as the party gained greater support after 1842, it added large numbers of antislavery Democrats, who eventually came to predominate. Between two-thirds and three-quarters of men who cast Liberty ballots in Connecticut gubernatorial

1402:

Whether the Liberty Party should be considered a temporary or permanent party remained a contentious issue up to and after the national convention of the Free Soil Party in 1848, when the majority of Liberty members were subsumed into the larger organization. One group favored a single-minded focus

1398:

Liberty literature expressed a general egalitarian outlook with implications extending beyond the abolition of slavery. The platform adopted by the 1843 National Liberty Convention declared, "the Liberty party has not been organized merely for the overthrow of slavery ... but it will also carry out

1333:. In contrast, the Liberty leaders increasingly came to see the Constitution as an antislavery document and slavery as a political as well as a moral problem. They noted the absence of any explicit mention of slavery in the Constitution, a fact they interpreted as highly significant in light of the 1226:

later that year, Smith opposed the motion to nominate a separate presidential ticket and advocated cooperation with the Free Soil Party. Smith's motion carried by a vote of 55–41, whereupon the convention adjourned until October 1; the minority remained behind and nominated Goodell for president. A

654:

The 1842 campaign in Massachusetts raised significant questions in the internal debate over party strategy. Most Liberty members conceived of the party as a moral crusade to purify American politics from the corrupting influence of the Slave Power. They had renounced their past party allegiances in

1440:

who used their political influence to protect slavery and the interests of slaveholders. Liberty members observed that slaveholders had controlled the presidency for all but 12 years between 1789 and 1849, while the national leaders of both established political parties were either slaveholders or

854:

in 1844, diverting votes that would otherwise have gone to Clay. However, a substantial minority of Liberty voters in 1844 (including vice presidential candidate Thomas Morris) were former Democrats and had no love for Clay. Liberty Party leaders such as Chase and Gerrit Smith aligned more closely

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summoned delegates to Utica to nominate an antislavery Democrat to run against the nominees of the two established parties. Simultaneously, Conscience Whigs anticipating the selection of a proslavery national candidate made plans to lead their voters out of the Whig tent. With the rupture of both

3045:

In 1776, Georgia, Virginia, and South Carolina alone restricted suffrage on the basis of race; between 1792 and 1838, every state outside Upper New England would repeal or severely restrict Black suffrage. At the time of the 1844 presidential election, Black men could vote on an equal basis with

1543:

found that Liberty members were substantially less likely to be farmers than non-abolitionists and similarly more likely to be professionals, skilled artisans, or laborers. Most had been born in New York, but a proportionally larger share came from New England compared to the overall population.

1456:

Reinhard Johnson notes that from 1841, the Liberty Party "avoided much of the religious rhetoric and imagery" commonly associated with the abolitionist movement and instead emphasized its opposition to the political influence of the Slave Power. Chase in particular sought to moderate the party's

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was a prominent female Anti-Garrisonian who took an active role in the New York Liberty Party and worked on Smith's 1852 congressional campaign. Lydia Child and Lucretia Mott each received one vote for president at the 1847 convention of the Liberty League, and Mott received five votes for vice

1659:

Female Anti-Slavery Society was the foremost Liberty mouthpiece in Indiana; the preamble and resolutions adopted by the society at its 1841 meeting expressly affirmed "that it is our duty to endeavor by all reasonable means to persuade our fathers, husbands and brothers to make use of the their

1535:

Like the larger antislavery movement from which it sprang, the Liberty Party's strength lay with Protestant evangelicals of Yankee extraction and free people of color. Lee Benson described the profile of the Liberty electorate in western New York as men from "small, moderately prosperous Yankee

1493:

The platform adopted by the 1847 National Liberty Convention reaffirmed that "the paramount object of the Liberty party is the abolition of slavery in the United States by the constitutional acts of the Federal and State Governments." It repeated the demands of the 1843 platform with respect to

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accepting the Democratic nomination for the Michigan Legislature, which allowed Whigs to portray him as a stooge for the Democrats. In the aftermath of the election, Chase and Bailey redoubled their calls for cooperation among antislavery men of all parties. This strategy was most successful in

859:

while running as the Liberty candidate for president. Reinhard Johnson notes that most Liberty voters considered the Whigs no less proslavery that the Democrats and likely would not have voted for Clay in any case. Birney's result in 1844 was consistent with or slightly reduced from the Liberty

1506:

When the Liberty League refused to be absorbed into the Free Soil Party in the summer of 1848 and nominated Smith for president as the "genuine" Liberty Party candidate, the adopted a platform and address embracing a comprehensive interpretation of the "one idea" principle. Affirming "the most

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for vice president on April 1, 1840. The initial response to the Albany convention was lukewarm; while the Garrisonians continued to oppose any involvement in electoral politics, others felt the nominations were premature and that the political abolitionists needed more time to persuade their

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demanded candidates announce their position on slavery and awarded or withheld their support accordingly. The success of the "questioning system" proved fleeting, however, as abolitionists discovered candidates frequently would issue antislavery pledges during a campaign, only to abandon their

1547:

The intense religiosity of Liberty members was reflected by the involvement of Protestant clergy in the party; Johnson states that at least one-third of Liberty editors and a substantial share of Liberty candidates were ministers. The party drew from evangelical as well as mainline Protestant

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of the Liberty leaders reflected significant pragmatic and philosophical differences with the Garrisonians respecting the fundamental nature of the United States Constitution and the problem of slavery itself that split the AASS in 1840. Garrison held that the Constitution was an irredeemably

875:

Birney's defeat reopened the debate over strategy that had troubled the party in 1843. While Birney improved substantially on his result from 1840, his showing compared less favorably to more recent Liberty Party performances in state and local elections. Birney had damaged his credibility by

763:

The Liberty party has not been organized merely for the overthrow of slavery; its first decided effort must, indeed, be directed against slave-holding as the grossest and most revolting manifestation of despotism, but it will also carry out the principle of equal rights into all its practical

1618:

Black involvement was critical to the success of the Liberty Party. Black abolitionists like Garnet, Ward, and Bibb were effective messengers for the party and their national reputations attracted much-needed publicity. The testimony of freed people was particularly effective in winning over

351:. Internal disagreements over whether and how the party should cooperate with abolitionists who remained within the two major parties and to what extent Liberty candidates should address issues beyond slavery intensified after 1844. In 1847 party leaders favoring a coalition with antislavery 1378:

Outside influences shaped the intellectual attitude of the Liberty Party, especially after 1844. The abolitionist movement existed within what Ronald G. Walters called a "reform tradition" in American history; many abolitionists, including Liberty leaders, were active in the early feminist,

1485:

The platform adopted by the 1843 National Liberty Convention, prepared by Chase, pledged the party to "do all in their power for immediate emancipation." The platform did not call on the national government to abolish slavery in the states, in keeping with Chase's view that Congress lacked

1366:

Additionally, the experience of the 1830s had persuaded the Liberty leaders that moral suasion alone could not abolish slavery, because "slaveholders did not care for moral suasion abolitionists." Having experienced political persecution at the hands of the United States government through

1329:

proslavery document and strongly opposed abolitionist entry into politics, remaining wholly committed to the strategy of moral suasion. Frederick Douglass initially rejected a political solution to slavery, arguing that emancipation was only practicable by directly challenging anti-Black

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skeptical white audiences. Their presence simultaneously legitimized the Liberty Party in the eyes of the abolitionist movement and pressured the party to take seriously the needs of the Black community. Black abolitionists were the driving force behind the movement in favor of

1096:

on a platform embracing the radical implications of the Liberty League's "one idea" philosophy. Declaring themselves unalterably committed to the cause of human freedom and the destruction of all arbitrary distinctions of race, class, and gender, they endorsed the extension of

1254:

and approved a declaration demanding the immediate abolition of slavery by the national government, affirming the antislavery character of the Constitution, and promising an "aggressive contest with the slave power." The party nominated Smith for president in

1503:

was defeated by a vote of 26 to 103. Smith observed ruefully that "many Liberty men repose a measure of confidence in the pro-slavery parties; and thereby hinder themselves from rightly deciding what should be the character and work of the Liberty party."

445:

and proslavery northern Cotton Whigs prevented the party from taking a strong antislavery stance. Committed to the union of the states, both parties sought to suppress issues such as slavery which threatened to split the country along sectional lines.

1055:

established party coalitions seemingly imminent, Chase quickly organized a Free Territory Convention that could provide the basis for a coordinated effort by antislavery men of all parties in opposition to the nominees of the Slave Power. Events in

498:

The party initially went by a number of different names, including the Human Rights Party, the Abolition Party, and the Freemen's Party. The 1841 national convention held at Albany selected the "Liberty Party" as the movement's official name.

1576:

Although legally disenfranchised in most states, free people of color were early, active, and vital supporters of the Liberty Party. Black men served as accredited delegates to the 1843 Liberty National Convention and John J. Zuille,

1435:

Core to the Liberty Party's perspective and political program was the belief, expressed in party literature and resolutions by Liberty meetings and conventions, that the United States government was controlled by a corrupt proslavery

931:

Party. Hale was an unconventional choice for most Liberty members. Many had admired his protest against the gag rule and his opposition to the annexation of Texas. He shared many of the Liberty Party's immediate goals, including the

1141:

replaced the Democrats as the main opposition to the Whigs. In the first presidential election to be held on the same day in every state, Van Buren received 291,000 popular votes, or slightly more than 10 percent. In three states (

1486:

constitutional authority for such an action. Instead, it demanded "the absolute and unqualified divorce of the General Government from slavery:" the abolition of slavery in the territories and in the District of Columbia, and in

734:

lacked the authority to abolish slavery directly, it demanded the "absolute and unqualified divorce" of the federal government from slavery: abolition of slavery in the territories, repeal of the gag rule, and voiding the

1668:

attended the 1843 National Liberty Convention despite her Garrisonian leanings and made an impassioned address to the delegates, becoming the first woman to address the national convention of an American political party.

1092:. These points were wholly insufficient for the Liberty League, who revived Gerrit Smith's candidacy under the banner of the reconstituted Liberty Party. An ad hoc national convention held at Buffalo nominated Smith and 423:

Efforts by abolitionists to organize politically began in the late 1830s. The earliest attempts were not made with a new party in mind, as abolitionists hoped to influence the two existing parties. Antislavery voters in

849:

with less than a majority; if the Liberty voters in these states had all voted for Clay, Clay would have gained both states and thus the presidency. This has led some historians to suggest that the Liberty Party was a

1552:

by joining the Liberty Party, a course that was consistent with a religious philosophy that called on Christians to "come out" of corrupt churches, governments, and political parties whose leaders were mired in sin.

395:. Smith and the Liberty League continued to maintain an separate organization and supported an independent ticket in each ensuing election until 1860. Many former Liberty leaders subsequently became founders of the 449:

The overwhelming hostility of the established parties encouraged a growing opinion in abolitionist circles favoring creation of an independent antislavery party. The first movement toward this object took place at

5488: 1080:, the son of the late John Quincy Adams, was nominated for vice president. Hale promptly withdrew from the presidential race, and the large majority of the Liberty Party was subsumed into the Free Soil movement. 598:. As northern opposition to annexation mounted, the indecision of the Whigs and Democrats increased the attractiveness of the Liberty Party to antislavery voters as the only principled anti-annexation party. 6034: 5006: 1906:

and fielded candidates for governor and other statewide offices. The following table displays the result for Liberty gubernatorial candidates in these states as a share of the total number of votes cast.

904:

and that its continuance after 1776 was unlawful. The antislavery interpretation of the Constitution became a core position of the Liberty League; Chase and Bailey (who after 1847 served as the editor of

1177:

led by Smith and Goodell persisted until 1860 under various names. From his seat in the Senate, Chase emerged as one of the leaders of the Free Soil Party. In 1854, during the vitriolic debates over the

970:

The struggle between the Liberty League and the coalitionists for control of the Liberty Party occurred as events were rapidly transforming the national context for political antislavery. Following the

495:

was elected with 234 electoral votes to 60 for the incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren; Harrison's share of the vote in the free states (52.42%) dwarfed Birney's less than one percent showing.

1019:

but stalled in the Senate, where the free and slave states had equal representation. As the debate dragged on into 1848, the issue of slavery's extension promised to be the major issue in the

939:

that opposed all forms of inequity and oppression. By nominating Hale, the Liberty Party, in their view, had surrendered its long-term social agenda for the sake of short-term political gain.

1651:

interest in Liberty activities thus appeared a natural extension of the female sphere. Women were frequently present for Liberty conventions and sometimes served as voting delegates. In the

5323: 1646:

Women were indispensable participants in the Liberty Party; their involvement in Liberty campaigns and conventions mirrored their importance to the larger abolitionist movement. While the

1142: 1011:. Congressional efforts to organize this new territory soon became mired in controversy over the westward extension of slavery. Antislavery Whigs and Democrats united behind a proposal by 630:. The strategy of the Liberty members to leverage their votes to produce a deadlock narrowly failed when one Whig member voted with the Democrats to ensure the abolitionists' defeat, and 663:

might share some abolitionist priorities, they would still campaign for their parties' proslavery national candidates and did not support immediate, universal emancipation. Editors like

429:

commitments once elected. As party organizations resumed their place as the drivers of national politics after 1828, the need for a dedicated antislavery party to effectively oppose the

6025: 1088:

for which Chase had argued persistently over the previous decade. It embraced traditional Democratic economic policies many in the Liberty Party had long supported, including a federal

689:, they aimed to broaden the party's appeal beyond the abolitionist movement by emphasizing opposition to slavery's extension and the negative effects of slavery for white northerners. 6069: 759:. It attacked the proslavery bias of the national government and demanded "the example and influence of national authority ought to be arrayed on the side of liberty and free labor." 601:

Between 1841 and 1843, abolitionist opinion shifted perceptibly in favor of independent political action, and the Liberty Party was the recipient of this outpouring of support. While

1276: 441:

whose principled opposition to slavery was seen as a threat to party unity. While the Whig Party sometimes sought to ingratiate itself with abolitionists, the influence of southern

313:

and opposed any involvement in electoral politics, and Anti-Garrisonians, who increasingly argued for the necessity of direct political action and the formation of an anti-slavery

2637: 4999: 1548:

churches, although Liberty members represented a minority of both groups. Alan M. Kraut speculates that evangelical abolitionists responded to the anti-institutionalism of the

1146: 846: 842: 711:. The 1841 national convention had nominated Birney for president and Thomas Morris for vice president. Chase hoped to recruit a nationally prominent politician such as Adams, 3359:, were early leaders in the movement to organize a new, antislavery party. Holley, however, would die before he could play a larger role in the leadership of the Liberty Party 1150: 692: 4912:

Speech of Gerrit Smith, Made in the National Convention of the Liberty Party, at Buffalo, October 21, 1847, on the Character and Scope of the Duties of the Liberty Party

4303:

Speech of Gerrit Smith, Made in the National Convention of the Liberty Party, at Buffalo, October 21, 1847, on the Character and Scope of the Duties of the Liberty Party

1085: 5875: 726:, who supported Birney, reported that many in the Massachusetts Liberty Party preferred Jay, including Sewall and Whittier. When the Liberty National Convention met at 6030: 700: 5188: 1072: 380: 1259:; Samuel McFarland was nominated for vice president. The pair received 321 popular votes, all from New York and Ohio. Smith made his final bid for the presidency in 4992: 1380: 1589:

and Henry Highland Garnet were among the nationally renowned Black abolitionists to address the convention. In Connecticut, the state Liberty Party was founded by

1084:

the position of the Liberty Party in 1844; but the Free Soil Party rejected the racial egalitarianism of the Liberty Party and the antislavery construction of the

817:. Abolitionists mistrusted Clay because of his status as a slaveholder as well as his previous interactions with the abolitionist movement. In a campaign visit to 730:

in August 1843, however, Birney and Morris were nominated unanimously. The platform adopted by the Buffalo convention showed Chase's influence. Conceding that the

6074: 5342: 4937: 4656: 4088: 3501: 3346: 203: 5316: 2552: 3022: 1408: 6084: 5523: 3046:

their white neighbors in only five states—Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. New York allowed some landowning Black men to vote.

1136:. The Free Soil Party carried several counties in the Upper North and finished second in three states. The rump Smith/Foote ticket did not win any counties. 860:

Party's showing in the 1843 state elections, suggesting ex-Whig support for Birney represented voters who had abandoned Clay long before the 1844 campaign.

5715: 1063:

met and issued the long-awaited call for a new antislavery party. The following day, the Utica Barnburner convention nominated Van Buren for president and

881: 5800: 5725: 2950: 433:

proslavery consensus gradually gained recognition. After 1837, the Democratic Party leadership sought actively to expel antislavery Jacksonians such as

1346: 5745: 1337:, which had found that slavery could not exist without positive legal sanction. After 1844, Liberty propagandists began arguing that slavery had been 1236: 901: 619: 322: 1059:

soon brought these plans to fruition. Taylor secured the Whig nomination on June 9; that evening, a group of fifteen dissident Whig delegates led by

5960: 5785: 5720: 5568: 5309: 5167: 5140: 5126: 5099: 5085: 5058: 5044: 2393: 1868: 1840: 1812: 1782: 1752: 1722: 1349:

in 1852, when he described the Constitution as a "glorious liberty document" whose true reading had been subverted by corrupt proslavery officials.

1260: 1256: 1207: 1133: 1020: 778: 708: 255: 251: 1275:. In later years, Smith, Douglass, and other veterans of the Liberty League would join Lincoln's Republican Party, driving the party to ratify the 5890: 5880: 5573: 5513: 5290: 5203: 548: 540: 5850: 5508: 1231:

warned abolitionists not to desert the Free Soil Party and continued to display the names of Hale and Julian in the masthead of his publication,

610:

in areas where neither opposing party controlled a majority of the electorate. In the highly competitive and closely divided environment of the

5473: 5333: 1169: 1016: 722:

to head the Liberty ticket, and wrote to Birney suggesting that he withdraw from the race. The suggestion offended Birney and enraged Leavitt.

626:

polled 5.4 percent as the Liberty candidate for governor, enough to hold both leading candidates below a majority and send the election to the

180: 559:, leading to his exit from the Whig Party before the end of 1841; significantly for abolitionists, he was an early and ardent advocate of the 6079: 5553: 4958: 4782: 4759: 4717: 4675: 4597: 4365: 4185: 4147: 3793: 3645: 3423: 3387: 131: 4103: 1482:

isolate and weaken slavery, protect the rights of free and freed people of color, and undermine support for slavery among non-slaveholders.

1465: 487:), he received fewer than 100 votes. He received no votes from the slave states, where the party had not been organized. The Whig ticket of 5865: 5645: 5151: 4844: 3591: 579: 247: 947: 743:. In this way, the platform writers hoped to contain and ultimately suffocate slavery. The platform sharply criticized the abridgement of 1345:

and that its continued existence had no constitutional basis. Douglass came ultimately to accept this view by the time of his celebrated

5805: 5458: 5438: 5413: 5198: 5193: 1655:, with its tradition of women's political involvement, female abolitionists were prominent movers and drivers of the Liberty Party. The 1196: 1183: 1024: 830: 806: 5925: 5760: 5755: 5730: 5705: 5533: 5448: 5040: 1732: 1067:

for vice president. When Dodge declined the vice presidential nomination, it opened the door for the Barnburners to join the emerging

539:

helped drive support for antislavery politics. In April 1841, Harrison died and was succeeded by Vice President Tyler, who became the

507: 467: 466:

to organize the new party. The Albany convention was attended by 121 delegates from six states who nominated Birney for president and

3351:. Holley's prior efforts to persuade the AASS to support a presidential ticket had ended in failure; he along with others, including 5955: 5815: 5780: 5397: 4874: 4738: 4696: 4618: 3869: 3313: 3286: 3207: 3171: 2348: 963: 855:

with the Jacksonians on national issues apart from slavery, and Birney himself accepted the Democratic nomination for a seat in the

224: 5855: 637: 462:. The assembly nominated James G. Birney for president and called for a national convention of political abolitionists to meet at 911:) continued to assert slavery's constitutional status and the need for abolitionists to work within the system of states' rights. 5930: 5840: 5810: 5775: 5548: 5453: 5366: 5359: 5110: 1664:. As the decade progressed, male abolitionists increasingly sought women's involvement in Liberty organizations and conventions. 1192: 586:. Abolitionists drew similar conclusions and opposed Texas annexation as a measure likely to increase the political might of the 568: 556: 396: 344: 614:, even a modest showing for the Liberty candidates could have deep and lasting effects. Six Liberty members were elected to the 5054: 1762: 1523:

as an alternative to state intervention in the economy. In addition to these causes, the platform condemned the conduct of the

547:

and a slaveholder, Tyler was one of the southern conservatives who joined the Whig Party after 1834 to oppose the expansion of

434: 279: 5795: 5710: 5418: 2767: 2757: 2692: 2667: 1817: 275: 208: 68: 31: 4282: 3003: 2423: 1235:, through the campaign. In the fall election, Goodell received 72 votes in New York, and Smith was elected to Congress from 2273:

This is a representative sample of Liberty Party leaders not listed above as presidential or vice presidential candidates.

333:

and asserted that abolitionists should oppose slavery by all available means, including by coordinating at the ballot box.

6040: 5770: 5765: 5468: 5265: 3944:

Proceedings of the Convention of Radical Political Abolitionists, Held at Syracuse, N. Y., June 26th, 27th, and 28th, 1855

1318: 1076:

Barnburners—by far the largest element of the coalition—required Van Buren be the presidential candidate. Conscience Whig

1036: 814: 318: 198: 4977:– items concerning the Liberty Party from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's 5885: 5558: 2657: 1612: 822: 524: 151: 4921: 3330: 5985: 5965: 5945: 5625: 5392: 5377: 4559: 4327: 3859: 2777: 1624: 1615:

in New York and New England frequently adopted resolutions urging the Black community to vote for Liberty candidates.

1524: 1263:; once again, McFarland was the party's vice presidential candidate. They received 176 votes in three states: 35 from 976: 885: 669: 646: 615: 314: 137: 4770: 4572:"Tho' We are Deprived of the Privilege of Suffrage": The Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society Records, 1841-1849 4505:"Tho' We are Deprived of the Privilege of Suffrage": The Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society Records, 1841-1849 4353: 1565: 5935: 5905: 5640: 5503: 3844:

Calendar of the Gerrit Smith Papers in the Syracuse University Library: General Correspondence; Volume 1, 1819-1846

2812: 2622: 2607: 2378: 1674: 1639: 1243: 756: 740: 606:

in areas where abolitionists were an organized and active majority of voters. Elsewhere, Liberty voters could play

352: 337: 283: 4946: 4173: 1295: 833:, a prominent antislavery editor, and repeatedly attacked the abolitionist movement as divisive and incendiary. A 6000: 5950: 5825: 5695: 5635: 5478: 5428: 5081: 2852: 2647: 1118: 1077: 785:

Birney received 62,000 votes in the free states, a nearly tenfold increase over his 1840 result. In five states (

972: 5990: 2900: 2772: 2742: 2512: 2358: 1608: 1424: 1219: 1215: 1211: 773: 368: 1178: 329:

to organize the Liberty Party ahead of the 1840 elections. They rejected the Garrisonian singular emphasis on

962:

hesitantly steps forward to embrace a woman of color, representing the Liberty Party, as Barnburner Democrat

5920: 5463: 5433: 5275: 3958: 3824: 2940: 2712: 2472: 1047: 685:

faction, based in Ohio, sought a coalition with antislavery Whigs and Democrats. Led by Salmon P. Chase and

631: 356: 5735: 1673:

became involved in Liberty activism through her husband, Henry B. Stanton, and first cousin, Gerrit Smith.

1271:, and 136 from Ohio. The election was won by Abraham Lincoln, who went on to serve as president during the 1242:

In 1855, as the Free Soil movement was in the process of being absorbed into the growing Republican Party,

1128: 347:

alienated by their parties' proslavery national leaderships, as well as the early involvement of women and

5593: 5583: 5538: 5528: 5423: 5270: 4502:

Clauser-Roemer, Kendra (2009). "Document 1: Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Constitution, 3 April 1841".

2782: 2722: 2707: 2677: 2517: 2373: 1670: 1647: 1590: 1549: 1356:"Public opinion, it was thought, was not sufficient to abolish Slavery, without some legislative action." 1188: 1161: 731: 602: 488: 372: 764:

consequences and applications, and support every just measure conducive to individual and social freedom.

5860: 5845: 5690: 5685: 5563: 5249: 4864: 3197: 2895: 2717: 2527: 2288: 1656: 1569: 1516: 1114: 752: 736: 707:

Strategic disagreements between Leavitt and Chase threatened to divide the party in the approach to the

267: 4984: 3942: 5498: 5285: 2925: 2832: 2762: 2682: 2642: 2562: 1586: 1540: 1450: 1446: 1384: 1359: 889: 856: 719: 712: 660: 627: 442: 364: 341: 164: 5980: 5700: 5680: 5598: 5588: 5578: 5543: 5443: 2955: 2910: 2817: 2687: 2632: 2612: 2418: 1652: 1635: 1603: 1582: 1512: 1442: 1388: 1342: 1223: 1102: 1032: 674: 611: 376: 5301: 5820: 5675: 4931: 4897: 4831: 4823: 4650: 4448: 4440: 4082: 3994: 3924: 3555: 3495: 3340: 2975: 2960: 2847: 2787: 2752: 2732: 2572: 2567: 2557: 2492: 2446: 2408: 2323: 2283: 1578: 1487: 1404: 1392: 1334: 1284: 1272: 1247: 1228: 1098: 291: 235: 5118: 4728: 4688:

The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

3305:

The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

3161: 4631:

Singing for Freedom: The Hutchinson Family Players and the Nineteenth-Century Culture of Reform

3576:

Singing for Freedom: The Hutchinson Family Players and the Nineteenth-Century Culture of Reform

5995: 5518: 5483: 5234: 5122: 4954: 4870: 4778: 4755: 4734: 4713: 4692: 4671: 4614: 4593: 4361: 4181: 4143: 3865: 3789: 3641: 3419: 3383: 3309: 3282: 3203: 3167: 2842: 2747: 2662: 2459: 2368: 1437: 923: 915: 818: 744: 727: 656: 564: 384: 348: 5970: 5900: 5895: 5870: 5630: 5493: 5280: 5095: 5077: 4815: 4686: 4576: 4509: 4432: 3916: 3352: 3303: 2862: 2857: 2837: 2627: 2602: 2587: 2577: 2542: 2537: 2507: 2502: 2441: 2383: 2278: 2118: 1792: 1470: 1093: 959: 907: 897: 723: 591: 560: 536: 516: 463: 451: 388: 326: 310: 125: 4974: 863: 6045: 5910: 5835: 5830: 5750: 5740: 5670: 5224: 5159: 5136: 5132: 5069: 5050: 5036: 4667:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War

3785:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War

2935: 2867: 2807: 2797: 2697: 2597: 2497: 2482: 2413: 2403: 2398: 2363: 2338: 2298: 1757: 1727: 1474: 1368: 1200: 1068: 980: 955: 841:

foundation." Polk won the election with 170 electoral votes to 105 for Clay. Polk carried

748: 696: 686: 678: 595: 571: 416: 392: 363:

for president over Gerrit Smith, the candidate of the radical Liberty League. Hale was an

263: 243: 227: 114: 64: 56: 4060:

The Frederick Douglass Papers, ser. 1: Speeches, Debates, and Interviews; vol. 1, 1841-46

3036:

Dubin mistakenly assigns the 72 votes for the Liberty ticket in New York to Gerrit Smith.

4771:"The Forgotten Reformers: A Profile of Third Party Abolitionists in Antebellum New York" 4354:"The Forgotten Reformers: A Profile of Third Party Abolitionists in Antebellum New York" 5975: 5229: 5163: 4665: 4629: 4608: 3783: 3574: 3276: 3068: 2880: 2702: 2617: 2487: 2477: 2454: 2343: 2293: 1620: 1473:

struggles to span the gap dividing former Whig, Democratic, and Liberty members of the

1122: 1089: 1040: 936: 932: 851: 834: 715: 664: 641: 575: 552: 430: 295: 3861:

The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, Volume 2: Pre-Civil War Decade, 1850–1860

1015:

to outlaw slavery in the entire Mexican Cession. The Wilmot Proviso easily passed the

837:, published in 1844, included the lines, "Railroads to emancipation, / Cannot rest on 412: 6063: 5239: 4835: 4707: 4452: 3413: 3356: 3007: 2970: 2965: 2945: 2930: 2885: 2875: 2792: 2672: 2532: 2464: 2388: 2353: 2333: 2303: 2149: 2056: 1598: 1300: 1051: 927: 919: 877: 802: 794: 623: 330: 325:. The New Organization included many political abolitionists who gathered in upstate 306: 301:

In the late 1830s, the antislavery movement in the United States was divided between

231: 17: 4022: 1511:, temperance, abolition of the army and navy, free trade, a ten-hour workday, and a 1352: 321:

in May 1840, the Anti-Garrisonians broke away from the Old Organization to form the

5915: 5665: 5244: 5219: 5091: 3056: 2920: 2890: 2827: 2727: 2592: 2547: 2522: 2428: 2318: 2211: 1873: 1845: 1787: 1661: 1508: 1325: 1165: 1060: 1056: 1012: 884:

a coalition of antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Liberty men won a majority in the

868: 567:

was necessary to secure the future of slavery in the United States; he, along with

484: 455: 438: 360: 259: 156: 60: 51: 871:

of New Hampshire, the original nominee of the Liberty Party for president in 1848.

594:

drew opposition from moderate antislavery congressmen as well, including Hale and

4910: 4792: 4749: 4640: 4301: 4137: 3842: 3670: 3635: 3485: 3250: 1527:

in the Mexican–American War and expressed support for the free produce movement.

555:. Tyler broke with Whig congressional leaders over the proposal to recharter the 5350: 4730:

The Liberty Party 1840-48: Antislavery Third Party Politics in the United States

3163:

The Liberty Party 1840-48: Antislavery Third Party Politics in the United States

2915: 2822: 2802: 2582: 2436: 2308: 1947: 1665: 1520: 1428: 1411:

and the interaction of various reform causes in the 19th century United States.

1372: 1106: 1064: 826: 587: 528: 472: 425: 302: 287: 3809:

Smith, Gerrit (September 4, 1852). "Gerrit Smith and the Pittsburgh Platform".

1515:. It opposed public interference in schools and seminaries and publicly funded 2328: 2313: 1903: 1594: 1046:

The Van Buren men were the first to bolt. On June 22, a mass demonstration of

1028: 1000: 984: 810: 583: 492: 480: 459: 271: 5940: 3018: 2980: 2905: 2737: 2652: 1441:

held proslavery views. They alleged that major political events such as the

1251: 607: 3905:"American Abolition Society: A Viable Alternative to the Republican Party?" 4819: 4751:

The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child

4436: 4139:

The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child

4123:

The Frederick Douglass Papers: Series 3, Correspondence; Volume 1, 1842–52

618:

in 1842, where they held the balance of power in the divided legislature.

258:. Others who attained prominence as leaders of the Liberty Party included 2087: 1978: 1427:, cited by Liberty members as evidence of the political influence of the 1280: 1264: 1110: 1004: 790: 544: 4901: 4885: 4827: 4803: 4444: 4420: 3559: 3543: 3928: 3904: 2236: 2000: 1268: 1008: 996: 798: 476: 1902:

From 1842, the Liberty Party was organized in every free state except

1678:

president at the 1848 rump convention that nominated Smith and Foote.

523:

The Liberty Party experienced rapid growth in the years following the

4580: 4513: 1330: 992: 532: 379:

but stopped short of endorsing immediate emancipation. Following the

4981:

original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.

4866:

Hearts Beating for Liberty: Women Abolitionists in the Old Northwest

4570: 4503: 3920: 3281:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 46, 86. 3199:

Hearts Beating for Liberty: Women Abolitionists in the Old Northwest

634:

wrote that Sewall "came within a hair's breadth of being governor."

419:, Liberty Party leader and candidate for president in 1840 and 1844. 3202:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 38–39. 1218:

for vice president. In an open letter "to the Liberty Party of the

2025: 786: 239: 4360:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 128–29, 131. 2180: 988: 5305: 4988: 4951:

Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists

4775:

Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists

4709:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848

4610:

Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824-1854

4358:

Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists

4178:

Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists

3415:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848

3278:

Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824-1854

4886:"The Indiana Separation and the Limits of Quaker Antislavery" 3544:"The Indiana Separation and the Limits of Quaker Antislavery" 3166:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 29. 4777:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 119–48. 4561:

The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case

4329:

The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case

4845:"Conviction and Circumstance: The Liberty Party in Indiana" 3847:. Albany, NY: Historical Records Survey. 1941. p. 136. 3592:"Conviction and Circumstance: The Liberty Party in Indiana" 4953:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 3–23. 4508:(Master of Arts thesis). Indiana University. p. 106. 1187:

and helped to arrange the fusion of the Free Soilers with

6026:

State and local political parties (without national body)

4564:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 210–11. 4332:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 210–11. 4180:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 8–9. 4062:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 14, 286. 242:, while remnants persisted as late as 1860. It supported 238:. The party experienced its greatest activity during the 4804:"The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828" 4421:"The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828" 3947:. New York: Central Abolition Board. 1855. pp. 3–7. 3864:. New York: International Publishers. pp. 550n25. 3418:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 677–680. 391:, and most of the Liberty Party folded into the larger 290:

and advance the cause of universal emancipation and an

983:

in the southwest comprising the present-day states of

914:

In June 1847, the Liberty League held a convention at

4283:"General Convention of the Liberty Party, at Buffalo" 3788:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–94. 3382:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 71–72. 1539:

A study of voters in the Liberty Party stronghold of

5015:

Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States

3579:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 249–51. 1115:

boycott of all consumer goods connected with slavery

1035:. Clay was again a candidate for the Whigs, but the 5658: 5618: 5611: 5406: 5385: 5376: 5349: 5258: 5212: 5181: 5150: 5109: 5068: 5027: 5020: 4869:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 4613:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 178: 162: 150: 120: 110: 92: 74: 50: 41: 4923:The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest 4142:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 281. 3332:The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest 918:. The delegates nominated Smith for president and 4733:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 3308:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 95. 829:his slaves. He distanced himself from his cousin 777:Liberty Party share of the vote by county in the 27:Political party in the 19th century United States 4075:Oration, Delivered in Corinthian Hall, Rochester 4590:United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860 4125:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 36. 3380:United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 1601:supported the Liberty Party via his newspaper, 900:claimed that slavery had been abolished by the 761: 574:, feared that if Texas became aligned with the 6070:Defunct political parties in the United States 5343:List of political parties in the United States 4794:Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention 3252:Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 952:Marriage of the Free Soil and Liberty Parties, 703:and author of the 1843 Liberty Party platform. 5317: 5000: 4642:National Party Platforms of the United States 4575:(Master of Arts thesis). Indiana University. 3487:National Party Platforms of the United States 8: 4949:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.). 4773:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.). 4356:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.). 4176:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.). 3255:. Utica, NY: S.W. Green. 1848. pp. 4–5. 1023:. Once again snubbing Martin Van Buren, the 809:for president on a pro-annexation platform. 1125:by 177 enslaved people in Washington, D.C. 954:a derisive portrayal of the origins of the 821:in 1842, Clay angrily denounced a group of 458:, formerly one of the commissioners of the 286:to diminish the political influence of the 5655: 5615: 5382: 5324: 5310: 5302: 5024: 5007: 4993: 4985: 4936:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4655:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4087:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3500:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3345:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1909: 1690: 1195:. He was a candidate for president at the 1189:other opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act 387:, Hale withdrew from the race in favor of 38: 4027:The Free Soil Courier and Liberty Gazette 1572:, abolitionist and Liberty Party speaker. 1239:as an independent antislavery candidate. 1168:, around the time of his election to the 563:. Tyler believed American acquisition of 323:American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 4102:Ward, Samuel Ringgold (March 11, 1847). 3032: 3030: 2227: 2221: 2013: 2007: 1988: 1982: 1634: 1564: 1464: 1418: 1351: 1294: 1160: 1127: 1071:. Representatives of the three factions 946: 862: 772: 691: 636: 506: 411: 336:The party attracted support from former 3995:"Radical Abolition National Convention" 3152: 2996: 933:abolition of slavery in the territories 739:and other proslavery provisions of the 5474:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party 5334:political parties in the United States 4929: 4648: 4408:Anti-Slavery Bugle, September 4, 1852. 4080: 3493: 3338: 1244:Smith and other Liberty Party veterans 1237:New York's 22nd congressional district 1214:that nominated Hale for president and 6075:Political parties established in 1840 4754:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 4712:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4691:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4670:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4592:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. 4316:Proceedings (1848), 15; 14; 24–30; 9. 1117:. They expressed solidarity with the 7: 4802:Ratcliffe, Donald J. (Summer 2013). 4419:Ratcliffe, Donald J. (Summer 2013). 4021:Smith, Gerrit (September 30, 1847). 1585:served on the nominating committee. 1039:passed him over in favor of General 1031:of Michigan on a platform endorsing 278:. They attempted to work within the 6085:American abolitionist organizations 5459:Freedom Road Socialist Organization 4634:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4121:Kaufman-McKivigan, John R. (2009). 1469:In this anti-abolitionist cartoon, 1197:1860 Republican National Convention 1184:Appeal of the Independent Democrats 541:10th president of the United States 6031:Presidential nominating convention 3637:The Unconstitutionality of Slavery 1208:1852 Free Soil National Convention 454:at an abolitionist meeting led by 25: 1179:repeal of the Missouri Compromise 6021: 6020: 4947:"The Boundaries of Abolitionism" 4174:"The Boundaries of Abolitionism" 1303:, a symbol of the Liberty Party. 4920:Smith, Theodore Clarke (1897). 4569:Clauser-Roemer, Kendra (2009). 4465:Johnson, 242; 245; 251; 246–47. 3959:"National Abolition Convention" 3903:Perkal, M. Leon (Winter 1980). 3329:Smith, Theodore Clarke (1897). 1252:antislavery militants in Kansas 4843:Rasmussen, Soren (Fall 2015). 4797:. Utica, NY: S.W. Green. 1848. 4108:National Anti-Slavery Standard 3590:Rasmussen, Soren (Fall 2015). 3490:. Akron, Ohio. pp. 14–16. 1111:abolition of the army and navy 1025:Democratic National Convention 1021:upcoming presidential election 578:, it would become a haven for 383:of antislavery politicians at 1: 6041:Politics of the United States 5266:American Anti-Slavery Society 4863:Robertson, Stacey M. (2010). 4808:Journal of the Early Republic 4727:Johnson, Reinhard O. (2009). 4425:Journal of the Early Republic 4110:. Black Abolitionist Archive. 4058:Blassingame, John W. (1979). 3196:Robertson, Stacey M. (2010). 3160:Johnson, Reinhard O. (2009). 1319:American Colonization Society 1279:and to support the rights of 1233:Frederick Douglass' Newspaper 1199:, but the nomination went to 319:American Anti-Slavery Society 305:abolitionists, who advocated 199:Politics of the United States 6080:Slavery in the United States 5731:Democratic-Republican (1844) 5559:South Carolina Workers Party 4884:Jordan, Ryan (Spring 2000). 4639:Frederick, J. M. H. (1896). 4073:Douglass, Frederick (1852). 3542:Jordan, Ryan (Spring 2000). 3484:Frederick, J. M. H. (1896). 2658:Hiram Huntington Kellogg Sr. 2215: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2019: 1994: 1880: 1867: 1852: 1839: 1824: 1811: 1796: 1781: 1766: 1751: 1736: 1721: 1642:, abolitionist and feminist. 1389:French democratic socialists 1206:Smith was a delegate to the 1132:County-level results of the 922:for vice president. Birney, 525:1840 United States elections 98:; 164 years ago 80:; 184 years ago 4945:Walters, Ronald G. (1979). 4706:Howe, David Walker (2007). 4607:Earle, Jonathan H. (2004). 4172:Walters, Ronald G. (1979). 3412:Howe, David Walker (2007). 3275:Earle, Jonathan H. (2004). 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1991: 1985: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 902:Declaration of Independence 888:. They elected Hale to the 616:Massachusetts General Court 6101: 5489:National Progressive Party 5414:African People's Socialist 4852:Earlham Historical Journal 4588:Dubin, Michael J. (2002). 4200:Proceedings (1848), 27–29. 4023:"Letter from Gerrit Smith" 3634:Spooner, Lysander (1845). 3599:Earlham Historical Journal 3378:Dubin, Michael J. (2002). 1423:Text of the congressional 1134:1848 presidential election 779:1844 presidential election 757:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 741:United States Constitution 709:1844 presidential election 582:and weaken slavery in the 399:, including Salmon Chase. 284:United States Constitution 29: 6013: 5941:States Rights (Dixiecrat) 5340: 4748:Karcher, Carolyn (1994). 4685:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 4136:Karcher, Carolyn (1994). 3858:Foner, Philip S. (1950). 3681:(19): 296. July 10, 1847. 3302:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 1915: 1912: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1119:French Revolution of 1848 1078:Charles Francis Adams Sr. 835:popular abolitionist song 650:and an anti-coalitionist. 557:Bank of the United States 194: 5534:Socialism and Liberation 4077:. Rochester. p. 36. 3909:Journal of Negro History 3893:Dubin, 128; Johnson, 91. 3745:Proceedings (1848), 6–9. 3675:Niles' National Register 2901:Norton Strange Townshend 2513:Charles Grandison Finney 2359:Henry Ingersoll Bowditch 1216:George Washington Julian 1170:House of Representatives 644:, influential editor of 359:succeeded in nominating 181:House of Representatives 5811:National States' Rights 5666:American (Know Nothing) 5514:Progressive Labor Party 5291:Radical Democracy Party 4769:Kraut, Alan M. (1979). 4352:Kraut, Alan M. (1979). 4342:Johnson, 306; 268; 276. 4306:. Albany. pp. 3–4. 3691:Johnson, 65; 77; 81–82. 3624:Johnson, 46; 44; 65-70. 3335:. New York. p. 37. 2941:John Greenleaf Whittier 2473:Charles Wheeler Denison 2269:Other prominent members 1916:Gubernatorial election 632:John Greenleaf Whittier 513:Newark Daily Advertiser 511:A map published by the 144:Chicago Western Citizen 5539:Serve America Movement 5529:Renew America Movement 5271:Anti-Nebraska movement 4909:Smith, Gerrit (1847). 4483:Proceedings (1848), 5. 4300:Smith, Gerrit (1847). 4218:Proceedings (1848), 7. 4104:""S.R. Ward said ..."" 3640:. Boston. p. 42. 2783:James W. C. Pennington 2723:Joseph Cammett Lovejoy 2708:Francis Julius LeMoyne 2678:Charles Henry Langston 2518:George Washington Gale 2374:William Henry Brisbane 1671:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1643: 1623:and the repeal of the 1591:James W. C. Pennington 1573: 1550:Second Great Awakening 1478: 1432: 1363: 1347:Fourth of July oration 1312:Political abolitionism 1304: 1173: 1137: 967: 872: 782: 766: 732:United States Congress 704: 651: 603:William Lloyd Garrison 535:settlement. Events in 520: 489:William Henry Harrison 420: 375:and voted against the 317:. At a meeting of the 248:presidential elections 5946:Traditionalist Worker 5626:Democratic-Republican 5564:Social Democrats, USA 5554:Socialist Alternative 4820:10.1353/jer.2013.0033 4492:Robertson, 30–31; 45. 4437:10.1353/jer.2013.0033 2896:Charles Turner Torrey 2718:Jermain Wesley Loguen 2528:Henry Highland Garnet 2289:Stephen Pearl Andrews 1705:Presidential nominee 1638: 1570:Henry Highland Garnet 1568: 1517:internal improvements 1468: 1422: 1355: 1341:abolished during the 1298: 1291:Ideology and policies 1164: 1131: 950: 866: 825:who called on him to 776: 753:Prigg v. Pennsylvania 737:Fugitive Slave Clause 695: 640: 510: 415: 268:Henry Highland Garnet 18:Liberty Party (1840s) 5801:National Renaissance 5726:Constitutional Union 5286:North American Party 5182:National conventions 5152:National Union Party 5021:Presidential tickets 4664:Foner, Eric (1991). 4558:Benson, Lee (1961). 4326:Benson, Lee (1961). 3884:Philip Foner, 76–77. 3831:. September 9, 1852. 3825:"Liberty Convention" 3782:Foner, Eric (1991). 2926:Samuel Ringgold Ward 2833:Samuel Edmund Sewall 2763:Joseph Trotter Mills 2683:John Mercer Langston 2563:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor 1687:Presidential tickets 1587:Samuel Ringgold Ward 1541:Smithfield, New York 1451:free people of color 1447:Nullification Crisis 1385:classical liberalism 1360:Samuel Ringgold Ward 1277:Thirteenth Amendment 1048:Barnburner Democrats 975:, the United States 973:Mexican–American War 890:United States Senate 857:Michigan Legislature 661:Joshua Reed Giddings 628:Massachusetts Senate 367:who had opposed the 365:Independent Democrat 357:Barnburner Democrats 30:For other uses, see 6001:Youth International 5951:Unconditional Union 5856:Populist (People's) 5766:Independence (2007) 5761:Independence (1906) 5721:Constitution (1952) 5696:American Vegetarian 5636:National Republican 5479:Legal Marijuana Now 5429:American Solidarity 5213:Other party leaders 5204:1864 National Union 4975:The Liberator Files 4628:Gac, Scott (2007). 4289:. November 7, 1847. 4254:Johnson, 24; 32–33. 3573:Gac, Scott (2007). 2956:Charles K. Williams 2911:George Boyer Vashon 2818:Charles Bennett Ray 2688:William Larimer Jr. 2633:James Caleb Jackson 2613:Samuel Gridley Howe 2419:Oren Burbank Cheney 1898:Gubernatorial races 1648:Cult of Domesticity 1613:Colored Conventions 1583:Charles Bennett Ray 1525:Polk Administration 1513:homestead exemption 1343:American Revolution 1224:Canastota, New York 1069:Free Soil coalition 1033:popular sovereignty 675:James Caleb Jackson 612:Second Party System 561:annexation of Texas 517:annexation of Texas 377:annexation of Texas 5881:Progressive (1948) 5876:Progressive (1924) 5871:Progressive (1912) 5806:National Socialist 5786:Liberal Republican 5756:Human Rights Party 5716:Communist Workers' 5569:Socialist Equality 4526:Robertson, 45; 51. 3811:Anti-Slavery Bugel 2976:Theodore S. Wright 2961:Samuel Newitt Wood 2951:Austin F. Williams 2848:James McCune Smith 2788:Abraham L. Pennock 2753:James Miller McKim 2733:William Pitt Lynde 2573:Samuel D. Hastings 2568:Stephen S. Harding 2558:Josiah B. Grinnell 2493:George Henry Evans 2447:Alexander Crummell 2409:William L. Chaplin 2394:Alexander Campbell 2349:Jonathan Blanchard 2324:Nathaniel S. Berry 2284:John Albion Andrew 1700:Electoral results 1644: 1609:state constitution 1579:Theodore S. Wright 1574: 1479: 1433: 1415:Slave Power thesis 1405:Anti-Masonic Party 1393:National Workshops 1364: 1305: 1273:American Civil War 1248:Syracuse, New York 1229:Frederick Douglass 1174: 1138: 1099:universal suffrage 981:vast tract of land 968: 964:Benjamin F. Butler 873: 783: 705: 652: 592:Tyler-Texas Treaty 569:Secretary of State 527:, particularly in 521: 421: 236:American Civil War 132:The Philanthropist 6057: 6056: 6009: 6008: 5926:Social Democratic 5921:Silver Republican 5891:Radical Democracy 5886:Proletarian Party 5654: 5653: 5607: 5606: 5574:Socialist Workers 5464:Freedom Socialist 5434:Christian Liberty 5299: 5298: 5235:William H. Seward 5177: 5176: 5123:William L. Dayton 4960:978-0-8071-0479-8 4784:978-0-8071-0479-8 4761:978-0-8223-2163-7 4719:978-0-19-507894-7 4677:978-0-19-509497-8 4599:978-0-7864-6422-7 4544:Johnson, 307–312. 4380:Johnson 223; 268. 4367:978-0-8071-0479-8 4272:Frederick, 14–16. 4187:978-0-8071-0479-8 4149:978-0-8223-2163-7 3999:Douglass' Monthly 3975:Philip Foner, 82. 3795:978-0-19-509497-8 3736:Frederick, 19–20. 3647:978-1-4429-2362-1 3425:978-0-19-507894-7 3389:978-0-7864-6422-7 2843:John Jay Shipherd 2748:Samuel Joseph May 2663:Chauncey L. Knapp 2460:George DeBaptiste 2369:Lawrence Brainerd 2266: 2265: 1895: 1894: 1878:Samuel McFarland 1850:Samuel McFarland 1682:Electoral history 1561:African-Americans 1324:Nonetheless, the 1220:County of Madison 916:Macedon, New York 819:Richmond, Indiana 789:, Massachusetts, 751:in cases such as 728:Buffalo, New York 713:New York Governor 657:John Quincy Adams 408:Creation, 1839–41 385:Buffalo, New York 349:African Americans 217: 216: 204:Political parties 111:Succeeded by 16:(Redirected from 6092: 6024: 6023: 5936:Socialist (1901) 5656: 5616: 5594:Working Families 5549:Socialist Action 5544:Socialist (1973) 5494:Progressive Dane 5424:American Freedom 5383: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5303: 5281:Conscience Whigs 5250:Francis P. Blair 5111:Republican Party 5096:George W. Julian 5082:Charles F. Adams 5078:Martin Van Buren 5025: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4986: 4964: 4941: 4935: 4927: 4916: 4905: 4880: 4859: 4849: 4839: 4798: 4788: 4765: 4744: 4723: 4702: 4681: 4660: 4654: 4646: 4635: 4624: 4603: 4584: 4565: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4535:Johnson, 283–83. 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4474:Johnson, 248–52. 4472: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4416: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4398:Johnson, 272–73. 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4287:The National Era 4279: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4086: 4078: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3965:. June 26, 1856. 3963:The National Era 3955: 3949: 3948: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3829:The National Era 3821: 3815: 3814: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3671:"Liberty League" 3667: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3596: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3499: 3491: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3353:Henry B. Stanton 3350: 3344: 3336: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3157: 3145: 3142: 3095: 3094:Did not contest. 3092: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3010: 3001: 2863:Henry B. Stanton 2858:Benjamin Stanton 2838:Oscar L. Shafter 2743:Stanley Matthews 2628:Titus Hutchinson 2603:Edward D. Holton 2588:Richard Hildreth 2578:Joseph R. Hawley 2543:Francis Gillette 2538:Edward D. Gazzam 2508:Asahel Finch Jr. 2503:Samuel Fessenden 2451:Mary Brown Davis 2442:Nathaniel Colver 2384:William Burleigh 2379:Antoinette Brown 2279:William G. Allen 1910: 1887: 1859: 1831: 1803: 1793:Charles C. Foote 1773: 1743: 1714:Electoral votes 1691: 1675:Antoinette Brown 1640:Antoinette Brown 1531:Bases of support 1509:secret societies 1471:Martin Van Buren 1391:, including the 1383:consistent with 1369:slave rebellions 1362: 1301:cedar of Lebanon 1193:Republican Party 1181:, he penned the 1157:Decline, 1849–60 1113:, and a general 1094:Charles C. Foote 960:Martin Van Buren 908:The National Era 898:Lysander Spooner 755:that upheld the 724:Henry B. Stanton 464:Albany, New York 452:Warsaw, New York 397:Republican Party 389:Martin Van Buren 353:Conscience Whigs 311:anti-clericalism 188: 172: 146: 126:The National Era 106: 104: 99: 88: 86: 81: 39: 21: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6050: 6046:Politics portal 6005: 5931:Socialist Labor 5911:Red Guard Party 5861:Personal Choice 5796:National (1917) 5691:American (1969) 5686:American (1924) 5671:Americans Elect 5650: 5612:Defunct parties 5603: 5402: 5372: 5345: 5336: 5330: 5300: 5295: 5254: 5225:Salmon P. Chase 5208: 5199:1860 Republican 5194:1856 Republican 5173: 5160:Abraham Lincoln 5146: 5137:Hannibal Hamlin 5133:Abraham Lincoln 5119:John C. Frémont 5105: 5070:Free Soil Party 5064: 5051:James G. Birney 5037:James G. Birney 5016: 5013: 4971: 4961: 4944: 4928: 4919: 4908: 4883: 4877: 4862: 4847: 4842: 4801: 4791: 4785: 4768: 4762: 4747: 4741: 4726: 4720: 4705: 4699: 4684: 4678: 4663: 4647: 4638: 4627: 4621: 4606: 4600: 4587: 4568: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236:Johnson, 24–25. 4235: 4231: 4227:Johnson, 60–65. 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4079: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4001:. October 1860. 3993: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3921:10.2307/3031548 3902: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3772:Johnson, 89-91. 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754:Johnson, 88–89. 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718:Johnson, 83-87. 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3700:Johnson, 82–83. 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3660:Johnson, 56–61. 3659: 3655: 3648: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615:Johnson 43; 47. 3614: 3610: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3474:Johnson, 34–37. 3473: 3469: 3465:Johnson, 31-32. 3464: 3460: 3456:Johnson, 27–30. 3455: 3451: 3447:Johnson, 47-48. 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3368:Johnson, 15–17. 3367: 3363: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3265:Johnson, 10–11. 3264: 3260: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3240:Johnson, 86-87. 3239: 3235: 3231:Johnson, 77-81. 3230: 3226: 3222:Johnson, 65-70. 3221: 3217: 3210: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3098: 3093: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3017: 3013: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2936:William Whipper 2868:Stephen Stevens 2808:David Potts Jr. 2798:Allan Pinkerton 2758:Jonathan Miller 2698:Dewitt C. Leach 2668:William Lambert 2638:William Jackson 2598:Silas M. Holmes 2498:James Fairchild 2483:Charles V. Dyer 2433:Ichabod Codding 2414:Salmon P. Chase 2404:James G. Carter 2399:Philo Carpenter 2364:George Bradburn 2339:James M. Birney 2299:Gamaliel Bailey 2271: 1900: 1888: 1885: 1860: 1857: 1832: 1829: 1818:William Goodell 1804: 1801: 1774: 1771: 1758:James G. Birney 1744: 1741: 1728:James G. Birney 1689: 1684: 1633: 1563: 1533: 1500: 1488:national waters 1475:Free Soil Party 1463: 1443:Missouri Crisis 1417: 1357: 1314: 1293: 1201:Abraham Lincoln 1159: 1121:and the recent 1086:Fifth Amendment 999:, and parts of 956:Free Soil Party 945: 943:Fusion, 1847–48 771: 769:Crisis, 1844–47 749:civil liberties 697:Salmon P. Chase 687:Gamaliel Bailey 670:The Emancipator 647:The Emancipator 596:Benjamin Tappan 580:freedom seekers 572:John C. Calhoun 549:executive power 505: 417:James G. Birney 410: 405: 393:Free Soil Party 381:1848 convention 282:created by the 276:William Goodell 264:Salmon P. Chase 244:James G. Birney 228:political party 213: 190:(1847–49, peak) 189: 186: 174:(1846–47, peak) 173: 170: 142: 141: 138:The Emancipator 135: 129: 115:Free Soil Party 102: 100: 97: 84: 82: 79: 69:William Goodell 67: 65:Salmon P. Chase 63: 59: 57:James G. Birney 46: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6098: 6096: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6062: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6028: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5986:Young Patriots 5983: 5978: 5976:White Panthers 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5851:People's Party 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5791:Liberty (1840) 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5746:Gold Democrats 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5646:National Union 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5259:Related groups 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5230:Charles Sumner 5227: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5189:1848 Free Soil 5185: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5164:Andrew Johnson 5156: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5130: 5115: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5089: 5074: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5048: 5033: 5031: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4970: 4969:External links 4967: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4942: 4917: 4906: 4890:Quaker History 4881: 4875: 4860: 4840: 4814:(2): 219–254. 4799: 4789: 4783: 4766: 4760: 4745: 4739: 4724: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4682: 4676: 4661: 4645:. Akron, Ohio. 4636: 4625: 4619: 4604: 4598: 4585: 4581:10.7912/C2/137 4566: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4514:10.7912/C2/137 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4411: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4366: 4344: 4335: 4318: 4309: 4292: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4211: 4209:Frederick, 14. 4202: 4193: 4186: 4164: 4155: 4148: 4128: 4113: 4094: 4065: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4013: 4004: 3986: 3977: 3968: 3950: 3934: 3895: 3886: 3877: 3870: 3850: 3834: 3816: 3801: 3794: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3709:Holt, 333-334. 3702: 3693: 3684: 3662: 3653: 3646: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3582: 3565: 3548:Quaker History 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3424: 3404: 3395: 3388: 3370: 3361: 3321: 3314: 3294: 3287: 3267: 3258: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3208: 3188: 3186:Johnson, 7–11. 3179: 3172: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3096: 3072: 3069:Leicester King 3060: 3048: 3038: 3026: 3011: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2985:John J. Zuille 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2881:Jane Swisshelm 2878: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2703:Joshua Leavitt 2700: 2695: 2693:George Latimer 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2618:Erastus Hussey 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2488:Russell Errett 2485: 2480: 2478:Charles Durkee 2475: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2455:William H. Day 2452: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2344:William Birney 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2294:James Appleton 2291: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1632: 1629: 1621:Black suffrage 1562: 1559: 1532: 1529: 1519:and supported 1499: 1498:Liberty League 1496: 1462: 1459: 1416: 1413: 1409:Early Republic 1313: 1310: 1292: 1289: 1285:Reconstruction 1158: 1155: 1123:escape attempt 1073:met at Buffalo 1041:Zachary Taylor 944: 941: 937:social justice 770: 767: 745:states' rights 716:William Seward 665:Joshua Leavitt 642:Joshua Leavitt 576:British Empire 553:Andrew Jackson 504: 501: 409: 406: 404: 401: 280:federal system 215: 214: 212: 211: 206: 201: 195: 192: 191: 185: 183: 176: 175: 169: 167: 160: 159: 154: 148: 147: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 94: 90: 89: 76: 72: 71: 54: 48: 47: 43: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6097: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981:White Patriot 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5846:Patriot Party 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5701:Black Panther 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5681:American Nazi 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659:Third parties 5657: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619:Major parties 5617: 5614: 5610: 5600: 5599:Workers World 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5589:Working Class 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5579:Transhumanist 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469:Forward Party 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5454:Freedom Party 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5378:Third parties 5375: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5351:Major parties 5348: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5322: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240:Simon Cameron 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5055:Thomas Morris 5052: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5029:Liberty Party 5026: 5023: 5019: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4980: 4979:The Liberator 4976: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4925: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4876:9780807834084 4872: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4740:9780807133934 4736: 4732: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4698:0-19-516104-1 4694: 4690: 4689: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4620:0-8078-5555-3 4616: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4498: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4296: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4263:Foner, 87–88. 4260: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4245:Foner, 90–92. 4242: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4076: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4048:Johnson, 7–8. 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3871:9780717804351 3867: 3863: 3862: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3489: 3488: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3357:Elizur Wright 3354: 3348: 3342: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3315:0-19-516104-1 3311: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3288:0-8078-5555-3 3284: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3209:9780807834084 3205: 3201: 3200: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3173:9780807133934 3169: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3153: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3021:representing 3020: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3008:New Hampshire 3006:representing 3005: 3004:Joseph Cilley 3000: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2971:Elizur Wright 2969: 2967: 2966:Lewis Woodson 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2946:Austin Willey 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2931:Laban Wheaton 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2886:Arthur Tappan 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2876:George Storrs 2874: 2872:Alvan Stewart 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2853:William Smyth 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2793:John Pierpont 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2773:John Monteith 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2673:Lunsford Lane 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2623:John Hutchins 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2533:Seth M. Gates 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469:Elizur Deming 2468: 2466: 2465:Martin Delany 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2424:Joseph Cilley 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2389:Elihu Burritt 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2354:Sherman Booth 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2334:Jacob Bigelow 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2304:Wesley Bailey 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2268: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2151: 2150:New Hampshire 2148: 2147: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2058: 2057:Massachusetts 2055: 2054: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1897: 1890: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1763:Thomas Morris 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1711:Popular vote 1710: 1708:Running mate 1707: 1704: 1703: 1692: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1653:Old Northwest 1649: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599:Martin Delany 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1537: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1483: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1361: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335:Somerset case 1332: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1311: 1309: 1302: 1297: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143:Massachusetts 1135: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1090:homestead act 1087: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1052:New York City 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 942: 940: 938: 934: 929: 928:Lucretia Mott 925: 921: 920:Elihu Burritt 917: 912: 910: 909: 903: 899: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:New Hampshire 870: 865: 861: 858: 853: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 803:James K. Polk 800: 796: 795:New Hampshire 792: 788: 780: 775: 768: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 714: 710: 702: 701:chief justice 698: 694: 690: 688: 683: 682:Liberty Press 680: 676: 672: 671: 666: 662: 658: 649: 648: 643: 639: 635: 633: 629: 625: 624:Samuel Sewall 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 531:and areas of 530: 526: 518: 515:opposing the 514: 509: 503:Rise, 1841–43 502: 500: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 447: 444: 440: 436: 435:Thomas Morris 432: 427: 418: 414: 407: 402: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 343: 339: 334: 332: 331:moral suasion 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307:nonresistance 304: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 232:United States 229: 226: 222: 221:Liberty Party 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 193: 184: 182: 179:Seats in the 177: 168: 166: 163:Seats in the 161: 158: 155: 153: 149: 145: 140: 139: 134: 133: 128: 127: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 95: 91: 77: 73: 70: 66: 62: 58: 55: 53: 49: 44:Liberty Party 40: 37: 33: 32:Liberty Party 19: 5966:Union (1936) 5961:Union (1861) 5956:Union (1850) 5821:New Alliance 5790: 5781:Labor (1996) 5776:Labor (1919) 5736:Farmer–Labor 5676:Anti-Masonic 5449:Constitution 5365: 5358: 5245:Edward Bates 5220:Gerrit Smith 5092:John P. Hale 5041:Thomas Earle 5028: 4978: 4950: 4922: 4911: 4893: 4889: 4865: 4855: 4851: 4811: 4807: 4793: 4774: 4750: 4729: 4708: 4687: 4666: 4641: 4630: 4609: 4589: 4571: 4560: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4504: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4407: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4357: 4347: 4338: 4328: 4321: 4312: 4302: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4177: 4167: 4158: 4138: 4131: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4097: 4074: 4068: 4059: 4053: 4044: 4039:Johnson, 25. 4035: 4026: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3943: 3937: 3915:(1): 58–59. 3912: 3908: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3860: 3853: 3843: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3804: 3784: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3732: 3727:Johnson, 85. 3723: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3636: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3598: 3585: 3575: 3568: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3486: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3438:Johnson, 26. 3434: 3414: 3407: 3402:Johnson, 16. 3398: 3379: 3373: 3364: 3331: 3324: 3304: 3297: 3277: 3270: 3261: 3251: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3198: 3191: 3182: 3162: 3155: 3144:No election. 3063: 3057:John P. Hale 3051: 3041: 3014: 2999: 2921:Amasa Walker 2891:Lewis Tappan 2828:Orange Scott 2778:David Nelson 2768:James Monroe 2728:Owen Lovejoy 2713:Samuel Lewis 2593:Myron Holley 2548:Beriah Green 2523:Elon Galusha 2429:Lewis Clarke 2319:Jehiel Beman 2272: 2212:Pennsylvania 1901: 1874:Gerrit Smith 1846:Gerrit Smith 1788:Gerrit Smith 1733:Thomas Earle 1662:Owen Lovejoy 1657:Henry County 1645: 1617: 1602: 1575: 1555: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1521:trade unions 1505: 1501: 1492: 1484: 1480: 1455: 1434: 1401: 1397: 1377: 1371:such as the 1365: 1338: 1326:electoralism 1323: 1315: 1306: 1281:freed people 1267:, five from 1241: 1232: 1205: 1191:to form the 1182: 1175: 1166:Gerrit Smith 1139: 1082: 1061:Henry Wilson 1057:Philadelphia 1045: 1013:David Wilmot 969: 951: 913: 906: 894: 874: 869:John P. Hale 838: 831:Cassius Clay 784: 762: 706: 681: 668: 653: 645: 600: 522: 512: 497: 485:Rhode Island 468:Thomas Earle 456:Myron Holley 448: 439:John P. Hale 422: 361:John P. Hale 335: 300: 260:Gerrit Smith 225:abolitionist 220: 218: 157:Abolitionism 143: 136: 130: 124: 61:Gerrit Smith 36: 5996:Young Lords 5816:Natural Law 5519:Prohibition 5398:Libertarian 5276:Barnburners 4926:. New York. 4389:Kraut, 142. 4162:Johnson, 8. 4011:Dubin, 159. 3984:Dubin, 158. 2916:Edward Wade 2823:Alvah Sabin 2813:John Rankin 2803:Ralph Plumb 2643:William Jay 2608:John Hooker 2583:Joel Hayden 2553:John Grimes 2437:Levi Coffin 2309:Guy Beckley 1948:Connecticut 1822:S. M. Bell 1666:Abby Kelley 1625:Black Codes 1604:The Mystery 1429:Slave Power 1381:state power 1373:Creole case 1107:land reform 1065:Henry Dodge 966:officiates. 924:Lydia Child 886:legislature 880:, where in 720:William Jay 718:, or Judge 588:Slave Power 584:Lower South 529:New England 473:Connecticut 426:New England 315:third party 303:Garrisonian 296:egalitarian 288:Slave Power 234:before the 6064:Categories 5971:U.S. Labor 5906:Red Guards 5901:Readjuster 5896:Raza Unida 5841:Opposition 5706:Boston Tea 5631:Federalist 5367:Republican 5360:Democratic 4552:References 4431:(2): 247. 3763:Dubin, 96. 3532:Howe, 180. 3523:Earle, 63. 3514:Dubin, 83. 3067:Replacing 3055:Replacing 2648:John Jones 2329:Henry Bibb 2314:Amos Beman 1904:New Jersey 1595:Amos Beman 1212:Pittsburgh 1103:temperance 1037:convention 1029:Lewis Cass 1027:nominated 1001:New Mexico 985:California 811:Henry Clay 537:Washington 493:John Tyler 481:New Jersey 460:Erie Canal 443:nullifiers 431:bipartisan 342:Jacksonian 292:integrated 272:Henry Bibb 5836:Nullifier 5831:New Union 5826:New Party 5751:Greenback 5741:Free Soil 5499:Marijuana 5444:Communist 5332:National 4932:cite book 4915:. Albany. 4836:145135025 4651:cite book 4453:145135025 4083:cite book 3496:cite book 3341:cite book 3019:Amos Tuck 2981:Levi Yale 2906:Amos Tuck 2738:Asa Mahan 2653:John Keep 1694:Election 1331:prejudice 807:nominated 699:, future 620:That year 608:kingmaker 545:Virginian 345:Democrats 298:society. 209:Elections 121:Newspaper 93:Dissolved 5866:Populist 5711:Citizens 5509:People's 5439:Citizens 5419:Alliance 4902:41947430 4828:24768843 4445:24768843 3560:41947430 3554:(1): 2. 2119:New York 2088:Michigan 1979:Illinois 1717:Ranking 1461:Platform 1425:gag rule 1265:Illinois 1147:New York 1005:Colorado 977:acquired 867:Senator 847:Michigan 843:New York 791:Michigan 373:Congress 369:gag rule 327:New York 152:Ideology 5991:Workers 5771:Justice 5484:Liberal 5407:Smaller 3929:3031548 3605:(1): 9. 2237:Vermont 2001:Indiana 1886:0 / 303 1858:0 / 296 1830:0 / 296 1802:0 / 290 1772:0 / 275 1742:0 / 294 1697:Ticket 1438:faction 1339:de jure 1283:during 1269:Indiana 1246:met at 1151:Vermont 1009:Wyoming 997:Arizona 852:spoiler 827:manumit 823:Quakers 799:Vermont 677:of the 477:Indiana 403:History 246:in the 230:in the 223:was an 187:1 / 230 101: ( 83: ( 75:Founded 5916:Silver 5524:Reform 5504:Pirate 5386:Larger 4957: 4900: 4873: 4834: 4826: 4781: 4758: 4737: 4716: 4695: 4674: 4617: 4596: 4451: 4443: 4364: 4184: 4146: 3927: 3868: 3792: 3644: 3558: 3422: 3386: 3312: 3285: 3206: 3170: 2262:14.4% 2259:14.6% 2256:13.5% 2253:10.2% 2175:14.1% 2172:18.8% 2169:12.0% 2166:11.7% 2051:11.5% 2048:13.0% 2039:10.0% 1913:State 1881:0.00% 1853:0.00% 1825:0.00% 1797:0.10% 1767:2.30% 1737:0.29% 1611:, and 1581:, and 1445:, the 1149:, and 1109:, the 1007:, and 993:Nevada 926:, and 815:Mexico 797:, and 590:. The 551:under 533:Yankee 483:, and 274:, and 171:1 / 58 165:Senate 52:Leader 5584:Unity 5393:Green 4898:JSTOR 4896:(1). 4848:(PDF) 4832:S2CID 4824:JSTOR 4449:S2CID 4441:JSTOR 3925:JSTOR 3595:(PDF) 3556:JSTOR 3023:NH-01 2991:Notes 2250:7.5% 2247:3.9% 2244:6.3% 2231:0.6% 2225:0.8% 2219:0.3% 2203:4.4% 2197:3.0% 2191:2.1% 2163:7.7% 2160:5.7% 2157:2.5% 2141:3.2% 2135:3.1% 2129:1.8% 2113:5.6% 2107:7.7% 2101:7.1% 2095:3.2% 2082:8.7% 2079:9.8% 2076:7.9% 2073:7.3% 2070:7.3% 2067:5.4% 2064:3.1% 2061:0.8% 2045:9.0% 2042:7.0% 2036:5.7% 2033:1.9% 2026:Maine 2017:1.8% 2011:1.4% 1992:5.1% 1986:1.1% 1973:3.6% 1970:3.4% 1967:3.7% 1964:3.2% 1961:3.4% 1958:3.8% 1942:1847 1939:1846 1936:1845 1933:1844 1930:1843 1927:1842 1924:1841 1921:1840 1631:Women 1017:House 787:Maine 679:Utica 565:Texas 338:Whigs 240:1840s 6035:List 5641:Whig 5168:1864 5141:1860 5127:1856 5100:1852 5086:1848 5059:1844 5045:1840 4955:ISBN 4938:link 4871:ISBN 4858:(1). 4779:ISBN 4756:ISBN 4735:ISBN 4714:ISBN 4693:ISBN 4672:ISBN 4657:link 4615:ISBN 4594:ISBN 4362:ISBN 4182:ISBN 4144:ISBN 4089:link 3866:ISBN 3790:ISBN 3642:ISBN 3502:link 3420:ISBN 3384:ISBN 3355:and 3347:link 3310:ISBN 3283:ISBN 3204:ISBN 3168:ISBN 2228:n/a 2222:n/a 2216:n/a 2206:n/a 2200:n/a 2194:n/a 2188:n/a 2181:Ohio 2144:n/a 2138:n/a 2132:n/a 2126:n/a 2110:n/a 2104:n/a 2098:n/a 2092:n/a 2020:n/a 2014:n/a 2008:n/a 1995:n/a 1989:n/a 1983:n/a 1869:1860 1841:1856 1813:1852 1783:1848 1753:1844 1723:1840 1593:and 1299:The 1261:1860 1257:1856 989:Utah 882:1846 845:and 839:Clay 805:was 747:and 673:and 659:and 543:. A 491:and 437:and 355:and 340:and 309:and 256:1844 254:and 252:1840 219:The 103:1860 96:1860 85:1840 78:1840 4816:doi 4577:doi 4510:doi 4433:doi 3917:doi 1210:in 1050:in 667:of 371:in 250:of 6066:: 4934:}} 4930:{{ 4894:89 4892:. 4888:. 4854:. 4850:. 4830:. 4822:. 4812:33 4810:. 4806:. 4653:}} 4649:{{ 4447:. 4439:. 4429:33 4427:. 4423:. 4285:. 4106:. 4085:}} 4081:{{ 4025:. 3997:. 3961:. 3923:. 3913:65 3911:. 3907:. 3827:. 3679:22 3677:. 3673:. 3601:. 3597:. 3552:89 3550:. 3546:. 3498:}} 3494:{{ 3343:}} 3339:{{ 3099:^ 3075:^ 3029:^ 2241:— 2185:— 2154:— 2123:— 2030:— 2005:— 1955:— 1952:— 1891:5 1863:4 1835:7 1807:4 1777:3 1747:3 1395:. 1321:. 1287:. 1203:. 1145:, 1105:, 1101:, 1003:, 995:, 991:, 987:, 979:a 958:. 793:, 622:, 479:, 475:, 294:, 270:, 266:, 262:, 6037:) 6033:( 5325:e 5318:t 5311:v 5170:) 5166:( 5162:/ 5143:) 5139:( 5135:/ 5129:) 5125:( 5121:/ 5102:) 5098:( 5094:/ 5088:) 5084:( 5080:/ 5061:) 5057:( 5053:/ 5047:) 5043:( 5039:/ 5008:e 5001:t 4994:v 4963:. 4940:) 4904:. 4879:. 4856:8 4838:. 4818:: 4787:. 4764:. 4743:. 4722:. 4701:. 4680:. 4659:) 4623:. 4602:. 4583:. 4579:: 4516:. 4512:: 4455:. 4435:: 4370:. 4190:. 4152:. 4091:) 4029:. 3931:. 3919:: 3874:. 3813:. 3798:. 3650:. 3603:8 3562:. 3504:) 3428:. 3392:. 3349:) 3318:. 3291:. 3212:. 3176:. 1477:. 1431:. 1358:— 1172:. 781:. 519:. 105:) 87:) 34:. 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

Liberty Party (United States, 1840)

Index