926:
1222:
876:
726:
270:
1012:
835:
1079:
567:
378:
278:
42:
1043:
258:
712:
396:. The two pieces formed the upper and lower halves of the completed assembly and were held together with a series of bolts running around the outside perimeter. As was common for the era, the cylinders were separately formed from forged steel tubes with thin metal jackets surrounding them to provide cooling water flow.
655:, made for the Crusader tank. This required a reduced height to fit in the engine bay, achieved by redesigning the oil pump and relocating the water pump. The air compressor was reinstated to enable pneumatically-operated braking and steering. Significant problems were experienced in desert use (the
320:
Ford was asked to supply cylinders for the new engine and rapidly developed an improved technique for cutting and pressing steel, which resulted in cylinder production rising from 151 per day to over 2,000; the company eventually manufactured all 433,826 cylinders produced, as well as 3,950 complete
360:
leaving
Cadillac to form the Lincoln Motor Company to make Liberty engines. He quickly gained a $ 10,000,000 government contract to build 6,000 engines. Subsequently, the order was increased to 9,000 units, with an option for 8,000 more if the government needed them. (Durant later changed his mind
1883:
Produced in large numbers and used extensively in mail planes following the War, the
Liberty was a significant U.S. contribution to aviation. Jesse Vincent of Packard and E.J. Hall of Hall-Scott designed the engine in five days. One month later the first prototype was built and
230:. They were given the task of designing as rapidly as possible an aircraft engine that would rival if not surpass those of Great Britain, France, and Germany. The Board specified that the engine would have a high power-to-weight ratio and be adaptable to mass production.
659:), and the Mk III went through multiple revisions. This included three different chain drive designs for the ancillary cooling fans, a revised valve adjustment mechanism, increased compression ratio, revised oil feeds, and two water pump replacements.
1207:
A Packard
Liberty V-1650 Aircraft engine (cut-away)- 12 cylinder "v" type water cooled engine; 400 h.p. at 1700 r.p.m. 5" bore, 7" stroke, 8431 lbs., 45-degree angle cylinders, and aluminum pistons is on exhibit on a display stand at
237:
in
Washington, where the two were asked to stay until they produced a set of basic drawings. After just five days, Vincent and Hall left the Willard with a completed design for the new engine, which had adopted, almost unchanged, the
689:, a redesigned engine producing the same power as the Mark IVA but for use in the Centaur tank. It revised the oil distribution in the engine, but remained governed to the higher speed of 1,700 rpm. The engine was intended for the
917:
Soviet interwar tank (at least one reconditioned
Liberty was installed in a BT-5). Demonstration of this tank was witnessed by the British, and Christie's design characteristics were licensed and incorporated into the British
364:
More than 16,000 Liberty engines were produced during the calendar year 1918. To
November 11, 1918, more than 14,000 Liberty engines were produced. Lincoln had delivered 6,500 of the 400 hp (300 kW) V-12 overhead
325:, the various companies had produced 13,574 Liberty engines, attaining a production rate of 150 engines per day. Production continued after the war, for a total of 20,478 engines built between July 4, 1917, and 1919.
2190:
434:, which very closely resembled the Mercedes and BMW powerplants in overall appearance, were produced but not procured by the Army. A pair of the 52 engines produced were destroyed by
249:
In July 1917, an eight-cylinder prototype assembled by
Packard's Detroit plant arrived in Washington for testing, and in August, the 12-cylinder version was tested and approved.
913:
combined aircraft engines with new suspension design, producing a rapid and highly mobile tank. Using
Christie's concept, Russian forces selected and copied the Liberty in the
411:
engines. Each camshaft was driven by a vertical driveshaft that was placed at the back of each cylinder bank, again identical to the
Mercedes and BMW straight-six powerplants.
2203:
665:, a revised design providing a shaft drive for cooling fans. This replaced the troublesome chain drive. This version also changed the air compressor to run at a lower speed.
1545:
321:
engines. Lincoln constructed a new plant in record time, devoted entirely to
Liberty engine production, and assembled 2,000 engines in 12 months. By the time of the
389:
The Liberty engine was a modular design where four or six cylinders could be used in one or two banks, allowing for inline fours, V-8s, inline sixes, or the V-12.
1836:
2116:
1731:
2913:
2183:
1050:
925:
2668:
613:), which was inadequate for the increasing vehicle weights as the war progressed and also suffered numerous problems with cooling and reliability.
2176:
2713:
317:
in California was considered too small to receive a production order. Manufacturing by multiple factories was facilitated by its modular design.
2939:
948:) and later cruiser tanks, with an output of 340 hp (410 hp from the Mark IV version). In later British tanks it was replaced by the
890:
tank was designed in 1917–18. The American version used an adaptation of the Liberty V-12 engine of 300 hp (220 kW), designed to use
2918:
2733:
1931:
1765:
1700:
1614:
1553:
1524:
1499:
1474:
322:
1332:
2748:
2638:
328:
Although it is widely reported otherwise, a few Liberty engines did see action in France as power for the American version of the British
2708:
2698:
2199:
1862:
1221:
1158:
234:
2703:
1790:
867:
Both attempts set new records. Both crashed during further attempts, resulting in the deaths of the drivers and a newsreel cameraman.
2109:
2049:
2014:
1997:
1980:
1963:
845:
Based on aircraft use the engine provided a good power-to-weight ratio. This made it ideal for use in land speed attempt vehicles.
2683:
1113:
set a new water speed record of 74.870 miles per hour (120.492 km/h) in 1920 in a new twin Liberty V-12 powered boat called
1148:
A number of Liberty engines survive in restored operational and static display vehicles. Displays of the engine itself include:
1388:
1121:
and broke the record five times, raising it to 124.860 miles per hour (200.943 km/h). He also won five straight powerboat
582:
286:
2653:
1840:
683:) by increasing the governor limit to 1,700 rpm, and by fitting a new intake manifold and carburettor for the Cavalier tank.
886:
As early as 1917 the Liberty showed good potential for use in tanks as well as aircraft. The Anglo-American, or "Liberty",
2949:
1806:
1190:
403:
for each cylinder bank operated two valves per cylinder, in an almost identical manner to the inline six-cylinder German
2738:
2102:
853:
524:, consisted of a single bank of cylinders, with the resulting engine bearing a strong external resemblance to both the
1735:
2728:
2523:
2246:
2241:
2168:
1194:
623:, US built engines modified in Britain. Modification incorporated new carburettors and a new induction system from
163:
is an American water-cooled 45° V-12 aircraft engine displacing 1,649 cubic inches (27 L) and making 400
2908:
2892:
2723:
2236:
2226:
627:, revision of the crankcase breather, new timing gear, and revised crankshaft end thrust. This produced 340
435:
420:
289:
placed an order for 22,500 Liberty engines, dividing the contract among the automobile and engine manufacturers
2944:
2743:
2583:
2307:
1435:
1209:
400:
306:
94:
72:
2678:
2663:
2648:
1201:
206:
In May 1917, a month after the United States had declared war on Germany, a federal task force known as the
697:
procured by the Tank Board. Those tanks fitted with Liberty were renamed Centaur, and production was split.
548:
An 8-cylinder V engine using Liberty cylinders in banks of four at 45°. 1,099.6 cubic inches (18.0 L)
2628:
2613:
2608:
2563:
1186:
781:
656:
356:
who did not want General Motors or Cadillac facilities to be used for producing war material. This led to
645:, British built engines. The air compressor (for starting) was not used, and was removed on later engines
2816:
2791:
2718:
2693:
2688:
1403:
1068:
461:
172:
82:
2355:
2274:
1783:
A technical & operational history of the Liberty engine : tanks, ships and aircraft 1917-1960
2573:
2370:
2317:
2134:
1440:
906:. They were eventually sold to Canada for training in 1940, except for two that have been preserved.
302:
57:
2801:
2781:
2633:
2365:
2251:
219:
112:
2806:
2796:
2533:
2327:
2312:
2269:
1269:
899:
875:
816:
811:
465:
2350:
2297:
2074:
725:
486:
The Allison VG-1410 was an air-cooled inverted Liberty L-12, with a geared super-charger, Allison
2826:
2490:
2440:
1651:
1082:
1072:
991:
953:
949:
910:
750:
694:
473:
294:
86:
2643:
2538:
2528:
959:
Nuffield Liberty engines were used in British tanks of immediate pre-war and Second World War:
269:
2588:
2475:
2465:
2415:
2405:
2400:
2385:
2045:
2010:
1993:
1976:
1959:
1927:
1786:
1761:
1696:
1610:
1549:
1520:
1495:
1470:
1379:
1322:
1126:
1102:
680:
636:
610:
487:
412:
349:
239:
1870:
2753:
2495:
2279:
2231:
1643:
887:
624:
439:
227:
211:
108:
2021:
1200:
An operable Liberty V-12 on a static test stand trailer is often run for demonstrations at
2771:
2505:
2289:
2126:
1260:
1172:
1137:
416:
262:
195:
180:
60:
1950:
Bradford, Francis H. Hall-Scott: The Untold Story of a Great American Engine Manufacturer
2831:
2821:
2811:
2673:
2658:
2593:
2500:
2485:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2395:
2390:
2380:
2375:
2302:
2221:
963:
945:
801:
729:
578:
525:
457:
An inverted Liberty 12-A referred to as the V-1650 was produced up to 1926 by Packard.
404:
382:
243:
207:
2042:
Chrysler, Ford, Durant and Sloan: Founding Giants of the American Automotive Industry.
1011:
834:
2933:
2578:
2558:
2548:
2515:
1926:(Facsimile ed.). David & Charles (Publishing) Limited. pp. 1b to 145b.
1370:
1251:
1122:
1086:
1075:
of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 km/h) powered by two 350 hp Liberty L-12s.
995:
981:
975:
969:
860:
839:
823:
761:
690:
598:
594:
590:
504: in (120 mm), giving a lower displacement of 1,411 in (23.12 L).
348:
division of General Motors was asked to produce the new Liberty aircraft engine, but
1655:
532:
straight-six German aviation engines of World War I. 825 cubic inches (13.5 L)
2849:
2786:
2776:
2623:
2618:
2603:
2360:
2322:
1688:
1078:
987:
941:
937:
929:
766:
586:
570:
469:
357:
577:
The Nuffield Liberty tank engine was licensed and produced in World War II by the
1631:
2342:
2332:
2152:
2147:
2142:
1647:
919:
903:
879:
806:
796:
786:
745:
719:
566:
543:
521:
515:
431:
341:
191:
187:
151:
147:
143:
2068:
1814:
2598:
2568:
2553:
2543:
2089:
1312:
1296:
1244:
791:
776:
771:
755:
740:
715:
672:
628:
602:
424:
329:
314:
223:
164:
17:
2063:
944:, licensed and re-engineered the Liberty for use in the A13 (produced as the
175:
and ease of mass production. It saw wide use in aero applications, and, once
1863:"Cole Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome - Aircraft Engines - Page 4 - Liberty"
1064:
891:
601:
tanks. It was a 27 L (1,649 in) engine with an output of 340
393:
377:
277:
176:
41:
2094:
1117:. In the following twelve years, Wood built nine more Packard V-12 driven
1042:
381:
Closeup of a Liberty L-12's valvetrain details, almost matching the later
2882:
2864:
2841:
2763:
2261:
2211:
1140:, Gold Cup, and other race-winners were built with Liberty L-12 engines.
1110:
1090:
676:
632:
606:
366:
353:
345:
298:
168:
257:
914:
711:
529:
408:
310:
215:
90:
1423:
476:, and is not to be confused with the earlier Liberty-based version.
1220:
1077:
1041:
924:
895:
874:
833:
724:
710:
565:
376:
290:
276:
268:
256:
233:
The Board brought Vincent and Hall together on 29 May 1917 at the
98:
1896:
2090:
Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's operable Liberty V-12 engine run video
2172:
2098:
1720:. London: Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd. p. 58d.
1347:
forced feed, rotary gear pressure and scavenge pumps, wet sump.
956:
aero engine, which offered greater engine power (600 hp).
1956:
The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914–1980.
1636:
Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1006:
194:, were derived from the Liberty L-12. It was succeeded by the
693:, but the Liberty-based design was dropped in favour of the
2044:
Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003.
392:
The design was held together by a two-part cast aluminium
2035:
Washington, D.C.: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1919.
2009:
Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International. 2005.
1973:
Automotive Design: Twelve Great Designers and Their Work.
1317:
One intake and one exhaust valves per cylinder operated
520:
A 6-cylinder version of the Liberty L-12, nicknamed the
1992:
Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1996.
1756:
Foreman-Peck, James; Sue Bowden; Alan McKinley (1995).
1023:
932:
Centaur tank, the last type to fit the Nuffield Liberty
639:) when governed to 1,500 rpm with the new carburettors.
1129:
nine times between 1920 and 1933, at the helm of his
1988:
Leland, Mrs. Wilfred C. and Minnie Dubbs Millbrook.
848:
It was selected for two land speed record attempts.
616:
The Nuffield Liberty ran through multiple versions:
555:
License production (or copies) produced in the USSR.
2881:
2863:
2840:
2762:
2514:
2341:
2288:
2260:
2210:
2133:
361:and both Cadillac and Buick produced the engines.)
1519:. Wayne State University Press. pp. 163–164.
1469:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 275–276.
1366:400 hp (298.3 kW) at 1,800 rpm (takeoff)
863:, mounting three Liberty engines working in tandem
430:Fifty-two examples of a six-cylinder version, the
1958:San Diego, California: The Military Press, 1983.
1125:races between 1917 and 1921, and the prestigious
998:British World War II tank – Nuffield Liberty Mk V
898:ones. One hundred tanks were manufactured at the
735:The primary use of the Liberty was in aircraft.
369:engines when production ceased in January 1919.
1467:Cather Studies Vol. 6: History, Memory, and War
1157:A Liberty 12 from a DH.9A is on display at the
490:propeller reduction gear, and bore reduced to
460:The same designation was later applied to the
242:and rocker arm valvetrain design of the later
2184:
2110:
1517:The Aviation Legacy of Henry & Edsel Ford
1492:The American Aircraft Factory in World War II
8:
1869:. Rhinebeck Aerodrome Museum. Archived from
1051:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
978:– Nuffield Liberty Mk III, IIIA, IIIB, or IV
573:Crusader Mk III, powered by Nuffield Liberty
427:. Dry weight was 844 lb (383 kg).
281:Ford Liberty 12 data plate with firing order
2077:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
1760:. Manchester University Press. p. 87.
1675:
1592:
1093:at the helm of triple Liberty L-12-powered
265:with the first Liberty V12 engine completed
2191:
2177:
2169:
2117:
2103:
2095:
1813:. Darwins Aviation Museum. Archived from
1542:The Airplane: A History of Its Technology
1097:, the second of nine Packard V-12 driven
2075:"V-12, Liberty 12 Model A (Ford) Engine"
1839:. New England Air Museum. Archived from
1632:"Aeronautics In The United States, 1918"
1457:
1384:5.4:1 (Army engines) 5:1 (navy engines)
1109:Inventor, entrepreneur, and boat racer
1067:watercraft developed by the scientist
972:(A13 Mark II) – Nuffield Liberty Mk II
671:, the power was increased to 410
186:A single bank 6-cylinder version, the
31:
1990:Master of Precision: Henry M. Leland.
1785:. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press.
1231:Janes's All the World's Aircraft 1919
7:
1971:Barker, Ronald and Anthony Harding.
1924:Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1919
1718:Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1928
1399:0.0199 pt/hp/hour (0.0152 L/kW/hour)
1171:A Nuffield Liberty is on display at
966:(A13 Mark I) – Nuffield Liberty Mk I
940:loomed, Nuffield, producing British
2914:US military gas turbine aeroengines
1693:World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines
1568:
1159:Australian Aviation Heritage Centre
210:summoned two top engine designers,
179:, in marine use both in racing and
2064:Recovery of a Liberty powered tank
1494:. Zenith Imprint. pp. 15–17.
464:, an engine with nearly identical
25:
1695:. Patrick Stephens. p. 106.
1630:Squier, George O. (10 Jan 1919).
1607:Chrysler, Ford, Durant, and Sloan
1580:
1393:0.565 pt/hp/hour (0.43 L/kW/hour)
1515:O'Callaghan, Timothy J. (2002).
1010:
822:The engine was also used in the
472:Packard produced version of the
40:
1292:41.5 in (1,054.10 mm)
739:American-built versions of the
1280:67.375 in (1,711 mm)
1:
2940:1910s aircraft piston engines
2027:. Retrieved: August 22, 2006.
1540:Anderson, John David (2002).
1191:Bradley International Airport
1161:in Darwin, Northern Territory
718:in flight over France during
340:As the United States entered
122:
49:Liberty L-12 aircraft engine
2919:Piston engine configurations
2033:The Liberty Aircraft Engine.
990:– a parallel version of the
894:cylinders rather than drawn
1648:10.1109/T-AIEE.1919.4765601
1301:844 lb (382.8 kg)
1286:27 in (685.80 mm)
1185:A 12A is on display at the
2966:
1897:"Carillon Historical Park"
1758:The British Motor Industry
1243:12-cylinder liquid-cooled
1204:'s weekend airshow events.
1083:World speed record breaker
857:, a single engined vehicle
541:
513:
2901:
1676:Leland and Millbrook 1996
1609:. McFarland. p. 45.
1605:Weiss, H. Eugene (2003).
1593:Leland and Millbrook 1996
1389:Specific fuel consumption
1375:0.27 hp/cu in (12.4 kW/L)
1265:7 in (177.8 mm)
1256:5 in (127.0 mm)
1073:world marine speed record
984:– Nuffield Liberty Mk IVA
952:, an engine based on the
902:in 1919–20, too late for
285:In the fall of 1917, the
273:Liberty engine production
208:Aircraft Production Board
48:
39:
34:
1781:Neal, Robert J. (2009).
1716:Grey, C.G., ed. (1928).
1436:List of aircraft engines
1210:Carillon Historical Park
920:A13 design specification
882:Mark VIII "Liberty" tank
401:single overhead camshaft
240:single overhead camshaft
73:United States of America
27:American aircraft engine
2885:W-configuration inline)
2214:H-configuration inline)
2202:piston aircraft engine
1408:0.53 hp/lb (0.87 kW/kg)
1235:General characteristics
1202:Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome
585:. It was used in early
438:testing his so-called "
218:Motor Car Company) and
2865:VG (inverted-V inline)
2290:L (single-bank inline)
2262:IV (inverted-V inline)
2200:United States military
1465:Trout, Steven (2006).
1247:piston aircraft engine
1225:
1187:New England Air Museum
1106:
1063:was an early research
1053:
933:
883:
842:
782:Curtiss Carrier Pigeon
732:
722:
657:North African Campaign
574:
386:
323:Armistice with Germany
282:
274:
266:
171:) designed for a high
2842:V (inverted-V inline)
1404:Power-to-weight ratio
1224:
1138:gentlemen's runabouts
1081:
1069:Alexander Graham Bell
1045:
928:
878:
837:
728:
714:
569:
462:Packard V-1650 Merlin
380:
280:
272:
263:Henry H. "Hap" Arnold
260:
173:power-to-weight ratio
2950:V12 aircraft engines
2764:V (upright-V inline)
1817:on February 23, 2017
1811:darwinsairwar.com.au
1807:"Liberty V12 Engine"
1490:Yenne, Bill (2006).
1441:List of Ford engines
1274:1,649.3 in (27.02 L)
1071:. In 1919, it set a
246:engines of 1917–18.
1922:Grey, C.G. (1969).
900:Rock Island Arsenal
817:Witteman-Lewis XNBL
812:Handley Page H.P.20
466:engine displacement
226:Motor Company), to
2204:designation system
2040:Weiss, H. Eugene.
2007:100 Years of Ford.
1837:"Liberty 12A V-12"
1732:"Annals of Flight"
1418:Comparable engines
1226:
1107:
1061:Hydrodome number 4
1054:
1022:. You can help by
954:Rolls-Royce Merlin
950:Rolls-Royce Meteor
934:
911:J. Walter Christie
884:
843:
751:Airco DH.10 Amiens
733:
723:
695:Rolls-Royce Meteor
575:
474:Rolls-Royce Merlin
387:
336:Lincoln production
283:
275:
267:
2927:
2926:
2166:
2165:
2025:Lincoln Anonymous
1954:Angelucci, Enzo.
1933:978-0-7153-4647-1
1901:daytonhistory.org
1843:on April 15, 2013
1767:978-0-7190-2612-6
1702:978-0-85059-717-2
1616:978-0-7864-1611-0
1555:978-1-56347-525-2
1526:978-1-928623-01-4
1501:978-0-7603-2300-7
1476:978-0-8032-9464-6
1380:Compression ratio
1325:per cylinder bank
1323:overhead camshaft
1127:Harmsworth Trophy
1103:Harmsworth Trophy
1049:hydrofoil at the
1040:
1039:
581:car manufacturer
436:William Christmas
413:Delco Electronics
350:William C. Durant
157:
156:
16:(Redirected from
2957:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2170:
2127:aircraft engines
2119:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2069:Annals of Flight
2053:
2036:
2018:
2005:Lewis, David L.
2001:
1984:
1967:
1938:
1937:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1903:. Dayton History
1893:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1873:on March 4, 2016
1867:oldrhinebeck.org
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1734:. Archived from
1728:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1462:
1397:Oil consumption:
1212:in Dayton, Ohio.
1035:
1032:
1014:
1007:
560:Nuffield Liberty
503:
502:
498:
495:
440:Christmas Bullet
212:Jesse G. Vincent
132:
124:
109:Jesse G. Vincent
69:
44:
32:
21:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2945:Lincoln engines
2930:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2897:
2884:
2877:
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2510:
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1548:. p. 157.
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1415:
1360:
1351:Cooling system:
1308:
1237:
1219:
1173:The Tank Museum
1146:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1020:needs expansion
1005:
915:BT-2 & BT-5
873:
832:
709:
704:
546:
518:
500:
496:
493:
491:
480:Allison VG-1410
448:
417:ignition system
383:Mercedes D.IIIa
375:
338:
255:
244:Mercedes D.IIIa
204:
196:Packard 1A-2500
190:, and V-8, the
130:
68:National origin
67:
28:
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2173:
2164:
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2160:
2155:
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2139:
2137:
2135:Piston engines
2131:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2058:External links
2056:
2055:
2054:
2037:
2031:Vincent, J.G.
2028:
2019:
2002:
1985:
1968:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1914:
1888:
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1792:978-1580071499
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1371:Specific power
1367:
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1217:Specifications
1215:
1214:
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1198:
1197:, Connecticut.
1182:
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1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1166:United Kingdom
1163:
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1154:
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1145:
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1095:Miss America 2
1085:and five-time
1038:
1037:
1017:
1015:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
985:
979:
973:
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964:Cruiser Mk III
946:Cruiser Mk III
872:
869:
865:
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858:
831:
828:
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802:Felixstowe F5L
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730:Felixstowe F5L
708:
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684:
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649:Mark III, IIIA
646:
640:
597:, and finally
564:
563:
561:
557:
556:
553:
542:Main article:
540:
539:
537:
526:Mercedes D.III
514:Main article:
512:
511:
509:
484:
483:
481:
455:
454:
452:
447:
444:
405:Mercedes D.III
374:
371:
337:
334:
287:War Department
254:
251:
220:Elbert J. Hall
203:
200:
181:runabout boats
155:
154:
141:
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133:
127:
126:
120:
116:
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113:Elbert J. Hall
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63:
55:
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37:
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18:Liberty engine
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2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
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2212:H (four-bank
2209:
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2171:
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2051:
2050:0-7864-1611-4
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:0-7853-7988-6
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1998:0-8143-2665-X
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1981:1-56091-210-3
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1964:0-517-41021-4
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1929:
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1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1738:on 2016-03-03
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:Gunston, Bill
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
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1461:
1458:
1451:
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1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:Related lists
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:Power output:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
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1238:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:Windsor Locks
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:United States
1179:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1131:Miss Americas
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:Miss Americas
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1099:Miss Americas
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1018:This section
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
986:
983:
982:Cavalier tank
980:
977:
976:Crusader tank
974:
971:
970:Cruiser Mk IV
968:
965:
962:
961:
960:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:cruiser tanks
939:
931:
927:
923:
921:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
877:
870:
868:
862:
861:White Triplex
859:
856:
855:
851:
850:
849:
846:
841:
840:White Triplex
836:
829:
827:
825:
824:RN-1 (Zodiac)
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
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773:
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768:
765:
763:
762:Caproni Ca.60
760:
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744:
742:
738:
737:
736:
731:
727:
721:
717:
713:
706:
701:
696:
692:
691:Cromwell tank
688:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
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664:
661:
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654:
650:
647:
644:
641:
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634:
630:
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622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:cruiser tanks
584:
580:
572:
568:
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
550:
549:
545:
538:
535:
534:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:"Liberty Six"
517:
510:
507:
506:
505:
489:
482:
479:
478:
477:
475:
471:
468:. This was a
467:
463:
458:
453:
450:
449:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
415:provided the
414:
410:
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402:
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296:
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288:
279:
271:
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236:
235:Willard Hotel
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100:
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92:
88:
84:
81:
79:Manufacturer
78:
77:
74:
71:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Liberty L-12
33:
30:
19:
2905:
2872:
2854:
2157:
2079:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2024:
2006:
1989:
1972:
1955:
1945:Bibliography
1923:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1882:
1877:February 22,
1875:. Retrieved
1871:the original
1866:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1841:the original
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:the original
1810:
1801:
1782:
1776:
1757:
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1726:
1717:
1711:
1692:
1683:
1671:
1661:17 September
1659:. Retrieved
1639:
1635:
1625:
1606:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1569:Vincent 1919
1564:
1541:
1535:
1516:
1510:
1491:
1485:
1466:
1460:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1363:
1353:Water-cooled
1350:
1344:
1338:
1335:carburettors
1329:Fuel system:
1328:
1318:
1311:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1270:Displacement
1268:
1259:
1250:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1147:
1135:
1130:
1118:
1115:Miss America
1114:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1028:
1024:adding to it
1019:
988:Centaur tank
958:
938:World War II
935:
930:World War II
908:
885:
866:
852:
847:
844:
821:
767:Curtiss H-16
734:
702:Applications
686:
668:
662:
652:
648:
642:
620:
615:
576:
571:World War II
547:
519:
485:
470:World War II
459:
456:
429:
398:
391:
388:
363:
358:Henry Leland
339:
327:
319:
284:
248:
232:
205:
185:
161:Liberty L-12
160:
158:
131:Number built
29:
2343:O (opposed)
2022:"Lincolns."
1975:SAE, 1992.
1821:January 29,
1358:Performance
1345:Oil system:
1331:Two duplex
1175:, Bovington
909:Inter-war,
904:World War I
880:World War I
807:Fokker T.II
797:Douglas O-2
787:Douglas C-1
746:Airco DH.9A
720:World War I
679:; 420
635:; 340
609:; 340
552:Mikulin M-5
544:Liberty L-8
536:Liberty L-8
516:Liberty L-6
508:Liberty L-6
442:" fighter.
432:Liberty L-6
342:World War I
202:Development
192:Liberty L-8
188:Liberty L-6
152:Liberty L-8
148:Liberty L-6
144:Liberty L-4
61:aero engine
2934:Categories
2855:V-1650 (L)
2817:V-1650 (P)
2539:R-370 (LB)
2516:R (radial)
1742:2009-11-09
1581:Weiss 2003
1447:References
1339:Fuel type:
1313:Valvetrain
1306:Components
1297:Dry weight
1003:Watercraft
830:Automobile
792:Douglas DT
777:Curtiss NC
772:Curtiss HS
756:Breguet 14
741:Airco DH.4
716:Airco DH.4
675:(310
631:(250
605:(250
425:carburetor
330:Airco DH.4
315:Hall-Scott
253:Production
228:Washington
224:Hall-Scott
167:(300
119:First run
2906:See also:
2569:R-540 (K)
2564:R-540 (W)
2544:R-370 (K)
2486:O-540 (L)
2481:O-540 (F)
2446:O-360 (L)
2441:O-360 (C)
2411:O-200 (F)
2406:O-200 (C)
2081:1 January
1847:March 30,
1678:, p. 194.
1595:, p. 189.
1571:, p. 400.
1321:a single
1229:Data from
1152:Australia
1144:Survivors
1101:and 1921
1089:champion
1065:hydrofoil
1031:June 2018
994:-engined
892:cast iron
888:Mark VIII
488:epicyclic
394:crankcase
177:marinized
140:Variants
105:Designer
2125:Liberty
1907:April 7,
1884:running.
1691:(1986).
1656:51649497
1583:, p. 45.
1413:See also
1341:Gasoline
1123:Gold Cup
1111:Gar Wood
1091:Gar Wood
1087:Gold Cup
996:Cromwell
707:Aircraft
669:Mark IVA
595:Cavalier
591:Crusader
583:Nuffield
446:Variants
367:camshaft
354:pacifist
346:Cadillac
299:Cadillac
222:(of the
214:(of the
2873:VG-1410
2754:XR-7755
2280:IV-2220
2275:IV-2040
2270:IV-1430
2247:XH-3730
2242:XH-3130
2237:XH-2600
2232:XH-2470
2227:XH-2240
1640:XXXVIII
1290:Height:
1278:Length:
826:blimp.
663:Mark IV
643:Mark II
599:Centaur
530:BMW III
499:⁄
409:BMW III
311:Packard
303:Lincoln
216:Packard
135:20,748
91:Packard
83:Lincoln
2909:X-1800
2893:W-2779
2832:V-3420
2827:V-1950
2822:V-1710
2812:V-1570
2807:V-1560
2802:V-1510
2797:V-1460
2792:V-1440
2787:V-1400
2782:V-1237
2777:V-1150
2749:R-4360
2744:R-4090
2739:R-3350
2734:R-2800
2729:R-2600
2724:R-2180
2719:R-2160
2714:R-2060
2709:R-2000
2704:R-1860
2699:R-1830
2694:R-1820
2689:R-1750
2684:R-1690
2679:R-1670
2674:R-1640
2669:R-1535
2664:R-1510
2659:R-1454
2654:R-1340
2649:R-1300
2644:R-1044
2634:DR-980
2506:O-1230
2252:H-4070
2222:H-1640
2048:
2013:
1996:
1979:
1962:
1930:
1789:
1764:
1699:
1654:
1642:: 13.
1613:
1552:
1523:
1498:
1473:
1424:BMW VI
1333:Zenith
1284:Width:
1261:Stroke
1105:winner
992:Meteor
687:Mark V
621:Mark I
593:, the
589:, the
451:V-1650
421:Zenith
385:design
373:Design
352:was a
344:, the
309:, and
307:Marmon
261:Major
95:Marmon
58:Piston
2850:V-770
2772:V-720
2639:R-985
2629:R-975
2624:R-915
2619:R-830
2614:R-790
2609:R-760
2604:R-755
2599:R-720
2594:R-680
2589:R-670
2584:R-600
2579:R-550
2574:R-545
2559:R-500
2554:R-440
2549:R-420
2534:R-270
2529:R-265
2524:R-250
2501:O-805
2496:O-580
2491:O-550
2476:O-520
2471:O-480
2466:O-470
2461:O-435
2456:O-425
2451:O-405
2436:O-335
2431:O-300
2426:O-290
2421:O-235
2416:O-205
2401:O-190
2396:O-180
2391:O-175
2386:O-170
2381:O-150
2376:O-145
2371:O-100
2333:L-825
2328:L-510
2323:L-440
2318:L-410
2313:L-390
2308:L-375
2303:L-365
2298:L-330
1652:S2CID
1452:Notes
1241:Type:
1136:Many
896:steel
625:Solex
291:Buick
125:1917
99:Buick
54:Type
2366:O-90
2361:O-45
2356:O-40
2351:O-15
2158:L-12
2083:2011
2046:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1909:2020
1879:2016
1849:2013
1823:2017
1787:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1663:2015
1611:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1546:AIAA
1521:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1252:Bore
1057:HD-4
1047:HD-4
871:Tank
854:Babs
838:The
758:B2 L
653:IIIB
651:and
528:and
423:the
419:and
407:and
295:Ford
159:The
111:and
87:Ford
2153:L-8
2148:L-6
2143:L-4
1644:doi
1319:via
1245:Vee
1193:in
1189:at
1059:or
1026:.
936:As
2936::
2017:.
2000:.
1899:.
1881:.
1865:.
1809:.
1650:.
1638:.
1634:.
1544:.
1133:.
922:.
681:PS
677:kW
673:hp
637:PS
633:kW
629:hp
611:PS
607:kW
603:hp
579:UK
399:A
332:.
313:.
305:,
301:,
297:,
293:,
198:.
183:.
169:kW
165:hp
150:,
146:,
123:c.
97:,
93:,
89:,
85:,
2192:e
2185:t
2178:v
2118:e
2111:t
2104:v
2085:.
2052:.
1983:.
1966:.
1936:.
1911:.
1851:.
1825:.
1795:.
1770:.
1745:.
1705:.
1665:.
1646::
1619:.
1558:.
1529:.
1504:.
1479:.
1406::
1391::
1382::
1373::
1315::
1299::
1272::
1263::
1254::
1033:)
1029:(
501:8
497:5
494:+
492:4
20:)
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