Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences

564:

suffered a lot of damage. Snow fell into the book depositories, the temperature in the building dropped to 25 degrees. The people were exhausted and exhausted by hunger. Of the 150 people left in the LRAS according to the staff schedule at the beginning of the war, about 80% of employees died... Throughout the entire period of the war and the Leningrad blockade, a subscription and a reading room worked in the Library, mobile libraries were created for the Leningrad divisions of the people's militia, for military units and hospitals. The library served not only the scientists of the Academy who remained in the besieged city, but also workers of defense enterprises, military personnel, doctors. The Library staff continued to organize exhibitions of literature, lectures, and carried out reference and bibliographic work. Librarians continued to work to ensure the safety of their valuable book collections, and also carried out the search and rescue of unattended private collections and libraries in the city.

150: 560:(1941-1945) the Library of the Academy of Sciences was transferred to martial law. Already in July 1941, the most valuable materials of the seven million fund were prepared for evacuation to the rear of the country. The rapid approach of the front to Leningrad did not allow them to be sent to the rear: on September 8, 1941, the blockade ring was closed. All books and materials prepared for shipment remained in the Library. They were moved to the basement of the building, the windows were covered with sand, shields and covered with earth. 548:

47 km, which corresponded to the length of the line in a straight line from the Library to Lake Ladoga. Since 1925 the Library became known as the Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences (LUAS or LRAS). In the same period, four independent departments were allocated at the LRAS (Library Of The Russian Academy Of Sciences) - I (Russian), II (Foreign), III (Slavic), IV (Manuscript), in turn divided into a number of departments. Later, the V (Cartographic) Department and the VI Department (Reading Room) were formed.

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Botanical Garden (1809); libraries at academic museums: Asian, Botanical, Zoological; societies: Mineralogical, Geographic; at laboratories: Chemical (1881), Physiological (1889), Anatomy and Plant Physiology (1890), Special Zoological (1894), at the Main Physical Observatory, etc. Central and scientific libraries of research institutions expanded international connections and strengthened the authority of the academic library. By the end of the 19th century. there were 15 special academic libraries.

25: 55: 309:

fund was replenish with 222,336 copies from 764 institutions were accepted for the restoration of funds. The loss of 62% of domestic books and 8% of publications from the Baer collection has been replenished. Also destroyed were 20,640 binders, or one third of the newspaper stock,this fund was also partially restored.

544:

organizations and societies delivered their publications to the Library. Much revolutionary literature came from abroad through the Voss firm, as well as from emigrants, public organizations and individuals. Acquisition of the Manuscript Department proceeded successfully, its fund increased threefold in 17 years.

575:

on Oriental Studies. Some collections were donated to scientific libraries of academic institutions. In 1943–1944. evacuated employees and regular readers returned to BAN - scientists from the institutions of the Academy of Sciences, the teaching staff of higher educational institutions. Libraries of

478:

In 1862 LRAS(Library Of Russian Academy Of Sciences) received publications on book exchange from 150 Western European large scientific centers, and by the end of the 19th century. had 516 foreign partners. By the end of the 1880s the Slavic department was organized, in which about 10 thousand volumes

363:

Three collections were brought to the Summer Palace - the books of the Pharmaceutical Order from Moscow, the Gottorp library and the so-called library of the Dukes of Courland. The fund consisted of about 2,000 books in Russian and many European languages. In 1728 the Library was opened to the public

595:

The library carried out serious scientific activities in the field of bibliography, scientific description of documents and publication of handwritten materials, generalization of the experience of library work and the history of LRAS. The LRAS organized the Publishing Department and restoration and

433:

In 1818, the president of the Academy of Sciences S.S. Uvarov took measures to replenish funds and streamline their use. The library was divided into two parts - from books "in the Slavic and Russian languages" and "from books in all other languages". For more than a century, the main Library of the

803:

As a result of the fire in 1988, losses amounted to 0.7% for Russian pre-revolutionary newspapers, Rossika - 33%, Soviet newspapers in the most valuable part of this collection from 1918 to 1954. - 75%, foreign - 7% In addition, more than 15 thousand newspaper sets were affected by water, steam and

563:

The winter of 1941/1942 was especially difficult for the Library, as well as for the whole of Leningrad. There was no public transport in the city. Electric lighting was turned off in the Library, water supply and central heating did not work. Bombing and shelling intensified. The BAN building

474:

As in the 18th century, the Library continued to receive an obligatory copy of all Russian editions. The main sources of foreign literature were: purchase of books abroad, exchange of publications of the Academy of Sciences for publications of foreign scientific institutions, gifts of organizations

441:

In the 19th century. the structure of the Library became more complex, which required an increase in staff. In 1883, in the I (Russian) department, the Slavic department was allocated as an independent unit; in 1893 - the magazine department; in 1901 - the Manuscript Department and the Russian Book

408:

The first book on the history of the Library was written by its employee with 32 years of experience, an adjunct of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1766), a member of the Imp. Free Economic Society, non-commissioned librarian Johann Konrad (Ivan Grigorievich) Buckmeister. “An experience about the

380:

building, the first fire broke out. The reason was faulty chimneys. During the fire, the Gottorp Globe and the tower of the building burned down, and the things stored in the Kunstkamera and books from the library suffered more from water and careless movement than from fire. In the Russian part of

308:

it says that the fire destroyed 298 061 copy of monographs and periodicals; 146,716 books in Russian; 152,245 copies of foreign publications before 1930, arranged according to the classification system of academician Karl Baer (including the legendary Baer fund - about 62 thousand folios). The lost

547:

On October 9, 1925, during the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences, the official opening of the Library took place in a new building on Birzhevaya Line, 1. The area of the new library building was 12.5 thousand square meters. m, the total length of the shelves was about

470:

The general idea of the growth of the book collections of the Library of the Academy of Sciences during this period is represented by the following figures: in the 1790s in the Library there were 40,000 volumes of books and manuscripts, in 1836 there were 90,000, in 1848 there were 112,753, and in

530:

In 1910, a government estimate was approved for the construction of a new building for the Library. It was completed in 1914, but due to the outbreak of the First World War, the development of the new building was impossible, since it was transferred to the Ministry of War, which housed the 166th

449:

In the second half of the 19th century. The library experienced a great lack of space to accommodate book collections. Since the 1870s, efforts to expand the premises have been the leitmotif of many speeches by the heads of library departments: Academician A.A. Kunik (Russian branch), academician

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At the time of the move to Kikiny Chambers, the Library's holdings consisted of approximately 6,000 volumes. From 1716 to 1719 the Library received private collections of A. Pitkarn, A. Vinius, G. Palmstrik, R. Areskin. By the end of 1719, the funds totaled about 10,000 volumes, and by the end of

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continued to be determined by the statutes of the Academy. The charter of 1803 - "Regulations of the Academy of Sciences" - in Chapter X "On the Academy's scientific accessories" defined the Library as an independent institution, separated it from the Kunstkamera, allocating two academicians for

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The leaders of the Library, and first of all academician K.M. Baer and academicians Ya.I. Berednikov, M.A. Korkunov and A.A. Kunik went to great lengths to uncover the funds for readers. Alphabetical and systematic catalogs were created in both departments. In 1836, the rules for the use of the

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The international relations of the Library expanded. By 1963 LRAS exchanged publications with 2.433 institutions in 91 countries of the world; maintained contacts with 69 academies of sciences, 100 libraries, almost 500 universities and colleges, 82 government agencies, 123 museums, scientific

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According to the Charter of 1803, the Academy of Sciences was freed from educational and educational functions and became a purely scientific and research institution. The Charter also stipulated the staff of the Library, the procedure for managing it and the ways of acquiring its funds - "All

584:

In the 1940s and 1950s, the Library received a number of valuable collections and private collections. Manuscripts and rare editions were purchased from old book stores and private individuals. Among the interesting and valuable: an extensive collection of Russian ex-libris, collected by E.A.

543:

By 1917, the book fund of the Library of the Academy of Sciences exceeded 1.5 million volumes. At the beginning of the twentieth century. Literature came to the Library from institutions in charge of censorship. All government agencies, universities, other educational institutions, scientific

445:

In the first half of the 19th century. from the libraries at the scientific institutions of the Academy, a network of special academic libraries began to be created. The first to enter it were the libraries of the Archive (1800), the Observatory (1804), the Numismatic Cabinet (1804–1806), the

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the Leningrad institutions of the Academy of Sciences resumed their work. Since 1944, the Library of the Academy of Sciences becomes the keeper of the Armored Fund of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. This fund is a collection of publications of the Academy since its foundation.

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The damp books damaged by fire extinguishment were initially frozen. Then a radio appeal was broadcast for citizens to dry the damp books in their homes. By late March 1988 93% of the damp books had been dried in that way and returned to the library. However, about 10,000 books became moldy.

37: 438:

library, developed by academician Baer, were introduced, in which it was recognized that "the scientific study of books should be limited only to the minimum extent" and that the Library will be able to fulfill its tasks the better, the longer and more often access is open into it.

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Department. A new formatting arrangement of funds was introduced, systems of library classification of academicians K.M. Baer, A.A. Kunik and others. In 1893 the staff of the Library was increased to 10 people; 9.5 million rubles were allocated for the purchase of books.

804:

high temperatures. All subsequent years, active work was carried out to restore the lost editions with the help of domestic and foreign libraries. As a result, it has already been possible to replenish about 60% of Soviet newspapers, 25% of the collection of "Rossika".

482:

In the 19th century, the library's holdings were replenished with a collection of maps of Russia of the Geographical Department, publications of domestic periodicals of the Ministry of Public Education, books of the Foreign Censorship Committee, periodicals donated by

273:

in 1714 and subsequently included into the structure of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1747 all academic institutions and since 1783 all publishers in the country have been legally obliged to provide the library with a free copy of each published item.

772:

At present, along with the modern (format-chronological) arrangement of literature, several historically established arrangement systems have been preserved. The LRAS foreign fund includes publications with a large chronological coverage - from 1601 to the present.

534:

By 1919, there were fifteen libraries of academic institutions in Petrograd, adjacent to the Central Library, with a total number of books in 220 thousand volumes.Together with the Central Library (CB), they formed a single library fund of the Academy of Sciences.

526:

On January 8, 1901, due to the dilapidated heating system, a fire broke out in the Library, during which more than 1,500 volumes of valuable publications were destroyed. This event hastened the decision on the construction of a new building for the Library.

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the Chamber Catalog, librarian A.I. Bogdanov in his working copy indicated exactly which books were burned. Their total number is 44 titles (33 printed and 11 handwritten books) from the catalog of Russian books and more than 200 foreign publications.

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which destroyed or damaged a considerable part of the collections,it had destroyed 298.000 books of the total 12 million housed,two to three million more were damaged by heat and smoke. 734,465 copies volumes initially became damp due to

297:. Many of the lost volumes were part of the Baer Collection of foreign scientific works: 152.000 were lost. The rest 146.000 were Russian books, many of them early scientific and medical books from the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. 409:

Library and the Cabinet of curiosities and the history of the natural St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences, published in French by Johann Buckmeister, a sub-librarian of the Academy of Sciences, and translated into Russian by

69:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG). 392:, the author of about 400 articles in the "Encyclopedia", in 1751 in the second volume placed a review article on the libraries of Europe. It contains the first mention of the Library of the Academy of Sciences and the role of 372:

is still located today. The priority right to use the Library after 1728 was assigned to academicians, but other educated people could also visit it. Moreover, this mode of access to the Library was maintained until the 1770s.

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Rosenblat, a collection of books that belonged to one of the prominent figures of the Petrine era, Theophilakt Lopatinsky; books published by Ivan Fedorov, Pyotr Mstislavets and others, handwritten and early printed books.

657:

et al., "Journal of the Russian Physicochemical Society" (1869-1930), on the pages of which the works of the largest representatives of Russian science were placed: A.S. Popov, N.A. Menshutkin, N.D. Zelinsky and others.

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and scholars with higher education. It is a part of the academy and includes, besides the central collection, the library collections housed by specialized academic institutions in Saint Petersburg and other cities.

633:. Many editions have leather bindings, are beautifully designed and engraved. At the beginning of the 20th century, inventory and partly formatted arrangements were adopted, introduced by the director, academician 624:

This part of the fund was formed in the 19th century and forms a book collection and arranged in a systematic manner on the basis of the classification developed by the director of the Russian branch, academician

821:

The newspaper collection contains incomplete sets, from the 1920s to the 1980s and complete sets of newspapers such as «New-York Times» (1917- 1986), «Times» (1931-1986), «Monde» (1932 - 1986) and others.

781:

The LRAS fund contains,about 9 million magazines, over 26 thousand newspaper titles and that is just the titles the overall number of newspapers stored are in hundred of thousands of individual newspapers.

615:

The most historically valuable parts of the Russian collection are Russian books and brochures of the 19th - early 20th centuries. and domestic periodicals and continuing publications for the same period.

79: 786:

The newspaper fund of the main storage of the department of funds and services represents the largest part of the newspaper fund of the LRAS(Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences). It includes:

649:

The fund contains periodicals of the oldest scientific societies, including "Scientific Notes of the Russian Technical Society" (1867–1917), which published articles by prominent Russian scientists

396:

in its creation. "This great monarch has collected very significant funds for the library of his St. Petersburg Academy, which is provided in large numbers with books in all fields of science."

669:, edited by N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Nekrasov, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and others; sets of Russian satirical magazines from 1905 to 1906 and a number of other pre-revolutionary publications. 405:

1747 - about 22,300 books. Since 1747, the Library began to receive mandatory copy of all academic publications; since 1783 - an obligatory copy of all publications published in Russia.

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The collection of foreign editions of the main storage is located on 4 floors in fourteen book depositories. 25% - books and brochures, 75% - periodicals and continuing publications.

523:

The beginning of the twentieth century. was marked for the academic library by an increase in the staff up to 18 people, an increase in the amount for the purchase of literature.

818:

Since 1989 a fund of informal newspapers has been formed. Foreign newspapers are exchanged through the international book exchange sector of the library acquisition department.

531:

Consolidated Evacuation Hospital in it. The Library moved from the old building on Universitetskaya Embankment to the new building on Birzhevaya Line, Building 1 in 1922–1924.

289: 471:

1862 there were 243,109. The foreign branch occupied a dominant position in terms of the size of the book fund, but a faster growth of funds of the Russian branch.

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In 1964 the Library celebrated its 250th anniversary. The centralized LRAS system, the staff included 660 employees and served already about 30 thousand readers.

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The 19th century was a period of further development and prosperity of the Library. Its primary task was to serve science. The position of the Library within the

336:. No government act on the establishment of the library has come down to us. However, there is evidence of this in the book of the first Russian historian of 1047: 872:Справочник-путеводитель по сети специальных библиотек ленинградских академических учреждений / Отв. ред. К. В. Лютова. – Ленинград: Библиотека АН СССР, 1987. 718:

This fund is completed, basically, at the expense of that part of the legal deposit of works of the press, which, due to their homogeneity, can be grouped.

988: 629:. The fund is organized by branches of knowledge in accordance with the ideas of that time and contains literature obtained on the basis of the so-called 686:, a famous historian and long-term director of the Russian branch of the LARS. The books of this collection bear the security stamp “From the books of 89:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

97: 698:

was processed in the late 1920s with funds allocated to work with the unencrypted fund of the LRAS(Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences).

1057: 1032: 1027: 277:

In 1924-1925 the collections were transferred to the new building built for the library in 1914 and occupied by a military hospital during the

413:.It presented a complete and detailed description of the book fund of the Library of the Academy of Sciences at the end of the 18th century. 1037: 694:

also collected brochures on various topics, reprints, clippings of articles from magazines, bound them and created thematic convolutes.

430:

printing houses in the empire are obliged to send one copy of each book published in these,to the library of the Academy of Sciences."

690:". This collection contains literature on the history of Russia and Scandinavia, rare editions and Russian books of the 18th century. 609:

The collection of domestic publications is located in 17 book depositories on eight half-floors of the main building of the Library.

315:

Before the fire, as of October 1, 1986, the collection of the library and libraries subordinate to it consisted of 17,288,365 items.

612:

About 30% of the national fund is made up of periodicals and continuing publications in Russian and other languages of our country.

462:. However, the Academy again began to bother about the construction of a library building, which was built two decades later. 976: 110:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.

567:

During the wartime, the collections of the Library received book collections of left or deceased scientists: academician

752:, published in Russian and the languages of the peoples of the USSR, with the exception of the first and rare editions. 811:

at the expense of a legal deposit, the receipt of which has been restored after an almost thirty-year break since 1994;

422: 365: 357: 349: 329: 258: 201: 149: 434:

Academy of Sciences consisted of two independent subdivisions - I (Russian) department and II (Foreign) department.

1042: 596:

printing workshops. In 1974, the Department of Mechanization and Automation of Library Processes was established.

492: 341: 487:, a collection of books and manuscripts by V.A. Pivovarov, the libraries of E.E. Koeller, Johann Philipp Krug, 105: 126: 682:

The national fund includes several private collections. The largest of them is the personal library of Arist

496: 74: 661:

The collection contains complete sets of magazines published by Russian revolutionary democrats, including

352:

one of the earliest and most important, which, - he wrote, - “began to gather by the supreme decree of the

666: 512: 458:, (Slavic branch). At the end of the 1880s. The library received the entire historical building of the 187:

20.5 million (central collection or central library) overall collection of more than 26.5 million items

859: 683: 572: 508: 410: 557: 500: 484: 842: 638: 634: 282: 254: 695: 691: 687: 626: 972: 294: 270: 101: 312:

Other sources say that 45% of the burned books in Russian and 13% in foreign were recovered.

741: 654: 650: 385: 345: 337: 266: 250: 238: 164: 761:

has been formed as part of the main fund, which currently has about half a million copies.

568: 455: 393: 353: 333: 278: 745: 1021: 749: 630: 504: 451: 389: 479:

were concentrated; by the end of the century, this figure increased several times.

285:

in 1941-1944 the collections stayed in the besieged city and the library was open.

499:, Fyodr Andreyevich Tolstoy. The receipts of books from the personal libraries of 945: 927: 662: 459: 377: 369: 488: 1003: 990: 909: 737: 641:

have been organized according to a single format-chronological arrangement.

552:

Library of the Academy of Sciences during the war and the Leningrad blockade

796:

newspapers published in Russia in foreign languages - "Rossika" (1711-1917)

782: 580:

Library of the Academy of Sciences in the second half of the 20th century

519:

Library of the Academy of Sciences at the beginning of the 20th century.

108:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

571:

on the history of the ancient world, academicians Pavel Kokovtsov and

426:

their management. Geographically, they were both together until 1924.

246: 673:

Private book collections in the collection of domestic publications

364:

in a new building on Vasilievsky Island. This building housed the

678:

Library of the historian and philologist, academician A.A. Kunik

515:, Paul Fuss, Yakov Ivanovich Berednikov, Ludolf Stephani et al. 66: 18: 724:

literature in the languages of the peoples of the former USSR

388:

spread far beyond the borders of Russia. The French educator

78:

to this template: there are already 932 articles in the

709:

collection of literature "group processing and storage"

793:

Russian pre-revolutionary newspapers from 1825 to 1917

417:

Library of the Academy of Sciences in the 19th century

324:

Library of the Academy of Sciences in the 18th century

807:

The newspaper fund of the main storage is completed:

539:

The Library Fund at the beginning of the 20th century

225: 116:{{Translated|ru|Библиотека Российской академии наук}} 62: 58:

a machine-translated version of the Russian article.

340:, curator of the Russian book fund of the Library, 221: 213: 208: 196: 191: 183: 178: 170: 160: 142: 376:On December 5, 1747, when the Library was in the 645:Domestic periodicals and continuing publications 1053:Cultural heritage monuments in Saint Petersburg 344:(1696-1766). Describing the first libraries of 288:On February 15, 1988, the library suffered the 702:Selected book collections of the national fund 356:from 1714, and in 1724 it was united into the 104:accompanying your translation by providing an 49:Click for important translation instructions. 36:expand this article with text translated from 969:International Dictionary of Library Histories 257:and open to employees of institutions of the 8: 946:"Library Of The Russian Academy Of Sciences" 928:"Library Of The Russian Academy Of Sciences" 910:"Library Of The Russian Academy Of Sciences" 799:domestic newspapers from 1917 to the present 368:until 1787, the Library until 1924, and the 790:foreign newspapers from 1730 to the present 712:was organized as part of the national fund 243:Библиотека Российской академии наук (БАН) 235:Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences 143:Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences 139: 733:works of the founders of Marxism-Leninism 758:collection of abstracts of dissertations 831: 637:. Since 1930, the book collections of 83: 904: 902: 900: 898: 290:most catastrophic fire in its history 7: 896: 894: 892: 890: 888: 886: 884: 882: 880: 878: 854: 852: 837: 835: 1048:Library buildings completed in 1914 475:and individual foreign scientists. 304:In a 2018 article on the web site " 814:through subscription and purchase. 730:A special collection contains the 204:and scholars with higher education 14: 466:Library Fund in the 19th century. 454:(Foreign Department) and Master 400:Library Fund in the 18th century 148: 23: 384:The news of the new library in 348:, he called the Library of the 721:A special collection includes 605:Russian Literature collections 114:You may also add the template 1: 1058:Libraries established in 1714 1033:1714 establishments in Russia 1028:Libraries in Saint Petersburg 932:Official Website; Collections 765:Foreign Literature Collection 358:Imperial Academy of Sciences" 950:Official Website;Collections 620:Domestic books and brochures 350:Imperial Academy of Sciences 1038:Russian Academy of Sciences 967:David H. Stam, ed. (2001). 265:The library was founded in 259:Russian Academy of Sciences 202:Russian Academy of Sciences 127:Knowledge (XXG):Translation 86:will aid in categorization. 1074: 61:Machine translation, like 736:, including the works of 342:Andrei Ivanovich Bogdanov 306:Siberian scientific news" 245:) is a large state-owned 242: 156: 147: 38:the corresponding article 16:Federal library in Russia 843:"Siberian science news" 354:Emperor Peter the Great 332:was founded in 1714 by 125:For more guidance, see 667:Otechestvennye zapiski 493:Christian Martin Frähn 319:History of the Library 513:Friedrich von Adelung 98:copyright attribution 971:. Fitzroy Dearborn. 573:Fyodor Shcherbatskoy 509:William Henry Harvey 497:Anders Johan Sjögren 1000: / 589:institutions, etc. 558:Great Patriotic War 501:Karl Ernst von Baer 485:Alexander Polovtsov 423:Academy of Sciences 366:Academy of Sciences 330:Academy of Sciences 328:The library of the 639:Russian literature 503:, Yakov Zakharov, 283:siege of Leningrad 255:Vasilievsky Island 226:http://www.rasl.ru 106:interlanguage link 1043:Deposit libraries 1004:59.944°N 30.297°E 295:firefighting foam 249:library based in 231: 230: 209:Other information 200:employees of the 197:Population served 138: 137: 50: 46: 1065: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 993: 982: 954: 953: 942: 936: 935: 924: 918: 917: 914:Official Website 906: 873: 870: 864: 863: 856: 847: 846: 839: 706:In the 1930s, a 684:Aristovich Kunik 267:Saint Petersburg 251:Saint Petersburg 244: 165:Saint Petersburg 152: 140: 117: 111: 85: 84:|topic= 82:, and specifying 67:Google Translate 48: 44: 27: 26: 19: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1018: 1017: 1008: 1006: 1002: 999: 994: 991: 989: 987: 986: 979: 966: 963: 961:Further reading 958: 957: 944: 943: 939: 926: 925: 921: 908: 907: 876: 871: 867: 860:"Stimul Online" 858: 857: 850: 841: 840: 833: 828: 779: 767: 704: 680: 675: 655:P.N. Yablochkov 647: 635:A.A. Shakhmatov 622: 607: 602: 582: 569:Sergei Zhebelev 554: 541: 521: 468: 456:Eduards Volters 419: 411:Vasily Kostygov 402: 394:Peter the Great 326: 321: 279:First World War 269:by a decree of 134: 133: 132: 115: 109: 51: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1071: 1069: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1009:59.944; 30.297 984: 983: 977: 962: 959: 956: 955: 937: 919: 874: 865: 848: 830: 829: 827: 824: 816: 815: 812: 801: 800: 797: 794: 791: 778: 777:Newspaper fund 775: 766: 763: 755:Since 1951, a 703: 700: 679: 676: 674: 671: 651:D.I. Mendeleev 646: 643: 621: 618: 606: 603: 601: 598: 581: 578: 553: 550: 540: 537: 520: 517: 467: 464: 418: 415: 401: 398: 386:St. Petersburg 346:St. Petersburg 338:St. Petersburg 325: 322: 320: 317: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 206: 205: 198: 194: 193: 192:Access and use 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 154: 153: 145: 144: 136: 135: 131: 130: 123: 112: 90: 87: 75:adding a topic 70: 59: 52: 45:(January 2011) 33: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1070: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1016: 1013: 980: 974: 970: 965: 964: 960: 951: 947: 941: 938: 933: 929: 923: 920: 915: 911: 905: 903: 901: 899: 897: 895: 893: 891: 889: 887: 885: 883: 881: 879: 875: 869: 866: 861: 855: 853: 849: 844: 838: 836: 832: 825: 823: 819: 813: 810: 809: 808: 805: 798: 795: 792: 789: 788: 787: 784: 783: 776: 774: 770: 764: 762: 760: 759: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 734: 728: 726: 725: 719: 717: 716: 711: 710: 701: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 677: 672: 670: 668: 664: 659: 656: 652: 644: 642: 640: 636: 632: 631:legal deposit 628: 619: 617: 613: 610: 604: 599: 597: 593: 590: 586: 579: 577: 574: 570: 565: 561: 559: 551: 549: 545: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 518: 516: 514: 510: 506: 505:Franz Aepinus 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 480: 476: 472: 465: 463: 461: 457: 453: 452:Carl Salemann 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 424: 416: 414: 412: 406: 399: 397: 395: 391: 390:Denis Diderot 387: 382: 379: 374: 371: 367: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 323: 318: 316: 313: 310: 307: 302: 298: 296: 291: 286: 284: 281:. During the 280: 275: 272: 268: 263: 260: 256: 252: 248: 240: 236: 227: 224: 220: 217:Valery Leonov 216: 212: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 186: 182: 177: 173: 169: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 146: 141: 128: 124: 121: 113: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 88: 81: 80:main category 77: 76: 71: 68: 64: 60: 57: 54: 53: 47: 41: 39: 34:You can help 30: 21: 20: 985: 968: 949: 940: 931: 922: 913: 868: 820: 817: 806: 802: 785: 780: 771: 768: 757: 756: 754: 732: 731: 729: 723: 722: 720: 714: 713: 708: 707: 705: 681: 660: 648: 623: 614: 611: 608: 594: 591: 587: 583: 566: 562: 555: 546: 542: 533: 529: 525: 522: 481: 477: 473: 469: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 420: 407: 403: 383: 375: 362: 334:Tsar Peter I 327: 314: 311: 305: 303: 299: 287: 276: 264: 234: 232: 102:edit summary 93: 73: 43: 35: 1007: / 750:I.V. Stalin 663:Sovremennik 600:Collections 556:During the 460:Kunstkamera 378:Kunstkamera 370:Kunstkamera 171:Established 1022:Categories 995:30°17′49″E 992:59°56′38″N 978:1579582443 826:References 746:V.I. Lenin 696:A.A. Kunik 692:A.A. Kunik 688:A.A. Kunik 627:A.A. Kunik 489:Yakov Grot 179:Collection 40:in Russian 742:F. Engels 120:talk page 72:Consider 214:Director 161:Location 96:provide 738:K. Marx 271:Peter I 247:Russian 239:Russian 222:Website 118:to the 100:in the 42:. 975: 63:DeepL 973:ISBN 748:and 233:The 184:Size 174:1714 94:must 92:You 56:View 727:. 253:on 65:or 1024:: 948:. 930:. 912:. 877:^ 851:^ 834:^ 744:, 740:, 665:, 653:, 511:, 507:, 495:, 491:, 360:. 241:: 981:. 952:. 934:. 916:. 862:. 845:. 715:. 237:( 129:. 122:.

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