1228:
had become "the fourth shore of Italy" (Trye 1998). The incorporation of Libya into the
Italian Empire gave the Italian Army a greater ability to exploit native Libyans for military service. Native Libyans served in Italian formations from the beginning of the Italian occupation of Libya. On 1 March 1940, the 1st and 2nd Libyan Divisions were formed. These Libyan infantry divisions were organized along the lines of the binary Italian infantry division. The 5th Italian Army received the 2nd Libyan Infantry Division, which it incorporated into the 13th Corps. The Italian 10th Army received the 1st Libyan Infantry Division, which it incorporated into the reserve. The Italian Libyan infantry divisions were colonial formations ("colonial" in the sense of consisting of native troops). These formations had Italian officers commanding them, with Libyan NCOs and soldiers. These native Libyan formations were made up of people drawn from the coastal Libyan populations. The training and readiness of these divisions was on an equal footing with the regular Italian formations in North Africa. Their professionalism and 'esprit de corps' made them some of the best Italian infantry formations in North Africa. The Libyan divisions were loyal to Italy and provided a good combat record.
638:
2188:
1296:
99:
1587:
830:
85:
3733:
1443:
4114:
1331:
563:
549:
1045:
591:
2072:
1937:
620:
577:
2106:
1918:
962:
1993:
157:
1233:
4457:
2475:
2411:
1829:
2461:
1245:
858:
3028:"On 8th February (1941), leading troops of the British Army occupied El Agheila...Graziani's Army had virtually ceased to exist. all that remained of it were a few lorry columns and hordes of unarmed soldiers in full flight to the West. If Wavell (sic) had now continued his advance into Tripolitania, no significant resistance could have been mounted"
1181:
1776:
1970:
distilleries, biscuit factories, a tobacco factory, tanneries, bakeries, lime, brick and cement works, Esparto grass industry, mechanical saw mills, and the
Petrolibya Society (Trye 1998). Italian investment in her colony was to take advantage of new colonists and to make it more self-sufficient. (General Staff War Office 1939, 165/b).
2097:
Italy maintained diplomatic relations with Libya and imported a significant quantity of its oil from the country. Relations between Italy and Libya warmed in the first decade of the 21st century, when they entered co-operative arrangements to deal with illegal immigration into Italy. Libya agreed to
1818:
1142:
were taken over by Italy. British Egypt had ceded Kufra and
Jarabub to Italian Libya on December 6, 1925, but it was not until the early 1930s that Italy was in full control of the place. In 1931, during the campaign of Cyrenaica, General Rodolfo Graziani easily conquered Kufra District, considered a
1955:
greatly expanded Libyan railway and road networks from 1934 to 1940, building hundreds of kilometers of new roads and railways and encouraging the establishment of new industries and a dozen new agricultural villages. The massive
Italian investment did little to improve Libyan quality of life, since
1864:
with Libya's four coastal provinces of
Tripoli, Misurata, Bengazi, and Derna becoming an integral part of metropolitan Italy. At the same time indigenous Libyans were granted "Special Italian Citizenship" which required such people to be literate and confined this type of citizenship to be valid in
1227:
In 1939 some
Libyans were granted special (though limited) Italian citizenship by Royal Decree No. 70 on 9 January 1939. This citizenship was necessary for any Libyan with ambitions to rise in the military or civil organizations. The recipients were officially referred to as Moslem Italians. Libya
2019:(Cyrenaica was left for later excavations because of the ongoing colonial war against Muslim rebels in that province). A result of the Fascist takeover was that all foreign archaeological expeditions were forced out of Libya, and all archeological work was consolidated under a centralised Italian
1963:
The Libyan economy substantially grew in the late 1930s, mainly in the agricultural sector. Even some manufacturing activities were developed, mostly related to the food industry. Building construction increased immensely. Furthermore, the
Italians made modern medical care available for the first
1019:
in the
Cyrenaican lowlands. Fascist regime propaganda proclaimed the camps as hygienic and efficiently run oases of modern civilization. However in reality the camps had poor sanitary conditions and an average of about 20,000 Beduoins, together with their camels and other animals, crowded into an
1959:
The
Italian aim was to drive the local population to the marginal land in the interior and to resettle the Italian population in the most fertile lands of Libya. The Italians did provide the Libyans with some initial education but minimally improved native administration. The Italian population
1969:
The
Italians started numerous and diverse businesses in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. These included an explosives factory, railway workshops, Fiat Motor works, various food processing plants, electrical engineering workshops, ironworks, water plants, agricultural machinery factories, breweries,
1908:
In 1936, the main sectors of economic activity in Italian Libya (by number of employees) were industry (30.4%), public administration (29.8%), agriculture and fishing (16.7%), commerce (10.7%), transports (5.8%), domestic work (3.8%), legal profession and private teaching (1.3%), banking and
1801:
They were concentrated on the Mediterranean coast, especially in the main urban centres and in the farmlands around Tripoli, where they constituted 41% of the city's population, and in Benghazi 35%. Settlers found jobs in the construction boom fuelled by Fascist interventionist policies.
1843:, the Italian government changed policy toward the local population: in December 1934, individual freedom, inviolability of home and property, the right to join the military or civil administrations, and the right to freely pursue a career or employment were promised to the Libyans.
837:
Italian efforts to colonise Libya began in 1911, and were characterised initially by major struggles with Muslim native Libyans that lasted until 1931. During this period, the Italian government controlled only the coastal areas. Between 1911 and 1912, over 1,000 Somalis from
1450:
In 1934, Italy adopted the name "Libya" (used by the Greeks for all of North Africa, except Egypt) as the official name of the colony made up of the three provinces of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan). The colony was subdivided into four provincial governatores
2627:"I censimenti nell'Italia unita I censimenti nell'Italia unita Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI STATISTICA SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI DEMOGRAFIA STORICA Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo"
1790:
Many Italians were encouraged to settle in Libya during the Fascist period, notably in the coastal areas. The annexation of Libya's coastal provinces in 1939 brought them to be an integral part of metropolitan Italy and the focus of Italian settlement.
2154:
which overthrew Gaddafi. At the signing ceremony of the document, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi recognized historic atrocities and repression committed by the state of Italy against the Libyan people during colonial rule, stating:
1960:(about 10% of the total population) had 81 elementary schools in 1939–1940, while the Libyans (more than 85% of total population) had 97. There were only three secondary schools for Libyans by 1940, two in Tripoli and one in Benghazi.
1880:). This allowed the creation of Libyan military units within the Italian army. In March 1940, two divisions of Libyan colonial troops (for a total of 30,090 native Muslim soldiers) were created and in summer 1940 the first and second
144:
143:
2010:
tool to justify their presence in the region. Before 1911, no archeological research was done in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. By the late 1920s the Italian government had started funding excavations in the main Roman cities of
3474:
1521:). On 9 January 1939, a decree law transformed the commissariats into provinces within the metropolitan territory of the Kingdom of Italy. Libya was thus formally annexed to Italy and the coastal area was nicknamed the "
1983:
in eastern Italian Cyrenaica. The last railway development in Libya done by the Italians was the Tripoli-Benghazi line that was started in 1941 and was never completed because of the Italian defeat during World War II.
2626:
3347:"Ratifica ed esecuzione del Trattato di amicizia, partenariato e cooperazione tra la Repubblica italiana e la Grande Giamahiria araba libica popolare socialista, fatto a Bengasi il 30 agosto 2008"
1798:
increased rapidly after the Great Depression: in 1927, there were just about 26,000, by 1931 44,600, 66,525 in 1936 and eventually, in 1939, they numbered 119,139, or 13% of the total population.
1373:
In February 1943, retreating German and Italian forces were forced to abandon Libya as they were pushed out of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, thus ending Italian jurisdiction and control over Libya.
2094:
ordered the expulsion of remaining Italians (about 20,000) in 1970. Only a few hundred of them were allowed to return to Libya in the 2000s. In 2004, there were 22,530 Italians in Libya.
2090:
After independence, most Italian settlers still remained in Libya; there were 35,000 Italo-Libyans in 1962. However, the Italian population virtually disappeared after the Libyan leader
4975:
1975:
By 1939, the Italians had built 400 kilometres (250 mi) of new railroads and 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) of new roads. The most important and largest highway project was the
1260:, Fascist Italy aimed at further extension to the south. Indeed Italian plans, in the case of a war against France and Great Britain, projected the extension of Libya as far south as
1012:
land to inhospitable land near the concentration camps. The number of sheep fell from 810,000 in 1926 to 98,000 in 1933, goats from 70,000 to 25,000 and camels from 75,000 to 2,000.
5073:
3121:
1423:
with the Allies, Italy relinquished all claims to Libya. There were discussions to maintain the province of Tripolitania as the last Italian colony, but these were not successful.
2026:
After Cyrenaica's full 'pacification', the Italian archaeological efforts in the 1930s were more focused on the former Greek colony of Cyrenaica than in Tripolitania, which was a
924:. One-quarter of Cyrenaica's population of 225,000 people died during the conflict. After nearly two decades of suppression campaigns the Italian colonial forces claimed victory.
4460:
The Italian empire before WWII is shown in red. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943. Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown.
3478:
2098:
aggressively prevent migrants from sub-Saharan Africa from using the country as a transit route to Italy, in return for foreign aid and Italy's successful attempts to have the
3196:
Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880-1935, Professor A Adu Boahen, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, page 800, 1985
738:, or ASI). Both names were also used after the unification, with Italian Libya becoming the official name of the newly combined colony. It had a population of around 150,000
3849:
1933:
Italians greatly developed the two main cities of Libya, Tripoli and Benghazi, with new ports and airports, new hospitals and schools and many new roads & buildings.
1100:
was nominally attached to British-occupied Egypt until 1925, but in fact, remained a headquarters for the Senussi resistance until conquered by the Italians in 1931. The
833:
An Italian drawing depicting Ottoman officials surrendering Libya to Italian colonial forces while Libyans prostrate themselves before the Italian colonial soldiers, 1912
4102:
4980:
4178:
3512:
3861:
1015:
From 1930 to 1931, 12,000 Cyrenaicans were executed and all the nomadic peoples of northern Cyrenaica were forcibly removed from the region and relocated to huge
880:, much of the early colonial period had Italy waging a war of subjugation against Libya's population. Ottoman Turkey surrendered its control of Libya in the 1912
98:
2229:
997:, episodes of refusing to take prisoners of war and instead executing surrendering combatants, and mass executions of civilians. Italian authorities committed
2138:. Under its terms, Italy would pay $ 5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former military occupation. In exchange, Libya would take measures to combat
3381:
2641:
5023:
5018:
3694:
2488:
2439:
328:
2881:
General History of Africa, Albert Adu Boahen, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, page 196, 1990
4080:
5068:
1430:
passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1, 1952. On December 24, 1951, Libya declared its independence as the
4634:
2622:
789:
627:
5033:
4877:
3677:
1416:
1412:
1025:
785:
609:
730:
From 1911 until the establishment of a unified colony in 1934, the territory of the two colonies was sometimes referred to as "Italian Libya" or
2157:
In this historic document, Italy apologizes for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule.
5063:
4919:
4277:
3782:
2721:
2518:
2318:
2187:
4882:
4095:
2159:" and went on to say that this was a "complete and moral acknowledgement of the damage inflicted on Libya by Italy during the colonial era".
4427:
4422:
4417:
3940:
2391:
921:
271:
3205:
3118:
3013:
2973:
3410:
4750:
4486:
1284:
or mounted police) had been fighting for the Kingdom of Italy since the 1920s. A number of major battles took place in Libya during the
5058:
5028:
4554:
3385:
1295:
4730:
4934:
4801:
4227:
4173:
3873:
3594:
3573:
3449:
3310:
2998:
2961:
2802:
1420:
142:
84:
4586:
2580:
The territory was under dispute of ownership between Italy and the United Kingdom, and it was officially conquered by Italy in 1931
1324:
1101:
1586:
5013:
4914:
4088:
4019:
3945:
2744:
Robert Hartley. "Recent population changes in Libya: economic relationships and geographical patterns". Durham University, 1968 (
2528:
2358:
1873:
1120:
466:
3024:
This was assisted by orders from London withdrawing a large part of the Army to redeploy to Greece. According to German General
4985:
4847:
4539:
4049:
3970:
1427:
4205:
3279:
3241:
Dyson, S.L (2006). In pursuit of ancient pasts: a history of classical archaeology in the 19th and 20h centuries. pp. 182–183.
4872:
4826:
4524:
4069:
3777:
2432:
2298:
850:. Most of the Somali troops remained in Libya until they were transferred back to Italian Somaliland in preparation for the
704:
440:
220:
195:
3522:
1362:
when the Axis troops finally conquered Tobruk and pushed the defeated British troops inside Egypt again. Defeat during the
4909:
4899:
4894:
4544:
4412:
4386:
4381:
4318:
4185:
4152:
3978:
3752:
3346:
3058:
2381:
2338:
2269:
1770:
966:
809:
761:
against Italian settlement in Libya, mainly in Cyrenaica. The rebellion was put down by Italian forces in 1932, after the
4690:
4610:
4602:
4549:
4534:
4481:
4402:
4190:
4142:
3518:
1308:
829:
2034:
reasons (the Phoenicians were a Semitic people, distantly related to the Arabs and Jews). Of special interest were the
1191:
4904:
4529:
4361:
4029:
4024:
3823:
3787:
3670:
2538:
2533:
2146:
in Italian companies. The treaty was ratified by Italy on 6 February 2009, and by Libya on 2 March, during a visit to
1897:
1893:
1507:
1363:
1005:
Cyrenaicans, almost half the population of Cyrenaica, from their settlements, slated to be given to Italian settlers.
765:, which resulted in the deaths of a quarter of Cyrenaica's population. In 1934, the colonies were unified by governor
3650:
3642:
3219:
4210:
3920:
3732:
3256:
1442:
982:
952:
901:
851:
797:
758:
2066:
1252:
was the southern part of "Imperial Italy" (orange borders), a Fascist project to enlarge Italy's national borders.
4955:
4785:
4780:
4755:
4501:
4407:
4200:
3885:
3839:
3389:
2425:
2348:
2167:
1595:
1289:
1032:
and other diseases spread rapidly in the camps as the people were physically weakened by meagre food rations and
1021:
824:
781:
739:
3185:
1143:
strategic region, leading about 3,000 soldiers from infantry and artillery, supported by about twenty bombers.
985:
against Italian settlement in Libya. The rebellion was put down by Italian forces in 1932, after the so-called "
4965:
4294:
3762:
3039:
2199:
2020:
1426:
Although Britain and France had intended to divide the nation between their empires, on November 21, 1949, the
1330:
1036:. By the time the camps closed in September 1933, 40,000 of the 100,000 total internees had died in the camps.
1008:
The Italian occupation also reduced livestock numbers, killing, confiscating or driving the animals from their
596:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
4960:
4745:
4735:
4594:
4195:
3767:
2990:
2601:
2371:
2121:
1431:
1367:
1160:
1155:
by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, who considered the area worthless and so an act of cheap appeasement to
724:
5008:
4842:
4775:
4760:
4654:
4044:
3900:
3880:
3772:
3663:
3634:
2498:
2328:
2219:
2047:
1869:
1809:
brought 20,000 Italian farmers to settle in Libya, and 27 new villages were founded, mainly in Cyrenaica.
1285:
777:
693:
453:
3163:
1319:
and the Italian forces were pushed back into Libya. After losing all of Cyrenaica and almost all of its
989:", which resulted in the deaths of a quarter of Cyrenaica's population of 225,000. Italy committed major
4222:
3930:
2508:
2151:
2003:
1840:
1339:
1044:
986:
970:
956:
913:
762:
104:
1817:
4496:
4437:
4326:
3960:
3844:
3084:
Rodogno, D. (2006). Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War. p. 61.
2274:
2259:
2116:, the biggest platform in the Mediterranean Sea. Italy is now Libya's most important trading partner.
1944:
Also tourism was improved and a huge & modern "Grand Hotel" was built in Tripoli and in Bengasi.
1089:
936:
873:
720:
582:
554:
420:
4659:
4629:
4516:
4346:
4272:
4267:
4262:
3910:
3808:
3544:
3350:
2987:
Germany and the Second World War: The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa, 1939–1941
2249:
2139:
1926:
1881:
1265:
897:
317:
1020:
area of one square kilometre. The camps held only rudimentary medical services, with the camps of
4765:
4639:
4432:
4284:
4250:
3915:
3905:
3174:
2728:
2503:
2054:
1997:
1846:
In a trip by Mussolini to Libya in 1937, a propaganda event was created where Mussolini met with
1320:
1273:
1016:
843:
3988:
3609:
Inventario delle fonti manoscritte relative alla storia dell'Africa del Nord esistenti in Italia
2758:
2071:
1144:
961:
4644:
4491:
4442:
4351:
4331:
4299:
4289:
4147:
4134:
3950:
3935:
3890:
3856:
3813:
3747:
3616:
3590:
3569:
3536:
3414:
3306:
2994:
2957:
2798:
2792:
2493:
2278:
2124:
2075:
1821:
1477:
1343:
1316:
932:
877:
847:
820:
750:
716:
568:
424:
2727:. The Geographer Office of the Geographer Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Archived from
4950:
4889:
4740:
4695:
4559:
4341:
4305:
4215:
4113:
4039:
3983:
3895:
3803:
3707:
2308:
2176:
2035:
1832:
1556:
1497:
1467:
1359:
1156:
1093:
998:
917:
909:
861:
793:
676:
359:
253:
240:
45:
2030:
colony during the Greek period. The rejection of Phoenician research was partly because of
1232:
753:
of 1911–1912, and run by Italian governors. In 1923, indigenous rebels associated with the
4929:
4506:
4245:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3712:
3328:
3223:
3125:
2239:
2105:
2091:
1936:
1795:
1562:
1392:
collaborated with the small new resistance. France and the United Kingdom decided to make
1351:
994:
928:
905:
893:
881:
684:
371:
257:
59:
3434:
3267:
2722:"International Boundary Study No. 3 (Revised) – December 15, 1978 Chad – Libya Boundary"
1917:
4867:
4811:
4710:
4685:
4669:
4664:
4356:
4237:
4118:
4064:
3868:
3818:
3722:
3717:
3613:
Inventory of Manuscript sources Relating to the History of North Africa extant in Italy
3582:, Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri, Collana storica della Banca d'Italia, Laterza, Bari, 1999.
2548:
2513:
2147:
2099:
1948:
1889:
1687:
1574:
1568:
1487:
1471:
1393:
1385:
1148:
1139:
1097:
869:
770:
746:
395:
383:
230:
216:
184:
1956:
the purpose was to develop the economy for the benefit of Italy and Italian settlers.
5002:
4924:
4816:
4770:
4649:
4034:
3925:
3453:
2209:
1312:
1109:
1033:
298:
249:
90:
17:
3287:
2669:
1992:
1857:) which was to symbolize Mussolini as a protector of the Muslim Arab peoples there.
1828:
156:
4821:
4806:
3965:
3955:
3025:
2760:
Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall Yard, Volume 57, Issue 2
2480:
2466:
2415:
2039:
2031:
2012:
1979:, an east-west coastal route connecting Tripoli in western Italian Tripolitania to
1861:
1744:
1522:
1491:
1381:
1300:
1272:, there was strong support for Italy from many Muslim Libyans, who enrolled in the
1269:
1257:
1249:
1124:
708:
520:
133:
1334:
Wrecked Italian aircraft at the destroyed Castel Benito airport in Tripoli in 1943
3514:
Inventario dell'Archivio Storico del Ministero Africa Italiana: Libia (1859–1945)
2775:
141:
4255:
3702:
2523:
2128:
2113:
1952:
1806:
1591:
1550:
1377:
1164:
1113:
889:
766:
745:
The Italian colonies of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were taken by Italy from the
347:
279:
3354:
3093:
1860:
In January 1939, Italy annexed territories in Libya that it considered Italy's
857:
780:. Although the Italians were defeated there by the Allies in 1943, many of the
715:, between 1934 and 1943. It was formed from the unification of the colonies of
4456:
3250:
2456:
2143:
2007:
1976:
1922:
1537:
1511:
1355:
1127:, which was added to Libya. However, this agreement was not ratified later by
3620:
2745:
1853:
dignitaries, who gave him an honorary sword (that had actually been made in
1366:
in Egypt spelled doom for the Axis forces in Libya and meant the end of the
1261:
990:
864:, where the "Lungomare" (sea-walk) and many other buildings were constructed
839:
4852:
4054:
1868:
In 1939, laws were passed that allowed Muslims to be permitted to join the
1775:
1244:
1237:
3216:
1517:
The general provincial commissionerships were further divided into wards (
4373:
2135:
2043:
2016:
1854:
1706:
1009:
1002:
846:, served in combat units along with Eritrean and Italian soldiers in the
1028:
with an estimated 33,000 internees having only one doctor between them.
796:
in 1951, though Italy did not officially relinquish its claim until the
4705:
4162:
1725:
1501:
1481:
1105:
978:
885:
754:
275:
4970:
4862:
4700:
4059:
2543:
2150:
by Berlusconi. Cooperation ended in February 2011 as a result of the
2131:
1980:
1783:
1531:
1389:
1277:
1135:
1128:
1116:
and France agreed to give some Saharan territories to Italian Libya.
1029:
940:
290:
244:
3566:
Through Fascism to World Power: A History of the Revolution in Italy
2821:. New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 261.
2567:
Italian rule ended in 1943 with the Allied occupation of Libya; its
1888:(Libyan infantry) participated in the Italian offensive against the
1529:). Key towns and wards of the colony became Italian municipalities (
2928:
2023:
policy, which exclusively benefitted Italian museums and journals.
1947:
The Fascist regime, especially during Depression years, emphasized
1602:
In 1939, key population figures for Italian Libya were as follows:
1338:
With German support, the lost Libyan territory was regained during
904:
against Italian settlement in Libya. Italian forces under Generals
4857:
2104:
2027:
1847:
1585:
1441:
1347:
1329:
1294:
1281:
1243:
1231:
1152:
1043:
856:
828:
712:
664:
656:
267:
2693:“Italian Hopes in Africa,” The Times of London, November 12 1923.
1119:
After prolonged discussions through the 1920s, in 1935 under the
1088:
The colony expanded after concessions from the British colony of
3655:
2079:
1850:
1397:
973:. The camp was recorded as having a population of 10,900 people.
660:
4084:
3659:
1264:
and the establishment of a broad land bridge between Libya and
3517:(in Italian). Vol. II. Rome: Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3059:"Treaty Of Peace With Italy (1947), Evaluation And Conclusion"
2109:
1174:
1104:
at the 1919 Paris "Conference of Peace" received nothing from
776:
During World War II, Italian Libya became the setting for the
3411:"Berlusconi in Benghazi, Unwelcome by Son of Omar Al-Mukhtar"
1964:
time in Libya and improved sanitary conditions in the towns.
888:
political-religious order, a strongly nationalistic group of
139:
3498:
The Report: Libya 2008. Oxford Business Group, 2008.Pp. 17.
884:, but fierce resistance to the Italians continued from the
3589:. Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1996.
1411:
From 1943 to 1951, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were under
1206:
4976:
Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa
3435:Ý bồi thường $ 5 tỉ, xin lỗi Libya về hậu quả thời đô hộ
2862:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 358.
1327:
asked for German assistance to aid the failing campaign
1202:
1163:. During this time, the Italian colonial forces built a
2794:
The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing
2708:
The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing
1951:
improvements and public works. In particular, Governor
1198:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
3635:
Photos of Libyan Italians and their villages in Libya
3568:. Ayer Publishing. Manchester (New Hampshire), 1971.
1053: territories ceded by the Ottoman Empire in 1912
3326:
Yaghmaian, Behzad (11 March 2011). "Out of Africa".
3105:
3103:
3101:
2053:
Tourism was further promoted by the creation of the
698:
65:
4943:
4835:
4794:
4723:
4678:
4622:
4579:
4572:
4515:
4474:
4467:
4395:
4372:
4317:
4236:
4161:
4132:
4125:
4012:
3832:
3796:
3740:
3693:
2915:
The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796
1354:in April 1941 marked the first failure of Rommel's
1307:Starting in December of the same year, the British
652:
516:
502:
493:
485:
480:
463:
450:
434:
417:
405:
389:
377:
365:
353:
341:
327:
311:
297:
285:
263:
236:
226:
212:
32:
3475:"Libya agrees pact with Italy to boost investment"
2057:, a racing car event of international importance.
993:during the conflict, including the use of illegal
4981:Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba
1403:Libya would finally become independent in 1951.
1256:After the enlargement of Italian Libya with the
1147:was turned over to Italy in 1934 as part of the
920:, mass executions of soldiers and civilians and
3217:Italian railways in colonial Libya (in italian)
3040:"A Timeline of African Countries' Independence"
1966:
1225:
1065: Kufra District conquered in 1919 and 1931
977:In 1923, indigenous rebels associated with the
4670:Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" (Cape Guardafui)
3587:Fascist Eagle: Italy's Air Marshal Italo Balbo
3413:. The Tripoli Post. 2008-08-30. Archived from
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
5074:States and territories disestablished in 1943
4096:
3671:
2956:, Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006,
2433:
1839:After the campaign of reprisals known as the
1201:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
37:
8:
2664:
2662:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
1434:, a constitutional and hereditary monarchy.
892:. This group, first under the leadership of
437:
51:
3477:. Alarab Online. 2009-03-02. Archived from
3014:Full analysis of the initial Italian attack
2797:. Cambridge University Press. p. 309.
2701:
2699:
2670:"Libya - History, People, & Government"
1040:Territorial agreements with European powers
489:1,759,541 km (679,363 sq mi)
4576:
4471:
4129:
4103:
4089:
4081:
3678:
3664:
3656:
3119:New villages in coastal Libya (in Italian)
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
2917:. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 496.
2489:List of governors-general of Italian Libya
2440:
2426:
2161:
1346:, German and Italian forces were entering
1077: territories ceded by Britain in 1934
1071: territories ceded by Britain in 1926
943:, were merged into Italian Libya in 1934.
155:
29:
4387:Concessions & Forts of Italy in China
3341:
3339:
2046:, and the preparation of these sites for
2006:was used by the Italian authorities as a
1835:, Libyan paratroopers of the Italian Army
1083: territories ceded by France in 1935
1059: territories ceded by France in 1919
4635:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara
4455:
3643:Italian colonial railways built in Libya
3559:The Ax Within: Italian Fascism in Action
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3094:Italian colonists in Libia (in Italiano)
2985:Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (1995).
2952:Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins,
2895:. Kent, England: Croom Helm. p. 35.
2858:Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (2010).
2571:end was in 1947 with the Treaty of Paris
2070:
1991:
1935:
1916:
1827:
1816:
1774:
1666:
1604:
1288:of World War II. In September 1940, the
1167:–style fort in El Tag in the mid-1930s.
960:
27:1934–1943 Italian colony in North Africa
3376:
3374:
3372:
3164:30,000 Libyans fought for Italy in WWII
2860:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies
2593:
2560:
2175:
2164:
2120:On 30 August 2008, Gaddafi and Italian
931:toward Libya began to change, and both
492:
484:
479:
4920:Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)
3783:1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania
2830:
2819:Ordinary Violence in Mussolini's Italy
2519:Massacres during the Italo-Turkish War
1664:Population of the main urban centres:
4418:Tentative to occupy French Somaliland
3268:Italians plan to see Libya once again
3206:Economic development of Italian Libya
3109:Jon Wright. History of Libya. P. 165.
3057:Hagos, Tecola W (November 20, 2004).
1455:) and a southern military territory (
1192:too many or overly lengthy quotations
501:
497:
462:
449:
433:
416:
412:
388:
376:
364:
352:
340:
336:
326:
310:
306:
296:
7:
4786:History of Italian colonial railways
3561:. Modern Viewpoints. New York, 1974.
3382:"Gaddafi to Rome for historic visit"
3303:Italy in the European Monetary Union
2195:
1299:Indian soldiers chat with locals in
3651:Italian Tripolitania in early 1930s
3615:] (in Italian). Leiden: Brill.
2845:Benito Mussolini: the first fascist
2102:lift its trade sanctions on Libya.
1878:Associazione Musulmana del Littorio
784:still remained in Libya. Libya was
688:
52:
1453:Commissariato Generale Provinciale
1446:Provinces of Italian Libya in 1938
786:administered by the United Kingdom
25:
5024:World War II occupied territories
5019:Former Italian-speaking countries
3450:"Italia-Libia, firmato l'accordo"
2954:Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster
2142:coming from its shores and boost
1400:of an independent Libya in 1951.
1092:and a territorial agreement with
5069:1943 disestablishments in Africa
4935:Italian guerrilla units (A.O.I.)
4915:Italian Libyan Colonial Division
4112:
4020:Italian Libyan Colonial Division
3946:Muslim Association of the Lictor
3731:
3607:Giglio, Carlo, ed. (1971–1983).
2974:Libyan colonial Troops: pp. 3031
2817:Michael R. Ebner. Geoff Simons.
2529:Italian Libyan Colonial Division
2473:
2459:
2409:
2186:
1874:Muslim Association of the Lictor
1179:
1108:colonies, but as a compensation
876:(Ottoman Libya), in the 1911–12
636:
618:
589:
575:
561:
547:
97:
83:
4986:Postage stamps of Italian Libya
4848:Bands (Italian Army irregulars)
2847:. Pearson Longman. p. 109.
1571:19 July 1941 to 2 February 1943
1413:British military administration
1376:The Fezzan was occupied by the
1358:tactics. In 1942 there was the
5034:Italian colonisation in Africa
4873:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
4711:Addis Abeba under Italian rule
4382:Italian concession of Tientsin
4070:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
3778:Allied administration of Libya
1577:2 February 1943 to 13 May 1943
1553:1 January 1934 to 28 June 1940
1001:by forcibly expelling 100,000
736:Africa Settentrionale Italiana
1:
5064:1911 establishments in Africa
4910:2nd Libyan Division Pescatori
4900:Italian 2nd Eritrean Division
4895:Italian 1st Eritrean Division
4731:Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway
3979:Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli
3891:Tripoli-Castel Benito Airport
3753:Italian colonization of Libya
3552:Gli italiani in Libia. Vol. 2
2382:Government of National Accord
2339:National Transitional Council
1771:Italian colonization of Libya
1565:25 March 1941 to 19 July 1941
967:El Agheila concentration camp
810:Italian colonization of Libya
4691:Mogadishu under Italian rule
4191:Independent State of Croatia
3519:Archivio Storico Diplomatico
3388:. 2009-06-10. Archived from
3353:. 2009-02-06. Archived from
2913:Duggan, Christopher (2007).
2843:Cardoza, Anthony L. (2006).
2774:William James Makin (1935).
2710:(2nd ed.). p. 309.
2392:Government of National Unity
1559:1 July 1940 to 25 March 1941
1461:Territorio del Sahara Libico
1048:Expansion of Italian Libya:
927:In the 1930s, the policy of
185:Italian-controlled territory
4905:1st Libyan Division Sibille
4751:Railway stations in Eritrea
4611:Asmara Presidential Palace
4362:Southern Military Territory
4223:Italian Province of Lubiana
3824:Southern Military Territory
3788:Italian refugees from Libya
3580:La Banca d'Italia in Africa
3252:Video of Tripoli Grand Prix
2539:2 Libyan Division Pescatori
2534:1st Libyan Division Sibelle
2319:Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
1508:Southern Military Territory
1457:Territorio Militare del Sud
1364:Second Battle of El Alamein
1276:. Other Libyan troops (the
699:
138:"Royal March of Ordinance"
66:
5090:
4438:Ticino, Valais and Grisons
4211:Principality of the Pindus
3921:Tripoli International Fair
3554:. Milano, Mondadori, 1997.
3543:. Washington: GPO for the
3186:Chapter Libya (in Italian)
2064:
1913:Infrastructure development
1768:
1545:Governors-General of Libya
1419:. Under the terms of the
983:Libyan resistance movement
953:Libyan resistance movement
950:
902:Libyan resistance movement
818:
807:
759:Libyan resistance movement
5029:Former colonies in Africa
4956:Italian East African lira
4756:Rail transport in Somalia
4453:
4228:Governorate of Montenegro
3886:Railway stations in Libya
3729:
2494:Italian invasion of Libya
2349:General National Congress
1796:Italian settlers in Libya
1380:in 1943. At the close of
1342:and by the conclusion of
1292:was launched from Libya.
1290:Italian invasion of Egypt
1121:Mussolini-Laval agreement
825:Italian invasion of Libya
526:
512:
498:
476:
413:
401:
337:
323:
307:
154:
127:
122:"For the honour of Italy"
113:
79:
74:
4966:Italian Somaliland rupia
4468:Settlers and Irredentism
4295:Galla-Sidamo Governorate
3763:Second Italo-Senussi War
2359:House of Representatives
1417:French controlled Fezzan
1199:summarize the quotations
711:, in what is now modern
597:French Equatorial Africa
134:Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza
5014:Former Italian colonies
4961:Italian Somaliland lira
4781:Libyan Railway stations
4746:Asmara-Massawa Cableway
4736:Ethio-Djibouti Railways
3975:Pidgin Italian of Libya
3768:Western Desert campaign
3284:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
3038:Boddy-Evans, Alistair.
2991:Oxford University Press
2893:Libya: A Modern History
1988:Archaeology and tourism
1841:"pacification campaign"
1438:Colonial administration
1432:United Kingdom of Libya
1368:Western Desert Campaign
798:1947 Paris Peace Treaty
438:Coastal regions part of
291:Colonial administration
161:Italian Libya in 1941:
4843:Italian African Police
4776:Italian Libya Railways
4655:Fiat Tagliero Building
4475:Settlers and colonists
4461:
4045:Italian African Police
3941:Sciara Sciatt massacre
3881:Italian Libya Railways
3773:North African campaign
3541:Libya: A Country Study
3521:. 1975. Archived from
3222:July 22, 2011, at the
2791:Mann, Michael (2006).
2706:Mann, Michael (2006).
2499:Italian Libya Railways
2117:
2087:
2061:Contemporary relations
2048:archaeological tourism
2000:
1973:
1941:
1930:
1872:and in particular the
1870:National Fascist Party
1836:
1825:
1787:
1599:
1447:
1335:
1304:
1286:North African Campaign
1253:
1241:
1230:
1134:In 1931, the towns of
1085:
974:
947:Pacification campaigns
914:pacification campaigns
900:of Cyrenaica, led the
898:Jebel Akhdar Mountains
865:
842:, the then capital of
834:
778:North African Campaign
680:
419:• Unification of
149:
38:
5059:Italy–Libya relations
4944:Currencies and Stamps
4545:Istria-Venezia Giulia
4459:
4186:Islands of the Aegean
3301:Janni, Paolo (1999).
2891:Wright, John (1983).
2640:: 269. Archived from
2509:Frontier Wire (Libya)
2108:
2074:
2067:Italy–Libya relations
2004:Classical archaeology
1995:
1939:
1920:
1831:
1820:
1813:Assimilation policies
1778:
1589:
1445:
1340:Operation Sonnenblume
1333:
1298:
1248:Italian Libya as the
1247:
1240:camel cavalry in 1940
1235:
1047:
987:pacification campaign
971:Pacification of Libya
964:
957:Pacification of Libya
860:
832:
763:pacification campaign
467:Relinquished by Italy
391:• 1943 (acting)
237:Common languages
147:
18:Libya in World War II
3961:Auto-Saharan Company
3845:Italian Tripolitania
3564:Smeaton Munro, Ion.
3305:. CRVP. p. 29.
2929:"Districts of Libya"
2634:Annali di Statistica
2275:Italian Tripolitania
2270:Italian colonization
2260:Ottoman Tripolitania
1940:The Berenice Albergo
1026:Sisi Ahmed el Magrun
981:Order organized the
896:and centered in the
874:Ottoman Tripolitania
852:invasion of Ethiopia
757:Order organized the
732:Italian North Africa
583:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
555:Italian Tripolitania
118:Per l'onore d'Italia
4836:Police and military
4630:Mogadishu Cathedral
4273:Somalia Governorate
4268:Eritrea Governorate
4263:Italian East Africa
4143:Southeastern France
4030:2nd Libyan Division
4025:1st Libyan Division
3874:Fascist imperialism
3545:Library of Congress
3351:Parliament of Italy
2250:Hospitaller Tripoli
2140:illegal immigration
2086:) during the 1960s.
1898:2nd Libyan Division
1894:1st Libyan Division
1765:Settler colonialism
1428:UN General Assembly
1266:Italian East Africa
1123:Italy received the
1017:concentration camps
922:concentration camps
725:Italian possessions
454:End of Italian rule
318:Victor Emmanuel III
4795:Political concepts
4766:Via della Vittoria
4640:Benghazi Cathedral
4603:Governor's Palace
4595:Governor's Palace
4587:Governor's Palace
4462:
4285:Amhara Governorate
4278:British Somaliland
4251:Italian Somaliland
3916:Tripoli Grand Prix
3911:Arch of the Fileni
3906:Via della Vittoria
3578:Tuccimei, Ercole.
3550:Del Boca, Angelo.
3537:Chapin Metz, Helen
3124:2011-07-20 at the
2602:"History of Libya"
2504:Tripoli Grand Prix
2127:signed a historic
2118:
2088:
2055:Tripoli Grand Prix
2001:
1998:Tripoli Grand Prix
1942:
1931:
1909:insurance (1.1%).
1837:
1826:
1805:In 1938, Governor
1794:The population of
1788:
1600:
1594:welcomes arriving
1448:
1336:
1305:
1254:
1242:
1159:'s attempts at an
1086:
975:
882:Treaty of Lausanne
866:
844:Italian Somaliland
835:
703:) was a colony of
441:metropolitan Italy
150:
4994:
4993:
4771:Linea dell'Impero
4719:
4718:
4645:Tripoli Cathedral
4568:
4567:
4451:
4450:
4396:Planned expansion
4352:Benghazi Province
4300:Scioa Governorate
4290:Harar Governorate
4078:
4077:
3951:Arab Lictor Youth
3936:Italo-Turkish War
3857:Italian Cyrenaica
3814:Benghazi Province
3809:Misurata Province
3748:Italo-Turkish War
2777:War Over Ethiopia
2625:(December 2010).
2450:
2449:
2403:
2402:
2299:Allied occupation
2234:mid-7c–1510
2125:Silvio Berlusconi
2112:Oil Bouri DP4 in
2084:Meydan al Gaza'ir
2076:Tripoli Cathedral
1822:Arab Lictor Youth
1780:Villaggio Oberdan
1762:
1761:
1662:
1661:
1596:Italian colonists
1498:Misurata Province
1478:Benghazi Province
1421:1947 peace treaty
1344:Operation Brevity
1317:Operation Compass
1224:
1223:
933:Italian Cyrenaica
878:Italo-Turkish War
848:Italo-Turkish War
821:Italo-Turkish War
751:Italo-Turkish War
723:, which had been
697:
670:
669:
648:
647:
644:
643:
602:
601:
569:Italian Cyrenaica
379:• 1941–1943
355:• 1940–1941
343:• 1934–1940
313:• 1934–1943
145:
16:(Redirected from
5081:
4951:Eritrean tallero
4890:Ascari del Cielo
4812:New Roman Empire
4741:Eritrean Railway
4696:Italian Benghazi
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4577:
4472:
4347:Misrata Province
4342:Tripoli Province
4306:Italian Ethiopia
4130:
4117:
4116:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4082:
4040:Ascari del Cielo
3984:Adriano Visconti
3896:Italian Benghazi
3840:Italian settlers
3833:Related articles
3804:Tripoli Province
3735:
3708:Rodolfo Graziani
3680:
3673:
3666:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3624:
3585:Taylor, Blaine.
3533:
3531:
3530:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:on June 18, 2009
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3378:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3286:. Archived from
3276:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3226:
3214:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:Italian Benghazi
3172:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3035:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2982:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2647:on 3 August 2014
2646:
2631:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2416:Libya portal
2414:
2413:
2412:
2399:
2372:Second Civil War
2366:
2309:Kingdom of Libya
2196:
2190:
2180:
2162:
2152:Libyan Civil War
1833:Ascari del Cielo
1667:
1605:
1557:Rodolfo Graziani
1535:) governed by a
1468:Tripoli Province
1360:Battle of Gazala
1219:
1216:
1210:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1157:Benito Mussolini
1102:Kingdom of Italy
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
999:ethnic cleansing
995:chemical weapons
918:chemical weapons
910:Rodolfo Graziani
862:Italian Benghazi
782:Italian settlers
773:as the capital.
702:
700:Lībyā al-Īṭālīya
692:
690:
640:
639:
632:
622:
621:
614:
611:British Military
606:
605:
593:
592:
579:
578:
565:
564:
551:
550:
544:
543:
528:
527:
472:10 February 1947
360:Rodolfo Graziani
329:Governor-General
293:
272:Coptic Orthodoxy
254:Berber languages
196:Kingdom of Italy
193:
182:
174:
159:
146:
123:
101:
87:
69:
63:
55:
54:
49:
41:
30:
21:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5078:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4939:
4930:Legione Redenta
4878:Eritrean Ascari
4831:
4790:
4715:
4706:Italian Massaua
4686:Italian Tripoli
4674:
4618:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4564:
4511:
4463:
4447:
4391:
4368:
4313:
4246:Italian Eritrea
4232:
4157:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4079:
4074:
4013:Colonial troops
4008:
4004:Lorenzo Bandini
3999:Franco Califano
3994:Claudio Gentile
3989:Rossana Podestà
3828:
3792:
3741:General History
3736:
3727:
3713:Italo Gariboldi
3689:
3684:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3606:
3603:
3601:Further reading
3557:Sarti, Roland.
3528:
3526:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3484:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3438:(in Vietnamese)
3437:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3393:
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2514:Italian Libyans
2479:
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2460:
2458:
2455:
2446:
2410:
2408:
2397:
2386:2016–2021
2376:2014–2020
2364:
2353:2012–2014
2343:2011–2012
2329:First Civil War
2323:1969–2011
2313:1951–1969
2303:1943–1951
2293:1934–1943
2283:1911–1934
2273:
2264:1551–1911
2254:1530–1551
2244:1510–1530
2240:Spanish Tripoli
2224:146 BC – mid-7C
2210:Ancient history
2178:
2171:
2092:Muammar Gaddafi
2078:and the former
2069:
2063:
1990:
1915:
1906:
1886:Fanteria Libica
1815:
1773:
1767:
1584:
1563:Italo Gariboldi
1547:
1440:
1409:
1352:Siege of Tobruk
1303:, December 1941
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:or excerpts to
1196:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1145:Ma'tan as-Sarra
1084:
1080:
1078:
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965:Inmates at the
959:
951:Main articles:
949:
929:Italian fascism
912:waged punitive
906:Pietro Badoglio
894:Omar Al Mukhtar
872:'s conquest of
827:
817:
812:
806:
689:ليبيا الايطالية
663:
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629:French Military
628:
619:
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469:
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3869:Italian Empire
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3819:Derna Province
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3723:Giovanni Messe
3720:
3718:Ettore Bastico
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3290:on 2019-06-06.
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2780:. p. 227.
2766:
2763:. p. 997.
2749:
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2734:on 2007-09-26.
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2122:Prime Minister
2100:European Union
2065:Main article:
2062:
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2036:Roman colonies
1989:
1986:
1949:infrastructure
1914:
1911:
1905:
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1890:British Empire
1814:
1811:
1786:) in Cyrenaica
1769:Main article:
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1575:Giovanni Messe
1572:
1569:Ettore Bastico
1566:
1560:
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1546:
1543:
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1505:
1495:
1488:Derna Province
1485:
1475:
1439:
1436:
1408:
1405:
1222:
1221:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1149:Sarra Triangle
1098:Kufra district
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1038:
948:
945:
870:Italian Empire
816:
813:
808:Main article:
805:
802:
747:Ottoman Empire
668:
667:
654:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
634:
631:Administration
624:
623:
616:
613:Administration
603:
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451:
448:
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446:9 January 1939
444:
435:
432:
431:
430:1 January 1934
428:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
398:
396:Giovanni Messe
393:
390:
387:
386:
384:Ettore Bastico
381:
378:
375:
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369:
366:
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5009:Italian Libya
5007:
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4997:
4987:
4984:
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4979:
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4925:Maletti Group
4923:
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4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
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4898:
4896:
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4883:Somali Ascari
4881:
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4817:Spazio vitale
4815:
4813:
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4808:
4805:
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4802:Greater Italy
4800:
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4650:Cinema Impero
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4337:Italian Libya
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4135:Mediterranean
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4035:Maletti Group
4033:
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4023:
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4018:
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3931:Frontier Wire
3929:
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3926:Imperial Line
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3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:Italian Libya
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3687:Italian Libya
3681:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3595:1-57510-012-6
3592:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:0-8369-5912-4
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3525:on 2017-12-12
3524:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3492:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3455:
3454:La Repubblica
3451:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3417:on 2013-12-02
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3392:on 2009-06-16
3391:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3357:on 2009-06-18
3356:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3312:1-56518-128-X
3308:
3304:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3002:
3000:0-19-822884-8
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:1-55876-405-4
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2833:, p. 497
2832:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2804:9780521538541
2800:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2757:W. Mitchell.
2753:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2587:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2471:
2468:
2457:
2452:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2289:Italian Libya
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1824:(GAL) members
1823:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:Quarta Sponda
1524:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:counterattack
1310:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1188:This article
1186:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:Great Britain
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1034:forced labour
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
946:
944:
942:
939:, along with
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:Sunni Muslims
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
863:
859:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
831:
826:
822:
814:
811:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:Fascist Italy
701:
695:
686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
662:
658:
655:
653:Today part of
651:
635:
633:
626:
625:
617:
615:
608:
607:
604:
598:
595:
588:
587:
584:
581:
574:
573:
570:
567:
560:
559:
556:
553:
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
488:
475:
471:
468:
458:
455:
445:
442:
439:
429:
426:
422:
408:
404:
400:
397:
394:
385:
382:
373:
370:
361:
358:
349:
346:
332:
330:
322:
319:
316:
302:
300:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
250:Libyan Arabic
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
197:
189:
186:
178:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
158:
153:
136:
135:
130:
126:
119:
116:
112:
106:
100:
92:
86:
78:
73:
68:
61:
47:
40:
31:
19:
4996:
4822:Fourth Shore
4807:Mare Nostrum
4589:(Mogadishu)
4580:Governmental
4573:Architecture
4336:
4327:Tripolitania
4304:
4179:World War II
4126:Subdivisions
3966:Fourth Shore
3956:Fort Capuzzo
3757:
3686:
3648:(in Italian)
3640:(in Italian)
3612:
3608:
3586:
3579:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3540:
3527:. Retrieved
3523:the original
3513:
3506:Bibliography
3494:
3483:. Retrieved
3479:the original
3469:
3458:. Retrieved
3456:. 2008-08-30
3444:
3430:
3419:. Retrieved
3415:the original
3405:
3394:. Retrieved
3390:the original
3366:(in Italian)
3359:. Retrieved
3355:the original
3327:
3321:
3302:
3296:
3288:the original
3283:
3274:
3263:
3246:
3212:
3201:
3192:
3181:
3170:
3159:
3154:Sarti, p196.
3150:
3145:Sarti, p194.
3141:
3136:Sarti, p 190
3132:
3114:
3089:
3062:. Retrieved
3052:
3043:
3033:
3026:Erwin Rommel
3020:
3009:
2986:
2980:
2969:
2953:
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2932:
2923:
2914:
2892:
2886:
2859:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2793:
2786:
2776:
2769:
2759:
2752:
2740:
2729:the original
2716:
2707:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2673:
2649:. Retrieved
2642:the original
2637:
2633:
2596:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2481:Libya portal
2467:Italy portal
2288:
2230:Islamic rule
2156:
2119:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2052:
2040:Leptis Magna
2032:anti-Semitic
2025:
2013:Leptis Magna
2002:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1946:
1943:
1932:
1907:
1885:
1877:
1867:
1865:Libya only.
1862:Fourth Shore
1859:
1845:
1838:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1663:
1608:Ethnic group
1601:
1582:Demographics
1536:
1530:
1526:
1523:Fourth Shore
1518:
1516:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1425:
1415:, while the
1410:
1407:Independence
1402:
1382:World War II
1375:
1372:
1350:. The first
1337:
1306:
1274:Italian Army
1270:World War II
1258:Aouzou Strip
1255:
1250:Fourth Shore
1226:
1212:
1197:Please help
1189:
1171:World War II
1151:to colonial
1133:
1125:Aouzou strip
1118:
1112:gave it the
1087:
1014:
1007:
976:
937:Tripolitania
926:
867:
836:
794:independence
775:
744:
735:
731:
729:
727:since 1911.
721:Tripolitania
709:North Africa
672:
671:
537:Succeeded by
536:
531:
521:Italian lira
504:• 1939
421:Tripolitania
367:• 1941
148:Marcia Reale
132:
128:
117:
115:Motto:
114:
105:Coat of Arms
4660:Marble Arch
4555:Switzerland
4517:Irredentism
4256:Oltre Giuba
4174:World War I
3703:Italo Balbo
2938:10 November
2831:Duggan 2007
2651:24 December
2524:Aozou Strip
2396:2021–
2363:2014–
2214:3200–146 BC
2177:History of
2144:investments
2129:cooperation
2114:Bouri Field
1953:Italo Balbo
1927:Marble Arch
1807:Italo Balbo
1614:% of total
1592:Italo Balbo
1551:Italo Balbo
1378:Free French
1311:launched a
1309:Eighth Army
1165:World War I
1114:Oltre Giuba
969:during the
767:Italo Balbo
749:during the
707:located in
532:Preceded by
459:13 May 1943
348:Italo Balbo
280:Catholicism
175: Libya
5003:Categories
4827:Third Rome
4761:Via Balbia
4597:(Tripoli)
4487:Dodecanese
3901:Via Balbia
3529:2017-08-07
3485:2009-06-10
3460:2009-06-10
3421:2009-06-10
3396:2009-06-10
3361:2009-06-10
3064:2018-02-20
2679:11 January
2588:References
2200:Prehistory
2021:excavation
2008:propaganda
1977:Via Balbia
1923:Via Balbia
1892:'s Egypt:
1611:Population
1598:in Tripoli
1519:circondari
1510:, capital
1500:, capital
1490:, capital
1480:, capital
1470:, capital
1394:King Idris
1356:Blitzkrieg
1321:Tenth Army
1207:Wikisource
991:war crimes
868:After the
819:See also:
792:until its
494:Population
286:Government
247:(official)
4613:(Asmara)
4605:(Asmara)
4332:Cyrenaica
3862:Governors
3850:Governors
3797:Provinces
3695:Governors
3621:906099149
3044:ThoughtCo
2279:Cyrenaica
2220:Roman era
1882:Divisions
1590:Governor
1268:. During
1262:Lake Chad
1215:July 2021
1203:Wikiquote
1190:contains
854:in 1935.
840:Mogadishu
717:Cyrenaica
694:romanized
425:Cyrenaica
264:Religion
75:1934–1943
4679:Urbanism
4623:Civilian
4540:Dalmatia
4497:Ethiopia
4374:Far East
4196:Dalmatia
4170:Albania
4133:Western
3220:Archived
3122:Archived
2964:, p. 111
2933:Statoids
2453:See also
2168:a series
2166:Part of
2136:Benghazi
2082:centre (
2044:Sabratha
2017:Sabratha
1855:Florence
1707:Benghazi
1701:113,212
1676:Italians
1630:Italians
1482:Benghazi
1280:and the
1236:Italian
1010:pastoral
815:Conquest
740:Italians
517:Currency
4525:Corsica
4507:Somalia
4492:Eritrea
4482:Albania
4443:Tunisia
4413:Majorca
4163:Balkans
4153:Corsica
3547:, 1987.
3539:, ed.,
3280:"Libye"
3257:YouTube
2636:. XII.
2569:de jure
2398:present
2365:present
2204:
2148:Tripoli
1929:in 1937
1925:at the
1904:Economy
1758:17,508
1739:47,099
1726:Misrata
1720:66,801
1688:Tripoli
1655:893,774
1633:119,139
1622:744,057
1538:podestà
1502:Misrata
1472:Tripoli
1386:British
1315:called
1140:Al Jawf
1003:Bedouin
979:Senussi
886:Senussi
804:History
771:Tripoli
769:, with
755:Senussi
696::
677:Italian
508:893,774
465:•
452:•
436:•
406:History
299:Monarch
276:Judaism
241:Italian
231:Tripoli
227:Capital
129:Anthem:
46:Italian
4971:Somalo
4868:Spahis
4863:Savari
4853:Zaptié
4403:Adalia
4201:Greece
4148:Monaco
4065:Spahis
4060:Savari
4055:Zaptié
3619:
3593:
3572:
3309:
2997:
2960:
2801:
2549:Spahis
2544:Savari
2170:on the
2132:treaty
1981:Tobruk
1848:Muslim
1784:Battah
1749:13,555
1730:44,387
1714:23,075
1711:40,331
1698:18,467
1695:47,442
1692:47,123
1682:Total
1644:30,578
1532:comune
1390:French
1384:, the
1278:Savari
1238:Zaptié
1161:empire
1136:El Tag
1129:France
1106:German
1096:. The
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1030:Typhus
1022:Soluch
941:Fezzan
916:using
790:France
685:Arabic
409:
333:
303:
258:Domari
245:Arabic
217:Colony
213:Status
194:
192:
183:
181:
173:
131:
60:Arabic
56:
42:
4858:Dubat
4560:Corfu
4550:Malta
4535:Savoy
4502:Libya
4433:Malta
4428:Sudan
4423:Kenya
4408:Egypt
4319:Libya
4050:Bands
3611:[
2732:(PDF)
2725:(PDF)
2645:(PDF)
2630:(PDF)
2623:Istat
2555:Notes
2179:Libya
2028:Punic
1996:1937
1782:(now
1752:3,562
1745:Derna
1733:1,735
1717:3,395
1673:Arabs
1652:Total
1636:13.4
1625:83.2
1619:Arabs
1492:Derna
1348:Egypt
1325:Italy
1301:Derna
1282:Spahi
1153:Italy
1094:Egypt
1090:Sudan
713:Libya
681:Libia
673:Libya
665:Niger
657:Libya
268:Islam
221:Italy
67:Lībyā
53:ليبيا
39:Libia
34:Libya
4530:Nice
3617:OCLC
3591:ISBN
3570:ISBN
3386:ANSA
3307:ISBN
2995:ISBN
2958:ISBN
2940:2013
2799:ISBN
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