712:) can enter waterways. The ligninolytic activity of bacteria has not been studied extensively even though it was first described in 1930. Many bacterial DyPs have been characterized. Bacteria do not express any of the plant-type peroxidases (lignin peroxidase, Mn peroxidase, or versatile peroxidases), but three of the four classes of DyP are only found in bacteria. In contrast to fungi, most bacterial enzymes involved in lignin degradation are intracellular, including two classes of DyP and most bacterial laccases.
379:
233:
4518:
3772:
550:
38:
4540:
469:, all parameters essential for its durability. It has application in environmentally sustainable dust suppression agent for roads. Also, lignin can be used in making biodegradable plastic along with cellulose as an alternative to hydrocarbon-made plastics if lignin extraction is achieved through a more environmentally viable process than generic plastic manufacturing.
4528:
3782:
862:
Ratios of carboxylic acid (Ad) to aldehyde (Al) forms of the lignols (Ad/Al) reveal diagenetic information, with higher ratios indicating a more highly degraded material. Increases in the (Ad/Al) value indicate an oxidative cleavage reaction has occurred on the alkyl lignin side chain which has been shown to be a step in the decay of wood by many
410:, still contains most of the lignin originally present in the wood. This lignin is responsible for newsprint's yellowing with age. High quality paper requires the removal of lignin from the pulp. These delignification processes are core technologies of the papermaking industry as well as the source of significant environmental concerns.
707:
Bacteria lack most of the enzymes employed by fungi to degrade lignin, and lignin derivatives (aliphatic acids, furans, and solubilized phenolics) inhibit the growth of bacteria. Yet, bacterial degradation can be quite extensive, especially in aquatic systems such as lakes, rivers, and streams, where
398:
Global commercial production of lignin is a consequence of papermaking. In 1988, more than 220 million tons of paper were produced worldwide. Much of this paper was delignified; lignin comprises about 1/3 of the mass of lignocellulose, the precursor to paper. Lignin is an impediment to papermaking
861:
has also been used to characterize lignins. The ratio of syringyl lignol (S) to vanillyl lignol (V) and cinnamyl lignol (C) to vanillyl lignol (V) is variable based on plant type and can therefore be used to trace plant sources in aquatic systems (woody vs. non-woody and angiosperm vs. gymnosperm).
820:
The conventional method for lignin quantitation in the pulp industry is the Klason lignin and acid-soluble lignin test, which is standardized procedures. The cellulose is digested thermally in the presence of acid. The residue is termed Klason lignin. Acid-soluble lignin (ASL) is quantified by the
616:
In contrast to other bio-polymers (e.g. proteins, DNA, and even cellulose), lignin resists degradation. It is immune to both acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolysis. The degradability varies with species and plant tissue type. For example, syringyl (S) lignin is more susceptible to degradation by
617:
fungal decay as it has fewer aryl-aryl bonds and a lower redox potential than guaiacyl units. Because it is cross-linked with the other cell wall components, lignin minimizes the accessibility of cellulose and hemicellulose to microbial enzymes, leading to a reduced digestibility of biomass.
1765:
Patt, Rudolf; Kordsachia, Othar; SĂĽttinger, Richard; Ohtani, Yoshito; Hoesch, Jochen F.; Ehrler, Peter; Eichinger, Rudolf; Holik, Herbert; Hamm, Udo; Rohmann, Michael E.; Mummenhoff, Peter; Petermann, Erich; Miller, Richard F.; Frank, Dieter; Wilken, Renke; Baumgarten, Heinrich L.; Rentrop,
715:
In the environment, lignin can be degraded either biotically via bacteria or abiotically via photochemical alteration, and oftentimes the latter assists in the former. In addition to the presence or absence of light, several of environmental factors affect the
682:
are also secreted, which facilitate degradation of phenolic lignin-derived compounds, although several intracellular fungal laccases have also been described. An important aspect of fungal lignin degradation is the activity of accessory enzymes to produce the
399:
as it is colored, it yellows in air, and its presence weakens the paper. Once separated from the cellulose, it is burned as fuel. Only a fraction is used in a wide range of low volume applications where the form but not the quality is important.
644:. Lignin peroxidases oxidize non-phenolic lignin, whereas manganese peroxidases only oxidize the phenolic structures. Dye-decolorizing peroxidases, or DyPs, exhibit catalytic activity on a wide range of lignin model compounds, but their
328:. The crosslinking of polysaccharides by lignin is an obstacle for water absorption to the cell wall. Thus, lignin makes it possible for the plant's vascular tissue to conduct water efficiently. Lignin is present in all
2226:
Pellerin, Brian A.; Hernes, Peter J.; Saraceno, JohnFranco; Spencer, Robert G. M.; Bergamaschi, Brian A. (May 2010). "Microbial degradation of plant leachate alters lignin phenols and trihalomethane precursors".
600:, and it is not known whether one or both of these groups participates in the polymerisation. Low molecular weight oxidants might also be involved. The oxidative enzyme catalyses the formation of monolignol
125:, which suggest that the common ancestor of plants and red algae also synthesised lignin. This finding also suggests that the original function of lignin was structural as it plays this role in the red alga
1866:
Samuels AL, Rensing KH, Douglas CJ, Mansfield SD, Dharmawardhana DP, Ellis BE (November 2002). "Cellular machinery of wood production: differentiation of secondary xylem in Pinus contorta var. latifolia".
193:
The relative amounts of the precursor "monomers" (lignols or monolignols) vary according to the plant source. Lignins are typically classified according to their syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio. Lignin from
648:
substrate is unknown. In general, laccases oxidize phenolic substrates but some fungal laccases have been shown to oxidize non-phenolic substrates in the presence of synthetic redox mediators.
873:
Lignin and its models have been well examined by H and C NMR spectroscopy. Owing to the structural complexity of lignins, the spectra are poorly resolved and quantitation is challenging.
262:
Many grasses have mostly G, while some palms have mainly S. All lignins contain small amounts of incomplete or modified monolignols, and other monomers are prominent in non-woody plants.
1459:
analysis of lignins in transgenic tobacco reveals a differential impact of individual transformations on the spatial patterns of lignin deposition at the cellular and subcellular levels"
2659:
Vane, C. H.; et al. (2001). "The effect of fungal decay (Agaricus bisporus) on wheat straw lignin using pyrolysis–GC–MS in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)".
806:, and its 4-, 5-, and 6-methyl derivatives as well as 2,6-dimethylphenol. These compounds are produced by thermal breakdown of lignin in the wood used in the smokehouse.
1768:
1164:
894:
370:
Finally, lignin also confers disease resistance by accumulating at the site of pathogen infiltration, making the plant cell less accessible to cell wall degradation.
2382:
Goodell, Barry; Chambers, James; Ward, Doyle V.; Murphy, Cecelia; Black, Eileen; Mancilio, Lucca Bonjy Kikuti; Perez- Gonzalez, Gabriel; Shipway, J. Reuben (2024).
430:
2280:"Photochemical and microbial degradation of dissolved lignin phenols: Implications for the fate of terrigenous dissolved organic matter in marine environments"
1958:
Vane, C. H.; et al. (2003). "Biodegradation of Oak (Quercus alba) Wood during Growth of the
Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes): A Molecular Approach".
3682:
1998:
Vane, C. H.; et al. (2006). "Bark decay by the white-rot fungus
Lentinula edodes: Polysaccharide loss, lignin resistance and the unmasking of suberin".
1378:
1689:
491:, lignin has been investigated as a feedstock for biofuel production and can become a crucial plant extract in the development of a new class of biofuels.
2845:
170:
polymers derived from a handful of precursor lignols. Heterogeneity arises from the diversity and degree of crosslinking between these lignols. The
147:
sample is 63.4% carbon, 5.9% hydrogen, 0.7% ash (mineral components), and 30% oxygen (by difference), corresponding approximately to the formula (C
3818:
2581:
Hedges, John I.; Ertel, John R. (February 1982). "Characterization of lignin by gas capillary chromatography of cupric oxide oxidation products".
2546:
Glasser, Wolfgang G.; Glasser, Heidemarie R. (1974). "Simulation of
Reactions with Lignin by Computer (Simrel). II. A Model for Softwood Lignin".
480:
for higher value uses: LignoBoost (Sweden) and LignoForce (Canada). Higher quality lignin presents the potential to become a renewable source of
229:
is difficult to measure, since the material is heterogeneous. Different types of lignin have been described depending on the means of isolation.
977:
Theorie
Elementaire de la Botanique ou Exposition des Principes de la Classification Naturelle et de l'Art de Decrire et d'Etudier les Vegetaux
2432:
1008:
952:
84:, who described it as a fibrous, tasteless material, insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in weak alkaline solutions, and which can be
825:. The carbohydrate composition may be also analyzed from the Klason liquors, although there may be sugar breakdown products (furfural and
359:
and by extension the plant as a whole. Its most commonly noted function is the support through strengthening of wood (mainly composed of
2777:
2366:
2048:
1749:
1672:
1532:
1507:
1258:"The Last Step of Syringyl Monolignol Biosynthesis in Angiosperms is Regulated by a Novel Gene Encoding Sinapyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase"
911:
2818:
476:
is usually burned for its fuel value, providing energy to power the paper mill. Two commercial processes exist to remove lignin from
3667:
3662:
4543:
2466:
52:
that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of
3677:
3672:
928:
4065:
2981:
1175:
1785:
3596:
2838:
1334:
Kuroda K, Ozawa T, Ueno T (April 2001). "Characterization of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) lignin by analytical pyrolysis".
854:
2616:
Hedges, John I.; Mann, Dale C. (1979-11-01). "The characterization of plant tissues by their lignin oxidation products".
1816:
81:
1256:
Li, Laigeng; Cheng, Xiao Fei; Leshkevich, Jacqueline; Umezawa, Toshiaki; Harding, Scott A.; Chiang, Vincent L. (2001).
3811:
3247:
1305:
658:
637:
4085:
4080:
3543:
3464:
1414:
4564:
4456:
4053:
1693:
85:
4532:
4421:
4360:
3861:
3145:
3075:
2831:
1707:
1201:"Mass spectrometry-based methods for the advanced characterization and structural analysis of lignin: A review"
822:
226:
2694:
Vane, C. H.; et al. (2001). "Degradation of Lignin in Wheat Straw during Growth of the Oyster
Mushroom (
1802:"Frost & Sullivan: Full Speed Ahead for the Lignin Market with High-Value Opportunities as early as 2017"
836:
is used for the detection of lignin (Wiesner test). A brilliant red color develops, owing to the presence of
4441:
4021:
3657:
3591:
3548:
826:
815:
671:
206:
some of the coniferyl alcohol is converted to S. Thus, lignin in angiosperms has both G and S components.
4521:
4011:
4006:
3804:
3571:
466:
321:
4158:
4060:
3956:
3490:
3215:
3100:
2805:
2036:
1844:
462:
2349:
Dittmar, Thorsten (2015-01-01). "Reasons Behind the Long-Term
Stability of Dissolved Organic Matter".
1801:
4569:
3906:
3359:
2872:
2668:
2625:
2395:
2291:
2236:
2180:
2125:
2007:
1876:
1592:
1390:
1102:
633:
629:
240:
187:
4304:
3694:
2974:
2116:
Tien, M (1983). "Lignin-Degrading Enzyme from the
Hymenomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds".
601:
458:
790:
is an important source of these two compounds, which impart the characteristic aroma and taste to
4221:
3354:
3210:
3200:
2563:
2149:
1900:
1359:
1238:
1136:
88:
from solution using acid. He named the substance "lignine", which is derived from the Latin word
3722:
2384:"First report of microbial symbionts in the digestive system of shipworms; wood boring mollusks"
853:
Thermochemolysis (chemical break down of a substance under vacuum and at high temperature) with
3785:
1153:
In the referenced article, the species of aspen is not specified, only that it was from Canada.
944:
4579:
4486:
4431:
4251:
3971:
3926:
3267:
3252:
3110:
3001:
2773:
2715:
2641:
2598:
2528:
2499:"Elicitor-Induced Spruce Stress Lignin (Structural Similarity to Early Developmental Lignins)"
2428:
2362:
2260:
2252:
2208:
2141:
2098:
2054:
2044:
1975:
1935:
1892:
1781:
1745:
1668:
1626:
1608:
1528:
1503:
1480:
1406:
1351:
1287:
1230:
1222:
1128:
1120:
1046:
1004:
948:
907:
867:
863:
692:
625:
554:
519:
336:, supporting the idea that the original function of lignin was restricted to water transport.
246:
199:
179:
2698:) Using Off-line Thermochemolysis with Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide and Solid-State C NMR".
1042:
720:
of lignin, including bacterial community composition, mineral associations, and redox state.
4476:
4471:
4461:
4426:
4380:
4090:
3946:
3851:
3747:
3606:
3444:
3222:
3015:
2750:
2707:
2676:
2633:
2590:
2555:
2518:
2510:
2403:
2354:
2299:
2244:
2198:
2188:
2133:
2088:
2015:
1967:
1927:
1884:
1773:
1737:
1660:
1616:
1600:
1561:
1470:
1398:
1343:
1277:
1269:
1212:
1110:
1038:
940:
899:
858:
717:
582:
442:
214:
143:
The composition of lignin varies from species to species. An example of composition from an
378:
4574:
4491:
3996:
3757:
3641:
3626:
3581:
3500:
3454:
3424:
3364:
3349:
3190:
3130:
3080:
3028:
3023:
2864:
2855:
837:
696:
621:
523:
434:
418:
414:
391:
252:
186:(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpropane; its radical, S, is sometimes called syringyl), and
183:
95:
49:
1172:
Symposium on
Mathematical Modeling of Biomass Pyrolysis Phenomena, Washington, D.C., 1983
1089:
Martone, Pt; Estevez, Jm; Lu, F; Ruel, K; Denny, Mw; Somerville, C; Ralph, J (Jan 2009).
2672:
2629:
2473:
2399:
2295:
2240:
2184:
2129:
2011:
1880:
1596:
1394:
1106:
4416:
4395:
4390:
4375:
4266:
4070:
3775:
3732:
3419:
3384:
3232:
3160:
3135:
3070:
2967:
2887:
2881:
2423:
Wittkowski, Reiner; Ruther, Joachim; Drinda, Heike; Rafiei-Taghanaki, Foroozan (1992).
2358:
2203:
2168:
1621:
1580:
1091:"Discovery of Lignin in Seaweed Reveals Convergent Evolution of Cell-Wall Architecture"
1000:
843:
833:
791:
574:
484:
compounds for the chemical industry, with an addressable market of more than $ 130bn.
352:
329:
309:
294:
210:
2680:
2523:
2498:
1402:
1282:
1257:
4558:
4446:
4365:
4355:
4261:
4216:
4209:
3876:
3621:
3611:
3528:
3414:
3404:
3374:
3339:
3302:
3237:
3205:
3170:
2912:
2637:
2279:
1475:
1242:
535:
515:
508:
473:
438:
387:
344:
279:
167:
132:
65:
61:
2567:
2325:
2075:
de
Gonzalo, Gonzalo; Colpa, Dana I.; Habib, Mohamed H.M.; Fraaije, Marco W. (2016).
1904:
1363:
1140:
549:
4350:
4299:
4236:
4173:
3986:
3951:
3941:
3916:
3891:
3737:
3636:
3553:
3510:
3409:
3319:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3227:
3195:
3175:
3150:
2948:
2153:
1379:"Elucidation of new structures in lignins of CAD- and COMT-deficient plants by NMR"
847:
604:. These radicals are often said to undergo uncatalyzed coupling to form the lignin
500:
477:
383:
364:
232:
127:
2093:
2076:
1664:
903:
674:, but others lack this ability. Most fungal lignin degradation involves secreted
182:(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpropane; its radical, G, is sometimes called guaiacyl),
2137:
1931:
1918:
Davin, L.B.; Lewis, N.G. (2005). "Lignin primary structures and dirigent sites".
762:
production yields a range of products, of which the most characteristic ones are
4496:
4481:
4466:
4130:
4016:
3871:
3752:
3717:
3712:
3631:
3601:
3394:
3379:
3324:
3314:
3297:
3277:
3262:
3242:
3155:
3105:
3005:
2754:
2408:
2383:
2019:
1579:
Bhuiyan, Nazmul H; Selvaraj, Gopalan; Wei, Yangdou; King, John (February 2009).
975:
728:
709:
325:
317:
218:
1163:
Hsiang-Hui King; Peter R. Solomon; Eitan Avni; Robert W. Coughlin (Fall 1983).
190:(4-hydroxyphenylpropane; its radical, H, is sometimes called 4-hydroxyphenyl).
37:
4319:
4286:
4168:
4145:
4038:
3961:
3921:
3856:
3689:
3616:
3538:
3495:
3469:
3459:
3389:
3369:
3344:
3309:
3272:
3185:
3165:
2917:
2892:
2448:
1888:
1115:
1090:
799:
755:
736:
675:
597:
586:
562:
512:
422:
348:
203:
195:
175:
171:
2645:
2602:
2559:
2427:. ACS Symposium Series (Flavor Precursors). Vol. 490. pp. 232–243.
2256:
2058:
1777:
1741:
1612:
1226:
1124:
17:
4329:
4324:
4204:
4199:
4153:
4135:
4043:
3966:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3727:
3485:
3449:
3429:
3399:
3334:
3329:
3180:
2907:
2823:
1064:
751:
732:
663:
578:
558:
543:
488:
426:
407:
403:
356:
333:
313:
275:
271:
122:
103:
53:
2719:
2532:
2264:
2212:
2145:
2102:
1979:
1939:
1896:
1630:
1484:
1410:
1355:
1313:
1291:
1234:
1132:
1050:
542:, the glucose is removed, and the polymerisation commences. Much about its
2741:, using solid state C NMR and off-line TMAH thermochemolysis with GC–MS".
2514:
4502:
4436:
4345:
4314:
4294:
4276:
4256:
4246:
4226:
4178:
4125:
4108:
4048:
4026:
3976:
3742:
3586:
3576:
3533:
3257:
2902:
2897:
2877:
2304:
2248:
2193:
1604:
803:
795:
787:
775:
771:
759:
724:
539:
481:
454:
446:
340:
304:
Lignin plays a crucial part in conducting water and aqueous nutrients in
298:
290:
222:
2594:
2169:"Evolution of a Biomass-Fermenting Bacterium To Resist Lignin Phenolics"
90:
4411:
4385:
4309:
4120:
4113:
4075:
4033:
3505:
3050:
3044:
2932:
1840:
1273:
783:
767:
763:
679:
641:
605:
590:
566:
527:
504:
69:
2711:
1971:
1565:
1347:
1217:
1200:
394:, lignin is removed from lignocellulose to yield pulp for papermaking.
4370:
4271:
3936:
3931:
3846:
3835:
2922:
2768:
Ralph, John; Landucci, Larry L. (2010). "NMR of Lignin and
Lignans".
1029:
W. Boerjan; J. Ralph; M. Baucher (June 2003). "Lignin biosynthesis".
927:
Lebo, Stuart E. Jr.; Gargulak, Jerry D.; McNally, Timothy J. (2001).
283:
115:
111:
107:
31:
2733:
Vane, C. H.; et al. (2005). "Decay of cultivated apricot wood (
1711:
850:. Lignin structure can also be studied by computational simulation.
421:, for which many applications have been proposed. They are used as
2804:
Lignins: Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions; edited by
1454:
608:. An alternative theory invokes an unspecified biological control.
30:
This article is about the wood polymer. For the phytoestrogen, see
4451:
4183:
4163:
3981:
3881:
3866:
3520:
3439:
3434:
3140:
2990:
779:
740:
594:
531:
377:
360:
305:
287:
144:
99:
2425:
Formation of smoke flavor compounds by thermal lignin degradation
3886:
3827:
3796:
57:
3800:
2963:
2827:
68:
easily. Chemically, lignins are polymers made by cross-linking
4241:
778:
and their derivatives. Their presence can be used to trace a
2808:
and C. H. Ludwig, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1971
2472:. U.S. Forest Service Research. Note FPL-0148. Archived from
2449:"TAPPI. T 222 om-02 – Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp"
2326:"Persistence of Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property"
1953:
1951:
1949:
1306:"Lignin and its Properties: Glossary of Lignin Nomenclature"
546:
is not understood even after more than a century of study.
2772:. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis. pp. 137–244.
178:
are of three main types, all derived from phenylpropane:
80:
Lignin was first mentioned in 1813 by the Swiss botanist
2959:
1440:
Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions
286:
components, especially in vascular and support tissues:
1199:
Letourneau, Dane R.; Volmer, Dietrich A. (2021-07-22).
487:
Given that it is the most prevalent biopolymer after
453:) ratio, the main parameter controlling the concrete
4404:
4338:
4285:
4192:
4144:
4101:
3995:
3834:
3705:
3650:
3562:
3519:
3478:
3123:
3093:
3063:
3037:
3014:
2941:
2862:
2743:
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
2497:Lange, B. M.; Lapierre, C.; Sandermann, Jr (1995).
2388:
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
2000:
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
557:to lignin. The reaction has two alternative routes
2351:Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter
2077:"Bacterial enzymes involved in lignin degradation"
2070:
2068:
118:on Earth, and 20 to 35% of the dry mass of wood.
2796:Freudenberg, K. & Nash, A. C., eds. (1968).
1817:"Cellulosic ethanol: what to do with the lignin"
1846:The importance of lignin for ethanol production
937:Kirk‑Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
933:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
656:Well-studied ligninolytic enzymes are found in
445:to be added in the 1930s as admixture to fresh
437:). Lignosulfonate was also the first family of
94:, meaning wood. It is one of the most abundant
27:Structural phenolic polymer in plant cell walls
1769:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1734:Ullmann's Encyclopedia Of Industrial Chemistry
1732:Barbara A. Tokay (2000). "Biomass Chemicals".
1657:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1438:K.V. Sarkanen & C.H. Ludwig, eds. (1971).
1165:"Modeling Tar Composition in Lignin Pyrolysis"
895:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3812:
2975:
2839:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1690:"NNFCC Renewable Chemicals Factsheet: Lignin"
1312:. Lignin Institute. July 2001. Archived from
997:Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
892:Saake, Bodo; Lehnen, Ralph (2007). "Lignin".
577:step, that is a radical-radical coupling, is
41:Idealized structure of lignin from a softwood
8:
2031:
2029:
110:. Lignin constitutes 30% of terrestrial non-
2661:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
1433:
1431:
202:, which gives rise to G upon pyrolysis. In
3819:
3805:
3797:
3090:
3060:
3034:
2982:
2968:
2960:
2846:
2832:
2824:
2700:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1960:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
945:10.1002/0471238961.12090714120914.a01.pub2
449:in order to decrease the water-to-cement (
2770:Lignin and Lignans: Advances in Chemistry
2522:
2467:"Lignin production and detection in wood"
2407:
2303:
2202:
2192:
2092:
2041:Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82
1620:
1474:
1281:
1216:
1114:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1581:"Role of lignification in plant defense"
1043:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938
887:
885:
727:, the lignin it ingests is digested by "
548:
355:, conferring mechanical strength to the
231:
64:, because they lend rigidity and do not
36:
2798:Constitution and Biosynthesis of Lignin
1310:Dialogue/Newsletters Volume 9, Number 1
881:
2173:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1659:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–92.
990:
988:
846:is an analytical technique for lignin
417:, lignin is removed from wood pulp as
1766:Gert-Heinz (2000). "Paper and Pulp".
1708:"Uses of lignin from sulfite pulping"
1498:Arms, Karen; Camp, Pamela S. (1995).
708:inputs of terrestrial material (e.g.
386:, Germany. In such mills, using the
7:
4527:
3781:
832:A solution of hydrochloric acid and
561:by two different oxidative enzymes,
530:renders them water-soluble and less
4539:
2043:. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28.
1688:Higson, A; Smith, C (25 May 2011).
1453:Chabannes, M.; et al. (2001).
770:. Of those, the most important are
131:, where it supports joints between
2359:10.1016/B978-0-12-405940-5.00007-8
620:Some ligninolytic enzymes include
25:
2465:Harkin, John M. (November 1966).
324:to water, whereas lignin is more
166:Lignin is a collection of highly
4538:
4526:
4517:
4516:
3780:
3771:
3770:
2229:Journal of Environmental Quality
1920:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
1476:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01159.x
666:. Some white rot fungi, such as
4066:Oriented structural straw board
2618:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2284:Journal of Geophysical Research
798:. The main flavor compounds of
534:. Once transported through the
270:Lignin fills the spaces in the
1585:Plant Signaling & Behavior
1377:J. Ralph; et al. (2001).
939:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
703:Lignin degradation by bacteria
236:The three common monolignols:
1:
3597:Environmental impact of paper
2681:10.1016/s0165-2370(00)00156-x
2094:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.08.011
1665:10.1002/14356007.a18_545.pub4
1403:10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00109-1
904:10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3
855:tetramethylammonium hydroxide
691:required for the function of
638:dye-decolourizing peroxidases
2638:10.1016/0016-7037(79)90028-0
2167:Cerisy, Tristan (May 2017).
2138:10.1126/science.221.4611.661
1932:10.1016/j.copbio.2005.06.011
974:de Candolle, M.A.P. (1813).
670:, can degrade the lignin in
367:fibres) in vascular plants.
2755:10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.11.004
2409:10.1016/j.ibiod.2024.105816
2039:; Sariaslani, Sima (2013).
2020:10.1016/j.ibiod.2005.10.004
1442:. New York: Wiley Intersci.
1174:. p. 1. Archived from
668:Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
659:Phanerochaete chrysosporium
652:Lignin degradation by fungi
593:enzymes are present in the
4596:
4457:Non-timber forest products
4081:Structural insulated panel
3544:Surface chemistry of paper
3047:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ”-yi)
2800:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
813:
782:source to a wood fire. In
729:Alteromonas-like sub-group
402:Mechanical, or high-yield
29:
4512:
3766:
2997:
2278:Hernes, Peter J. (2003).
1889:10.1007/s00425-002-0884-4
1815:Folkedahl, Bruce (2016),
1205:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
1116:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.031
139:Composition and structure
4422:Destructive distillation
3076:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
2560:10.1515/hfsg.1974.28.1.5
2081:Journal of Biotechnology
1778:10.1002/14356007.a18_545
1742:10.1002/14356007.a04_099
1523:Esau, Katharine (1977).
1502:. Saunders College Pub.
823:Ultraviolet spectroscopy
786:, lignin in the form of
640:as well as copper-based
406:, which is used to make
227:degree of polymerisation
4442:Green building and wood
3592:Elemental chlorine free
3549:Units of paper quantity
1772:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1069:Encyclopedia Brittanica
898:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
827:5-hydroxymethylfurfural
816:Lignin characterization
4086:Wood–plastic composite
4012:Glued laminated timber
4007:Cross-laminated timber
3572:Bleaching of wood pulp
1548:Wardrop; The (1969). "
1525:Anatomy of Seed Plants
840:groups in the lignin.
570:
526:pathway. The attached
507:with the synthesis of
472:Lignin removed by the
467:hydraulic conductivity
395:
259:
48:is a class of complex
42:
4159:Corrugated fiberboard
4061:Oriented strand board
3491:Corrugated fiberboard
3248:Electrical insulation
3101:Thomas Francis Carter
2873:Hydroxycinnamic acids
2515:10.1104/pp.108.3.1277
1031:Annu. Rev. Plant Biol
754:of lignin during the
634:versatile peroxidases
630:manganese peroxidases
552:
511:monolignols from the
381:
374:Economic significance
235:
121:Lignin is present in
40:
4544:WikiProject Forestry
2737:) by the ascomycete
2583:Analytical Chemistry
2353:. pp. 369–388.
2305:10.1029/2002JC001421
2249:10.2134/jeq2009.0487
2194:10.1128/AEM.00289-17
1605:10.4161/psb.4.2.7688
995:E. Sjöström (1993).
980:. Paris: Deterville.
522:are shared with the
433:, and sequestrants (
431:emulsion stabilizers
363:cells and lignified
312:components of plant
241:paracoumaryl alcohol
198:is derived from the
188:paracoumaryl alcohol
4305:Ramial chipped wood
2696:Pleurotus ostreatus
2673:2001JAAP...60...69V
2630:1979GeCoA..43.1803H
2595:10.1021/ac00239a007
2400:2024IBiBi.19205816G
2296:2003JGRC..108.3291H
2241:2010JEnvQ..39..946P
2185:2017ApEnM..83E.289C
2130:1983Sci...221..661T
2012:2006IBiBi..57...14V
1881:2002Plant.216...72A
1597:2009PlSiB...4..158B
1395:2001PChem..57..993R
1107:2009CBio...19..169M
459:mechanical strength
266:Biological function
102:, exceeded only by
4222:Cellulosic ethanol
2739:Hypocrea sulphurea
1651:. (2005). "Pulp".
1274:10.1105/tpc.010111
626:lignin peroxidases
571:
553:Polymerisation of
396:
260:
43:
4552:
4551:
4487:Wood preservation
4432:Engineered bamboo
4252:Pyroligneous acid
3794:
3793:
3119:
3118:
3111:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
3089:
3088:
3059:
3058:
3002:Paper engineering
2957:
2956:
2712:10.1021/jf001409a
2624:(11): 1803–1807.
2554:(1): 5–11, 1974.
2434:978-0-8412-1346-3
1972:10.1021/jf020932h
1566:10.1071/bt9690229
1348:10.1021/jf001126i
1336:J Agric Food Chem
1218:10.1002/mas.21716
1010:978-0-12-647480-0
954:978-0-471-23896-6
821:intensity of its
810:Chemical analysis
739:sub-organ of its
693:lignin peroxidase
583:oxidative enzymes
555:coniferyl alcohol
443:superplasticizers
247:coniferyl alcohol
221:as it is rich in
200:coniferyl alcohol
180:coniferyl alcohol
82:A. P. de Candolle
16:(Redirected from
4587:
4565:Phenylpropanoids
4542:
4541:
4530:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4477:Timber recycling
4472:Reclaimed lumber
4462:Natural building
4427:Dry distillation
4381:Split-rail fence
3821:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3784:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3758:Beverage cartons
3748:Watercolor paper
3607:Hollander beater
3091:
3061:
3035:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2961:
2865:phenylpropanoids
2856:phenylpropanoids
2848:
2841:
2834:
2825:
2801:
2784:
2783:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2735:Prunus armeniaca
2730:
2724:
2723:
2706:(6): 2709–2716.
2691:
2685:
2684:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2509:(3): 1277–1287.
2503:Plant Physiology
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2196:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2037:Gadd, Geoffrey M
2033:
2024:
2023:
1995:
1984:
1983:
1955:
1944:
1943:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1710:. Archived from
1704:
1698:
1697:
1696:on 20 July 2011.
1692:. Archived from
1685:
1679:
1678:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1413:. Archived from
1374:
1368:
1367:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1268:(7): 1567–1586.
1253:
1247:
1246:
1220:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1118:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1026:
1015:
1014:
992:
983:
981:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
924:
918:
917:
889:
718:biodegradability
697:heme peroxidases
622:heme peroxidases
351:different plant
211:molecular masses
96:organic polymers
56:, especially in
50:organic polymers
21:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4508:
4492:Wood processing
4400:
4334:
4281:
4188:
4140:
4097:
4027:parallel strand
3998:
3991:
3839:
3830:
3825:
3795:
3790:
3762:
3701:
3646:
3642:Sulfite process
3627:Paper recycling
3582:Conical refiner
3564:
3558:
3515:
3501:Paper chemicals
3474:
3115:
3085:
3081:Charles Fenerty
3055:
3033:
3029:Missal of Silos
3024:Battle of Talas
3010:
2993:
2988:
2958:
2953:
2937:
2888:Cinnamaldehydes
2882:Furanochromones
2858:
2852:
2819:Tecnaro website
2815:
2795:
2792:
2790:Further reading
2787:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2124:(4611): 661–3.
2115:
2114:
2110:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2051:
2035:
2034:
2027:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1389:(6): 993–1003.
1376:
1375:
1371:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1095:Current Biology
1088:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1011:
994:
993:
986:
973:
972:
968:
959:
957:
955:
926:
925:
921:
914:
891:
890:
883:
879:
838:coniferaldehyde
818:
812:
749:
705:
690:
686:
664:white rot fungi
654:
614:
524:phenylpropanoid
497:
457:, and thus its
435:water treatment
419:lignosulfonates
415:sulfite pulping
392:sulfite process
376:
353:polysaccharides
330:vascular plants
295:vessel elements
268:
258:
253:sinapyl alcohol
184:sinapyl alcohol
162:
158:
154:
150:
141:
78:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4593:
4591:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4536:
4524:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4417:Certified wood
4414:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4391:Timber framing
4388:
4383:
4378:
4376:Sawdust brandy
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4267:Sandalwood oil
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:Particle board
4068:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3658:Paper industry
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:Handmade paper
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3521:Specifications
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:Plastic-coated
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:Matthias Koops
3067:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2813:External links
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:K. V. Sarkanen
2802:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2779:978-1574444865
2778:
2760:
2749:(3): 175–185.
2725:
2686:
2651:
2608:
2589:(2): 174–178.
2573:
2538:
2489:
2457:
2440:
2433:
2415:
2374:
2368:978-0124059405
2367:
2341:
2317:
2270:
2235:(3): 946–954.
2218:
2159:
2108:
2064:
2050:978-0124076792
2049:
2025:
1985:
1966:(4): 947–956.
1945:
1926:(4): 407–415.
1910:
1858:
1843:(2016-04-21),
1832:
1807:
1793:
1786:
1757:
1751:978-3527306732
1750:
1724:
1699:
1680:
1674:978-3527306732
1673:
1653:Paper and Pulp
1636:
1591:(2): 158–159.
1571:
1560:(2): 229–240.
1540:
1534:978-0471245209
1533:
1515:
1509:978-0030500039
1508:
1490:
1469:(3): 271–282.
1445:
1427:
1383:Phytochemistry
1369:
1326:
1297:
1262:The Plant Cell
1248:
1211:(1): 144–188.
1191:
1155:
1146:
1081:
1056:
1037:(1): 519–549.
1016:
1009:
1001:Academic Press
984:
966:
953:
919:
913:978-3527306732
912:
880:
878:
875:
868:soft rot fungi
844:Thioglycolysis
834:phloroglucinol
814:Main article:
811:
808:
748:
745:
704:
701:
688:
684:
678:. Many fungal
672:lignocellulose
653:
650:
613:
612:Biodegradation
610:
575:polymerisation
518:. These first
503:begins in the
496:
493:
439:water reducers
375:
372:
347:and therefore
310:polysaccharide
267:
264:
257:
256:
250:
244:
237:
225:subunits. The
213:exceed 10,000
160:
156:
152:
148:
140:
137:
77:
74:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4592:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4545:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4525:
4523:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:List of woods
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:Billet (wood)
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:Hemicellulose
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Railroad ties
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3828:Wood products
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3787:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3683:United States
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Paper machine
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Kraft process
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Allylbenzenes
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:Holzforschung
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2479:on 2020-03-05
2475:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1714:on 2007-10-09
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1417:on 2021-04-28
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:(4): 1840–7.
1341:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1316:on 2007-10-09
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1181:on 2017-08-08
1177:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:(2): 169–75.
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
989:
985:
979:
978:
970:
967:
956:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
915:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
888:
886:
882:
876:
874:
871:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
817:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:-substituted
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
713:
711:
702:
700:
698:
694:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
651:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
536:cell membrane
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:phenylalanine
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
492:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:kraft process
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
393:
389:
385:
382:Pulp mill at
380:
373:
371:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:hemicellulose
342:
337:
335:
332:, but not in
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
280:hemicellulose
277:
273:
265:
263:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:heterogeneous
164:
146:
138:
136:
134:
130:
129:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
75:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
18:Lignification
4531:
4501:
4396:Wooden masts
4366:Dugout canoe
4351:Bavin (wood)
4300:Black liquor
4237:Liquid smoke
4231:
3987:Utility pole
3972:Timber truss
3892:Log building
3723:Papier-mâché
3718:Paper towels
3637:Soda pulping
3554:Wet strength
3355:Photographic
3228:Cotton (rag)
3201:Construction
2949:Rhododendrin
2927:
2797:
2769:
2763:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2667:(1): 69–78.
2664:
2660:
2654:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2481:. Retrieved
2474:the original
2460:
2443:
2424:
2418:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2350:
2344:
2333:. Retrieved
2330:ResearchGate
2329:
2320:
2309:. Retrieved
2290:(C9): 3291.
2287:
2283:
2273:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2084:
2080:
2040:
2006:(1): 14–23.
2003:
1999:
1963:
1959:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1875:(1): 72–82.
1872:
1868:
1861:
1850:, retrieved
1845:
1835:
1824:, retrieved
1820:
1810:
1796:
1767:
1760:
1733:
1727:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1702:
1694:the original
1683:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:Rudolf Patt
1639:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1557:
1554:Aust. J. Bot
1553:
1549:
1543:
1524:
1518:
1499:
1493:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1448:
1439:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1386:
1382:
1372:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:the original
1309:
1300:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1176:the original
1171:
1158:
1149:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1073:. Retrieved
1071:. 2023-10-05
1068:
1059:
1034:
1030:
996:
976:
969:
958:. Retrieved
936:
932:
922:
893:
872:
859:cupric oxide
852:
848:quantitation
842:
831:
819:
792:smoked foods
750:
722:
714:
706:
667:
657:
655:
645:
619:
615:
572:
509:glycosylated
501:biosynthesis
498:
495:Biosynthesis
486:
478:black liquor
471:
450:
412:
401:
397:
384:Blankenstein
369:
365:sclerenchyma
338:
303:
269:
261:
208:
192:
165:
142:
128:Calliarthron
126:
120:
89:
86:precipitated
79:
72:precursors.
45:
44:
4570:Papermaking
4497:Woodworking
4482:Wood drying
4467:Papermaking
4287:By-products
4193:Derivatives
4131:Pellet fuel
3872:Flitch beam
3753:Paper money
3713:Lined paper
3632:Papermaking
3565:and process
3563:Manufacture
3539:Paper sizes
3268:Greaseproof
3253:GenkĹŤ yĹŤshi
3106:Dard Hunter
3038:Originators
3006:Papermaking
2918:Stilbenoids
2893:Monolignols
2863:Classes of
2087:: 110–119.
982:See p. 417.
758:of wood or
731:" bacteria
710:leaf litter
676:peroxidases
563:peroxidases
463:diffusivity
423:dispersants
349:cross-links
326:hydrophobic
318:hydrophilic
316:are highly
308:stems. The
219:hydrophobic
204:angiosperms
196:gymnosperms
4559:Categories
4339:Historical
4320:Wood flour
4169:Paperboard
4039:Fiberboard
3997:Engineered
3857:Bressummer
3690:Paper mill
3617:Organosolv
3496:Fiber crop
3486:China clay
3445:Waterproof
3345:Paperboard
3223:Correction
3216:Carbonless
3064:Developers
2908:Flavonoids
2483:2012-12-30
2394:: 105816.
2335:2018-11-27
2311:2018-11-27
1852:2016-08-10
1826:2016-08-10
1787:3527306730
1718:2007-09-10
1421:2018-12-29
1320:2007-10-14
1185:2024-01-29
1075:2023-10-26
960:2007-10-14
877:References
866:and some
857:(TMAH) or
800:smoked ham
756:combustion
737:typhlosole
695:and other
662:and other
598:cell walls
587:peroxidase
513:amino acid
427:humectants
343:linked to
341:covalently
334:bryophytes
314:cell walls
135:segments.
54:cell walls
4361:Clapboard
4330:Woodchips
4325:Wood wool
4205:Cellulose
4200:Birch-tar
4154:Cardboard
4136:Wood fuel
4044:hardboard
3947:Reclaimed
3912:Panelling
3902:Log house
3897:Log cabin
3743:Notebooks
3728:Cardboard
3511:Wood pulp
3479:Materials
3455:Wood-free
3430:Wallpaper
3425:Tree-free
3365:Red rosin
3350:Parchment
3335:Onionskin
3330:Newsprint
3191:Cartridge
3186:Cardstock
3181:Cardboard
3131:Acid-free
2903:Chalcones
2898:Coumarins
2878:Chromones
2854:Types of
2646:0016-7037
2603:0003-2700
2257:0047-2425
2059:841913543
1613:1559-2316
1527:. Wiley.
1243:236200196
1227:0277-7037
1125:0960-9822
864:white-rot
752:Pyrolysis
747:Pyrolysis
733:symbionts
725:shipworms
579:catalysed
559:catalysed
544:anabolism
520:reactions
489:cellulose
408:newsprint
357:cell wall
322:permeable
320:and thus
291:tracheids
276:cellulose
272:cell wall
209:Lignin's
176:crosslink
133:calcified
123:red algae
104:cellulose
4580:Polymers
4522:Category
4503:Yakisugi
4437:Forestry
4405:See also
4346:Axe ties
4315:Tall oil
4295:Barkdust
4277:Wood gas
4257:Pine tar
4247:Methanol
4179:Pulpwood
4126:Firewood
4109:Charcoal
4102:Fuelwood
4049:Masonite
3977:Treenail
3877:Flooring
3776:Category
3733:Clothing
3651:Industry
3587:Deinking
3577:Calender
3534:Grammage
3420:Transfer
3385:Security
3258:Glassine
3161:Blotting
3136:Air-laid
3094:Scholars
2942:Examples
2933:Suberins
2720:11409955
2568:95157574
2533:12228544
2265:20400590
2213:28363966
2146:17787736
2103:27544286
1980:12568554
1940:16023847
1905:20529001
1897:12430016
1631:19649200
1550:Eryngium
1485:11722770
1411:11423146
1364:27962271
1356:11308334
1292:11449052
1235:34293221
1141:17409200
1133:19167225
1065:"Lignin"
1051:14503002
929:"Lignin"
804:guaiacol
796:barbecue
794:such as
788:hardwood
776:syringol
772:guaiacol
760:charcoal
680:laccases
642:laccases
624:such as
602:radicals
567:oxidases
540:apoplast
482:aromatic
465:and its
455:porosity
447:concrete
299:sclereid
274:between
223:aromatic
217:. It is
114:organic
70:phenolic
4533:Commons
4412:Biomass
4386:Tanbark
4310:Sawdust
4121:Firelog
4114:biochar
4076:Plywood
4034:I-joist
3952:Shingle
3907:Molding
3786:Commons
3738:Tissues
3529:Density
3506:Papyrus
3465:Writing
3415:Tracing
3405:Thermal
3380:Scritta
3375:Rolling
3340:Origami
3303:Butcher
3238:Display
3206:Contact
3171:Bristol
3146:Asphalt
3051:Damjing
3045:Cai Lun
3016:History
2928:Lignins
2923:Lignans
2669:Bibcode
2626:Bibcode
2396:Bibcode
2292:Bibcode
2237:Bibcode
2204:5440714
2181:Bibcode
2154:8767248
2126:Bibcode
2118:Science
2008:Bibcode
1877:Bibcode
1841:Abengoa
1821:Biomass
1622:2637510
1593:Bibcode
1552:sp.;".
1500:Biology
1463:Plant J
1457:In situ
1391:Bibcode
1103:Bibcode
784:cooking
768:phenols
764:methoxy
735:in the
646:in vivo
606:polymer
591:laccase
585:. Both
538:to the
528:glucose
505:cytosol
499:Lignin
390:or the
301:cells.
172:lignols
76:History
4575:Plants
4371:Potash
4272:Tannin
4232:Lignin
4146:Fibers
4091:lumber
4017:veneer
3957:Siding
3937:Rafter
3932:Purlin
3847:Batten
3840:timber
3836:Lumber
3668:Europe
3663:Canada
3410:Tissue
3320:Manila
3293:Korean
3288:Ingres
3283:Inkjet
3196:Coated
3176:Carbon
3151:Banana
2776:
2718:
2644:
2601:
2566:
2531:
2524:157483
2521:
2431:
2365:
2263:
2255:
2211:
2201:
2179:(11).
2152:
2144:
2101:
2057:
2047:
1978:
1938:
1903:
1895:
1869:Planta
1784:
1748:
1671:
1629:
1619:
1611:
1531:
1506:
1483:
1409:
1362:
1354:
1290:
1283:139549
1280:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1049:
1007:
951:
910:
636:, and
461:, its
339:It is
284:pectin
282:, and
116:carbon
112:fossil
108:chitin
91:lignum
46:Lignin
32:Lignan
4452:Mulch
4262:Pitch
4184:Rayon
4164:Paper
3982:Truss
3922:Plate
3917:Plank
3882:Joist
3867:Cruck
3678:Japan
3673:India
3440:Wasli
3435:Washi
3395:Stone
3325:Mummy
3315:Lokta
3298:Kraft
3278:India
3263:Graph
3233:CrĂŞpe
3156:Bible
3141:Amate
3124:Types
2991:Paper
2564:S2CID
2477:(PDF)
2470:(PDF)
2452:(PDF)
2150:S2CID
1901:S2CID
1360:S2CID
1239:S2CID
1179:(PDF)
1168:(PDF)
1137:S2CID
780:smoke
741:cecum
595:plant
532:toxic
388:kraft
361:xylem
306:plant
288:xylem
174:that
145:aspen
100:Earth
4227:Dyes
4210:nano
4174:Pulp
3999:wood
3967:Stud
3962:Sill
3927:Post
3887:Lath
3852:Beam
3706:Uses
3695:List
3470:Xuan
3460:Wove
3390:Seed
3370:Rice
3310:Laid
3273:Hemp
3211:Copy
3166:Bond
2774:ISBN
2716:PMID
2642:ISSN
2599:ISSN
2529:PMID
2429:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2261:PMID
2253:ISSN
2209:PMID
2142:PMID
2099:PMID
2055:OCLC
2045:ISBN
1976:PMID
1936:PMID
1893:PMID
1782:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1627:PMID
1609:ISSN
1529:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1481:PMID
1407:PMID
1352:PMID
1288:PMID
1231:PMID
1223:ISSN
1129:PMID
1121:ISSN
1047:PMID
1005:ISBN
949:ISBN
908:ISBN
802:are
774:and
589:and
573:The
404:pulp
297:and
106:and
62:bark
60:and
58:wood
4242:Lye
4054:MDF
4022:LVL
3862:CLS
3450:Wax
3400:Tar
2751:doi
2708:doi
2677:doi
2634:doi
2591:doi
2556:doi
2519:PMC
2511:doi
2507:108
2404:doi
2392:192
2355:doi
2300:doi
2288:108
2245:doi
2199:PMC
2189:doi
2134:doi
2122:221
2089:doi
2085:236
2016:doi
1968:doi
1928:doi
1885:doi
1873:216
1774:doi
1738:doi
1661:doi
1617:PMC
1601:doi
1562:doi
1471:doi
1399:doi
1344:doi
1278:PMC
1270:doi
1213:doi
1111:doi
1039:doi
941:doi
900:doi
829:).
723:In
581:by
565:or
451:w/c
441:or
413:In
255:, S
249:, G
243:, H
98:on
66:rot
4561::
3243:DĂł
3004:/
2747:55
2745:.
2714:.
2704:49
2702:.
2675:.
2665:60
2663:.
2640:.
2632:.
2622:43
2620:.
2597:.
2587:54
2585:.
2562:.
2552:28
2550:.
2527:.
2517:.
2505:.
2501:.
2402:.
2390:.
2386:.
2361:.
2328:.
2298:.
2286:.
2282:.
2259:.
2251:.
2243:.
2233:39
2231:.
2207:.
2197:.
2187:.
2177:83
2175:.
2171:.
2148:.
2140:.
2132:.
2120:.
2097:.
2083:.
2079:.
2067:^
2053:.
2028:^
2014:.
2004:57
2002:.
1988:^
1974:.
1964:51
1962:.
1948:^
1934:.
1924:16
1922:.
1899:.
1891:.
1883:.
1871:.
1819:,
1780:.
1744:.
1736:.
1667:.
1655:.
1649:al
1646:et
1625:.
1615:.
1607:.
1599:.
1587:.
1583:.
1558:17
1556:.
1479:.
1467:28
1465:.
1461:.
1430:^
1405:.
1397:.
1387:57
1385:.
1381:.
1358:.
1350:.
1340:49
1338:.
1308:.
1286:.
1276:.
1266:13
1264:.
1260:.
1237:.
1229:.
1221:.
1209:42
1207:.
1203:.
1170:.
1135:.
1127:.
1119:.
1109:.
1099:19
1097:.
1093:.
1067:.
1045:.
1035:54
1033:.
1019:^
1003:.
999:.
987:^
947:.
935:.
931:.
906:.
884:^
870:.
743:.
699:.
632:,
628:,
429:,
425:,
293:,
278:,
163:.
157:11
153:34
149:31
3838:/
3820:e
3813:t
3806:v
2983:e
2976:t
2969:v
2884:)
2880:(
2847:e
2840:t
2833:v
2782:.
2757:.
2753::
2722:.
2710::
2683:.
2679::
2671::
2648:.
2636::
2628::
2605:.
2593::
2570:.
2558::
2535:.
2513::
2486:.
2454:.
2437:.
2412:.
2406::
2398::
2371:.
2357::
2338:.
2314:.
2302::
2294::
2267:.
2247::
2239::
2215:.
2191::
2183::
2156:.
2136::
2128::
2105:.
2091::
2061:.
2022:.
2018::
2010::
1982:.
1970::
1942:.
1930::
1907:.
1887::
1879::
1855:.
1829:.
1804:.
1790:.
1776::
1754:.
1740::
1721:.
1677:.
1663::
1633:.
1603::
1595::
1589:4
1568:.
1564::
1537:.
1512:.
1487:.
1473::
1455:"
1424:.
1401::
1393::
1366:.
1346::
1323:.
1294:.
1272::
1245:.
1215::
1188:.
1143:.
1113::
1105::
1078:.
1053:.
1041::
1013:.
963:.
943::
916:.
902::
689:2
687:O
685:2
683:H
569:.
215:u
161:n
159:)
155:O
151:H
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
