396:
33:
455:
Later Jin wanted to use the
Mongols against the Ming, they persuaded their leaders, including Ligden, to ally with them. Since a conflict with the Later Jin in 1619, the relations between his clan federation and the Manchu federation had continuously deteriorated. In 1620, after an exchange of contemptuous letters, Ligden and the Later Jin ruler
307:, reigning from 1604 to 1634. During his reign, he vigorously attempted to reunify the divided Mongol Empire, achieving moderate levels of success. However, his unpopular reign generated violent opposition due to his harsh restrictions over the Mongol tribes as he attempted to centralize the state. His alliance with the
454:
of silver. He received an annual subsidy of 40,000 taels of silver in 1620. Sog Zaisai, a
Southern Khalkha nobleman, prince Sanasarai of the Khorchin, and Paghwa of the Jarud attacked the Later Jin with more than 10,000–50,000 men to assist the Ming in August 1619, but they were crushed. Because the
462:
Ligden, on the other hand, by trying to assume this former power, ruled in a progressively aggressive fashion, so several
Mongolian tribes opted to form a coalition with the Manchus. When the Khorchin and some formerly allied tribes bonded with the Manchus in 1624, Ligden undertook a
474:
Ligden aimed at centralizing Mongol rule. He appointed officials to rule the left and right wing tümens, and organized a special court nobility and a corps of 300 baaturs (warriors). In 1627, the other tümens were in full
483:, and Abaga moved northwest and allied with the Three Right Wing Tumens against Ligden. They attacked Ligden at Zhaocheng. Ligden defeated the allies but lost 10,000 Chakhars. When the Ming court refused to pay
427:. By the early 17th century, the Khan's court had lost most of its power and was under pressure from the Manchus in the east. Hoping that he could consolidate his power over the Mongol tümens, Ligden moved the
443:'s time (r. 1260–94), inviting the order's Sharba pandita, who was appointed his preceptor in 1617. Sharba installed Mahakala image in Ligden's capital Chagan. Ligden Khan also built temples at Küriye.
511:. Ligden made himself yet more unpopular by seizing the wife of Erinchin jinong and taking refuge in the Eight White Yurts of Genghis Khan in Kokenuur. Allied with the Tibetan monarchs, he opposed
467:
and besieged the
Khorchin nobleman Oba for 3 days, but retreated when Manchu relief troops arrived. When Ligden Khan called the northern Khalkhas to join him against the Manchus, only
1004:
516:
487:, he raided the Ming Empire, forcing them to renew the treaty. The Ming increased his annual subsidy to 81,000 taels of silver. In 1631 Ligden passed the
411:
of the Three Right Wing Tumens expressed his allegiance to Ligden Khan. Allied with princes of the
Southern Khalkha (Baarin and Jarud), Ligden raided the
779:
392:, Chakhar people, occupied Sira Mören valley. Ligden divided the Chakhar into right and left wings and built Chaghan city near Abaga Khara Mountain.
1558:
859:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft: 379-411. Another source on the period would be Di Cosmo, Nicola, and Dalizhabu Bao (2003):
997:
1553:
834:
622:
in the chronicle Bolur Erdeni. However, for any
Mongolian reader who does not immediately perceive the name to be a loan, the letter
72:
1233:
990:
827:
507:
and his Mongol allies undertook a campaign against Ligden who avoided a confrontation and with maybe 100,000 Chakhar fled to
1248:
1548:
1228:
1030:
109:
424:
320:
1497:
344:
340:
1181:
50:
43:
1258:
1238:
1502:
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and 3,000 soldiers who were going to take Ligden's subsidy from the Ming. In 1632, the Later Jin khan
1543:
1538:
1339:
1334:
1253:
723:
450:
with the Ming dynasty to protect their northern border from the
Manchus in exchange for thousands of
380:(r. 1593–1603). Because his father died early, Ligden was chosen to succeed his grandfather Buyan as
855:
Veit, Veronika (1986): Die mongolischen Völkerschaften: 396-400. In: Weiers, Michael (ed.) (1986):
464:
459:(r. 1616–1626) broke off relations and most of the Eastern Tümens deserted to Nurhaci in 1622–24.
1492:
1185:
1161:
1063:
759:
400:
296:
284:
1344:
1324:
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192:
137:
1100:
907:
673:
652:
611:
359:
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267:
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During his early reign, Ligden had the respect and loyalty of other Mongol tümens. Boshigo
1445:
1329:
1076:
660:. Today, western scholars tend to cling to the written form of the Tibetan word and write
488:
1390:
1223:
1121:
702:
619:
547:
512:
491:
and successfully attacked the
Khorchin and the Tümed. A powerful alliance of Khorchin,
316:
54:
1532:
1385:
1109:
1092:
1013:
763:
729:
631:
499:, Ordos and Abaga was formed against Ligden. They destroyed 4,000 Chahar militias in
420:
336:
304:
245:
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got palatalized. In
Mongolian sources, the most frequent ways to write the name are
1308:
1169:
1153:
543:
412:
308:
395:
435:
and had himself declared both religious and political leader of the
Mongols by a
1293:
1283:
1268:
635:
528:
496:
49:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
846:
The Mongol empire and its legacy By Reuven Amitai-Preiss, David Morgan, p. 249.
319:
and the reorganization of Mongol political divisions were ineffective when the
1410:
1319:
1303:
1243:
1055:
861:
Manchu-Mongol relations on the eve of the Qing conquest: a documentary history
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504:
468:
124:
1401:
1354:
1278:
1135:
1131:
1084:
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974:
918:
married to Hong Taiji as Consort Shu and given a title of Consort Kanghuishu
873:
708:
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324:
197:
147:
17:
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101:
1165:
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1139:
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97:
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Ligden (b. 1588) was a son of Mangghus Mergen Taiji and grandson of
738:, Prince Chahar of the First Rank (察哈尔亲王 阿布奈; 1635 – 1675), 2nd son
1380:
1173:
1117:
1096:
800:Ж.Бор – Монгол хийгээд Евразийн дипломат шаштир, боть III, p. 123.
532:
524:
436:
174:
809:Ш.Цэен-Ойдов-Чингис богдоос Лигдэн хутагт хүртэл /хаад/, p. 179.
769:
Consort Gortumen (郭尔土门福晋), married later Gunchusi Sengge (衮出斯僧格)
638:. This must have been perceived in this fashion at the time of
451:
388:
with the reign title Khutugtu in 1603. At the time the Khagan's
986:
26:
439:
religious leader. Ligden revived the old Saskyapa order of
732:
clan (囊囊太后 博爾濟吉特氏;? – 1674), personal name Namjung (娜木鐘)
756:
Empress Dowager Boqi (伯奇太后), personal name Tasina (苔丝娜)
542:(Erke qongγor eje) returned and was handed over to the
857:
Die Mongolen. Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte und Kultur
259:
251:
239:
227:
213:
191:
181:
167:
157:
153:
143:
133:
123:
115:
108:
90:
335:His name is from Mongolian "Ligden Khutugt Khan" (
343:: Лигдэн Хутугт хаан), title Ligden Khutugt from
668:, both pointing to a possible alternative with
820:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
664:, while Mongolian scholars will usually write
998:
766:(窦土门福晋 博爾濟吉特氏) personal name Batmadzoo (巴特瑪璪)
419:and the Jarud became in-laws with the rising
363:
8:
753:clan (太后 博爾濟吉特氏), personal name Erjei (俄尔哲依)
618:is attested in a strict transcription from
1376:
1371:
1207:
1202:
1045:
1040:
1023:
1005:
991:
983:
923:
796:
794:
780:List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty
676:, the name is written as 林丹, the standard
546:which soon after established control over
87:
1480:Soloi Maqasamadi Sechen Khan (1577–1652)
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
415:. However, from 1612 on, leaders of the
394:
897:as his secondary consort and had a son
790:
650:words only and would have resulted in *
634:) indicate that the word only contains
210:
651:
7:
705:(太后葉赫那拉氏), personal name Sutai (苏泰)
401:Chakhar after against with Later Jin
538:After Ligden Khan's death, his son
527:) in 1634 while marching to attack
431:religious center of the Mongols to
303:), (1588–1634) was a khagan of the
25:
1419:Boshugtu Khung Taiji (1608–1636)
610:are not differentiated in normal
1417:Namudai Sechen Khan (1586–1607)
1415:Sengge Düüreng Khan (1583–1585)
31:
1454:Chakhun Dorji Khan (1654–1698)
1450:Eriyekhei Mergen Khan (1589–?)
1433:Buyan Baatur Taiji (1573–1576)
110:Khagan of Northern Yuan dynasty
1466:Norbu Bisireltü Khan (d. 1661)
558:The name is borrowed from the
1:
1559:17th-century Chinese monarchs
1431:Noyandara Jinong (1543–1572)
1437:Erinchen Jinong (1624–1636)
1435:Boshugtu Jinong (1577–1624)
479:. Princes ruling the Sunid,
171:1634 (aged 45–46)
1284:Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha
574:had already become silent,
531:order (Yellow Hat sect) in
1575:
1452:Gombodorji Khan (d. 1655)
1224:Ukhaantu Khan Toghun-Temur
741:Shuchai (淑侪), 1st daughter
582:could be realized as and
323:became the major power in
1554:17th-century Mongol khans
1498:Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji
1482:Baba Sechen Khan (1653–?)
1374:
1229:Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara
1205:
1043:
1021:
971:
961:
953:
948:
926:
884:Granddaughter of Gintaisi
630:and its interaction with
446:In 1618, Ligden signed a
399:The collapse of Ligdan's
364:
354:His name is also written
348:
300:
288:
218:
209:
95:
1429:Mergen Jinong (d. 1542)
724:Empress Dowager Nangnang
602:() does appear as well.
523:at Sira Tala (in modern
1503:Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji
1266:Bunyashiri (1403–1412)
1249:Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan
1234:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
598:, but the intermediate
1427:Barsu-Bolod (d. 1521)
1335:Darayisung Gödeng Khan
1027:Political organization
711:Khagan of Northen Yuan
614:in this position, but
404:
187:Abaga Borjigit Namjung
1484:Sechen Khan (d. 1686)
1468:Chambun Khan (1670?–)
1301:(Ükegtü) (1454–1465)
1239:Jorightu Khan Yesüder
965:Northern Yuan dynasty
680:transcription being
566:. There, the letters
471:accepted his appeal.
398:
386:Northern Yuan dynasty
305:Northern Yuan dynasty
85:Khagan of the Mongols
1261:Gulichi (1402–1408)
1089:Three Western Tumens
1073:Three Eastern Tumens
717:額哲; d.1641), 1st son
644:phonological process
91:Ligden Khutugtu Khan
1549:Northern Yuan khans
1340:Tümen Jasaghtu Khan
764:Abaga Borjigin clan
693:Consorts and issue:
626:would (by means of
465:punitive expedition
1493:Ubasi Khong Tayiji
405:
341:Mongolian Cyrillic
173:Sira Tala (modern
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1345:Buyan Sechen Khan
1325:Bars Bolud Jinong
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1035:Independent khans
981:
980:
972:Succeeded by
957:Buyan Sechen Khan
933:House of Borjigin
653:[ɮʲaɢtan]
642:as well, as this
628:consonant harmony
612:Mongolian writing
560:Classical Tibetan
517:Banchin Erdene IV
425:Later Jin dynasty
378:Buyan Sechen Khan
321:Later Jin dynasty
311:, sponsorship of
278:
277:
223:
222:
163:Sira Mören valley
138:Buyan Sechen Khan
83:
82:
75:
16:(Redirected from
1566:
1377:
1372:
1264:Öljei Temür Khan
1208:
1203:
1046:
1041:
1024:
1007:
1000:
993:
984:
954:Preceded by
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924:
919:
916:
910:
908:Hooge, Prince Su
904:
898:
891:
885:
882:
876:
870:
864:
863:. Leiden: Brill.
853:
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838:
816:
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807:
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760:Consort Doutumen
659:
655:
367:
366:
350:
345:Standard Tibetan
313:Tibetan Buddhism
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268:Tibetan Buddhism
211:
88:
78:
71:
67:
64:
58:
35:
34:
27:
21:
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1529:
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1472:Shara (d. 1687)
1471:
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1457:
1455:
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1446:Abtai Sain Khan
1440:
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1434:
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1430:
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1422:
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1416:
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1359:
1353:
1348:
1343:
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1333:
1330:Bodi Alagh Khan
1328:
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1314:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
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1259:Örüg Temür Khan
1257:
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1227:
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747:Empress Dowager
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374:
333:
266:
204:
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186:
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86:
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42:has an unclear
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1464:Subandai Khan
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703:Yehe Nara clan
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646:took place in
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548:Inner Mongolia
489:Khinggan Range
373:
372:Life and reign
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368:; 1588–1634).
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1495:(c.1609–1623)
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1462:Laikhur Khan
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1031:List of Khans
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1026:
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1020:
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1014:Northern Yuan
1008:
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988:
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679:
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645:
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637:
633:
632:vowel harmony
629:
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519:. He died of
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337:Mongol script
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281:Khutugtu Khan
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246:Northern Yuan
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56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
29:
28:
19:
1491:
1479:
1461:
1448:(1567–1588)
1444:
1426:
1413:(1521–1582)
1409:
1357:(1634–1635)
1352:(1604–1634)
1349:
1347:(1592–1604)
1342:(1557–1592)
1337:(1547–1557)
1332:(1516–1547)
1322:(1480–1516)
1318:
1311:(1475–1479)
1309:Manduul Khan
1306:(1465–1466)
1296:(1453–1454)
1286:(1433–1452)
1281:(1425–1438)
1276:(1415–1425)
1271:(1411–1415)
1256:(1399–1402)
1251:(1394–1399)
1246:(1391–1394)
1241:(1388–1391)
1236:(1378–1388)
1231:(1370–1378)
1226:(1368–1370)
1222:
1170:Khong Tayiji
1148:
1130:
1122:Dörbet Oirat
1108:
1088:
1072:
1071:
962:
940:
931:
928:Ligdan Khan
914:
902:
889:
880:
868:
860:
856:
851:
842:
819:
814:
805:
746:
722:
714:
710:
698:
692:
691:
681:
669:
665:
661:
656:had it been
648:back-vocalic
636:front vowels
623:
615:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
557:
544:Qing dynasty
537:
513:Dalai Lama V
473:
461:
445:
413:Ming dynasty
406:
375:
355:
353:
334:
309:Ming dynasty
292:
280:
279:
96:
69:
60:
41:
1544:1634 deaths
1539:1588 births
1505:(1652–1667)
1500:(1623–1652)
1350:Ligdan Khan
1294:Esen Taishi
1269:Delbeg Khan
1016:(1368–1635)
935:(1206–1634)
906:Married to
818:C.P.Atwood
529:dGe-lugs-pa
497:Yungshiyebu
289:Хутагт Хаан
134:Predecessor
18:Ligden Khan
1533:Categories
1411:Altan Khan
1320:Dayan Khan
1304:Molon Khan
1244:Engke Khan
1182:Councellor
1056:Four Oirat
1049:Six Tumen
969:1604–1634
828:0816046719
786:References
640:i-breaking
505:Hong Taiji
469:Tsogt Taij
356:Lindan Han
125:Coronation
55:footnoting
1402:Khotogoid
1355:Ejei Khan
1327:(deputy)
1279:Adai Khan
1136:Karakorum
1132:Yingchang
1085:Uriankhai
975:Ejei Khan
943:1604–1634
874:Jirgalang
749:, of the
600:Lingda/en
564:legs-ldan
540:Ejei Khan
403:in 1630s.
339:: ;
325:East Asia
297:Mongolian
285:Mongolian
198:Ejei Khan
148:Ejei Khan
144:Successor
119:1603–1634
1470:Zenggün
1289:Agbarjin
893:married
774:See also
751:Borjigin
658:/liɡdan/
596:Linda/en
592:Ligda/en
521:smallpox
509:Kokenuur
481:Uzemchin
429:Buddhist
417:Khorchin
390:appanage
291:), born
264:Tengrist
260:Religion
255:Mangghus
234:Borjigin
51:citation
1395:Jasagtu
1391:Tüsheet
1291:(1453)
1211:Unified
1178:Tarkhan
1114:Torghut
1077:Khalkha
1051:Mongols
822:, 2004
762:of the
674:Chinese
586:before
578:before
485:subsidy
457:Nurhaci
437:Tibetan
433:Chakhar
384:of the
360:Chinese
317:Chakhar
272:Nyingma
241:Dynasty
205:Shuchai
102:Mongols
100:of the
1398:Sechen
1215:Chahar
1166:Jinong
1162:Taishi
1158:Khatun
1150:Khagan
1140:Hohhot
1110:Choros
1081:Chahar
1064:Titles
939:
895:Abatai
837:p. 88.
833:
826:
736:Abunai
709:Ejei,
688:Family
682:Líndān
678:Pinyin
666:Ligden
662:Ligdan
501:Hohhot
477:revolt
448:treaty
441:Kublai
421:Manchu
409:jinong
301:Лигдэн
293:Ligdan
252:Father
219:Ligdan
202:Abunai
182:Spouse
98:Khagan
1386:Ordos
1381:Tumed
1174:Noyan
1118:Khoid
1097:Tumed
1093:Ordos
941:Died:
701:, of
672:. In
562:term
533:Tibet
525:Gansu
493:Tümed
452:taels
423:-led
229:House
214:Names
193:Issue
175:Gansu
116:Reign
1186:Wang
1154:Khan
831:ISBN
824:ISBN
606:and
594:and
570:and
554:Name
515:and
382:khan
331:Name
168:Died
161:1588
158:Born
129:1603
53:and
728:of
365:林丹汗
315:in
1535::
793:^
684:.
550:.
535:.
495:,
362::
351:.
347::
327:.
299::
287::
1006:e
999:t
992:v
726:,
715:(
670:n
624:g
616:a
608:e
604:a
588:n
584:a
580:d
576:g
572:l
568:s
358:(
295:(
283:(
274:)
270:(
177:)
76:)
70:(
65:)
61:(
57:.
47:.
20:)
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