109:, even farther south, who took her as his wife. They had a son, who inherited from his father, the Heiltsuk chief, the name Ligeex. When the woman and her son were allowed to return to the Gispaxlo'ots, her son retained the name "Ligeex," which was passed through the family's maternal line. It gradually came to stand for the hereditary chief.
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Barbeau also describes an Eagle totem pole belonging to Ligeex which stood in Lax Kw'alaams until falling before 1926. He surmised that it was cut up. This wooden pole had been erected about 1866. It had been typical for slaves to be sacrificed by having the pole erected into a hole on top of them
146:, founded by Duncan in 1862 as a utopian Christian community. He wanted to protect his 50 Lax Kw'alaams native followers from the alcohol and loose morals of the H.B.C. fort atmosphere. He briefly appointed Legaic as constable and assigned the chief to work with Tsimshian at Lax Kw'alaams and the
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wrote in 1938 that the last fully installed chief of the original House of Ligeex had been Paul Legaic (d. 1890). He was a successor to the Legaic recorded as converted by Duncan. Paul Legaic II's sister Martha Legaic succeeded him, dying in 1902. At that point the maternal line had run out of
177:, dying in 1933. Garfield in 1938 reported that at that point, a new council had taken over the Gispaxlo'ots leadership. She opined that there would probably never be another Ligeex, although she detailed rival claims for taking over the name and its privileges. For instance a
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In the early 1930s
Garfield recorded information on Ligeex and the Gispaxlo'ots. This included phonograph recordings of House of Ligeex songs, from Matthew Johnson, a head of one of the other Gispaxlo'ots house-groups.
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1837. In 1950 Barbeau wrote that the eagle figure which topped this pole was still preserved in Lax Kw'alaams. An earlier Fin-of-the-Shark pole had stood at the original
Gispaxlo'ots village at the confluence of the
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A rock painting on a cliffside near the mouth of the Skeena River, visible from
Highway 16, depicts traditional copper shields and a human face. This was painted to mark Ligeex's ancient control of the river's trade.
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in 1832. This was an arranged diplomatic intercultural marriage to smooth the way for the HBC to establish its Fort
Simpson, a.k.a. Port Simpson, at Lax Kw'alaams in 1834, in Ligeex's territory.
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linguistic origin and as meaning Stone Cliff. Tradition holds that the House of Ligeex is an offshoot of another
Gispaxlo'ots Laxsgiik house, the House of Nis'wa'maķ. This is one of the
304:
55:
Ligeex is considered to be traditionally the most powerful
Tsimshian chieftainship. In the period of early European contact, Ligeex controlled Tsimshian trade with peoples up the
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heirs. For lack of a consensus among other
Gispaxlo'ots over succession, a council of four leading house-group heads administered Gispaxlo'ots affairs for a period.
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in Lax Kw'alaams. Paul Legaic had ordered Duncan at gunpoint to cease tolling churchbells on the day of the initiation of the chief's daughter's into a
Tsimshian
247:
Marsden, Susan, and Robert Galois (1995) "The
Tsimshian, the Hudson's Bay Company, and the Geopolitics of the Northwest Coast Fur Trade, 1787-1840."
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tribe of Lax Kw'alaams. His house had close historical relations with the House of Ligeex. Kelly had an Anglo white father. He was born at
261:
161:
The council ultimately assigned the Ligeex chieftainship to George Kelly, a member of the House of
Sgagweet, the leading, royal
138:. This Ligeex soon became a key convert of Duncan's and took the name Paul at his baptism (he was named for the disciple
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to try to convert more First Nations to people to Christianity. On one such trip in 1869, Legaic died in Lax Kw'alaams.
143:
131:
59:, a privilege he protected through tribute and through war if necessary. His position was eventually weakened as the
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ed. by George F. MacDonald and John J. Cove, pp. 210-212. Ottawa: Directorate, Canadian Museum of Civilization.
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Wellington Clah, Arthur (1997) "How Tamks Saved William Duncan's Life." Recorded by William Beynon, 1950. In
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ed. by George F. MacDonald and John J. Cove, pp. 62-65. Ottawa: Directorate, Canadian Museum of Civilization.
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2 vols. (Anthropology Series 30, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 119.) Ottawa: National Museum of Canada.
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117:
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The most famous holders of the name were a series of men named Paul Legaic in the late nineteenth century.
188:, he reports that a Fin-of-the-Shark pole more than thirty feet in height belonging to Ligeex was erected
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178:
142:). This Paul Legaic and his wife and daughter moved with Duncan for a while to the nearby village of
181:, Tlingit family had established itself in Lax Kw'alaams, claiming to be a new House of Nis'wa'maķ.
35:, Canada. The name, and the chieftainship it represents, is passed along matrilineally within the
198:
299:
130:, a Gispaxlo'ots house-group chief, intervened and saved the life of the Anglican lay missionary
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The Heavens Are Changing: Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity.
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From Potlatch to Pulpit, Being the Autobiography of the Rev. William Henry Pierce.
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or by being killed first and then buried beneath the pole. In 1866, however, a
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19:(variously spelled: "Legaic" etc.) is a hereditary name-title belonging to the
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During her studies of the Tsimshian in the 1930s, the American anthropologist
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one were each liberated at the last moment before they could be sacrificed.
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24:
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90:. A woman from the House of Nis'wa'maķ was kidnapped by—and wedded to—a
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44:
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Tate, John (1997) "The Bella Bella Origin of Legaix." Recorded by
43:) called the House of Ligeex. The House of Ligeex belongs to the
240:
Garfield, Viola E. (1939) "Tsimshian Clan and Society."
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Ed. by J. P. Hicks. Vancouver, B.C.: Vancouver Bindery.
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It was a Ligeex who married his daughter Sudaał to Dr.
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University of Washington Publications in Anthropology,
101:She was subsequently kidnapped from Kitamaat by a
305:Indigenous clans of the Pacific Northwest Coast
8:
284:Tsimshian Narratives 2: Trade and Warfare,
277:Tsimshian Narratives 2: Trade and Warfare,
258:Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
74:is conventionally described as being of
82:houses deriving from migrations from
7:
14:
27:First Nation from the village of
1:
251:vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 169-183.
244:vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 167-340.
67:in the nineteenth century.
321:
63:rose in influence through
86:territory in what is now
39:(a matrilineally defined
184:In Barbeau's survey of
171:Port Ludlow, Washington
31:(a.k.a. Port Simpson),
128:Arthur Wellington Clah
114:John Frederick Kennedy
262:Pierce, William Henry
254:Neylan, Susan (2003)
249:Canadian Geographer,
118:Hudson's Bay Company
61:Hudson's Bay Company
209:slave woman and a
98:, to the south.
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179:Cape Fox, Alaska
33:British Columbia
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231:Barbeau, Marius
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41:extended family
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273:William Beynon
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175:Victoria, B.C.
173:and raised in
155:Viola Garfield
140:Paul of Tarsus
136:secret society
132:William Duncan
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47:(Eagle clan).
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165:house of the
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65:the fur trade
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29:Lax Kw'alaams
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23:tribe of the
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275:, 1952. In
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235:Totem Poles.
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225:Bibliography
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199:Shames River
195:Skeena River
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57:Skeena River
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21:Gispaxlo'ots
16:
15:
186:totem poles
107:Bella Bella
105:chief from
94:chief from
37:royal house
294:Categories
148:Nass River
144:Metlakatla
300:Tsimshian
197:with the
70:The name
25:Tsimshian
163:Laxsgiik
103:Heiltsuk
96:Kitamaat
80:Gwinhuut
76:Heiltsuk
45:Laxsgiik
264:(1933)
233:(1950)
207:Nisga'a
167:Gitando
116:of the
84:Tlingit
51:History
92:Haisla
88:Alaska
72:Ligeex
17:Ligeex
211:Haida
190:ca.
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