1969:
303:(e.g., shrink-wrap), the plenoptic function can be measured by capturing multiple images. In this case the function contains redundant information, because the radiance along a ray remains constant throughout its length. The redundant information is exactly one dimension, leaving a four-dimensional function variously termed the photic field, the 4D light field or lumigraph. Formally, the field is defined as radiance along rays in empty space.
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141:
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removal of glare artifacts. In ray-space, glare behaves as high frequency noise and can be reduced by outlier rejection. Such analysis can be performed by capturing the light field inside the camera, but it results in the loss of spatial resolution. Uniform and non-uniform ray sampling can be used to reduce glare without significantly compromising image resolution.
770:
1964:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}_{q}({\boldsymbol {s}})=\sum _{{\tilde {\boldsymbol {u}}}=-{\boldsymbol {n}}_{\boldsymbol {u}}}^{{\boldsymbol {n}}_{\boldsymbol {u}}}L({\boldsymbol {u}}q+{\boldsymbol {s}},{\boldsymbol {u}})\Delta {\boldsymbol {u}},\quad \Delta {\boldsymbol {u}}=\Delta u\Delta v,\quad q=\left(1-{\frac {1}{\alpha }}\right)}
1757:
782:
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arises due to multiple scattering of light inside the camera body and lens optics that reduces image contrast. While glare has been analyzed in 2D image space, it is useful to identify it as a 4D ray-space phenomenon. Statistically analyzing the ray-space inside a camera allows the classification and
2759:
captures full volume information in a single frame, it is possible to monitor neural activity in individual neurons randomly distributed in a large volume at video framerate. Quantitative measurement of neural activity can be done despite optical aberrations in brain tissue and without reconstructing
254:
Integrating these vectors over any collection of lights, or over the entire sphere of directions, produces a single scalar value—the total irradiance at that point, and a resultant direction. The figure shows this calculation for the case of two light sources. In computer graphics, this vector-valued
2584:
or by photographing a real scene. In either case, to produce a light field, views must be obtained for a large collection of viewpoints. Depending on the parameterization, this collection typically spans some portion of a line, circle, plane, sphere, or other shape, although unstructured collections
2772:
that creates a scene model comprising a generalized light field and a relightable matter field. The generalized light field represents light flowing in every direction through every point in the field. The relightable matter field represents the light interaction properties and emissivity of matter
359:
can be modeled as spherical waves (2D at a point in time, 3D over time): light moves in a single direction (2D of information), while sound expands in every direction. However, light travelling in non-vacuous media may scatter in a similar fashion, and the irreversibility or information lost in the
326:
Some alternative parameterizations of the 4D light field, which represents the flow of light through an empty region of three-dimensional space. Left: points on a plane or curved surface and directions leaving each point. Center: pairs of points on the surface of a sphere. Right: pairs of points on
181:
to express the image of a scene from any possible viewing position at any viewing angle at any point in time. It is not used in practice computationally, but is conceptually useful in understanding other concepts in vision and graphics. Since rays in space can be parameterized by three coordinates,
2734:; digital technologies include placing an array of lenslets over a high-resolution display screen, or projecting the imagery onto an array of lenslets using an array of video projectors. An array of video cameras can capture and display a time-varying light field. This essentially constitutes a
542:
306:
The set of rays in a light field can be parameterized in a variety of ways. The most common is the two-plane parameterization. While this parameterization cannot represent all rays, for example rays parallel to the two planes if the planes are parallel to each other, it relates closely to the
1224:
2661:
Gershun's reason for studying the light field was to derive (in closed form) illumination patterns that would be observed on surfaces due to light sources of various shapes positioned above these surface. The branch of optics devoted to illumination engineering is
1654:
2619:
contains 24,000 1.3-megapixel images, which is considered large as of 2022. For light field rendering to completely capture an opaque object, images must be taken of at least the front and back. Less obviously, for an object that lies astride the
1659:
2666:. It extensively uses the concept of flow lines (Gershun's flux lines) and vector flux (Gershun's light vector). However, the light field (in this case the positions and directions defining the light rays) is commonly described in terms of
947:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}_{\alpha }\left({\boldsymbol {s}})={\frac {1}{\alpha ^{2}F^{2}}}\int L_{F}\left({\boldsymbol {u}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{\alpha }}\right)+{\frac {\boldsymbol {s}}{\alpha }},{\boldsymbol {u}}\right)d{\boldsymbol {u}}}
172:
The radiance along all such rays in a region of three-dimensional space illuminated by an unchanging arrangement of lights is called the plenoptic function. The plenoptic illumination function is an idealized function used in
765:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}_{\alpha }\left(s,t)={1 \over \alpha ^{2}F^{2}}\iint L_{F}\left(u\left(1-{\frac {1}{\alpha }}\right)+{\frac {s}{\alpha }},v\left(1-{\frac {1}{\alpha }}\right)+{\frac {t}{\alpha }},u,v\right)~dudv}
372:. The principle of refocusing is to obtain conventional 2-D photographs from a light field through the integral transform. The transform takes a lightfield as its input and generates a photograph focused on a specific plane.
4092:
Perez, C. C., Lauri, A., Symvoulidis, P., Cappetta, M., Erdmann, A., & Westmeyer, G. G. (2015). Calcium neuroimaging in behaving zebrafish larvae using a turn-key light field camera. Journal of
Biomedical Optics, 20(9),
2631:
The number and arrangement of images in a light field, and the resolution of each image, are together called the "sampling" of the 4D light field. Also of interest are the effects of occlusion, lighting and reflection.
295:
object (e.g., a cupped hand), then light leaving one point on the object may travel only a short distance before another point on the object blocks it. No practical device could measure the function in such a region.
3365:
Zhang, Jingyang; Yao, Yao; Li, Shiwei; Liu, Jingbo; Fang, Tian; McKinnon, David; Tsin, Yanghai; Quan, Long (30 Mar 2023). "NeILF++: Inter-Reflectable Light Fields for
Geometry and Material Estimation". pp. 1–5.
2019:
2710:. Shearing or warping the light field before performing this integration can focus on different fronto-parallel or oblique planes. Images captured by digital cameras that capture the light field can be refocused.
1380:
can be viewed as a shear followed by projection. The result should be proportional to a dilated 2-D slice of the 4-D Fourier transform of a light field. More precisely, a refocused image can be generated from the
1581:
2773:
occupying every point in the field. Scene data structures can be implemented using Neural
Networks, and Physics-based structures, among others. The light and matter fields are at least partially disentangled.
2738:
system. Modern approaches to light-field display explore co-designs of optical elements and compressive computation to achieve higher resolutions, increased contrast, wider fields of view, and other benefits.
2307:
2227:
2173:
1140:
348:, which states that, in the absence of obstacles, a sound field over time is given by the pressure on a plane. Thus this is two dimensions of information at any point in time, and over time, a 3D field.
2076:
1535:
3310:
Srinivasan, Pratual; Deng, Boyang; Zhang, Xiuming; Tancik, Matthew; Mildenhall, Ben; Barron, Jonathan (7 Dec 2020). "NeRV: Neural
Reflectance and Visibility Fields for Relighting and View Synthesis".
3853:
Grosenick, L., Broxton, M., Kim, C. K., Liston, C., Poole, B., Yang, S., Andalman, A., Scharff, E., Cohen, N., Yizhar, O., Ramakrishnan, C., Ganguli, S., Suppes, P., Levoy, M., Deisseroth, K. (2017)
259:
is called the vector irradiance field. The vector direction at each point in the field can be interpreted as the orientation of a flat surface placed at that point to most brightly illuminate it.
2682:
Extracting appropriate 2D slices from the 4D light field of a scene, enables novel views of the scene. Depending on the parameterization of the light field and slices, these views might be
1585:
1489:
1428:
1378:
1078:
1438:
Another way to efficiently compute 2-D photographs is to adopt discrete focal stack transform (DFST). DFST is designed to generate a collection of refocused 2-D photographs, or so-called
2566:
2522:
1288:
1036:
996:
97:
along a ray can be thought of as the amount of light traveling along all possible straight lines through a tube whose size is determined by its solid angle and cross-sectional area.
251:
The light field at each point in space can be treated as an infinite collection of vectors, one per direction impinging on the point, with lengths proportional to their radiances.
2252:
2644:
A downward-facing light source (F-F') induces a light field whose irradiance vectors curve outwards. Using calculus, Gershun could compute the irradiance falling on points (P
1135:
427:
1752:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {u}}=\Delta u{\tilde {\boldsymbol {u}}},{\tilde {\boldsymbol {u}}}=-{\boldsymbol {n}}_{\boldsymbol {u}},...,{\boldsymbol {n}}_{\boldsymbol {u}}}
1250:
2356:
2122:
2099:
1324:
534:
351:
This two-dimensionality, compared with the apparent four-dimensionality of light, is because light travels in rays (0D at a point in time, 1D over time), while by the
2403:
491:
459:
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2452:
2426:
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2330:
511:
3285:
Rudnev, Viktor; Elgharib, Mohamed; Smith, William; Liu, Lingjie; Golyanik, Vladislav; Theobalt, Christian (21 Jul 2022). "NeRF for
Outdoor Scene Relighting".
2702:
Integrating an appropriate 4D subset of the samples in a light field can approximate the view that would be captured by a camera having a finite (i.e., non-
3344:
Kerbl, Bernhard; Kopanas, Georgios; LeimkĂĽhler, Thomas; Drettakis, George (2023-08-08). "3D Gaussian
Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering".
3829:
323:
3931:
4098:"Reconstruction of multispectral light field (5d plenoptic function) based on compressive sensing with colored coded apertures from 2D projections"
3437:
2769:
2781:
Image generation and predistortion of synthetic imagery for holographic stereograms is one of the earliest examples of computed light fields.
1977:
368:
Because light field provides spatial and angular information, we can alter the position of focal planes after exposure, which is often termed
3535:
284:
90:
3524:
3773:
1540:
67:
was the first to propose that light should be interpreted as a field, much like the magnetic fields on which he had been working. The term
3986:
3743:
3710:
1385:
of a light field by extracting a 2-D slice, applying an inverse 2-D transform, and scaling. The asymptotic complexity of the algorithm is
1219:{\textstyle L_{F}\left({\boldsymbol {u}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{\alpha }}\right)+{\frac {\boldsymbol {s}}{\alpha }},{\boldsymbol {u}}\right)}
3426:
2848:
2691:
2687:
2973:
2261:
2181:
2127:
78:
The term "radiance field" may also be used to refer to similar, or identical concepts. The term is used in modern research such as
345:
3889:
1083:
In practice, this formula cannot be directly used because a plenoptic camera usually captures discrete samples of the lightfield
2035:
1494:
2690:, crossed-slit, general linear cameras, multi-perspective, or another type of projection. Light field rendering is one form of
3753:
352:
311:
of perspective imaging. A simple way to think about a two-plane light field is as a collection of perspective images of the
4118:
2577:
72:
3824:
2359:
1443:
1649:{\displaystyle {\tilde {\boldsymbol {s}}}=-{\boldsymbol {n}}_{\boldsymbol {s}},...,{\boldsymbol {n}}_{\boldsymbol {s}}}
2747:
Neural activity can be recorded optically by genetically encoding neurons with reversible fluorescent markers such as
2022:
4097:
3764:"HR3D: Glasses-free 3D Display using Dual-stacked LCDs High-Rank 3D Display using Content-Adaptive Parallax Barriers"
3630:
2718:
Presenting a light field using technology that maps each sample to the appropriate ray in physical space produces an
3698:
Wilburn, B., Joshi, N., Vaish, V., Talvala, E., Antunez, E., Barth, A., Adams, A., Levoy, M., Horowitz, M. (2005).
2255:
1452:
1388:
1341:
1041:
3774:"3D TV: A Scalable System for Real-Time Acquisition, Transmission, and Autostereoscopic Display of Dynamic Scenes"
2802:
3793:
3865:
2527:
2483:
3879:
1335:
1255:
3941:
Bedard, N., Shope, T., Hoberman, A., Haralam, M. A., Shaikh, N., Kovačević, J., Balram, N., Tošić, I. (2016).
1001:
961:
3579:
2589:
256:
145:
3975:
3854:
3744:"Layered 3D: Tomographic Image Synthesis for Attenuation-based Light Field and High Dynamic Range Displays"
3964:
3920:
3734:"Tensor Displays: Compressive Light Field Display using Multilayer Displays with Directional Backlighting"
2756:
2683:
1382:
53:
39:
3909:
3785:
3733:
3590:
79:
3642:"Dappled Photography: Mask Enhanced Cameras for Heterodyned Light Fields and Coded Aperture Refocusing"
2235:
315:
plane (and any objects that may lie astride or beyond it), each taken from an observer position on the
3619:
2592:
may include a moving handheld camera or a robotically controlled camera, an arc of cameras (as in the
4063:
2723:
2615:
341:
272:
4035:
Mildenhall, B., Srinivasan, P. P., Tancik, M., Barron, J. T., Ramamoorthi, R., & Ng, R. (2020).
1086:
378:
3834:
3792:
Klug, M., Burnett, T., Fancello, A., Heath, A., Gardner, K., O'Connell, S., Newswanger, C. (2013).
275:
angle can be treated as additional dimensions, yielding higher-dimensional functions, accordingly.
202:, as shown at left, it is a five-dimensional function, that is, a function over a five-dimensional
106:
2722:
visual effect akin to viewing the original scene. Non-digital technologies for doing this include
3855:"Identification of cellular-activity dynamics across large tissue volumes in the mammalian brain"
3367:
3345:
3315:
3290:
2979:
2812:
2727:
2671:
2603:
3847:
3469:
Gershun, A. (1936). "The Light Field", Moscow, 1936. Translated by P. Moon and G. Timoshenko in
322:
3859:
Identification of cellular-activity dynamics across large tissue volumes in the mammalian brain
3620:"Compressive Light Field Photography using Overcomplete Dictionaries and Optimized Projections"
1229:
109:
light and to objects larger than the wavelength of light—the fundamental carrier of light is a
4081:
3763:
2969:
2827:
2663:
2338:
2104:
2081:
1293:
516:
308:
178:
3850:
From Nano to Macro, 6th IEEE International
Symposium on Biomedical Imaging. (2009) 1263–1266.
2388:
4071:
3930:
Vaish, V., Garg, G., Talvala, E., Antunez, E., Wilburn, B., Horowitz, M., Levoy, M. (2005).
3872:
3663:
2961:
2860:
2807:
3085:
2868:
2640:
2609:
The number of images in a light field depends on the application. A light field capture of
464:
432:
217:
75:
in a classic 1936 paper on the radiometric properties of light in three-dimensional space.
4113:
3459:
2719:
292:
207:
174:
64:
3957:
3802:
Fattal, D., Peng, Z., Tran, T., Vo, S., Fiorentino, M., Brug, J., Beausoleil, R. (2013).
3601:
4067:
3942:
3804:"A multi-directional backlight for a wide-angle, glasses-free three-dimensional display"
3448:
2460:
2434:
2408:
2365:
2312:
4052:"Calcium neuroimaging in behaving zebrafish larvae using a turn-key light field camera"
3932:"Synthetic Aperture Focusing using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transform"
3664:"The 3D Room: Digitizing Time-Varying 3D Events by Synchronized Multiple Video Streams"
2789:
2707:
1439:
496:
137:, and meters squared are used as a measure of cross-sectional area, as shown at right.
3997:
3890:"Glare Aware Photography: 4D Ray Sampling for Reducing Glare Effects of Camera Lenses"
3546:
4107:
3899:
2735:
46:
flowing in every direction through every point in a space. The space of all possible
3677:
3557:
283:
140:
89:
3699:
3568:
2983:
2752:
2610:
110:
17:
4042:
Yu, A., Fridovich-Keil, S., Tancik, M., Chen, Q., Recht, B., Kanazawa, A. (2021).
3651:
Georgiev, T., Zheng, C., Nayar, S., Curless, B., Salesin, D., Intwala, C. (2006).
4015:
4008:
3449:"Epipolar-Plane Image Analysis: An Approach to Determining Structure from Motion"
3956:
Karygianni, S., Martinello, M., Spinoulas, L., Frossard, P., Tosic, I. (2018). "
3688:
3670:
2667:
2593:
300:
134:
4036:
3506:
3477:
2998:
2997:
Nava, F. PĂ©rez; Marichal-Hernández, J.G.; RodrĂguez-Ramos, J.M. (August 2008).
4076:
4051:
4021:
PĂ©gard, N. C., Liu H.Y., Antipa, N., Gerlock M., Adesnik, H., and Waller, L..
3803:
2864:
2731:
2598:
356:
319:
plane. A light field parameterized this way is sometimes called a light slab.
268:
48:
3687:
Ng, R., Levoy, M., Brédif, M., Duval, G., Horowitz, M., Hanrahan, P. (2005).
3652:
3488:
3433:, M. Landy and J.A. Movshon, eds., MIT Press, Cambridge, 1991, pp. 3–20.
2953:
429:
represents a 4-D light field that records light rays traveling from position
2965:
130:
4085:
3640:
Veeraraghavan, A., Raskar, R., Agrawal, A., Mohan, A., Tumblin, J. (2007).
2229:
with zeros such that the signal length is enough for FrFT without aliasing.
1334:
One way to reduce the complexity of computation is to adopt the concept of
336:
The analog of the 4D light field for sound is the sound field or wave field
4100:
Revista
Facultad de IngenierĂa Universidad de Antioquia 80, pp. 131.
4037:“NeRF: Representing scenes as neural radiance fields for view synthesis.”
4014:
Winston, R., Miñano, J.C., Benitez, P.G., Shatz, N., Bortz, J.C., (2005)
3754:"Polarization Fields: Dynamic Light Field Display using Multi-Layer LCDs"
3641:
2760:
a volume image, and be used to monitor activity in thousands of neurons.
2581:
211:
203:
114:
60:
3752:
Lanman, D., Wetzstein, G., Hirsch, M., Heidrich, W., Raskar, R. (2011).
3567:
Durand, F., Holzschuch, N., Soler, C., Chan, E., Sillion, F. X. (2005).
2014:{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {u}}q+{\boldsymbol {s}},{\boldsymbol {u}})}
3631:"Programmable Aperture Photography:Multiplexed Light Field Acquisition"
2881:
2822:
2703:
3943:"Light field otoscope design for 3D in vivo imaging of the middle ear"
360:
scattering is discernible in the apparent loss of a system dimension.
4029:
3985:
Buehler, C., Bosse, M., McMillan, L., Gortler, S., Cohen, M. (2001).
3925:
IEEE Transactions on
Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI)
3848:"Elastic Source Selection for in vivo imaging of neuronal ensembles."
3045:
1576:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {s}}=\Delta s{\tilde {\boldsymbol {s}}},}
102:
4023:
Compressive light-field microscopy for 3D neural activity recording.
2576:
In computer graphics, light fields are typically produced either by
4043:
3875:, IEEE International Conference on Computational Photography (ICCP)
3794:"A Scalable, Collaborative, Interactive Light-field Display System"
3438:"The Irradiance Jacobian for Partially Occluded Polyhedral Sources"
3372:
3350:
3320:
3295:
3819:
2817:
2748:
2639:
513:
is the distance between two planes, a 2-D photograph at any depth
321:
282:
216:
139:
88:
43:
3858:
3629:
Liang, C.K., Lin, T.H., Wong, B.Y., Liu, C., Chen, H. H. (2008).
1226:. Another problem is high computation complexity. To compute an
126:
4028:
Leffingwell, J., Meagher, D., Mahmud, K., Ackerson, S. (2018).
3888:
Raskar, R., Agrawal, A., Wilson, C., Veeraraghavan, A. (2008).
3676:
Levoy, M., Ng, R., Adams, A., Footer, M., Horowitz, M. (2006).
3476:
Gortler, S.J., Grzeszczuk, R., Szeliski, R., Cohen, M. (1996).
1137:, and hence resampling (or interpolation) is needed to compute
287:
Radiance along a ray remains constant if there are no blockers.
113:. The measure for the amount of light traveling along a ray is
3653:"Spatio-angular Resolution Trade-offs in Integral Photography"
2302:{\displaystyle L_{F}^{d}({\boldsymbol {s}},{\boldsymbol {u}})}
2222:{\displaystyle L_{F}^{d}({\boldsymbol {s}},{\boldsymbol {u}})}
2168:{\displaystyle L_{F}^{d}({\boldsymbol {s}},{\boldsymbol {u}})}
291:
In a plenoptic function, if the region of interest contains a
3936:
Proc. Workshop on
Advanced 3D Imaging for Safety and Security
3786:
Three-Dimensional Television, Video and Display Technologies
3742:
Wetzstein, G., Lanman, D., Heidrich, W., Raskar, R. (2011).
3720:
1772:
1459:
1348:
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789:
549:
3960:". IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)
3709:
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3689:"Light Field Photography with a Hand-Held Plenoptic Camera"
3455:, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1987, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 7–55.
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Talvala, E-V., Adams, A., Horowitz, M., Levoy, M. (2007).
3864:
Heide, F., Wetzstein, G., Raskar, R., Heidrich, W. (2013)
3732:
Wetzstein, G., Lanman, D., Hirsch, M., Raskar, R. (2012).
3545:
Zwicker, M., Matusik, W., Durand, F., Pfister, H. (2006).
3536:"A First Order Analysis of Lighting, Shading, and Shadows"
2071:{\displaystyle L_{F}({\boldsymbol {s}},{\boldsymbol {u}})}
1530:{\displaystyle L_{F}({\boldsymbol {s}},{\boldsymbol {u}})}
3919:
Zomet, A., Feldman, D., Peleg, S., Weinshall, D. (2003).
3873:"Hand-Held Schlieren Photography with Light Field Probes"
3618:
Marwah, K., Wetzstein, G., Bando, Y., Raskar, R. (2013).
3427:"The Plenoptic Function and the Elements of Early Vision"
133:(sr) per square meter (m). The steradian is a measure of
2960:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 735–744.
2628:
plane (in the two-plane parameterization shown above).
536:
can be obtained from the following integral transform:
1143:
4044:"Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networks."
3910:"The UltraGram: A Generalized Holographic Stereogram"
3591:"Holographic Stereograms as Discrete imaging systems"
3578:
Chai, J.-X., Tong, X., Chan, S.-C., Shum, H. (2000).
3505:
Wong, T.T., Fu, C.W., Heng, P.A., Leung C.S. (2002).
2530:
2486:
2463:
2437:
2411:
2391:
2368:
2341:
2315:
2264:
2238:
2184:
2130:
2107:
2084:
2038:
1980:
1768:
1662:
1588:
1543:
1497:
1455:
1391:
1344:
1296:
1258:
1232:
1089:
1044:
1004:
964:
785:
545:
519:
499:
467:
435:
381:
3958:
Automated eardrum registration from light-field data
3878:
PĂ©rez, F., Marichal, J. G., Rodriguez, J.M. (2008).
3700:"High Performance Imaging Using Large Camera Arrays"
3608:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 14–27.
3534:
Ramamoorthi, R., Mahajan, D., Belhumeur, P. (2006).
4050:Perez, CC; Lauri, A; et al. (September 2015).
4009:"Introduction to Nonimaging Optics, Second Edition"
3921:"Mosaicing New Views: The Crossed-Slits Projection"
3866:"Adaptive Image Synthesis for Compressive Displays"
3762:Lanman, D., Hirsch, M. Kim, Y., Raskar, R. (2010).
3706:(Proc. SIGGRAPH), Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 765–776.
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3287:European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) 2022
2560:
2516:
2472:
2446:
2431:Compute the inverse Discrete Fourier transform of
2420:
2397:
2377:
2350:
2324:
2301:
2246:
2221:
2167:
2116:
2093:
2070:
2013:
1963:
1751:
1648:
1575:
1529:
1483:
1422:
1372:
1318:
1290:4-D light field, the complexity of the formula is
1282:
1244:
1218:
1129:
1072:
1030:
990:
946:
764:
528:
505:
485:
453:
421:
4004:, Vol. 22, No. 1, Winter, 1993, pp. 163–180.
3974:Isaksen, A., McMillan, L., Gortler, S.J. (2000).
3086:"A light field of Michelangelo's statue of Night"
2624:plane, finely spaced images must be taken on the
3846:Grosenick, L., Anderson, T., Smith S. J. (2009)
3595:SPIE Proc. Vol. #2176: Practical Holography VIII
59:, and the magnitude of each ray is given by its
4096:LeĂłn, K., Galvis, L., and Arguello, H. (2016).
4002:Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society
3871:Wetzstein, G., Raskar, R., Heidrich, W. (2011)
3529:International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV)
3003:2008 16th European Signal Processing Conference
344:, and the corresponding parametrization is the
3927:, Vol. 25, No. 6, June 2003, pp. 741–754.
3547:"Antialiasing for Automultiscopic 3D Displays"
3525:"On Plenoptic Multiplexing and Reconstruction"
2385:, where the order of the transform depends on
3900:"Veiling Glare in High Dynamic Range Imaging"
3666:, Tech report CMU-RI-TR-98-34, December 1998.
1484:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}_{\alpha }\left}
1423:{\displaystyle O(N^{2}\operatorname {log} N)}
1373:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}_{\alpha }\left}
1073:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}_{\alpha }\left}
327:two planes in general (meaning any) position.
8:
3768:ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH Asia)
3758:ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH Asia)
3711:"A Real-Time Distributed Light Field Camera"
2021:is usually not on the 4-D grid, DFST adopts
299:However, for locations outside the object's
3523:G. Wetzstein, I. Ihrke, W. Heidrich (2013)
3976:"Dynamically Reparameterized Light Fields"
3715:Proc. Eurographics Rendering Workshop 2002
3662:Kanade, T., Saito, H., Vedula, S. (1998).
2561:{\displaystyle (2{n}_{\boldsymbol {s}}+1)}
2517:{\displaystyle (2{n}_{\boldsymbol {s}}+1)}
4075:
4025:Optica 3, no. 5, pp. 517–524 (2016).
3868:, ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH)
3569:"A Frequency Analysis of Light Transport"
3551:Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, 2006
3473:, Vol. XVIII, MIT, 1939, pp. 51–151.
3403:
3401:
3371:
3349:
3319:
3294:
2543:
2538:
2529:
2499:
2494:
2485:
2480:so that each 2-D photograph has the size
2462:
2436:
2410:
2390:
2367:
2340:
2314:
2291:
2283:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2239:
2237:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2157:
2149:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2106:
2083:
2060:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2003:
1995:
1984:
1979:
1946:
1905:
1893:
1882:
1874:
1863:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1795:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1743:
1738:
1716:
1711:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1677:
1663:
1661:
1640:
1635:
1613:
1608:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1559:
1558:
1544:
1542:
1519:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1402:
1390:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1307:
1295:
1283:{\displaystyle N\times N\times N\times N}
1257:
1231:
1206:
1193:
1175:
1159:
1148:
1142:
1094:
1088:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1005:
1003:
965:
963:
939:
926:
913:
895:
879:
868:
852:
842:
832:
821:
808:
794:
788:
787:
784:
720:
702:
675:
657:
632:
616:
606:
596:
568:
554:
548:
547:
544:
518:
498:
466:
434:
386:
380:
247:having the magnitude and direction shown.
3798:SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers
3531:, Volume 101, Issue 2, pp. 384–400.
3453:International Journal of Computer Vision
2606:, microscopes, or other optical system.
1442:. This method can be implemeted by fast
3998:"Near-Field Photometry: A New Approach"
3748:ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH)
3738:ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH)
3624:ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH)
3431:Computation Models of Visual Processing
3262:
3260:
3258:
3225:Wetzstein 2012, 2011; Lanman 2011, 2010
2947:
2945:
2943:
2839:
2544:
2500:
2292:
2284:
2240:
2212:
2204:
2158:
2150:
2061:
2053:
2028:The algorithm consists of these steps:
2004:
1996:
1985:
1906:
1894:
1883:
1875:
1864:
1850:
1845:
1836:
1831:
1814:
1796:
1744:
1739:
1717:
1712:
1695:
1680:
1664:
1641:
1636:
1614:
1609:
1592:
1561:
1545:
1520:
1512:
1491:is defined as follows for a lightfield
1207:
1195:
1160:
1031:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {u}}=(u,v)}
1006:
991:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {s}}=(s,t)}
966:
940:
927:
915:
880:
822:
3965:"Multiple-Center-of-Projection Images"
3914:SPIE Vol. 1461, Practical Holography V
2770:3D reconstruction from multiple images
2764:Generalized scene reconstruction (GSR)
4039:Computer Vision – ECCV 2020, 405–421.
3916:, S.A. Benton, ed., pp. 142–155.
3507:"The Plenoptic-Illumination Function"
3041:
3039:
2706:) aperture. Such a view has a finite
7:
3880:"The Discrete Focal Stack Transform"
3783:Javidi, B., Okano, F., eds. (2002).
3425:Adelson, E.H., Bergen, J.R. (1991).
3033:Kanade 1998; Yang 2002; Wilburn 2005
2999:"The Discrete Focal Stack Transform"
2882:https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.08934.pdf
2124:and get the discretized light field
4032:arXiv:1803.08496v3 , pp. 1–13.
4030:"Generalized Scene Reconstruction."
3963:Rademacher, P., Bishop, G. (1998).
3597:, S.A. Benton, ed., pp. 73–84.
3987:"Unstructured Lumigraph Rendering"
3825:"UCSD/MERL Light Field Repository"
3820:"The Stanford Light Field Archive"
3513:, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 361–371.
3471:Journal of Mathematics and Physics
3466:, S.3, Vol XXVIII, N188, May 1846.
3234:Grosenick, 2009, 2017; Perez, 2015
2847:Faraday, Michael (30 April 2009).
2108:
2085:
1919:
1913:
1902:
1890:
1671:
1552:
1449:The discrete photography operator
25:
3772:Matusik, W., Pfister, H. (2004).
3684:(Proc. SIGGRAPH), Vol. 25, No. 3.
2849:"LIV. Thoughts on ray-vibrations"
2247:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {u}}}
3938:, in conjunction with CVPR 2005.
3575:, ACM Press, pp. 1115–1126.
3498:Moon, P., Spencer, D.E. (1981).
3487:Levoy, M., Hanrahan, P. (1996).
2025:to compute the non-grid values.
235:arising from two light sources I
206:equivalent to the product of 3D
4046:arXiv:2111.11215, pp. 1–25
3835:"Synthetic Light Field Archive"
3830:"The HCI Light Field Benchmark"
1928:
1901:
461:on the first plane to position
221:Summing the irradiance vectors
3982:, ACM Press, pp. 297–306.
3586:, ACM Press, pp. 307–318.
3564:, ACM Press, pp. 735–744.
3444:, ACM Press, pp. 335–342.
2751:that indicate the presence of
2698:Synthetic aperture photography
2572:Methods to create light fields
2555:
2531:
2511:
2487:
2457:Remove the marginal pixels of
2296:
2280:
2216:
2200:
2162:
2146:
2065:
2049:
2008:
1981:
1887:
1860:
1817:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1698:
1683:
1595:
1564:
1524:
1508:
1434:Discrete focal stack transform
1417:
1395:
1313:
1300:
1130:{\displaystyle L_{F}(s,t,u,v)}
1124:
1100:
1025:
1013:
985:
973:
826:
818:
590:
578:
480:
468:
448:
436:
422:{\displaystyle L_{F}(s,t,u,v)}
416:
392:
1:
3600:Yu, J., McMillan, L. (2004).
3334:Yu & Fridovich-Keil, 2021
2602:), a dense array of cameras,
2590:light fields photographically
1080:is the photography operator.
42:that describes the amount of
4056:Journal of Biomedical Optics
3704:ACM Transactions on Graphics
3682:ACM Transactions on Graphics
3495:, ACM Press, pp. 31–42.
3484:, ACM Press, pp. 43–54.
3460:"Thoughts on Ray Vibrations"
2360:fractional fourier transform
1444:fractional fourier transform
346:Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral
243:produces a resultant vector
3558:"Fourier Slice Photography"
2954:"Fourier slice photography"
2023:trigonometric interpolation
1338:: The photography operator
493:on the second plane, where
4135:
3695:CTSR 2005–02, April, 2005.
3057:Georgiev 2006; Marwah 2013
2256:Discrete Fourier transform
4077:10.1117/1.JBO.20.9.096009
3947:Biomedical optics express
3671:Stanford Spherical Gantry
3216:Javidi 2002; Matusik 2004
3153:Chaves 2015; Winston 2005
2865:10.1080/14786444608645431
2078:with the sampling period
1330:Fourier slice photography
1245:{\displaystyle N\times N}
353:Huygens–Fresnel principle
27:Vector function in optics
3678:"Light Field Microscopy"
3602:"General Linear Cameras"
3162:Levoy 1996; Gortler 1996
2958:ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
2657:Illumination engineering
2351:{\displaystyle \alpha F}
2117:{\displaystyle \Delta u}
2094:{\displaystyle \Delta s}
1319:{\displaystyle O(N^{4})}
529:{\displaystyle \alpha F}
144:Parameterizing a ray in
3489:"Light Field Rendering"
2966:10.1145/1186822.1073256
2777:Holographic stereograms
2398:{\displaystyle \alpha }
2335:For every focal length
2032:Sample the light field
1252:2-D photograph from an
3953:(1), pp. 260–272.
3511:IEEE Trans. Multimedia
3464:Philosophical Magazine
3090:accademia.stanford.edu
2853:Philosophical Magazine
2757:light field microscopy
2728:parallax panoramagrams
2653:
2588:Devices for capturing
2562:
2518:
2474:
2448:
2422:
2399:
2379:
2352:
2326:
2303:
2248:
2223:
2169:
2118:
2095:
2072:
2015:
1965:
1856:
1753:
1650:
1577:
1537:sampled in a 4-D grid
1531:
1485:
1424:
1374:
1320:
1284:
1246:
1220:
1131:
1074:
1032:
992:
948:
766:
530:
507:
487:
455:
423:
328:
288:
248:
169:
98:
85:The plenoptic function
80:neural radiance fields
3857:bioRxiv 132688; doi:
2803:Angle–sensitive pixel
2692:image-based rendering
2678:Light field rendering
2643:
2563:
2519:
2475:
2449:
2423:
2405:, and get the result
2400:
2380:
2353:
2327:
2309:, and get the result
2304:
2249:
2224:
2170:
2119:
2096:
2073:
2016:
1966:
1806:
1754:
1651:
1578:
1532:
1486:
1425:
1375:
1336:Fourier slice theorem
1321:
1285:
1247:
1221:
1132:
1075:
1033:
993:
949:
767:
531:
508:
488:
486:{\displaystyle (s,t)}
456:
454:{\displaystyle (u,v)}
424:
325:
286:
263:Higher dimensionality
220:
143:
92:
4119:3D computer graphics
3996:Ashdown, I. (1993).
3721:"The CAFADIS camera"
3693:Stanford Tech Report
3580:"Plenoptic Sampling"
3180:Yu and McMillan 2004
2768:This is a method of
2755:in real time. Since
2724:integral photography
2528:
2484:
2461:
2435:
2409:
2389:
2366:
2339:
2313:
2262:
2236:
2182:
2128:
2105:
2082:
2036:
1978:
1766:
1660:
1586:
1541:
1495:
1453:
1389:
1383:4-D Fourier spectrum
1342:
1294:
1256:
1230:
1141:
1087:
1042:
1002:
962:
783:
543:
517:
497:
465:
433:
379:
342:wave field synthesis
4068:2015JBO....20i6009C
4016:"Nonimaging Optics"
3904:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH.
3894:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH.
3808:Nature 495, 348–351
2279:
2199:
2145:
776:or more concisely,
148:space by position (
18:Light field display
4007:Chaves, J. (2015)
3991:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3980:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3969:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3789:, Springer-Verlag.
3778:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3669:Levoy, M. (2002).
3646:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3635:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3584:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3573:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3562:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3493:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3482:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3442:Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH
3126:Ramamoorthi (2006)
2813:Light-field camera
2672:Hamiltonian optics
2654:
2558:
2514:
2473:{\displaystyle R2}
2470:
2447:{\displaystyle R2}
2444:
2421:{\displaystyle R2}
2418:
2395:
2378:{\displaystyle R1}
2375:
2348:
2325:{\displaystyle R1}
2322:
2299:
2265:
2244:
2219:
2185:
2165:
2131:
2114:
2091:
2068:
2011:
1961:
1749:
1646:
1573:
1527:
1481:
1420:
1370:
1316:
1280:
1242:
1216:
1127:
1070:
1028:
988:
944:
762:
526:
503:
483:
451:
419:
329:
289:
279:The 4D light field
249:
170:
99:
57:plenoptic function
3589:Halle, M. (1994)
3436:Arvo, J. (1994).
3266:Leffingwell, 2018
2828:Reflectance paper
2664:nonimaging optics
1954:
1820:
1701:
1686:
1598:
1567:
1201:
1183:
921:
903:
859:
749:
728:
710:
683:
665:
623:
506:{\displaystyle F}
309:analytic geometry
179:computer graphics
160:) and direction (
16:(Redirected from
4126:
4089:
4079:
4018:, Academic Press
3500:The Photic Field
3408:
3405:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3386:Halle 1991, 1994
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3282:
3276:
3275:Mildenhall, 2020
3273:
3267:
3264:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3208:
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3199:
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3082:
3076:
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3064:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2952:Ng, Ren (2005).
2949:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2867:. Archived from
2859:(188): 345–350.
2844:
2808:Dual photography
2720:autostereoscopic
2652:) on a surface.)
2604:handheld cameras
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2479:
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2476:
2471:
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2404:
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2384:
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2328:
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2228:
2226:
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2220:
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2207:
2198:
2193:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2144:
2139:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1988:
1970:
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1956:
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1947:
1909:
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1834:
1822:
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1813:
1799:
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1612:
1600:
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1548:
1536:
1534:
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1528:
1523:
1515:
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1506:
1490:
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1487:
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1469:
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1421:
1407:
1406:
1379:
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1371:
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1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1289:
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1223:
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1215:
1211:
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1202:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1099:
1098:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1058:
1057:
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1037:
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1029:
1009:
997:
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989:
969:
953:
951:
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945:
943:
935:
931:
930:
922:
914:
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905:
904:
896:
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856:
847:
846:
833:
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817:
813:
812:
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771:
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763:
747:
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742:
729:
721:
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703:
684:
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667:
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658:
637:
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489:
484:
460:
458:
457:
452:
428:
426:
425:
420:
391:
390:
364:Image refocusing
124:
121:and measured in
54:five-dimensional
52:is given by the
21:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4104:
4103:
4049:
3843:
3816:
3729:
3657:Proc. EGSR 2006
3615:
3606:Proc. ECCV 2004
3556:Ng, R. (2005).
3520:
3478:"The Lumigraph"
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3256:
3252:Grosenick, 2017
3251:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:Rademacher 1998
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:Gershun, fig 24
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2976:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:Gershun, fig 17
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2799:
2787:
2785:Glare reduction
2779:
2766:
2745:
2716:
2700:
2680:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2596:effect used in
2574:
2537:
2526:
2525:
2493:
2482:
2481:
2459:
2458:
2433:
2432:
2407:
2406:
2387:
2386:
2364:
2363:
2337:
2336:
2311:
2310:
2260:
2259:
2234:
2233:
2180:
2179:
2126:
2125:
2103:
2102:
2080:
2079:
2039:
2034:
2033:
1976:
1975:
1939:
1935:
1843:
1829:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1737:
1710:
1658:
1657:
1634:
1607:
1584:
1583:
1539:
1538:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1470:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1436:
1398:
1387:
1386:
1359:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1254:
1253:
1228:
1227:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1059:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1000:
999:
960:
959:
888:
884:
878:
874:
864:
848:
838:
837:
804:
800:
786:
781:
780:
695:
691:
650:
646:
642:
638:
628:
612:
602:
601:
564:
560:
546:
541:
540:
515:
514:
495:
494:
463:
462:
431:
430:
382:
377:
376:
366:
334:
281:
265:
242:
238:
234:
227:
208:Euclidean space
194:and two angles
175:computer vision
122:
87:
65:Michael Faraday
40:vector function
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4094:
4093:096009-096009.
4090:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3994:
3983:
3972:
3961:
3954:
3939:
3928:
3917:
3906:
3896:
3886:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3851:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3790:
3781:
3770:
3760:
3750:
3740:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3707:
3696:
3685:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3649:
3638:
3627:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3598:
3587:
3576:
3565:
3554:
3543:
3532:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3503:
3496:
3485:
3474:
3467:
3456:
3445:
3434:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3357:
3336:
3327:
3302:
3277:
3268:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2989:
2974:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2874:
2871:on 2013-02-18.
2838:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2765:
2762:
2744:
2741:
2715:
2712:
2708:depth of field
2699:
2696:
2679:
2676:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2634:
2585:are possible.
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2469:
2466:
2455:
2443:
2440:
2429:
2417:
2414:
2394:
2374:
2371:
2358:, compute the
2347:
2344:
2333:
2321:
2318:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2254:, compute the
2242:
2230:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2113:
2110:
2090:
2087:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1435:
1432:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1331:
1328:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
956:
955:
942:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
917:
912:
908:
902:
899:
894:
891:
887:
882:
877:
871:
867:
863:
855:
851:
845:
841:
836:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
803:
797:
791:
774:
773:
761:
758:
755:
752:
745:
741:
738:
735:
732:
727:
724:
719:
715:
709:
706:
701:
698:
694:
690:
687:
682:
679:
674:
670:
664:
661:
656:
653:
649:
645:
641:
635:
631:
627:
619:
615:
609:
605:
600:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
576:
571:
567:
563:
557:
551:
525:
522:
502:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
389:
385:
365:
362:
333:
330:
280:
277:
264:
261:
240:
236:
232:
225:
101:For geometric
86:
83:
73:Andrey Gershun
71:was coined by
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4131:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4062:(9): 096009.
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3884:Proc. EUSIPCO
3881:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:Faraday, M.,
3457:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3117:Durand (2005)
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2975:9781450378253
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:Brain imaging
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:3D television
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2642:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2613:'s statue of
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2552:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2508:
2505:
2495:
2490:
2467:
2464:
2456:
2441:
2438:
2430:
2415:
2412:
2392:
2372:
2369:
2361:
2345:
2342:
2334:
2319:
2316:
2288:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2231:
2208:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2154:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2111:
2088:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1898:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1857:
1826:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1786:
1778:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1707:
1704:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1604:
1601:
1570:
1555:
1549:
1516:
1503:
1499:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1212:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1010:
982:
979:
976:
970:
936:
932:
923:
918:
910:
906:
900:
897:
892:
889:
885:
875:
869:
865:
861:
853:
849:
843:
839:
834:
829:
814:
809:
805:
801:
795:
779:
778:
777:
759:
756:
753:
750:
743:
739:
736:
733:
730:
725:
722:
717:
713:
707:
704:
699:
696:
692:
688:
685:
680:
677:
672:
668:
662:
659:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
633:
629:
625:
617:
613:
607:
603:
598:
593:
587:
584:
581:
574:
569:
565:
561:
555:
539:
538:
537:
523:
520:
500:
477:
474:
471:
445:
442:
439:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
387:
383:
373:
371:
363:
361:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
331:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
304:
302:
297:
294:
285:
278:
276:
274:
270:
262:
260:
258:
252:
246:
231:
224:
219:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
176:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
120:
117:, denoted by
116:
112:
108:
104:
96:
91:
84:
82:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4059:
4055:
4022:
4001:
3993:, ACM Press.
3990:
3979:
3971:, ACM Press.
3968:
3950:
3946:
3935:
3924:
3913:
3903:
3893:
3883:
3841:Applications
3807:
3797:
3784:
3780:, ACM Press.
3777:
3767:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3714:
3703:
3692:
3681:
3656:
3645:
3634:
3623:
3605:
3594:
3583:
3572:
3561:
3550:
3539:
3528:
3510:
3502:, MIT Press.
3499:
3492:
3481:
3470:
3463:
3452:
3441:
3430:
3395:Talvala 2007
3391:
3382:
3360:
3339:
3330:
3311:
3305:
3286:
3280:
3271:
3248:
3243:Pegard, 2016
3239:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3203:
3198:Isaksen 2000
3194:
3185:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3144:Ashdown 1993
3140:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3093:. Retrieved
3089:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3029:
3020:
3015:Buehler 2001
3011:
3002:
2992:
2957:
2937:Gortler 1996
2933:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2892:Adelson 1991
2888:
2877:
2869:the original
2856:
2855:. Series 3.
2852:
2842:
2788:
2780:
2767:
2753:calcium ions
2746:
2717:
2701:
2688:orthographic
2681:
2660:
2636:Applications
2630:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2611:Michelangelo
2608:
2597:
2587:
2575:
2027:
1973:
1448:
1437:
1333:
1082:
957:
775:
374:
369:
367:
350:
337:
335:
332:Sound analog
316:
312:
305:
298:
290:
273:polarization
266:
255:function of
253:
250:
244:
229:
222:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
171:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
118:
100:
94:
77:
68:
56:
47:
35:
31:
29:
4011:, CRC Press
3407:Raskar 2008
3108:Chai (2000)
3075:Bolles 1987
2684:perspective
2668:phase space
2594:bullet time
1440:Focal Stack
301:convex hull
135:solid angle
69:light field
32:light field
4108:Categories
3415:References
3373:2303.17147
3351:2308.04079
3321:2012.03927
3296:2112.05140
3207:Vaish 2005
3171:Zomet 2003
3095:2022-02-08
3066:Levoy 2006
3024:Levoy 2002
2928:Levoy 1996
2919:Arvo, 1994
2732:holography
2714:3D display
2599:The Matrix
2232:For every
370:refocusing
357:wave front
355:, a sound
269:wavelength
107:incoherent
105:—i.e., to
49:light rays
36:lightfield
2901:Wong 2002
2578:rendering
2393:α
2343:α
2109:Δ
2086:Δ
1952:α
1944:−
1920:Δ
1914:Δ
1903:Δ
1891:Δ
1827:−
1818:~
1808:∑
1708:−
1699:~
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1672:Δ
1605:−
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1475:⋅
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1364:⋅
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1275:×
1269:×
1263:×
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1199:α
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1064:⋅
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840:α
796:α
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700:−
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663:α
655:−
626:∬
604:α
556:α
521:α
375:Assuming
131:steradian
93:Radiance
4086:26358822
3814:Archives
3727:Displays
3518:Analysis
3314:: 1–12.
3289:: 1–22.
2797:See also
2582:3D model
1974:Because
1446:(FrFT).
257:3D space
212:2-sphere
210:and the
204:manifold
129:(W) per
125:; i.e.,
115:radiance
61:radiance
4064:Bibcode
3613:Cameras
3540:ACM TOG
2984:1806641
2823:Raytrix
2704:pinhole
293:concave
38:, is a
4114:Optics
4084:
3420:Theory
3005:: 1–5.
2982:
2972:
2730:, and
1038:, and
958:where
748:
340:as in
271:, and
267:Time,
190:, and
123:W·sr·m
103:optics
3593:, in
3429:, In
3368:arXiv
3346:arXiv
3316:arXiv
3291:arXiv
2980:S2CID
2834:Notes
2818:Lytro
2790:Glare
2749:GCaMP
2616:Night
239:and I
127:watts
44:light
34:, or
4082:PMID
3312:CVPR
3048:2005
2970:ISBN
2670:and
2178:Pad
2101:and
228:and
198:and
177:and
4072:doi
2962:doi
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