Light rail - Knowledge (XXG)

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ability of buses to travel closer to each other than rail vehicles and their ability to overtake each other at designated locations allowing express services to bypass those that have stopped at stations. However, to achieve capacities this high, BRT station footprints need to be significantly larger than a typical LRT station. In terms of cost of operation, each bus vehicle requires a single driver, whereas a light rail train may have three to four cars of much larger capacity in one train under the control of one driver, or no driver at all in fully automated systems, increasing the labor costs of BRT systems compared to LRT systems. BRT systems are also usually less fuel-efficient as they use non-electrified vehicles.

1534: 1239: 1285:"light rail" has sections that could alternatively be described as a tramway, a light metro, and, in a narrow sense, rapid transit. This is especially common in the United States, where there is not a popularly perceived distinction between these different types of urban rail systems. The development of technology for low-floor and catenary-free trams facilitates the construction of such mixed systems with only short and shallow underground sections below critical intersections as the required clearance height can be reduced significantly compared to conventional light rail vehicles. 2768: 2684: 70: 1443: 2707: 86: 2788: 1545: 102: 1780: 2726: 845: 1892: 2746: 422: 6205: 2818: 797: 2095:. The Bordeaux power system costs about three times as much as a conventional overhead wire system and took 24 months to achieve acceptable levels of reliability, requiring the replacement of all the main cables and power supplies. Operating and maintenance costs of the innovative power system still remain high. However, despite numerous service outages, the system was a success with the public, gaining up to 190,000 passengers per day. 1770:

employee fatalities from a fire in a workshed. Equivalent fatalities for the Air and Highway modes (fatalities at airports not caused by moving aircraft or fatalities from accidents in automobile repair shops) are not counted toward the totals for these modes. Thus, fatalities not necessarily directly related to in-service transportation are counted for the transit and rail modes, potentially overstating the risk for these modes.

1904: 1673:(BRT) is an alternative to LRT and many planning studies undertake a comparison of each mode when considering appropriate investments in transit corridor development. BRT systems can exhibit a more diverse range of design characteristics than LRT, depending on the demand and constraints that exist, and BRT using dedicated lanes can have a theoretical capacity of over 30,000 passengers per hour per direction (for example, the 2665: 1667:. It achieves this volume by running four-car trains with a capacity of up to 1,350 passengers each at a frequency of up to 30 trains per hour. However, the Manila light rail system has full grade separation and as a result, has many of the operating characteristics of a metro system rather than a light rail system. A capacity of 1,350 passengers per train is more similar to the heavy rail than light rail. 1813:" in Boston, Massachusetts, which cost $ 200 million per lane mile for a total cost of $ 14.6 billion. A light rail track can carry up to 20,000 people per hour as compared with 2,000–2,200 vehicles per hour for one freeway lane. For example, in Boston and San Francisco, light rail lines carry 9,600 and 13,100 passengers per hour, respectively, in the peak direction during rush hour. 1218: 1138: 1634:, trains are usually limited by city block lengths to about four 180-passenger vehicles (720 passengers). Operating on two-minute headways using traffic signal progression, a well-designed two-track system can handle up to 30 trains per hour per track, achieving peak rates of over 20,000 passengers per hour in each direction. More advanced systems with separate rights-of-way using 216: 1520:. An important advantage of the standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery. Using standard gauges also allows light rail vehicles to be conveniently moved around using the same tracks as freight railways. Additionally, wider gauges (e.g. standard gauge) provide more floor clearance on 2616:, but many of the original tram and streetcar systems were closed down in the mid-20th century, except for many Eastern European countries. Even though many systems closed down over the years, there are still several tram systems that have been operating much as they did when they were first built over a century ago. Some cities (such as Los Angeles and 1294: 2832: 1801:

rail. At the other end of the scale, four systems (Baltimore, Maryland; Camden, New Jersey; Sacramento, California; and Salt Lake City, Utah) incurred construction costs of less than $ 20 million per mile. Over the US as a whole, excluding Seattle, new light rail construction costs average about $ 35 million per mile.

1842:, a comparably sized US system built at the same time, while by 2009 its ridership was approximately three times as high. Thus, Calgary's capital cost per passenger was much lower than that of San Diego. Its operating cost per passenger was also much lower because of its higher ridership. A typical C-Train vehicle costs only 1833:

used many common light rail techniques to keep costs low, including minimizing underground and elevated trackage, sharing transit malls with buses, leasing rights-of-way from freight railroads, and combining LRT construction with freeway expansion. As a result, Calgary ranks toward the less expensive

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rebuilt interstate highways 25 and 225 and added a light rail expansion for a total cost of $ 1.67 billion over five years. The cost of 17 miles (27 km) of highway improvements and 19 miles (31 km) of double-track light rail worked out to $ 19.3 million per highway lane-mile and $

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Low-floor light rail lines tend to follow a reserved right-of-way and with trains receiving priority at intersections, and tend not to operate in mixed traffic, enabling higher operating speeds. Light rail lines tend to have less frequent stops than tramways, and operate over a longer distance. Light

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is by far the most expensive in the US, at $ 179 million per mile, since it includes extensive tunneling in poor soil conditions, elevated sections, and stations as deep as 180 feet (55 m) below ground level. This results in costs more typical of subways or rapid transit systems than light

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Many light rail systems—even fairly old ones—have a combination of both on- and off-road sections. In some countries (especially in Europe), only the latter is described as light rail. In those places, trams running on mixed rights-of-way are not regarded as a light rail but considered distinctly as

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Compared to buses, costs can be lower due to lower labor costs per passenger mile, higher ridership (observations show that light rail attracts more ridership than a comparable bus service) and faster average speed (reducing the number of vehicles needed for the same service frequency). While light

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Most light rail systems in the United States are limited by demand rather than capacity (by and large, most American LRT systems carry fewer than 4,000 persons per hour per direction), but Boston's and San Francisco's light rail lines carry 9,600 and 13,100 passengers per hour per track during rush

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The most difficult distinction to draw is that between low-floor light rail and streetcar or tram systems. There is a significant amount of overlap between the technologies; similar rolling stock may be used for either, and it is common to classify streetcars or trams as a subcategory of light rail

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The difference between British English and American English terminology arose in the late 19th century when Americans adopted the term "street railway", rather than "tramway", with the vehicles being called "streetcars" rather than "trams". Some have suggested that the Americans' preference for the

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mile for two directions, with an average of $ 2.3 million. However, freeways are frequently built in suburbs or rural areas, whereas light rail tends to be concentrated in urban areas, where right of way and property acquisition is expensive. Similarly, the most expensive US highway expansion

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system operates up to 350 buses per hour per direction). For the effective operation of a bus or BRT system, buses must have priority at traffic lights and have their dedicated lanes, especially as bus frequencies exceed 30 buses per hour per direction. The higher theoretical of BRT relates to the

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Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail. A system described as a light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called "light rail" are

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that is similar to a traditional tram, while it operates at a higher capacity and speed and often on an exclusive right-of-way. In broader use, light rail transit includes tram-like operations mostly on streets. A few light rail networks tend to have characteristics closer to rapid transit or even

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When there is a bus driving on this route, the capacity of the lane will be higher and will increase when the traffic level increases. And because the capacity of a light rail system is higher than that of a bus, there will be even more capacity when there is a combination of cars and light rail.

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Such railways are characterized by exclusive rights of way, advanced train control systems, short headway capability, and floor-level boarding. These systems approach the passenger capacity of full metro systems but can be cheaper to construct due to LRVs generally being smaller in size, turning

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With its mix of right-of-way types and train control technologies, LRT offers the widest range of latitude of any rail system in the design, engineering, and operating practices. The challenge in designing light rail systems is to realize the potential of LRT to provide fast, comfortable service

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refusing (for crash safety reasons) to allow non-FRA compliant railcars (i.e., subway and light rail vehicles) to run on the same tracks at the same times as compliant railcars, which includes locomotives and standard railroad passenger and freight equipment. Notable exceptions in the US are the

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Caution must be exercised in comparing fatalities across modes because significantly different definitions are used. In particular, Rail and Transit fatalities include incident-related (as distinct from accident-related) fatalities, such as fatalities from falls in transit stations or railroad

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in the city center, where the tracks are not always segregated from pedestrians and cars. The third rail (actually two closely spaced rails) is placed in the middle of the track and divided into eight-metre sections, each of which is powered only while it is completely covered by a tram. This

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that have constricted pedestrian areas at the wheels, which is especially important for wheelchair access, as narrower gauges (e.g. metre gauge) can make it challenging or impossible to pass the tram's wheels. Furthermore, standard-gauge rolling stock can be switched between networks either

2059:. When electric street railways became ubiquitous, conduit power was used in those cities that did not permit overhead wires. In Europe, it was used in London, Paris, Berlin, Marseille, Budapest, and Prague. In the United States, it was used in parts of New York City and Washington, D.C. 1681:

The peak passenger capacity per lane per hour depends on which types of vehicles are allowed on the roads. Typically roadways have 1,900 passenger cars per lane per hour (pcplph). If only cars are allowed, the capacity will be less and will not increase when the traffic volume increases.

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An analysis of data from the 505-page National Transportation Statistics report published by the US Department of Transportation shows that light rail fatalities are higher than all other forms of transportation except motorcycle travel (31.5 fatalities per 100 million miles).

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The cost of light rail construction varies widely, largely depending on the amount of tunneling and elevated structures required. A survey of North American light rail projects shows that costs of most LRT systems range from $ 15 million to over $ 100 million per mile.

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singly (or in short, usually two-car or three-car, trains) on fixed rails in the right-of-way that is often separated from other traffic for part or much of the way. Light rail vehicles are typically driven electrically with power being drawn from an overhead electric line via a

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A variation considered by many cities is to use historic or replica cars on their streetcar systems instead of modern LRVs. A heritage streetcar may not have the capacity and speed of an LRV, but it will add to the ambiance and historic character of its location.

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LRT cost efficiency improves dramatically as ridership increases, as can be seen from the numbers above: the same rail line, with similar capital and operating costs, is far more efficient if it is carrying 20,000 people per hour than if it is carrying 2,400. The

1262:. Light rail is designed to address a gap in interurban transportation between heavy rail and bus services, carrying high passenger numbers more quickly than local buses and more cheaply than heavy rail. It serves corridors in which heavy rail is impractical. 1575:

One line of light rail (requires 7.6 m, 25' right of way) has a theoretical capacity of up to 8 times more than one 3.7 m (12 foot) lane on a freeway, excluding busses, during peak times. Roads have ultimate capacity limits that can be determined by

3709: 2127:(RRT) vehicles by their capability for operation in mixed traffic, generally resulting in a narrower car body and articulation to operate in a street traffic environment. With their large size, large turning radius, and often an electrified 1593:

periods of the day. This combination of factors limits roads carrying only automobile commuters to a maximum observed capacity of about 3,000 passengers per hour per lane. The problem can be mitigated by introducing high-occupancy vehicle

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mainly refers to rail cars that run through streets like ordinary streetcars (trams), but also between cities or towns, often through rural environments. In the period 1900–1930, interurbans were very common in the US, especially in the

1198:, bear little similarity to urban rail, and could alternatively be classified as commuter rail or even inter-city rail. In the United States, "light rail" has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. 2562:

Low-floor LRVs have the advantage of a low-floor design, allowing them to load passengers directly from low-rise platforms that can be little more than raised curbs. High-floor light rail systems also exist, featuring larger stations.

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Studies have attributed light rail with a number of health impacts. Research has associated light rail positively with increased walking and deceased obesity. Additionally, one electric light rail train produces nearly 99 percent less

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rail vehicles are more expensive to buy, they have a longer useful life than buses, sometimes making for lower life-cycle costs. Compared to heavy rail investment costs are lower, however operating costs are higher than heavy rail.

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However, Calgary's LRT ridership is much higher than any comparable US light rail system, at 300,000 passengers per weekday, and as a result, its capital efficiency is also much higher. Its capital costs were one-third those of the

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streetcars or trams. However, the requirement for saying that a rail line is "separated" can be quite low—sometimes just with concrete "buttons" to discourage automobile drivers from getting onto the tracks. Some systems such as

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in this context is used in the sense of "intended for light loads and fast movement", rather than referring to physical weight. The infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system.

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Serving as a fundamental component of metro and light rail networks, ATO utilises sensors and communication systems to monitor train positions and speeds, automatically adjusting train movements to ensure safe and efficient

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term "street railway" at that time was influenced by German emigrants to the United States (who were more numerous than British immigrants in the industrialized Northeast), as it is the same as the German term for the mode,

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behind another). Since most people who drive to work or on business trips do so alone, studies show that the average car occupancy on many roads carrying commuters is only about 1.5 people per car during the high-demand

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urban transit systems are considered "heavy rail". The main difference between light rail and heavy rail rapid transit is the ability for a light rail vehicle to operate in mixed traffic if the routing requires it.

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is one of the highest capacity ones, having been upgraded in a series of expansions to handle 40,000 passengers per hour per direction, and having carried as many as 582,989 passengers in a single day on its

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programs, but in most cases, policymakers have chosen to add more lanes to the roads, despite a small risk that in unfavorable situations an extension of the road network might lead to increased travel times

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The concept of a "limited tramway" was proposed by American transport planner H. Dean Quinby in 1962. Quinby distinguished this new concept in rail transportation from historic streetcar or tram systems as:

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in the 1970s was proven to have been a technical failure by the following decade. After World War II, the Germans retained many of their streetcar networks and evolved them into model light rail systems

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was introduced in North America in 1972 to describe this new concept of rail transportation. Prior to that time the abbreviation "LRT" was used for "Light Rapid Transit" and "Light Rail Rapid Transit".

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had on-road mixed sections but were closed to regular road traffic, with light rail vehicles and buses both operating along a common right-of-way (however, Link converted to full separation in 2019).

2767: 2620:) that once closed down their streetcar networks are now restoring, or have already rebuilt, at least some of their former streetcar/tram systems. Most light rail services are currently committed to 1951:; further projects exist. In some cases, tram trains use previously abandoned or lightly used heavy rail lines in addition to or instead of still in use mainline tracks. In 2022, Spain opened the 1277:

Many systems have mixed characteristics. Indeed, with proper engineering, a rail line could run along a street, then go underground, and then run along an elevated viaduct. For example, the

1939:. This allows commuters to ride directly into the city center, rather than taking a mainline train only as far as a central station and then having to change to a tram. In France, similar 1427: 4738: 375: 3964: 4805: 371: 303:

and elsewhere, the term "light rail" has come to mean a different type of rail system as modern light rail technology has primarily post-WWII West German origins. An attempt by

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and other North American LRT systems have a top speed of 55–71.5 miles per hour (88.51–115.1 km/h) depending on the system, while the trains on the all-underground

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where the power is only switched on beneath the trams, making it safe on city streets. Several systems in Europe and a few recently opened systems in North America use

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operated the same trains as Vancouver, but used drivers. In most discussions and comparisons, these specialized systems are generally not considered light rail but as

4357: 1516:. Older standard-gauge vehicles could not negotiate sharp turns as easily as narrow-gauge ones, but modern light rail systems achieve tighter turning radii by using 1050:

in the United States but is usually taken to mean a cart, particularly a shopping cart, in the UK and elsewhere. Many North American transportation planners reserve

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MacDonald, J. M., Stokes, R. J., Cohen, D. A., Kofner, A., and Ridgeway, G. K. (2010). "The effect of light rail transit on body mass index and physical activity".

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Combining highway expansion with LRT construction can save costs by doing both highway improvements and rail construction at the same time. As an example, Denver's

2706: 972:, long-used to distinguish railway operations carried out under a less rigorous set of regulations using lighter equipment at lower speeds from mainline railways. 3258:

Ye. N. Petrova. St. Petersburg in Focus: Photographers of the Turn of the Century; in Celebration of the Tercentenary of St. Petersburg. Palace Ed., 2003. p. 12

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to refer to more modern vehicles operating mostly in exclusive rights of way, since they may operate both side-by-side targeted at different passenger groups.

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temporarily or permanently, and both newly built and used standard-gauge rolling stock tends to be cheaper to buy, as more companies offer such vehicles.

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uses an inverted third rail for its electrical power, which allows the electrified rail to be covered and the power drawn from the underside. Trams in

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on a street, an on-street corridor shared with other traffic, a corridor shared with other public transport, or a corridor shared with pedestrians.

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By contrast, light rail vehicles can travel in multi-car trains carrying a theoretical ridership up to 20,000 passengers per hour in much narrower

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Conversely, LRVs generally outperform traditional streetcars in terms of capacity and top-end speed, and almost all modern LRVs are capable of

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is employed on light rail networks, tracking the position and speed of a train and hence adjusting its movement for safety and efficiency.

2298: 2131:, RRT vehicles cannot operate in the street. Since LRT systems can operate in existing streets, they can often avoid the cost of expensive 1658:

have higher light rail ridership than Boston or San Francisco. Systems outside North America often have much higher passenger volumes. The

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Around the world, there are many extant tram and streetcar systems. Some date from the beginning of the 20th century or earlier such as

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while avoiding the tendency to overdesign that results in excessive capital costs beyond what is necessary to meet the public's needs.

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rather than as a distinct type of transportation. However, some distinctions can be made, though systems may combine elements of both.

1083: 4607:. Commonwealth Government, Gold Coast City Council & Queensland Government Queensland Transport. 23 December 2004. Archived from 2224:

of their time, with an in-service speed of up to about 145 km/h (90 mph). In Europe, interurbans are making a comeback as "

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in Germany, dual-voltage light rail trains partly use mainline railroad tracks, sharing these tracks with heavy rail trains. In the

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for light rail may be 120 passenger miles per gallon of fuel (or equivalent), but variation is great, depending on circumstances.

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minimizes the risk of a person or animal coming into contact with a live rail. In outer areas, the trams switch to conventional

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power supply of the track to the power used by the vehicles (frequently different voltages, rarely third rail vs overhead wires)

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supply electricity to the vast majority of light rail systems. This avoids the danger potentially presented by an electrified

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However, low top speed is not always a differentiating characteristic between light rail and other systems. For example, the

1014:, for instance, is generally used in the UK and many former British colonies to refer to what is known in North America as a 861: 615: 455: 308: 300: 42: 2055:

was one of the first ways of supplying power, but it proved to be much more expensive, complicated, and trouble-prone than

5660: 5028: 4830: 3908: 2987: 2953: 2802: 1615: 921:; driven by an operator onboard the vehicle; and may have either high platform loading or low-level boarding using steps." 708: 74: 864:) to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany, the term 153:. Different definitions exist in some countries, but in the United States, light rail operates primarily along exclusive 6084: 6046: 4978: 4891: 2876: 1959:

and long-distance trains from the main terminus in the city and curve off to serve cities without a railway connection.

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phrase for types of rail systems using modern streetcars/trams, which means more or less the same thing throughout the

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However, the National Transportation Statistics report published by the US Department of Transportation states that:

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is a separate technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role.

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Light rail systems may also exhibit attributes of heavy rail systems, including having downtown subways, as in

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C. N. Pyrgidis. Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction, and Operation. CRC Press, 2016. p. 156

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The first of the new light rail systems in North America began operation in 1978 when the Canadian city of

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tighter curves and climbing steeper grades than standard RRT vehicles, and having a smaller station size.

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to emerge in the United States was the Newark and Granville Street Railway in Ohio, which opened in 1889.

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27.6 million per LRT track-mile. The project came in under budget and 22 months ahead of schedule.

1509: 1222: 1091: 977: 811: 748: 367: 248: 4138: 3009: 1956: 1779: 4758: 880:) was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, which is 844: 143:

The term was coined in 1972 in the United States, to create an English equivalent for the German word

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By comparison, a freeway lane expansion typically costs $ 1.0 million to $ 8.5 million per

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was coined in 1972 by the U.S. Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA; the precursor to the

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for traditional vehicles that operate exclusively in mixed traffic on city streets, while they use

1039: 728: 526: 382: 220: 202: 4291: 2739:) was separated from the streets, but later it was upgraded to be compatible with common tramways. 5939: 5740: 5367: 5172: 5155: 5078: 4683: 4483: 4389:. Joint International Light Rail Conference, St. Louis, Missouri. Calgary Transit. Archived from 3945: 3683: 3650:

Track Design Handbook for Light Rail Transit, Second Edition | Blurbs New | Blurbs | Publications

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freight service only at night, with several hours separating one operation from the other. The

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There is a history of what would now be considered light rail vehicles operating on heavy rail

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p.c., Metro Tech Consulting Services Engineering Architecture; Consultants, Track Guy (2012).

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was built along a freight railway and is still occasionally used by freight traffic overnight.

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Reference speed from major light rail systems, including station stop time, is shown below.

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have been used to describe these medium-capacity systems. Some "light rail" systems, such as

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like modern LRVs, i.e. trams, except for large underground metro or rapid transit systems.

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Metro trains are larger and faster than light rail trains, with stops being further apart.

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light rail runs on a mix of a dedicated right of way, tunnels, and at grade intersections.

1259: 1165: 963: 796: 605: 600: 585: 240: 4502: 3297:(1. paperback print ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. pp. 8–9. 3735: 1903: 6140: 6041: 6021: 5857: 5778: 5569: 5494: 5423: 5217: 5008: 4528: 2980:"Defining an Alternative Future: The Birth of the Light Rail Movement in North America" 2571: 2163: in) long with a maximum speed of around 105 kilometres per hour (65.2 mph). 2092: 2056: 1928: 1623: 1521: 1513: 1489: 1423: 1123: 1023: 620: 494: 413: 276: 236: 94: 4290:. Washington State Department of Transportation. April 2002. p. 3. Archived from 4261:. Sound Transit (Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority). 2006. Archived from 389:(DLR) in London in 1987, continuing into the 1990s including the establishment of the 381:

In Britain, modern light rail systems began to appear in the 1980s, starting with the

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American Public Transit Association. (1993) Transit Fact Book, Washington, D.C. 104.

3076: 1580:, and usually experience a chaotic breakdown inflow and a dramatic drop in speed (a 6175: 6160: 5960: 5944: 5934: 5903: 5883: 5867: 5828: 5788: 5783: 5768: 5725: 5448: 5227: 5135: 5048: 4963: 4926: 4806:"Edinburgh tram expansion backed by Scottish Government in new transport blueprint" 4507:

United States Department of Transportation Urban Mass Transportation Administration

4140:

NCHRP Report 599: Default Values for Highway Capacity and Level of Service Analyses

4069: 3921: 3378:

Quinby, Henry D. (January 1962). "Major Urban Corridor Facilities: A New Concept".

2846: 2217: 1635: 1619: 1599: 1475: 1463: 987: 914: 758: 548: 154: 37:"Light Rail" and "Light Rail Transit" redirect here. For the Hong Kong system, see 4319:"Reinventing a Corridor: Denver's T-REX project nears completion after five years" 3890: 3763: 3922:

Comparison of Energy Use & CO2 Emissions From Different Transportation Modes

3454:

Defining an Alternative Future: Birth of the Light Rail Movement in North America

177:; yet only when these systems are fully grade-separated, they are referred to as 17: 6180: 5818: 5680: 5650: 5640: 5428: 5395: 5375: 5232: 4993: 2774: 2647: 2617: 2303: 1932: 1581: 1505: 1412: 1301:

operates over almost 70 km (43 mi) and connects multiple town centres.

1263: 1247: 1191: 489: 228: 61: 2979: 1217: 1137: 1118:

since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Since the 1980s,

6120: 5990: 5710: 5705: 5625: 5527: 5405: 5385: 5337: 5304: 5274: 5239: 5182: 5105: 5068: 4998: 4983: 4958: 4941: 4904: 3518: 2813: 2732: 2575: 2252: 2225: 2194: 2128: 2060: 2008: 1948: 1940: 1430:

light rail vehicles have higher top and average speeds than Montreal Metro or

1031: 949: 941: 664: 531: 504: 322:, all large and most medium-sized German cities maintain light rail networks. 260: 210: 162: 53: 3392: 1201:

Light rail corridors may constitute a fully segregated corridor, a dedicated

5823: 5773: 5720: 5635: 5589: 5559: 5549: 5489: 5443: 5400: 5390: 5309: 5279: 5264: 5207: 5063: 4921: 4307:

Traffic and Highway Engineering By Nicholas J. Garber, Lester A. Hoel, p. 37

2798: 2557: 2184:

A derivative of LRT is light rail rapid transit (LRRT), also referred to as

1920: 1590: 1479: 1419: 1015: 866: 460: 314: 272: 145: 5244: 925:

However, some diesel-powered transit is designated light rail, such as the

3319: 1834:

end of the scale with capital costs of around $ 24 million per mile.

1584:) if they exceed about 2,000 vehicles per hour per lane (each car roughly 215: 5655: 5645: 5630: 5620: 5599: 5579: 5544: 5522: 5484: 5475: 5438: 5352: 5125: 5095: 3866:"Low-clearance Rapid Transit: Cheaper than subways, faster than trolleys" 2908: 2079: 1944: 991: 785: 198: 4262: 4236: 3591: 3543: 3472:"Light rail? Heavy rail? Subway? Rail transit modes fall on a continuum" 904:(APTA), in its Glossary of Transit Terminology, defines light rail as: 299:

Although some traditional trolley or tram systems continued to exist in

5970: 5847: 5685: 5615: 5517: 5357: 5329: 5259: 5249: 5145: 2759: 2736: 2717: 2205: 2031: 1830: 1826: 1810: 1651: 1648: 1512:

common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now

1486: 1426:

can only reach a top speed of 72 kilometres per hour (44.74 mph).

1416: 926: 909: 255:

who contacted Pirotsky. It initially drew current from the rails, with

206: 4212:"Dissected: Charting transportation mayhem in its many gory varieties" 4115:. Manila Light Rail Transit Authority. 12 January 2009. Archived from 3269:"The Gross Lichterfelde Tramway was the worlds first electric tramway" 1293: 1110:

systems. When these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it

5670: 5665: 5584: 5289: 5115: 4968: 3496: 2856: 2627:

Several UK cities have substantial light rail networks including the

2068: 1924: 1912: 1447: 1230:

rail cars are often coupled into multiple units of two to four cars.

933: 872: 681: 360: 4479: 3931:

page 7, Results of Analysis. M.J. Bradley & Associates, May 2007

1225:

runs on dedicated tracks, mostly along a former heavy rail corridor.

4852: 4608: 4151: 3947:

A Probabilistic Approach to Defining Freeway Capacity and Breakdown

3891:"Light Rail Schedule Speed – Faster Than Bus, Competitive With Car" 3658: 3172: 2867:

List of modern tramway and light rail systems in the United Kingdom

2831: 2658:

is also a single line route, currently looking to add other lines.

2051:

When electric streetcars were introduced in the late 19th century,

5380: 4463: 1902: 1890: 1778: 1543: 1532: 1441: 1237: 1216: 1141: 1136: 843: 580: 543: 214: 100: 84: 68: 3411:. Edmonton, Alberta: The University Practicum in Rapid Transit – 3228: 1266:

systems are essentially hybrids of light rail and rapid transit.

5745: 5700: 5314: 5177: 3356:. 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference. Portland, Oregon: 3227:. BlackNova Internet Services. 11 September 2008. Archived from 2244: 2140: 1805: 647: 133: 4856: 4826: 4623:"Bordeaux Light Rail Route Will Operate Without Overhead Lines" 3350:

Continuing Developments in Light Rail Transit in Western Europe

1899:, trams sometimes share mainline tracks with heavy rail trains. 4899: 4684:"Designing New Light Rail – Taking Engineering Beyond Vanilla" 2135:

subway and elevated segments that would be required with RRT.

251:

near Berlin in Germany, which opened in 1881. It was built by

161:

coupled together, with a lower capacity and speed than a long

3138:. Transportation Research Board. pp. 7–9. Archived from 1872:

and hydrocarbon emissions per mile than one automobile does.

336:

having more doors to facilitate full utilization of the space

2946:"Place of light rail transit in the family of transit modes" 2642:

A smaller network between Birmingham and The Black Country (

370:. The concept proved popular, with there now being numerous 333:

operating with "three-section, articulated" transit vehicles

2251:

generally considered to be a "light rail" vehicle (it is a

2002:). Such arrangements are almost impossible now, due to the 1791:

spurred massive development along its route before opening.

4285:"Highway Construction Cost Comparison Survey Final Report" 3386:(1). Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Control: 242–259. 888:, means the same). However, UMTA finally adopted the term 4753: 4751: 4531:, obesity, and medical costs: Assessing the magnitudes". 4503:"Light Rail Transit Systems: A Definition and Evaluation" 4024:"Ontario is finally widening Highway 401 through the GTA" 2965:

National Conference of the Transportation Research Board

2255:

vehicle), and is only included for comparison purposes.

4836: 4146:. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM. 2008. 3986:

https://homepage.rub.de/Dietrich.Braess/Paradox-BNW.pdf

3409:

Light Rapid Transit – the Immediate Answer for Edmonton

1485:

was an early adopter of driverless vehicles, while the

1122:, has built all three types of system: a high-capacity 136:

technology while also having some features from heavy

3787:"Streetcars vs Light Rail ... Is There a Difference?" 2037:

in Ottawa also has freight service at certain hours.

1686:

Table 3 shows an example of peak passenger capacity.

1126:

in dedicated lanes and rights-of-way, a low-capacity

1478:, have dispensed with the need for an operator. The 1040:

ground-level car pulled along by subterranean cables

239:, invented and operated on an experimental basis by 6103: 6070: 5999: 5953: 5917: 5876: 5739: 5608: 5508: 5474: 5414: 5366: 5328: 5191: 5007: 4890: 4384:"Calgary's C-Train – Effective Capital Utilization" 4184:. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from 2646:), with plans to add 6 new lines and extend out to 1034:. (The usual British term for an aerial tramway is 4571:Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology 3036:"Fact Book Glossary – Mode of Service Definitions" 2123:Light rail vehicles (LRVs) are distinguished from 3963:. US Department of Transportation. Archived from 2872:List of rail transit systems in the United States 1962:Some of the issues involved in such schemes are: 1638:can exceed 25,000 passengers per hour per track. 2999:From: 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference 3909:"Link Light Rail in the North American Context" 3624:. American Planning Association. Archived from 4233:"Status of North American Light Rail Projects" 4082: 4080: 4071:Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual 1618:, not much more than two car lanes wide for a 1006:avoids some serious incompatibilities between 93:was the first modern light rail system in the 4868: 4659:. Net Resources International. Archived from 4377: 4375: 3107:International Association of Public Transport 2598:Tram and light rail transit systems worldwide 1972:width of the vehicles to the position of the 819: 8: 4710:Light Rail Vehicle System Houston/Texas, USA 3999:"Ontario Expanding Highway 401 in Cambridge" 3988:(1968) end of chapter 4 retrieved 2023/02/27 3592:"Trams, Streetcars, and Light Rail Vehicles" 1986:tracks in the US, especially in the case of 330:having the capacity to carry more passengers 227:The world's first electric tram operated in 109:, was the first light rail system in Africa. 4087:Hanson, Susan; Giuliano, Genevieve (2004). 3295:The electric interurban railways in America 2883:List of tram and light rail transit systems 2608:List of tram and light rail transit systems 2063:technology was investigated for use on the 1164:. Conventional rail technologies including 4875: 4861: 4853: 4847:American Public Transportation Association 4739:"Siemens S70 Low-floor Light Rail Vehicle" 4627:American Public Transportation Association 4325:. McGraw-Hill Construction. Archived from 4113:"LRT-1 sets 25-year high record ridership" 3342: 3340: 3040:American Public Transportation Association 3030: 3028: 3026: 3010:"New railway bridge over the Neckar river" 2973: 2971: 1307: 990:are even "lighter", in terms of capacity. 902:American Public Transportation Association 826: 812: 404: 30:"LRT" redirects here. For other uses, see 4605:"Gold Coast Light Rail Feasibility Study" 4179:"National Transportation Statistics 2013" 3391: 2075:was ultimately utilized for that system. 1881:Light rail operating on mainline railways 1540:in front of the Gate of Kaohsiung, Taiwan 165:passenger train or rapid transit system. 4227: 4225: 4173: 4171: 3293:Hilton, George W.; Due, John F. (2000). 2257: 2106: 1935:, this concept was first applied on the 1688: 1292: 1114:to differentiate it from their existing 291:(one of the largest in Europe) in 1962. 4733: 4731: 4546:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 4439:. Calgary Transit. 2006. Archived from 2936: 2660: 1130:integrated with street traffic, and an 998:British English versus American English 695: 639: 515: 447: 412: 372:light rail systems in the United States 157:and uses either individual tramcars or 77:has been driven in large part by light 4839:(UK-based, international organization) 4418: 4407: 4235:. Light Rail Now. 2002. Archived from 3717:Department of Transport and Main Roads 3691: 3681: 2099:Comparison to other rail transit modes 1647:hour. Elsewhere in North America, the 1622:system. They can often be run through 1508:has had considerable variations, with 1038:, which in the US usually refers to a 359:system, followed three years later by 4773:"ATO: The Key to the Future of Rail?" 4089:The geography of urban transportation 3950:(PDF), Transportation Research Board. 3835: 3833: 3758: 3756: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3465: 3463: 3457:(PDF), Transportation Research Board. 3433:. House of Commons Library. p. 2 2894:Medium-capacity rail transport system 1190:; in recent years, new terms such as 1074:, eight major North American cities ( 7: 4682:Fazio, A. E.; Hickey, T. R. (2003). 4047:Tom Parkinson and Ian Fisher (1996) 3066:"National Transit Database Glossary" 2751:A light-rail vehicle, a part of the 1998:high-speed third rail line (now the 27:Form of passenger urban rail transit 4501:Vuchic, Vukan R. (1 October 1972). 3710:"Light rail station infrastructure" 3546:. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 3499:. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 3426:Butcher, Louise (25 January 2012). 2924:Tram and light rail transit systems 2852:General Motors streetcar conspiracy 2604:Tram and light rail transit systems 2041:Ground-level power supply for trams 1966:compatibility of the safety systems 1863:Health impact of light rail systems 1571:Comparison with high capacity roads 259:being installed in 1883. The first 243:in 1880. The first tramway was the 45:. For the Manila (LRT) system, see 6047:Transit-oriented development (TOD) 2247:railcar in the following chart is 25: 4348:Flynn, Kevin (17 November 2006). 3785:Walker, Jarrett (26 March 2010). 3075:. 18 October 2013. Archived from 3070:U.S. Department of Transportation 2321:3.2 metres (10 ft 6 in) 1996:Philadelphia and Western Railroad 6203: 6057:Transportation demand management 4804:Swanson, Ian (9 December 2022). 4462:Scherer, Milena (January 2010). 4382:McKendrick; et al. (2006). 4354:Rocky Mountain News (Denver, CO) 4210:Sabatini, Jeff (25 April 2014). 4074:, Transportation Research Board. 4060:, Transportation Research Board. 2984:Transportation Research Circular 2830: 2816: 2786: 2766: 2744: 2724: 2705: 2682: 2663: 2588:special third-rail configuration 1818:Transportation Expansion Project 1775:Construction and operation costs 1660:Manila Light Rail Transit System 795: 420: 47:Manila Light Rail Transit System 41:. For the Singapore system, see 4712:. Siemens. 2008. Archived from 3841:"Light Rail Transit (LRT) FAQs" 3740:Edmonton Radial Railway Society 3219:"Welcome to Saskrailmuseum.org" 2004:Federal Railroad Administration 1955:, where trams share track with 1798:Seattle's new light rail system 1624:existing city streets and parks 1046:is often used as a synonym for 339:faster and quieter in operation 309:new American light rail vehicle 4837:Light Rail Transit Association 4468:Transportation Research Record 3845:Toronto Environmental Alliance 3816:Transportation Policy Research 3470:Johnson, Matt (4 April 2019). 3428:"Railways: light rail schemes" 3358:Light Rail Transit Association 3169:Light Rail Transit Association 3073:Federal Transit Administration 2904:Railway electrification system 2071:light rail, though power from 862:Federal Transit Administration 385:from 1980 and followed by the 43:Light Rail Transit (Singapore) 1: 5029:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 4831:Transportation Research Board 3616:Plous, F.K. Jr. (June 1984). 3273:Media Storehouse Photo Prints 2988:Transportation Research Board 2978:Thompson, Gregory L. (2003). 2954:Transportation Research Board 2511:48 km/h (29.8 mph) 2505:106 km/h (65.9 mph) 2502:125 km/h (77.7 mph) 1106:) continued to operate large 1070:after World War II except in 611:Passenger traffic terminology 6085:Passenger information system 4843:"This Is Light Rail Transit" 4827:Light Rail Transit Committee 4350:"T-REX trains ready to roll" 4317:Shaw, Mark (May–June 2006). 3451:Gregory L. Thompson (2003), 3407:Wright, Gerald (Fall 1972). 3133:"This Is Light Rail Transit" 2877:List of town tramway systems 2793:A light-rail vehicle of the 2773:A light-rail vehicle of the 2712:A light-rail vehicle on the 2689:A light-rail vehicle of the 2508:70 km/h (43.5 mph) 1144:'s 101 trolley pulling into 1008:British and American English 1002:The use of the generic term 289:Glasgow Corporation Tramways 107:light rail in Tunis, Tunisia 5223:Demand-responsive transport 5121:Medium-capacity rail system 4849:(APTA) (2000; updated 2003) 3519:"The Yesterland Hotel Tram" 3224:Saskatchewan Railway Museum 2919:Streetcars in North America 2862:Light rail in North America 2232:is one well-known example. 1750:Edson & Tennyson, 2003 1675:Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit 1366:Denver (Downtown-Littleton) 952:, United States, which use 195:Light rail in North America 6256: 6235:Sustainable urban planning 5986:Public transport timetable 5017:Passenger rail terminology 4490:– via SAGE Journals. 4259:"Link Light Rail Projects" 3812:"Light-Rail Transit (LRT)" 3618:"A Desire Named Streetcar" 3476:Greater Greater Washington 2899:Passenger rail terminology 2699:Newcastle, New South Wales 2697:, an urban development in 2629:Nottingham Express Transit 2601: 2555: 2538: 2264:Rapid transit (heavy rail) 2053:conduit current collection 2044: 2000:Norristown High-Speed Line 1884: 1860: 1462:Some systems, such as the 1438:System-wide considerations 1355:Denver (Alameda-Littleton) 1028:the Disney amusement parks 954:diesel multiple unit (DMU) 870:(to be distinguished from 840:Passenger rail terminology 837: 245:Gross-Lichterfelde tramway 188: 51: 36: 29: 6199: 6017:Green transport hierarchy 5754:Automated fare collection 4761:. Gomaco Trolley Company. 3766:. Seashore Trolley Museum 3318:Courtenay, Peter (2006). 3196:Glossary of Transit Terms 2781:in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2546:Automatic train operation 2541:Automatic train operation 2535:Automatic train operation 2430:15.16 metres (49 ft 2417:20.13 metres (66 ft 2208:. Some of them, like the 2047:Ground-level power supply 1746: 1490:Scarborough rapid transit 944:, United States, and the 724:List of high-speed trains 318:). With the exception of 124:) is a form of passenger 75:expansion of mass transit 6052:Transportation authority 4759:"Gomaco Trolley Company" 4567:Post, Robert C. (2007). 4527:Edwards, R. D. (2008). " 2614:Toronto streetcar system 2397:27.7 metres (90 ft 2380:22.9 metres (75 ft 1642:Practical considerations 1388:Los Angeles (Green Line) 1289:Speed and stop frequency 1022:can instead refer to an 168:Narrowly defined it has 52:Not to be confused with 6116:Bus rapid transit creep 6062:Transportation planning 4056:11 January 2009 at the 3570:Encyclopædia Britannica 2580:Docklands Light Railway 2358:2.62 metres (8 ft 2147:multiple-unit operation 1990:. Notable examples are 1978:height of the platforms 1943:are planned for Paris, 1377:Los Angeles (Blue Line) 1244:Docklands Light Railway 1018:, but in North America 626:Railway nationalization 387:Docklands Light Railway 271:Many original tram and 5814:Manual fare collection 5794:Farebox recovery ratio 5285:Personal rapid transit 4845:(PDF) brochure by the 4810:Edinburgh Evening News 4657:Railway-Technology.com 4629:. 2003. Archived from 4417:Cite journal requires 3544:"Trolley (definition)" 3347:Bottoms, Glen (2000). 3171:(LRTA). Archived from 3109:. 2008. Archived from 3042:. 2015. Archived from 2795:Changchun Rail Transit 2341:2.6 metres (8 ft 2324:2.7 metres (8 ft 2078:In the French city of 1994:trains running on the 1916: 1900: 1792: 1772: 1636:moving block signaling 1556: 1541: 1466:in New York City, the 1451: 1302: 1279:Los Angeles Metro Rail 1251: 1226: 1149: 982:English-speaking world 923: 853: 734:Longest train services 616:Named passenger trains 287:, with the closure of 224: 110: 98: 82: 6171:Sustainable transport 6151:Passenger load factor 5966:Clock-face scheduling 5799:Free public transport 5651:Bus turnout (bus bay) 5348:Real-time ridesharing 5141:Platform screen doors 4533:Preventative Medicine 4050:Rail Transit Capacity 3413:University of Alberta 3165:"What is Light Rail?" 3099:"What is light rail?" 2944:Vuchic, V.R. (1975). 2886:(operational systems 2556:Further information: 2539:Further information: 2427: in) articulated 2239:Typical rolling stock 2067:of Australia for the 1992:Lehigh Valley Transit 1988:interurban streetcars 1906: 1894: 1782: 1767: 1605:Downs–Thomson paradox 1547: 1536: 1445: 1317:Average speed (km/h) 1296: 1241: 1223:Inner West Light Rail 1220: 1140: 1026:, or, in the case of 978:international English 906: 884:(the Norwegian term, 850:Buenos Aires Premetro 847: 749:Platform screen doors 368:San Diego, California 355:, adopted the German 218: 104: 88: 72: 6210:Transport portal 6146:Outline of transport 5839:Reduced fare program 5809:Integrated ticketing 5764:Contract of carriage 5575:Personal transporter 5131:Narrow-gauge railway 4979:Rail replacement bus 4437:"LRT technical data" 4297:on 5 September 2009. 3895:www.lightrailnow.org 3566:"Light Rail Transit" 3103:Public transport A-Z 2691:Newcastle Light Rail 2676:Greater Buenos Aires 2637:Manchester Metrolink 2622:articulated vehicles 1787:system in Ontario's 1432:New York City Subway 1162:New York City Subway 1152:The opposite phrase 1146:69th Street Terminal 802:Transport portal 754:Railway speed record 391:Manchester Metrolink 91:Manchester Metrolink 32:LRT (disambiguation) 6186:Transport economics 5981:On-time performance 5976:Night (owl) service 5676:Interchange station 5555:Horse-drawn vehicle 5343:Flexible carpooling 5151:Metro/Rapid Transit 4396:on 18 December 2011 4265:on 17 November 2006 3927:29 May 2015 at the 3911:. 30 December 2009. 3736:"Streetcars vs LRT" 3497:"Tram (definition)" 3079:on 13 November 2013 3046:on 25 February 2018 2644:West Midlands Metro 2633:Sheffield Supertram 2290:Gomaco Trolley Co. 2273:Heritage streetcar 2230:Karlsruhe Stadtbahn 2222:high-speed railcars 2169:Heritage streetcars 2141:Streetcars or trams 1897:Karlsruhe Stadtbahn 1626:, or placed in the 1578:traffic engineering 1538:Circular light rail 1314:Average speed (mph) 876:, which stands for 729:List of train songs 606:High-speed railways 559:Couplers by country 408:Part of a series on 395:Sheffield Supertram 383:Tyne and Wear Metro 221:Preston Car Company 219:Streetcar built by 203:Cable car (railway) 5940:Standing passenger 5203:Auto rickshaw taxi 5173:Suspension railway 5156:Rubber-tyred metro 5079:Heritage streetcar 4984:Share taxi/Taxibus 4633:on 1 December 2008 4443:on 23 October 2006 4329:on 19 October 2006 4239:on 28 October 2006 4091:. Guilford Press. 3596:citytransport.info 3415:Extension Service. 3231:on 15 October 2008 3113:on 13 October 2008 2950:TRB Special Report 2914:Rubber-tyred trams 2779:Avenida Rio Branco 2652:Birmingham Airport 2494:40 seats, 50 max. 2491:30 seats, 157 max. 2488:72 seats, 220 max. 2270:Tram, or streetcar 2212:, the J. G. Brill 2125:rapid rail transit 1917: 1901: 1793: 1557: 1542: 1504:Historically, the 1452: 1344:Dallas (Blue Line) 1303: 1252: 1227: 1158:London Underground 1150: 1132:aerial tram system 962:is similar to the 854: 564:Coupler conversion 345:light rail transit 253:Werner von Siemens 225: 126:urban rail transit 118:light rail transit 111: 99: 83: 6217: 6216: 5909:Transport network 5899:Non-revenue track 5565:Inclined elevator 5500:Inclined elevator 5466:Inclined elevator 5091:Higher-speed rail 5034:Airport rail link 4917:Bus rapid transit 4780:Critical Software 4625:(Press release). 4611:on 19 March 2003. 4590:978-0-313-33916-5 4548:, 39(2), 105–112. 4161:978-0-309-43229-0 3942:Lily Elefteriadou 3818:. 19 January 2016 3668:978-0-309-25824-1 3590:Smiler, Simon P. 3380:Traffic Quarterly 3320:"Trams in the UK" 3304:978-0-8047-4014-2 3199:. 1992. p. 9 2594:-powered trains. 2532: 2531: 2236: 2235: 2024:Capital MetroRail 1840:San Diego Trolley 1809:project was the " 1754: 1753: 1700:Car + light rail 1671:Bus rapid transit 1565:Energy efficiency 1555:train on boarding 1446:The Gold Coast's 1415:LRVs used in the 1409: 1408: 1333:Dallas (Red Line) 1148:near Philadelphia 1124:light rail system 836: 835: 554:Railway couplings 537:Steam locomotives 357:Siemens-Duewag U2 353:Edmonton, Alberta 273:streetcar systems 120:, abbreviated to 18:Light rail system 16:(Redirected from 6247: 6208: 6207: 6126:Destination sign 6090:Platform display 6080:Destination sign 6037:Transit district 6032:Street hierarchy 6012:Complete streets 6007:Airport security 5889:Cross-city route 5834:Proof-of-payment 5804:Free travel pass 5295:Public light bus 5255:Hackney carriage 5074:Heritage railway 5059:Elevated railway 5054:Cross-city route 4974:Public light bus 4932:Cross-city route 4884:Public transport 4877: 4870: 4863: 4854: 4814: 4813: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4755: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4716:on 27 April 2008 4706:"Technical Data" 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4574: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4549: 4542: 4536: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4395: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4360:on 22 March 2007 4356:. Archived from 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4145: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4119:on 26 March 2009 4109: 4103: 4102: 4084: 4075: 4067: 4061: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3957: 3951: 3940:Matt Lorenz and 3938: 3932: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3732: 3721: 3720: 3714: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393:2027/uc1.$ b3477 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3145:on 17 April 2018 3144: 3137: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3032: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2975: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2941: 2879:(all-time lists) 2840: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2824:Transport portal 2821: 2820: 2790: 2770: 2756:streetcar system 2748: 2728: 2709: 2686: 2672:Tren de la Costa 2667: 2586:, France, use a 2516:Typical consist 2476: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2258: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2107: 2086:is powered by a 1848: 1689: 1628:medians of roads 1609:Braess's paradox 1518:articulated cars 1472:Kelana Jaya Line 1308: 1186:very similar to 1128:streetcar system 1120:Portland, Oregon 878:Stadtschnellbahn 828: 821: 814: 800: 799: 500:Gauge conversion 424: 405: 393:in 1992 and the 376:in North America 364:Calgary, Alberta 233:Saint Petersburg 191:History of Trams 73:In Los Angeles, 39:Light Rail (MTR) 21: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6202: 6195: 6099: 6072: 6066: 5995: 5949: 5925:Checked baggage 5913: 5872: 5759:Bus advertising 5743: 5735: 5604: 5595:Trackless train 5538:Scooter-sharing 5533:Bicycle-sharing 5510: 5504: 5470: 5410: 5362: 5324: 5300:Pulled rickshaw 5270:Motorcycle taxi 5213:Combination bus 5194: 5187: 5101:Inter-city rail 5086:High-speed rail 5003: 4886: 4881: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4784: 4782: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4663:on 13 June 2008 4651: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4577:Greenwood Press 4566: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4543: 4539: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4480:10.3141/2144-02 4461: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4416: 4406: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4078: 4068: 4064: 4058:Wayback Machine 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 4003:news.ontario.ca 3997: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3967:on 28 June 2017 3959: 3958: 3954: 3939: 3935: 3929:Wayback Machine 3920: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3734: 3733: 3724: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3690: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3628:on 3 March 2006 3615: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3345: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3034: 3033: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2992: 2990: 2977: 2976: 2969: 2958: 2956: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2885: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2812: 2805: 2791: 2782: 2771: 2762: 2749: 2740: 2729: 2720: 2710: 2701: 2687: 2678: 2668: 2656:Edinburgh Trams 2654:& Walsall. 2610: 2602:Main articles: 2600: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2543: 2537: 2474: 2467: 2460: 2453: 2449:Weight (empty) 2440: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2313:Replica Birney 2241: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2133:grade-separated 2101: 2084:tramway network 2049: 2043: 1953:Cádiz TramBahia 1889: 1887:Karlsruhe model 1883: 1878: 1870:carbon monoxide 1865: 1859: 1843: 1789:Waterloo Region 1777: 1759: 1656:Monterrey Metro 1644: 1573: 1562: 1531: 1522:low-floor trams 1502: 1470:in London, and 1440: 1291: 1275: 1236: 1234:Higher capacity 1211: 1183: 1000: 964:British English 934:Ottawa, Ontario 852:, built in 1987 842: 832: 794: 691: 640:Special systems 635: 601:Inter-city rail 586:Passenger train 511: 466:Railway station 443: 442: 403: 307:to introduce a 297: 269: 241:Fyodor Pirotsky 213: 187: 65: 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6253: 6251: 6243: 6242: 6240:Tram transport 6237: 6232: 6222: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6141:Land transport 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6042:Transit police 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6022:Rail subsidies 6019: 6014: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5894:Network length 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:Ticket machine 5855: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5779:Fare avoidance 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5661:Ferry terminal 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5570:Moving walkway 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5525: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5495:Moving walkway 5492: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5424:Aerial tramway 5420: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5220: 5218:Cycle rickshaw 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5168:Street running 5165: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5013: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4896: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4834: 4822: 4821:External links 4819: 4816: 4815: 4796: 4764: 4747: 4727: 4697: 4674: 4644: 4614: 4596: 4589: 4559: 4550: 4537: 4529:Public transit 4520: 4493: 4454: 4428: 4419:|journal= 4371: 4340: 4309: 4300: 4276: 4250: 4221: 4216:Car and Driver 4202: 4191:on 25 May 2017 4167: 4160: 4152:10.17226/22061 4130: 4104: 4097: 4076: 4062: 4040: 4028:www.blogto.com 4015: 3990: 3978: 3952: 3933: 3914: 3900: 3882: 3857: 3829: 3803: 3777: 3752: 3722: 3701: 3692:|website= 3667: 3659:10.17226/22800 3639: 3608: 3582: 3557: 3535: 3523:Yesterland.com 3510: 3488: 3459: 3444: 3418: 3399: 3370: 3336: 3324:thetrams.co.uk 3310: 3303: 3285: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3210: 3186: 3175:on 5 June 2016 3156: 3124: 3090: 3057: 3022: 3001: 2967: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2880: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2827: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2792: 2785: 2783: 2772: 2765: 2763: 2750: 2743: 2741: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2711: 2704: 2702: 2688: 2681: 2679: 2669: 2662: 2599: 2596: 2572:Overhead lines 2568: 2565: 2553: 2550: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2428: 2415: 2395: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2356: 2339: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2100: 2097: 2093:overhead wires 2073:overhead lines 2057:overhead wires 2045:Main article: 2042: 2039: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1861:Main article: 1858: 1855: 1776: 1773: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1643: 1640: 1632:run in streets 1572: 1569: 1561: 1558: 1530: 1527: 1514:standard gauge 1501: 1498: 1457:Seattle's Link 1439: 1436: 1424:Montreal Metro 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399:Salt Lake City 1396: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1290: 1287: 1274: 1271: 1235: 1232: 1210: 1209:Lower capacity 1207: 1182: 1179: 1024:aerial tramway 999: 996: 936:, Canada, the 834: 833: 831: 830: 823: 816: 808: 805: 804: 791: 790: 789: 788: 783: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 698: 697: 693: 692: 690: 689: 684: 679: 678: 677: 667: 662: 657: 656: 655: 642: 641: 637: 636: 634: 633: 628: 623: 621:Rail subsidies 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 572: 571: 566: 561: 551: 546: 541: 540: 539: 529: 521: 520: 513: 512: 510: 509: 508: 507: 502: 497: 495:Variable gauge 487: 486: 485: 475: 474: 473: 463: 458: 450: 449: 448:Infrastructure 445: 444: 441: 440: 435: 429: 426: 425: 417: 416: 414:Rail transport 410: 409: 402: 399: 341: 340: 337: 334: 331: 296: 293: 277:United Kingdom 268: 265: 186: 183: 159:multiple units 95:United Kingdom 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6252: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6198: 6192: 6191:Micromobility 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6136:Hail and ride 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5731:Transport hub 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5716:Train station 5714: 5712: 5711:Taxicab stand 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696:Park and ride 5694: 5692: 5691:Metro station 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5434:Cable railway 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5163:Regional rail 5161: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5044:Commuter rail 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4947:Intercity bus 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4781: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4685: 4678: 4675: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4455: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4411: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4341: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4293: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4203: 4187: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4141: 4134: 4131: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4098:1-59385-055-7 4094: 4090: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4041: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3979: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3792: 3791:Human Transit 3788: 3781: 3778: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3719:. p. 19. 3718: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3685: 3670: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3643: 3640: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3445: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3371: 3359: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3286: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3187: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2838:Trains portal 2833: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2731:Metrotram in 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567:Power sources 2566: 2564: 2559: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2542: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2519:4–10 vehicles 2518: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2429: 2416: 2414: 2396: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2357: 2340: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2278:Manufacturer 2277: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:Electroliners 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2119:Rapid transit 2117: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2035:Trillium Line 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022:and Austin's 2021: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:rapid transit 1977: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1937:RijnGouweLijn 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1909:Trillium Line 1905: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1864: 1857:Health impact 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1719:Medium volume 1718: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616:rights-of-way 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1550:Crystal Mover 1546: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1449: 1444: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1300: 1295: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1273:Mixed systems 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256:San Francisco 1249: 1245: 1240: 1233: 1231: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:rapid transit 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174:rapid transit 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088:San Francisco 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 997: 995: 993: 989: 988:People movers 985: 983: 979: 976:is a generic 975: 971: 970: 969:light railway 965: 961: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 930:Trillium Line 928: 922: 920: 916: 911: 905: 903: 898: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874: 869: 868: 863: 859: 851: 846: 841: 829: 824: 822: 817: 815: 810: 809: 807: 806: 803: 798: 793: 792: 787: 784: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 700: 699: 694: 688: 685: 683: 680: 676: 673: 672: 671: 670:Rapid transit 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 654: 651: 650: 649: 646: 645: 644: 643: 638: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 596:Regional rail 594: 592: 591:Commuter rail 589: 587: 584: 582: 581:Bogie (truck) 579: 577: 574: 570: 569:Dual coupling 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 555: 552: 550: 549:Railroad cars 547: 545: 542: 538: 535: 534: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 522: 519: 518:rolling stock 514: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 488: 484: 481: 480: 479: 478:Railway track 476: 472: 469: 468: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 452: 451: 446: 439: 438:Company types 436: 434: 431: 430: 428: 427: 423: 419: 418: 415: 411: 407: 406: 400: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 349: 346: 338: 335: 332: 329: 328: 327: 323: 321: 317: 316: 310: 306: 305:Boeing Vertol 302: 301:San Francisco 294: 292: 290: 286: 282: 281:United States 278: 274: 266: 264: 262: 258: 257:overhead wire 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 222: 217: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 184: 182: 180: 176: 175:commuter rail 171: 170:rolling stock 166: 164: 160: 156: 155:rights-of-way 152: 148: 147: 141: 139: 138:rapid transit 135: 132:derived from 131: 130:rolling stock 127: 123: 119: 115: 108: 103: 96: 92: 87: 80: 76: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58:Light railway 55: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6201: 6176:Timing point 6161:Request stop 6104:Other topics 5961:Bus bunching 5945:Travel class 5904:Radial route 5884:Circle route 5868:Transit pass 5829:Penalty fare 5789:Fare evasion 5784:Fare capping 5769:Dead mileage 5726:Transit mall 5449:Gondola lift 5228:Microtransit 5136:People mover 5110: 5049:Circle route 4964:Open top bus 4927:Circle route 4809: 4799: 4790: 4783:. Retrieved 4767: 4718:. Retrieved 4714:the original 4709: 4700: 4688:. Retrieved 4677: 4665:. Retrieved 4661:the original 4656: 4647: 4635:. Retrieved 4631:the original 4617: 4609:the original 4599: 4570: 4562: 4553: 4545: 4540: 4535:, 46, 14–21. 4532: 4523: 4511:. Retrieved 4506: 4496: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4445:. Retrieved 4441:the original 4431: 4410:cite journal 4398:. Retrieved 4391:the original 4362:. Retrieved 4358:the original 4353: 4343: 4331:. Retrieved 4327:the original 4322: 4312: 4303: 4292:the original 4279: 4267:. Retrieved 4263:the original 4253: 4241:. Retrieved 4237:the original 4215: 4205: 4193:. Retrieved 4186:the original 4139: 4133: 4121:. Retrieved 4117:the original 4107: 4088: 4070: 4065: 4049: 4043: 4031:. Retrieved 4027: 4018: 4006:. Retrieved 4002: 3993: 3981: 3969:. Retrieved 3965:the original 3955: 3946: 3936: 3917: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3873:. Retrieved 3869: 3860: 3848:. Retrieved 3844: 3820:. Retrieved 3815: 3806: 3794:. Retrieved 3790: 3780: 3768:. Retrieved 3764:"Light Rail" 3743:. Retrieved 3739: 3704: 3672:. Retrieved 3649: 3642: 3630:. Retrieved 3626:the original 3621: 3611: 3599:. Retrieved 3595: 3585: 3573:. Retrieved 3569: 3560: 3548:. Retrieved 3538: 3526:. Retrieved 3522: 3513: 3501:. Retrieved 3491: 3479:. Retrieved 3475: 3453: 3447: 3435:. Retrieved 3421: 3408: 3402: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3361:. Retrieved 3349: 3327:. Retrieved 3323: 3313: 3294: 3288: 3276:. Retrieved 3272: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3233:. Retrieved 3229:the original 3222: 3213: 3201:. Retrieved 3195: 3189: 3177:. Retrieved 3173:the original 3159: 3147:. Retrieved 3140:the original 3127: 3115:. Retrieved 3111:the original 3102: 3093: 3081:. Retrieved 3077:the original 3060: 3048:. Retrieved 3044:the original 3013:. Retrieved 3004: 2991:. Retrieved 2983: 2957:. Retrieved 2949: 2939: 2887: 2847:Capa vehicle 2641: 2626: 2611: 2570: 2561: 2552:Floor height 2544: 2522:2–5 vehicles 2248: 2242: 2200: 2186:light metro. 2185: 2113:Differences 2110:Alternative 2102: 2077: 2050: 1981: 1961: 1918: 1866: 1851: 1836: 1823: 1815: 1803: 1794: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1747: 1684: 1680: 1669: 1645: 1620:double track 1613: 1600:ride-sharing 1598:) lanes and 1574: 1563: 1510:narrow gauge 1503: 1476:Kuala Lumpur 1464:AirTrain JFK 1461: 1453: 1410: 1304: 1276: 1268: 1253: 1228: 1212: 1203:right-of-way 1200: 1184: 1153: 1151: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1084:Philadelphia 1067: 1063: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042:.) The word 1035: 1019: 1011: 1003: 1001: 986: 973: 967: 959: 958: 924: 907: 899: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 871: 865: 857: 855: 659: 516:Service and 380: 350: 344: 342: 324: 313: 298: 270: 249:Lichterfelde 226: 179:light metros 167: 151:City railway 150: 144: 142: 121: 117: 113: 112: 66: 6181:Transit map 6156:Public good 6073:and signage 5930:First class 5844:Smart cards 5819:Money train 5681:Kassel kerb 5641:Bus station 5429:Cable ferry 5396:Ocean liner 5376:Cable ferry 5233:Paratransit 4994:Transit bus 4989:Shuttle bus 4937:Express bus 4892:Bus service 4792:operations. 4690:10 November 4667:26 December 4637:21 December 4579:. pp. 4513:21 February 4400:11 February 4364:20 November 4333:20 November 4323:Constructor 4269:23 November 4243:23 November 4195:24 February 3971:24 February 3875:15 November 3674:15 February 3363:26 December 3329:26 December 3235:26 December 2993:26 December 2775:VLT Carioca 2695:Honeysuckle 2648:Stourbridge 2618:Jersey City 2413:articulated 2226:tram-trains 2220:, were the 2195:Interurbans 2180:Light metro 1941:tram-trains 1933:Netherlands 1929:Saarbrücken 1829:, Alberta, 1733:High volume 1586:two seconds 1582:traffic jam 1506:track gauge 1500:Track gauge 1494:light metro 1413:Siemens S70 1264:Light metro 1248:light metro 1192:light metro 1168:, freight, 1104:New Orleans 1064:Straßenbahn 1010:. The word 764:Terminology 709:Attractions 696:Miscellanea 532:Locomotives 490:Track gauge 483:Maintenance 397:from 1994. 315:Stadtbahnen 229:Sestroretsk 62:Light metro 6230:Light rail 6224:Categories 6131:Dwell time 6121:Crush load 6071:Technology 5991:Short turn 5954:Scheduling 5918:Facilities 5706:Queue jump 5626:Bus garage 5528:Carsharing 5406:Water taxi 5386:Hovercraft 5338:Car jockey 5330:Carpooling 5305:Share taxi 5275:Marshrutka 5240:Dollar van 5183:Tram-train 5111:Light rail 5106:Interurban 5069:Heavy rail 4999:Trolleybus 4959:Marshrutka 4942:Guided bus 4744:. Siemens. 4447:14 October 4033:2 December 4008:2 December 3870:TreeHugger 3528:7 February 2986:(E-C058). 2931:References 2733:Kryvyi Rih 2716:street in 2714:Hämeenkatu 2576:third rail 2528:1 vehicle 2499:Top speed 2444: in) 2411: in) 2372: in) 2299:BART A-Car 2267:Light rail 2253:heavy rail 2216:, and the 2210:Red Devils 2201:interurban 2129:third rail 2088:third rail 2065:Gold Coast 2061:Third rail 2012:River Line 2009:NJ Transit 1949:Strasbourg 1885:See also: 1876:Variations 1705:Low volume 1560:Efficiency 1299:Coast Tram 1297:Belgium's 1166:high-speed 1154:heavy rail 1116:streetcars 1112:light rail 1092:Pittsburgh 1056:light rail 1032:land train 1004:light rail 974:Light rail 960:Light rail 950:California 942:New Jersey 938:River Line 919:pantograph 890:light rail 858:light rail 838:See also: 714:By country 665:Interurban 660:Light rail 505:Dual gauge 456:Management 401:Definition 261:interurban 223:in Ontario 211:Interurban 189:See also: 163:heavy rail 114:Light rail 54:Interurban 6095:Timetable 5824:Paid area 5774:Exit fare 5741:Ticketing 5721:Tram stop 5636:Bus stand 5609:Locations 5590:Slope car 5560:Hyperloop 5550:Escalator 5511:transport 5490:Escalator 5478:transport 5444:Funicular 5401:Vaporetto 5391:Hydrofoil 5310:Songthaew 5280:Nanny van 5265:Limousine 5208:Boda boda 5064:Funicular 5039:Cable car 4922:Charabanc 4488:109351210 4474:: 11–19. 3694:ignored ( 3684:cite book 3632:14 August 3179:6 January 3149:6 January 3083:6 January 3050:6 January 2799:Changchun 2558:Low floor 2525:1 vehicle 2482:Capacity 2394: in) 2355: in) 2338: in) 2199:The term 1974:platforms 1921:Karlsruhe 1697:Car + bus 1591:rush hour 1496:systems. 1480:Vancouver 1420:METRORail 1322:Baltimore 1221:Sydney's 1108:streetcar 1100:Cleveland 1072:Blackpool 1052:streetcar 1048:streetcar 1036:cable car 1030:, even a 1016:streetcar 910:rail cars 892:instead. 882:city rail 867:Stadtbahn 856:The term 739:Modelling 719:Companies 704:Accidents 527:Operating 461:Rail yard 343:The term 295:Emergence 285:Blackpool 146:Stadtbahn 6111:Boarding 6027:Security 6000:Politics 5863:Transfer 5656:Dry dock 5646:Bus stop 5631:Bus lane 5621:Bus bulb 5600:Vactrain 5580:Robotaxi 5545:Elevator 5523:Airliner 5485:Elevator 5476:Building 5459:tricable 5439:Elevator 5353:Slugging 5195:for hire 5193:Vehicles 5126:Monorail 5096:Horsecar 5022:glossary 4720:18 March 4123:14 March 4054:Archived 3925:Archived 3622:Planning 2909:Premetro 2810:See also 2584:Bordeaux 2485:150 max. 2080:Bordeaux 1957:commuter 1945:Mulhouse 1783:The new 1529:Capacity 1483:SkyTrain 1434:trains. 1196:Sprinter 1170:commuter 1160:and the 992:Monorail 946:Sprinter 915:trolley 786:Vactrain 576:Wheelset 199:Horsecar 149:meaning 6166:Service 5971:Headway 5935:Sleeper 5877:Routing 5852:Calypso 5848:CIPURSE 5686:Layover 5616:Airport 5518:Airline 5454:bicable 5358:Vanpool 5320:Tuk tuk 5260:Jeepney 5250:Gondola 5146:Railbus 4829:of the 4785:24 July 3944:(2000) 3850:24 July 3822:24 July 3796:22 July 3770:22 July 3745:22 July 3601:18 July 3575:18 July 3550:18 July 3503:18 July 3481:24 July 3437:24 July 3278:18 July 3203:24 June 3117:29 July 3015:24 June 2952:(161). 2760:Toronto 2737:Ukraine 2718:Tampere 2439:⁄ 2422:⁄ 2406:⁄ 2389:⁄ 2377:Length 2367:⁄ 2350:⁄ 2333:⁄ 2284:Siemens 2214:Bullets 2206:Midwest 2158:⁄ 2032:O-Train 2028:Conrail 2020:Trenton 1919:Around 1895:On the 1831:C-Train 1827:Calgary 1811:Big Dig 1748:Source: 1652:C-Train 1649:Calgary 1487:Toronto 1417:Houston 1260:Seattle 1250:system. 1076:Toronto 1044:trolley 927:O-Train 886:by bane 759:Suicide 744:Museums 675:History 653:History 631:Freight 433:History 320:Hamburg 275:in the 267:Postwar 207:PCC car 185:History 5671:Harbor 5666:Hangar 5585:Shweeb 5290:Pesero 5245:Dolmuş 5116:Maglev 4969:Pesero 4952:driver 4905:driver 4587: 4486: 4158: 4095: 3665: 3301: 2959:1 July 2857:H-Bahn 2592:diesel 2578:. 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