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Indicator LEDs are known for their extremely long life, up to 100,000 hours, but lighting LEDs are operated much less conservatively, and consequently have shorter lives. LED technology is useful for lighting designers, because of its low power consumption, low heat generation, instantaneous on/off control, and in the case of single color LEDs, continuity of color throughout the life of the diode and relatively low cost of manufacture. LED lifetime depends strongly on the temperature of the diode. Operating an LED lamp in conditions that increase the internal temperature can greatly shorten the lamp's life. Some lasers have been adapted as an alternative to LEDs to provide highly focused illumination.
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444:(Ohio) engineering laboratory. This was not a trivial exercise; as noted by Arthur A. Bright, "A great deal of experimentation had to be done on lamp sizes and shapes, cathode construction, gas pressures of both argon and mercury vapor, colors of fluorescent powders, methods of attaching them to the inside of the tube, and other details of the lamp and its auxiliaries before the new device was ready for the public."
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819:. The core operating principle is much the same as the carbon arc lamp, but the term "arc lamp" normally refers to carbon arc lamps, with more modern types of gas discharge lamp normally called discharge lamps. With some discharge lamps, very high voltage is used to strike the arc. This requires an electrical circuit called an igniter, which is part of the
667:
384:. The design was based on the concept that the high melting point of platinum would allow it to operate at high temperatures and that the evacuated chamber would contain fewer gas molecules to react with the platinum, improving its longevity. Although it was an efficient design, the cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial use.
1470:
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Halogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescent lamps, because for successful operation a bulb temperature over 200 °C is generally necessary. For this reason, most have a bulb of fused silica (quartz) or aluminosilicate glass. This is often sealed inside an additional layer of
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life of the lamps. Production tolerances as low as 1% can create a variance of 25% in lamp life, so in general some lamps will fail well before the rated life expectancy, and some will last much longer. For LEDs, lamp life is defined as the operation time at which 50% of lamps have experienced a 70%
401:
in the US independently developing functional incandescent lamps. Swan's bulbs, based on designs by
William Staite, were successful, but the filaments were too thick. Edison worked to create bulbs with thinner filaments, leading to a better design. The rivalry between Swan and Edison eventually led
689:
and professional audio gear since the 1970s. In the 2000s, efficacy and output have risen to the point where LEDs are now being used in lighting applications such as car headlights and brake lights, in flashlights and bicycle lights, as well as in decorative applications, such as holiday lighting.
831:
operate this way. The simplest ballasts are just an inductor, and are chosen where cost is the deciding factor, such as street lighting. More advanced electronic ballasts may be designed to maintain constant light output over the life of the lamp, may drive the lamp with a square wave to maintain
764:
around 1805, the carbon arc was the first practical electric light. It was used commercially beginning in the 1870s for large building and street lighting until it was superseded in the early 20th century by the incandescent light. Carbon arc lamps operate at high power and produce high intensity
839:
orange-yellow light, which gives a similarly monochromatic perception of any illuminated scene. For this reason, it is generally reserved for outdoor public lighting applications. Low-pressure sodium lights are favoured for public lighting by astronomers, since the
372:
in 1806. It took more than a century of continuous and incremental improvement, including numerous designs, patents, and resulting intellectual property disputes, to get from these early experiments to commercially produced incandescent light bulbs in the 1920s.
584:
Those designed for 12- or 24-volt operation have compact filaments, useful for good optical control. Also, they have higher efficacies (lumens per watt) and longer lives than non-halogen types. The light output remains almost constant throughout their life.
960:
Some types of lamp are also sensitive to switching cycles. Rooms with frequent switching, such as bathrooms, can expect much shorter lamp life than what is printed on the box. Compact fluorescent lamps are particularly sensitive to switching cycles.
311:
come in a profusion of types and sizes adapted to many applications. Most modern electric lighting is powered by centrally generated electric power, but lighting may also be powered by mobile or standby electric generators or battery systems.
823:
circuitry. After the arc is struck, the internal resistance of the lamp drops to a low level, and the ballast limits the current to the operating current. Without a ballast, excess current would flow, causing rapid destruction of the lamp.
580:
may cause a hot quartz envelope to shatter due to excessive heat buildup at the contamination site. The risk of burns or fire is also greater with bare bulbs, leading to their prohibition in some places, unless enclosed by the luminaire.
463:. Compact fluorescent bulbs are also banned despite their lumens per watt performance, because of their toxic mercury that can be released into the home if broken and widespread problems with proper disposal of mercury-containing bulbs.
623:
of fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output. Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps, because they require a
752:
between the rod tips. These lamps have higher efficacy than filament lamps, but the carbon rods are short-lived and require constant adjustment in use, as the intense heat of the arc erodes them. The lamps produce significant
435:
in Great
Britain (unrelated to General Electric in the United States). Stimulated by this report, and with all of the key elements available, a team led by George E. Inman built a prototype fluorescent lamp in 1934 at
390:, an English inventor, made significant contributions to early electric lighting with his lamp in 1846 (patent specification 11076), laying the groundwork for future innovations such as those by Thomas Edison.
610:
consist of a glass tube that contains mercury vapour or argon under low pressure. Electricity flowing through the tube causes the gases to give off ultraviolet energy. The inside of the tubes are coated with
981:) is sufficient for cities to be easily visible at night from the air, and from space. External lighting grew at a rate of 3–6 percent for the later half of the 20th century and is the major source of
2616:
Morton, C.A.; Brown, S.B.; Collins, S.; Ibbotson, S.; Jenkinson, H.; Kurwa, H.; Langmack, K.; Mckenna, K.; Moseley, H.; Pearse, A.D.; Stringer, M.; Taylor, D.K.; Wong, G.; Rhodes, L.E. (April 2002).
2276:
Falchi, Fabio; Cinzano, Pierantonio; Duriscoe, Dan; Kyba, Christopher C. M.; Elvidge, Christopher D.; Baugh, Kimberly; Portnov, Boris A.; Rybnikova, Nataliya A.; Furgoni, Riccardo (2016-06-10).
619:. They have much higher efficiency than incandescent lamps. For the same amount of light generated, they typically use around one-quarter to one-third the power of an incandescent. The typical
1546:
in Paris with neon tubes; this webpage includes a contemporary photograph that gives an impression of the effect. The webpage is part of an extensive selection of images of neon lighting; see
3086:"A protester holds a light bulb, the official symbol of Turkey's ruling AK Party (AKP), with a Nazi swastika sign painted on it during an anti-government protest at Taksim Square in Istanbul"
1976:
514:. When an electric current is connected, the tungsten is heated to 2,000 to 3,300 K (1,730 to 3,030 °C; 3,140 to 5,480 °F) and glows, emitting light that approximates a
2154:
576:
glass. The outer glass is a safety precaution, to reduce ultraviolet emission and to contain hot glass shards should the inner envelope explode during operation. Oily residue from
459:, incandescent light bulbs including halogen bulbs stopped being sold as of August 1, 2023, because they do not meet minimum lumens per watt performance metrics established by the
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2989:
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and others with 80% of the world's population living in areas with night time light pollution. Light pollution has been shown to have a negative effect on some wildlife.
1663:
867:
Many lamp units, or light bulbs, are specified in standardized shape codes and socket names. Incandescent bulbs and their retrofit replacements are often specified as "
1214:
3764:
3142:" (2023) is a short science film from the Princeton University Office of Sustainability about lighting obscuring the stars and affecting health and the environment.
645:
307:
of electric lighting has increased radically since the first demonstration of arc lamps and the incandescent light bulb of the 19th century. Modern electric
261:, which is often called a "lamp" as well. The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or a
3012:"Green Light Drives Leaf Photosynthesis More Efficiently than Red Light in Strong White Light: Revisiting the Enigmatic Question of Why Leaves are Green"
557:
estimated in 2012 that a complete ban on incandescent bulbs would contribute 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and save 15 billion metric tonnes of
1443:
1633:
1468:, William. D. Coolidge, "Tungsten and method of making the same for use as filaments of incandescent electric lamps and for other purposes."
1811:
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In
Western culture, a lightbulb — in particular, the appearance of an illuminated lightbulb above a person's head — signifies sudden inspiration.
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The turn of the century saw further improvements in bulb longevity and efficiency, notably with the introduction of the tungsten filament by
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1937:
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white light. They also are a point source of light. They remained in use in limited applications that required these properties, such as
3874:
2088:
3629:
3068:
2072:
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Some lamp types contain a small amount of neon, which permits striking at normal running voltage with no external ignition circuitry.
875:/E27", a common size for those kinds of light bulbs. In this example, the "A" parameters describe the bulb size and shape within the
3153:
1249:
431:, a renowned physicist and GE consultant, reported to the GE lamp department on successful experiments with fluorescent lighting at
537:
systems. In colder weather, the heat byproduct has some value, and has been successfully harnessed for warming in devices such as
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64:
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Life expectancy for many types of lamp is defined as the number of hours of operation at which 50% of them fail, that is the
380:
enclosed a platinum coil in a vacuum tube and passed an electric current through it, thus creating one of the world's first
2039:
2002:
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3601:
482:
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835:
The most efficient source of electric light is the low-pressure sodium lamp. It produces, for all practical purposes, a
432:
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output, they require ventilation when used indoors, and due to their intensity they need protection from direct sight.
38:
3956:
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1032:
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530:
2879:"The efficacy of home phototherapy for physiological and non-physiological neonatal jaundice: A systematic review"
4076:
4044:
3637:
3624:
3220:
1173:
460:
2926:"Home phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia in term neonates—an unblinded multicentre randomized controlled trial"
1612:
4137:
3352:
3326:
1686:"Frequently asked questions about the regulation on ecodesign requirements for non-directional household lamps"
633:
603:
Top, two compact fluorescent lamps. Bottom, two fluorescent tube lamps. A matchstick, left, is shown for scale.
558:
546:
456:
100:
2728:"Dawn simulation vs. bright light in seasonal affective disorder: Treatment effects and subjective preference"
1057:
Due to their nonlinear resistance characteristics, tungsten filament lamps have long been used as fast-acting
424:
introduced the first neon light, paving the way for neon signs which would become ubiquitous in advertising.
417:, who applied for a patent in 1912. This innovation became a standard for incandescent bulbs for many years.
3997:
3669:
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858:
729:
477:
381:
269:
96:
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1076:; excess current that is too high for the tweeter illuminates the light rather than destroying the tweeter.
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1962:
1412:
1079:
522:
2618:"Guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy: report of a workshop of the British Photodermatology Group"
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356:, the first electric battery. Current from these batteries could heat copper wire to incandescence.
4007:
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with the treatment which was initially undertaken in hospitals being able to be conducted at home.
876:
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554:
515:
414:
2673:"Seasonal affective disorder and season-dependent abnormalities of melatonin suppression by light"
521:
Incandescent bulbs are highly inefficient, in that just 2–5% of the energy consumed is emitted as
4157:
3829:
3614:
3557:
3549:
3010:
Terashima, Ichiro; Fujita, Takashi; Inoue, Takeshi; Chow, Wah Soon; Oguchi, Riichi (April 2009).
2906:
2812:
2708:
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2035:
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Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world: from the airplane to the zipper
1206:
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316:-powered light is often reserved for when and where stationary lights fail, often in the form of
277:
75:
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The late 1870s and 1880s were marked by intense competition and innovation, with inventors like
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is struck by touching the rod tips then separating them. The ensuing arc produces a white-hot
725:
620:
268:
The three main categories of electric lights are incandescent lamps, which produce light by a
207:
1485:
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1353:
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alternative in homes. Because they contain mercury, many fluorescent lamps are classified as
3982:
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529:. In warmer climates, the emitted heat must then be removed, putting additional pressure on
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2200:
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1566:
The
Electric-Lamp Industry: Technological Change and Economic Development from 1800 to 1947
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1977:"Laser Lighting: White-light lasers challenge LEDs in directional lighting applications"
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that they generate can be easily filtered, contrary to broadband or continuous spectra.
4030:
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3812:
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3719:
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2520:"Laser and other light therapies for the treatment of acne vulgaris: systematic review"
2495:
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through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost.
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Pei, Susan; Inamadar, Arun C.; Adya, Keshavmurthy A.; Tsoukas, Maria M. (May 2015).
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150:
124:
1913:
2877:
Anderson, Candice Megan; Kandasamy, Yogavijayan; Kilcullen, Meegan (2022-10-01).
2518:
Hamilton, F.L.; Car, J.; Lyons, C.; Car, M.; Layton, A.; Majeed, A. (June 2009).
636:
are available in the same popular sizes as incandescent lamps and are used as an
502:
In its modern form, the incandescent light bulb consists of a coiled filament of
4162:
4116:
3992:
3851:
3771:
3579:
3574:
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3501:
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2228:"Artificial lights are eating away at dark nights — and that's not a good thing"
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1994:
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formed in an attempt to reduce the life of electric light bulbs, an example of
220:
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3704:
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with recent research into the most effective types of light for plant growth.
1043:
1024:
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completely flicker-free output, and shut down in the event of certain faults.
332:
Before electric lighting became common in the early 20th century, people used
317:
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1035:. Lamps which emit a specific frequency of blue light are also used to treat
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3011:
2565:
Patrizi, Annalisa; Raone, Beatrice; Ravaioli, Giulia Maria (2015-10-05).
2089:"Light Bulb Sizes, Shapes and Temperatures Charts – Bulb Reference Guide"
1626:"High Efficiency Incandescent Lighting | MIT Technology Licensing Office"
1201:
1101:
A stylized depiction of a light bulb features as the logo of the
Turkish
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Victorian
Technology: Invention, Innovation, and the Rise of the Machine
1715:
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3481:
3459:
2775:"Seasonal affective disorder: Is there light at the end of the tunnel?"
925:
648:
recommends that fluorescent lamps be segregated from general waste for
321:
254:
200:
70:"Electric lamp" and "Light bulb" redirect here. For the furniture, see
2567:"Management of atopic dermatitis: safety and efficacy of phototherapy"
666:
3464:
3422:
2924:
Pettersson, M.; Eriksson, M.; Albinsson, E.; Ohlin, A. (2021-05-01).
1886:"See and Be Seen with The 13 Best Bike Lights for Every Kind of Ride"
1149:
The Age of Edison: Electric Light and the
Invention of Modern America
945:
899:
808:
791:
A discharge lamp has a glass or silica envelope containing two metal
616:
495:
333:
257:, metal, glass, or plastic which secures the lamp in the socket of a
652:
or safe disposal, and some jurisdictions require recycling of them.
2406:"UVB phototherapy and skin cancer risk: a review of the literature"
2294:
2139:"The L.E.D. Quandary: Why There's No Such Thing as "Built to Last""
1802:
United States
Environmental Protection Agency, OSWER (2015-07-23).
1241:
Copper Wire and
Electrical Conductors – The Shaping of a Technology
4147:
3511:
3437:
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804:
800:
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sealed in a globular glass chamber, either a vacuum or full of an
489:
481:
308:
246:
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1938:"The truth about LED lifespan and the longevity of your display"
1838:"LED Headlights Can Be Brighter but Often Lack Clear Advantages"
1020:
909:
796:
713:
526:
345:
3149:
1740:"Should you not touch halogen capsule bulbs with your fingers?"
406:. By the early twentieth century these had completely replaced
2830:
Cremer, R. J.; Perryman, P. W.; Richards, D. H. (1958-05-24).
1510:
The dates of the 1910 Paris Motor Show are incorporated into
2982:"How to Choose the Proper Grow Light for Your Indoor Garden"
3145:
1766:
Empire of Light:: A History of
Discovery in Science and Art
992:
Electric lamps can be used as heat sources, for example in
553:
in many countries due to their low energy efficiency. The
3061:
Turkey and the Arab Spring: Leadership in the Middle East
2832:"Influence of Light on the Hyperbilirubinæmia of Infants"
2278:"The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness"
1763:
Perkowitz, Sidney; Henry, A. Joseph (23 November 1998).
498:
commemorates the installation of electric light in 1934.
615:
that give off visible light when struck by ultraviolet
42:
977:
The total amount of artificial light (especially from
292:, which produce light by a flow of electrons across a
3116:"15 years of Turkey's Justice and Development Party"
1963:"Laser diodes add intensity to narrow-beam lighting"
1656:"6 Ways to Save Money on Your Air Conditioning Bill"
1061:
in electronic circuits. Popular uses have included:
4130:
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2671:Thompson, C.; Stinson, D.; Smith, A. (1990-09-22).
1613:
Energy Department moves forward with light bulb ban
206:
190:
161:
134:
115:
107:
2571:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
1563:
1380:
1174:"Switching the Light: From Chemical to Electrical"
1310:. The Electrical review, ltd.: 483 26 April 1889.
2404:Lee, Ernest; Koo, John; Berger, Tim (May 2005).
1098:, a light bulb symbol has a sexual connotation.
685:(LED) has been popular as an indicator light in
486:Sign with instructions on the use of light bulbs
2726:Danilenko, K. V.; Ivanova, I. A. (2015-07-15).
1526:"Reportage – Il était une fois le néon No. 402"
1324:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Photography
1238:Blake-Coleman, B. C. (Barrie Charles) (1992).
3161:
1383:Really Useful: The Origins of Everyday Things
1304:The Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review
646:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
1355:Light Sources: Technologies and Applications
1244:. Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 127.
1046:to aid in plant growth especially in indoor
740:in open air, supplied by a current-limiting
84:
949:decrease in light output. In the 1900s the
736:Carbon arc lamps consist of two carbon rod
541:. Incandescent bulbs are nonetheless being
249:. It is the most common form of artificial
59:Device for producing light from electricity
26:
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859:Incandescent light bulb § Bulb shapes
3027:
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2461:"Light-based therapies in acne treatment"
2364:
2327:
2293:
2021:
2019:
1995:"Arc Lamps – How They Work & History"
1988:
1986:
1581:Okon, Thomas M.; Biard, James R. (2015).
1490:. New York University Press. p. 42.
1200:
447:The first practical LED arrived in 1962.
1908:
1906:
1831:
1829:
1004:restaurants and toys such as the Kenner
795:separated by a gas. Gases used include,
32:This is an accepted version of this page
2222:
2220:
1862:"How to Choose Flashlights | REI Co-op"
1549:"Reportage – Il était une fois le néon"
1358:. Taylor & Francis US. p. 32.
1136:
28:
3063:. New York: Bozog Press. p. 345.
2773:Sanassi, Lorraine A. (February 2014).
2113:"Lighting Facts Labels – LED Lighting"
2042:from the original on November 10, 2014
1352:Kitsinelis, Spiros (1 November 2010).
1065:Stabilization of sine wave oscillators
891:Common comparison parameters include:
883:base size and thread characteristics.
879:while the "E" parameters describe the
404:Edison and Swan Electric Light Company
83:
1413:"Who really invented the light bulb?"
1258:from the original on 6 December 2017.
1042:Electric lamps can also be used as a
368:gave a practical demonstration of an
280:, which produce light by means of an
7:
2410:International Journal of Dermatology
1783:from the original on 20 October 2021
1181:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
253:. Lamps usually have a base made of
1696:from the original on 19 August 2022
1666:from the original on 19 August 2022
1636:from the original on 19 August 2022
1280:from the original on 20 August 2022
2792:10.1097/01.JAA.0000442698.03223.f3
2385:The Strong National Museum of Play
2357:Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews
1716:"Tungsten Halogen – Double Jacket"
1446:from the original on 22 March 2018
496:St John the Baptist Church, Hagley
57:
2465:Indian Dermatology Online Journal
1570:. Macmillan Co. pp. 388–391.
1562:Bright, Arthur Aaron Jr. (1949).
186:(first demo of incandescent bulb)
2634:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04719.x
2536:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09047.x
2422:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02186.x
2176:"The Great Lightbulb Conspiracy"
1615:from News Nation Now on 4/3/2023
219:
214:
90:
3685:Parabolic aluminized reflector
2992:from the original on 2022-01-05
2157:from the original on 2017-11-14
2137:MacKinnon, J. B. (2016-07-14).
2005:from the original on 2017-06-17
1814:from the original on 2015-06-29
1270:"The History of the Light Bulb"
1220:from the original on 2022-02-14
932:Less common parameters include
525:. The remaining 95% is lost as
360:developed the first persistent
65:Electric light (disambiguation)
3630:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
2930:European Journal of Pediatrics
2732:Journal of Affective Disorders
2622:British Journal of Dermatology
2524:British Journal of Dermatology
2366:10.1146/knowable-032218-043601
2351:Pain, Stephanie (2018-03-23).
2201:"When to Turn Off Your Lights"
545:in favor of technologies like
1:
2848:10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91849-X
1836:Linkov, Jon (6 August 2019).
1276:. U.S. Department of Energy.
973:A clear glass 60 W light bulb
364:in 1802, and English chemist
2689:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92202-S
2061:Sussman, Herbert L. (2009).
1484:van Dulken, Stephen (2002).
1015:to deal with such issues as
777:, until after World War II.
451:U.S. transition to LED bulbs
169:; 145 years ago
140:; 215 years ago
3875:Automotive light bulb types
3725:Intelligent street lighting
2883:Journal of Neonatal Nursing
1379:Levy, Joel (1 March 2003).
1033:seasonal affective disorder
1011:Lamps can also be used for
358:Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov
4217:
3638:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
2942:10.1007/s00431-021-03932-4
1019:, skin conditions such as
856:
784:
697:
659:
592:
568:
475:
433:General Electric Co., Ltd.
324:, as well as in vehicles.
61:
4077:Stage lighting instrument
3016:Plant and Cell Physiology
2895:10.1016/j.jnn.2021.08.010
2744:10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.055
2067:. ABC-CLIO. p. 124.
1942:Samsung Business Insights
1583:"The First Practical LED"
1387:. Firefly Books. p.
1147:Freebert, Ernest (2014).
829:Low-pressure sodium lamps
634:Compact fluorescent lamps
461:U.S. Department of Energy
402:to a merger, forming the
213:
101:compact fluorescent lamps
89:
4138:Battlefield illumination
3895:high-intensity discharge
3327:Electrochemiluminescence
2478:10.4103/2229-5178.156379
2093:www.superiorlighting.com
1999:www.edisontechcenter.org
1193:10.1109/MIE.2015.2454038
1080:Automatic volume control
559:carbon dioxide emissions
111:Depends on type of light
39:latest accepted revision
3998:Electroluminescent wire
3059:Fuller, Graham (2014).
2257:sites.astro.caltech.edu
1430:Reisert, Sarah (2015).
730:fluorescence microscope
478:Incandescent light bulb
284:through a gas, such as
192:Pin configuration
3680:Multifaceted reflector
2353:"There goes the night"
2312:10.1126/sciadv.1600377
1769:. Joseph Henry Press.
1436:Distillations Magazine
1321:Hannavy, John (2008).
1172:Guarnieri, M. (2015).
1074:loudspeaker enclosures
974:
733:
717:
678:
604:
499:
487:
163:First production
4196:Electrical components
4070:ellipsoidal reflector
3675:Ellipsoidal reflector
3359:Fluorescent induction
3337:field-induced polymer
3084:Foundation, Thomson.
1993:Center, Edison Tech.
1125:List of light sources
972:
934:color rendering index
887:Comparison parameters
723:
707:
669:
602:
523:visible, usable light
493:
485:
74:. For the album, see
3907:Rear position lights
3880:Daytime running lamp
3808:Mechanically powered
3695:Aviation obstruction
1744:The Lighting Company
1590:EdisonTechCenter.org
1432:"Let There be Light"
1417:www.sciencefocus.com
1017:vitamin D deficiency
955:planned obsolescence
918:(in lumens per watt)
710:xenon short-arc lamp
687:consumer electronics
683:light-emitting diode
382:electric light bulbs
272:heated white-hot by
243:electrical component
63:For other uses, see
3315:Electron-stimulated
2842:(7030): 1094–1097.
2584:10.2147/CCID.S87987
2304:2016SciA....2E0377F
2026:Whelan, M. (2013).
1979:. 22 February 2017.
1690:European Commission
877:A-series light bulb
555:European Commission
516:continuous spectrum
415:William D. Coolidge
278:gas-discharge lamps
86:
29:Page version status
4158:Luminous gemstones
3332:Electroluminescent
3310:Cathodoluminescent
3096:on 3 November 2018
3029:10.1093/pcp/pcp034
2986:primalgrowgear.com
2036:Edison Tech Center
1720:www.lamptech.co.uk
1594:Edison Tech Center
1524:Testelin, Xavier.
1300:"Notes – Obituary"
1087:Cultural symbolism
975:
906:Energy consumption
821:electrical ballast
787:Gas-discharge lamp
734:
718:
716:projection system.
679:
605:
500:
488:
76:Lightbulbs (album)
35:
4183:
4182:
3700:Balanced-arm lamp
3656:
3655:
3540:Yablochkov candle
3408:Acetylene/Carbide
3378:Radioluminescence
3250:Luminous efficacy
3196:Color temperature
3140:Dark Sacred Night
2683:(8717): 703–706.
2253:"Light Pollution"
2232:Los Angeles Times
1804:"Hazardous Waste"
1776:978-0-309-06556-6
1497:978-0-8147-8812-7
1398:978-1-55297-622-7
1365:978-1-4398-2079-7
1338:978-0-415-97235-2
1158:978-0-14-312444-3
1151:. Penguin Books.
1037:neonatal jaundice
922:Color temperature
916:Luminous efficacy
621:luminous efficacy
608:Fluorescent lamps
305:energy efficiency
286:fluorescent lamps
227:
226:
208:Electronic symbol
117:Working principle
16:(Redirected from
4208:
3983:Christmas lights
3917:Safety reflector
3912:Reversing lights
3847:Navigation light
3798:Bicycle lighting
3688:
3641:
3633:
3607:
3366:Photoluminescent
3349:Fluorescent lamp
3322:Chemiluminescent
3270:
3238:Bi-pin lamp base
3233:Lightbulb socket
3170:
3163:
3156:
3147:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3092:. Archived from
3081:
3075:
3074:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3031:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2936:(5): 1603–1610.
2921:
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2555:
2530:(6): 1273–1285.
2515:
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2508:
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2449:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2381:"Easy-Bake Oven"
2377:
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2342:
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2331:
2297:
2282:Science Advances
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1849:
1848:
1842:Consumer Reports
1833:
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1342:
1331:. p. 1222.
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1266:
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1259:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
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1219:
1204:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1115:Flameless candle
863:Lightbulb socket
767:movie projectors
728:arc lamp from a
681:The solid-state
628:to regulate the
595:Fluorescent lamp
535:air conditioning
438:General Electric
378:Warren de la Rue
350:Alessandro Volta
348:. In 1799–1800,
274:electric current
223:
218:
193:
177:
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4143:Bioluminescence
4126:
4095:
4081:
4038:
4022:
3961:
3945:
3861:
3786:
3710:Emergency light
3686:
3652:
3639:
3631:
3605:
3603:
3596:
3544:
3516:
3487:Magnesium torch
3394:
3296:
3265:
3259:
3216:Light pollution
3191:Accent lighting
3179:
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1536:Claude lit the
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1133:
1111:
1089:
983:light pollution
967:
942:
940:Life expectancy
889:
865:
857:Main articles:
855:
850:
848:Characteristics
842:light pollution
789:
783:
702:
696:
664:
658:
642:hazardous waste
597:
591:
573:
567:
480:
474:
469:
453:
388:William Greener
330:
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4131:Related topics
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3779:
3777:Track lighting
3774:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3752:
3750:Recessed light
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3720:Gooseneck lamp
3717:
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3134:External links
3132:
3129:
3128:
3107:
3090:news.trust.org
3076:
3070:978-0993751400
3069:
3051:
3022:(4): 684–697.
3002:
2988:. 2021-08-27.
2973:
2916:
2889:(5): 312–326.
2869:
2822:
2765:
2718:
2663:
2628:(4): 552–567.
2608:
2557:
2510:
2471:(3): 145–157.
2451:
2416:(5): 355–360.
2396:
2372:
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2244:
2216:
2192:
2167:
2143:The New Yorker
2129:
2104:
2080:
2074:978-0275991692
2073:
2053:
2015:
1982:
1968:
1965:. 13 May 2019.
1954:
1929:
1914:"LED Lighting"
1902:
1877:
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1068:Protection of
1066:
1052:aquatic plants
1006:Easy-Bake Oven
998:infrared lamps
966:
963:
951:Phoebus cartel
941:
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888:
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785:Main article:
782:
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771:stage lighting
698:Main article:
695:
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660:Main article:
657:
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593:Main article:
590:
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569:Main article:
566:
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476:Main article:
473:
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468:
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452:
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429:Arthur Compton
422:Georges Claude
397:in the UK and
329:
326:
245:that produces
231:electric light
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85:Electric light
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47:10 August 2024
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4115:
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4112:Infrared lamp
4110:
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4091:
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4019:
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4009:
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3843:
3842:Laser pointer
3840:
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3756:
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3748:
3746:
3745:Pendant light
3743:
3741:
3740:Neon lighting
3738:
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3726:
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3628:
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3616:
3615:Mercury-vapor
3613:
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3610:
3608:
3599:
3593:
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3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
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3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Deuterium arc
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3550:Gas discharge
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
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3256:
3255:Task lighting
3253:
3251:
3248:
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3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
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3214:
3212:
3211:Light fixture
3209:
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2196:
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2181:
2180:IEEE Spectrum
2177:
2171:
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1568:
1567:
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1545:
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1527:
1520:
1517:
1514:for the show.
1513:
1507:
1504:
1499:
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1458:
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1271:
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1262:
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1251:3-7186-5200-5
1247:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1231:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1202:11577/3164116
1198:
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1143:
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1123:
1121:
1118:
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1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1082:in telephones
1081:
1078:
1075:
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1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
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1038:
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1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:light therapy
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
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988:
985:that burdens
984:
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971:
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962:
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917:
914:
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904:
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896:Luminous flux
894:
893:
892:
886:
884:
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878:
874:
870:
864:
860:
852:
847:
845:
843:
838:
837:monochromatic
833:
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825:
822:
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814:
813:metal halides
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647:
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639:
638:energy-saving
635:
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582:
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458:
457:United States
450:
448:
445:
443:
439:
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430:
425:
423:
418:
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
399:Thomas Edison
396:
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367:
363:
359:
355:
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347:
343:
339:
335:
327:
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323:
319:
315:
310:
309:light sources
306:
301:
299:
298:semiconductor
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
263:bayonet mount
260:
259:light fixture
256:
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248:
244:
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236:
232:
222:
217:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
189:
185:
184:Thomas Edison
181:
166:
160:
156:
152:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
88:
82:
77:
73:
72:light fixture
66:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4018:Strobe light
4013:Plasma globe
3988:Crackle tube
3978:Bubble light
3939:trafficators
3934:Turn signals
3760:Street light
3715:Gas lighting
3648:Sodium vapor
3620:Metal-halide
3522:Electric arc
3274:Incandescent
3243:Edison screw
3200:
3119:. Retrieved
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3094:the original
3089:
3079:
3060:
3054:
3019:
3015:
3005:
2994:. Retrieved
2985:
2976:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2785:(2): 18–22.
2782:
2778:
2768:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2375:
2356:
2346:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:
2247:
2236:. Retrieved
2234:. 2017-11-22
2231:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2184:. Retrieved
2182:. 2014-09-24
2179:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2142:
2132:
2121:. Retrieved
2119:. 2012-01-01
2116:
2107:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:
2083:
2063:
2056:
2046:November 22,
2044:. Retrieved
2031:
2007:. Retrieved
1998:
1971:
1957:
1946:. Retrieved
1944:. 2022-05-23
1941:
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:
1894:. Retrieved
1892:. 2022-07-19
1889:
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1845:. Retrieved
1841:
1816:. Retrieved
1807:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1765:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1659:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1589:
1576:
1565:
1557:
1543:Grand Palais
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1519:
1506:
1486:
1479:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1442:(3): 44–45.
1439:
1435:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1382:
1374:
1354:
1347:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1240:
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1187:(3): 44–47.
1184:
1180:
1167:
1148:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1056:
1041:
1029:skin cancers
1010:
991:
979:street light
976:
959:
943:
931:
890:
881:Edison screw
866:
834:
826:
790:
775:searchlights
762:Humphry Davy
760:Invented by
759:
746:electric arc
735:
712:used in the
680:
675:Edison screw
606:
583:
578:fingerprints
574:
571:Halogen lamp
520:
501:
494:A tablet at
472:Incandescent
454:
446:
426:
419:
412:
392:
386:
375:
366:Humphry Davy
362:electric arc
354:voltaic pile
352:created the
331:
320:or electric
302:
282:electric arc
267:
238:
234:
230:
228:
151:Humphry Davy
125:Luminescence
97:Incandescent
81:
46:
37:This is the
31:
4163:Signal lamp
4117:Stroboscope
3993:DJ lighting
3929:Stop lights
3900:sealed beam
3852:Searchlight
3592:Xenon flash
3535:Klieg light
3383:Solid-state
3344:Fluorescent
3302:Luminescent
2577:: 511–520.
2028:"Arc Lamps"
1787:10 November
1630:tlo.mit.edu
1512:this poster
1466:US 1082933A
1096:Middle East
1059:thermistors
1048:hydroponics
987:astronomers
853:Form factor
755:ultraviolet
589:Fluorescent
531:ventilation
395:Joseph Swan
318:flashlights
180:Joseph Swan
129:electricity
4190:Categories
4107:Grow light
4102:Germicidal
4092:Scientific
4089:Industrial
4045:Floodlight
4031:Theatrical
3973:Blacklight
3968:Aroma lamp
3957:Decorative
3867:Automotive
3857:Solar lamp
3820:Glow stick
3803:Flashlight
3735:Nightlight
3730:Light tube
3705:Chandelier
3662:Stationary
3604:discharge
3530:Carbon arc
3400:Combustion
3266:generation
3264:Methods of
3121:3 November
3100:3 November
2996:2022-01-05
2836:The Lancet
2677:The Lancet
2390:2022-10-07
2295:1609.01041
2262:2022-10-07
2238:2022-10-07
2210:2023-03-06
2205:Energy.gov
2186:2022-10-07
2161:2017-11-05
2123:2023-04-10
2098:2022-10-07
2009:2018-01-13
1948:2023-03-06
1923:2023-03-06
1918:Energy.gov
1896:2023-03-06
1871:2023-03-06
1847:2023-03-06
1818:3 November
1749:2023-03-06
1725:2023-03-06
1599:2016-02-02
1531:2010-12-06
1274:Energy.gov
1224:2019-09-02
1131:References
1120:Light tube
1044:grow light
1025:dermatitis
994:incubators
793:electrodes
738:electrodes
708:The 15 kW
694:Carbon arc
543:phased out
539:heat lamps
338:gas lights
239:light bulb
4173:Reflected
4153:Light art
4065:Spotlight
4050:Footlight
4035:Cinematic
4003:Lava lamp
3765:in the US
3670:Reflector
3587:Xenon arc
3568:Neon lamp
3497:Rushlight
3477:Limelight
3226:Hong Kong
3038:1471-9053
2950:1432-1076
2911:238646014
2903:1355-1841
2856:0140-6736
2801:1547-1896
2752:0165-0327
2738:: 87–89.
2697:0140-6736
2642:0007-0963
2487:2229-5178
2430:0011-9059
2320:2375-2548
2151:0028-792X
2117:Bulbs.com
2032:Resources
1890:Bicycling
1700:19 August
1670:19 August
1640:19 August
1538:peristyle
1329:CRC Press
1284:19 August
1002:fast food
781:Discharge
673:with E27
650:recycling
613:phosphors
551:LED bulbs
508:inert gas
442:Nela Park
427:In 1934,
420:In 1910,
408:arc lamps
376:In 1840,
370:arc light
342:oil lamps
290:LED lamps
18:Lightbulb
4201:Lighting
3885:Headlamp
3825:Headlamp
3813:Tactical
3791:Portable
3772:Torchère
3453:Petromax
3448:Kerosene
3418:Campfire
3388:LED lamp
3184:Concepts
3177:Lighting
3046:19246458
2990:Archived
2968:33469713
2864:13550936
2817:45234549
2809:24394440
2760:25885065
2713:34280446
2650:11966684
2603:26491366
2544:19239470
2505:26009707
2446:11332443
2438:15869531
2338:27386582
2155:Archived
2040:Archived
2003:Archived
1812:Archived
1781:Archived
1694:Archived
1664:Archived
1634:Archived
1450:22 March
1444:Archived
1278:Archived
1256:Archived
1215:Archived
1109:See also
1103:AK Party
1070:tweeters
700:Arc lamp
671:LED lamp
662:LED lamp
510:such as
504:tungsten
322:lanterns
294:band gap
270:filament
251:lighting
155:arc lamp
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