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addition, deletion or rearrangement of scenes; or the tech and/or preview period (if there was a preview period) was too short to accommodate as thorough a cueing as was needed (this is particularly common in dance productions). If significant changes need to be made, the LD will come in and make them, however, if only smaller changes are needed, the LD may opt to send the ALD. If a show runs for a particularly long time then the LD may come in periodically to check the focus of each lighting instrument and if they are retaining their color (some gel, especially saturated gel, loses its richness and can fade or 'burn out' over time). The LD may also sit in on a performance to make sure that the cues are still being called at the right place and time. The goal is often to finish by the opening of the show, but what is most important is that the LD and the directors believe that the design is finished to each's satisfaction. If that happens to be by opening night, then after opening no changes are normally made to that particular production run at that venue. The general maintenance of the lighting rig then becomes the responsibility of the master electrician.
456:(CGI) that represent their ideas. The lighting designer enters the light plot into the visualization software and then enters the ground plan of the theater and set design, giving as much three-dimensional data as possible (which helps in creating complete renderings). This creates a 3D model in computer space that can be lit and manipulated. Using the software, the LD can use the lights from his plot to create actual lighting in the 3D model with the ability to define parameters such as color, focus, gobo, beam angle etc. The designer can then take renderings or "snapshots" of various looks that can then be printed out and shown to the director and other members of the design team.
388:, a remote lighting console, a computer monitor connected to the light board (so they can see what the board op is doing), and a headset, though in smaller theatres this is less common. There may be a time allowed for pre-lighting or "pre-cueing", a practice that is often done with people known as Light Walkers who stand in for performers so the LD can see what the light looks like on bodies. At an arranged time, the performers arrive and the production is worked through in chronological order, with occasional stops to correct sound, lighting, entrances, etc.; known as a "cue-to-cue" or
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1/4" scale, and the lighting designer can then take the fiber optic cables and attach them to scaled-down lighting units that can accurately replicate the beam angles of specified lighting fixtures. These 'mini lights' can then be attached to cross pieces simulating different lighting positions. Fiber optic fixtures have the capacity to simulate attributes of full scale theatrical lighting fixtures including; color, beam angle, intensity, and gobos. The most sophisticated fiber optic systems are controllable through computer software or a
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attends these notes calls if units are hung or rehung and require additional focusing. The LD or assistant lighting director (also known as the ALD, see below for description) will be in charge if in attendance. If the only work to be done is maintenance (i.e. changing a lamp or burnt out gel) then the production or master electrician will be in charge and will direct the electrics crew.
384:, who will either be seated alongside them at a portable control console or talk via headset to the control room. At the tech table, the LD will generally use a Magic Sheet, which is a pictorial layout of how the lights relate to the stage, so they can have quick access to channel numbers that control particular lighting instruments. The LD may also have a copy of the light plot and
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340:, shop orders, and focus charts. Cue sheets communicate the placement of cues that the LD has created for the show, using artistic terminology rather than technical language, and information on exactly when each cue is called so that the stage manager and the assistants know when and where to call the cue. Cue sheets are of the most value to stage management.
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instruments. The lighting designer, in this situation, commonly works directly with this small team, fulfilling the role of both master electrician and lighting designer. Many times the designer will directly participate in the focusing of lights. The same crew will generally also program cues and operate the
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occur. The LD will also ensure that they have an accurate plan of the theatre's lighting positions and a list of their equipment, as well as an accurate copy of the set design, especially the ground plan and section. The LD must consider the show's mood and the director's vision in creating a lighting design.
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Once the show is open to the public, the lighting designer will often stay and watch several performances of the show, making notes each night and making desired changes the next day during notes call. If the show is still in previews, then the LD will make changes, but once the production officially
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to discuss ideas for the show and establish budget and scheduling details. The LD will also attend several later rehearsals to observe the way the actors are being directed to use the stage area ('blocking') during different scenes and will receive updates from the stage manager on any changes that
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To help the LD communicate artistic vision, they may employ renderings, storyboards, photographs, reproductions of artwork, or mockups of effects to help communicate how the lighting should look. Various forms of paperwork are essential for the LD to successfully communicate their design to various
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In addition to computer visualization, either full-scale or small-scale mockups are a good method for depicting a lighting designer's ideas. Fiber optic systems such as LightBox or Luxam allow a users to light a scale model of the set. For example, a set designer can create a model of the set in
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with a ticketed audience. During this time, if the cueing is finished, the LD will sit in the audience and take notes on what works and what needs changing. At this point, the stage manager will begin to take over the work of calling cues for the light board op to follow. Generally, the LD will
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is the production's technical aspects, the LD may require the performers to pause ("hold") frequently. Nevertheless, any errors of focusing or changes to the lighting plan are corrected only when the performers are not onstage. These changes take place during 'work' or 'note' calls. The LD only
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It is uncommon for a small theatre to have a very large technical crew, as there is less work to do. Many times, the lighting crew of a small theater will consist of a single lighting designer and one to three people, who collectively are in charge of hanging, focusing, and patching all lighting
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The assistant lighting designer (assistant LD) assists the lighting designer and associate lighting designer. Depending on the particular arrangement the ALD may report directly to the LD, or they may in essence be the
Associate's assistant. There also may be more than one assistant on a show
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show, a touring production and most regional and small productions the LD is usually an outside freelance specialist hired early in the production process. Smaller theater companies may have a resident lighting designer responsible for most of the company's productions or rely on a variety of
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Changes should not be made after the lighting design is finished, and never without the LD's approval. There may be times when changes are necessary after the production has officially opened. Reasons for changes after opening night include: casting changes; significant changes in blocking;
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packages to create accurate and easily readable drafted plots that can be swiftly updated as necessary. The LD will discuss the plot with the show's production manager and the theatre's master electrician or technical director to make sure there are no unforeseen problems during load-in.
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As previously mentioned, it is difficult to fully communicate the intent of a lighting design before all the lights are installed and all the cues are written. With the advancement in computer processing and visualization software, lighting designers are now able to create
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The associate lighting designer (associate LD) will assist the lighting designer in creating and executing the lighting design. While the duties that an LD may expect the associate LD to perform may differ from person to person, usually the Ass't LD will do the following:
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is a scale drawing that communicates the location of lighting fixtures and lighting positions so a team of electricians can independently install the lighting system. Next to each instrument on the plan will be information for any
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The associate is generally authorized to speak on behalf of the LD and can make creative and design decisions when needed (and when authorized by the LD). This is one of the biggest differences between the
Associate and the
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are operated by the same person, depending on the complexity of the show. The lighting designer may also take on other roles in addition to lights when they are finished hanging lights and programming cues on the board.
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After focus has occurred the LD usually sits at a temporary desk (tech table) in the theater (typically on the center line in the middle of the house) where they have a good view of the stage and work with the
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The LD will read the script carefully and make notes on changes in place and time between scene—and will have meetings (called design or production meetings) with the director, designers, stage manager, and
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with the board operator when a monitor is not available. Changes will often occur during notes call, but if serious problems occur, the performance may be halted and the issue will be resolved.
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If needed, the
Associate may need to take the set drawings and put them into a CAD program to be manipulated by the LD (however, this job is usually given to the assistant LD if there is one).
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to create the lighting, atmosphere, and time of day for the production in response to the text while keeping in mind issues of visibility, safety, and cost. The LD also works closely with the
298:, the job of a lighting designer can be much more diverse, and they can be found working on rock and pop tours, corporate launches, art installations, or lighting effects at sporting events.
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Assist the LD in generating the light plot and channel hookup. If the plot is to be computer generated, the ALD is the one who physically enters the information into the computer.
356:, or other accessories that need to go with it, and its channel number. Often, paperwork listing all of this information is also generated by using a program such as
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If the production is large or especially complex, the lighting designer may hire additional lighting professionals to help execute the design.
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Attend rehearsals with or in place of LD and take notes of specific design ideas and tasks that the lighting department needs to accomplish
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level, the LD will occasionally be responsible for much of the hands-on technical work (such as hanging instruments, programming the
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Stage lighting design in
Britain: the emergence of the lighting designer, 1881-1950, by Nigel H. Morgan, on books.google.com
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stay on the headset, and may still have a monitor connected to the light board in case of problems, or will be in the
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The ALD may run errands for the LD such as picking up supplies or getting the light plot printed in large format.
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The assistant LD may be in charge of running focus, and may even direct where the lights are to be focused.
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The
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After the tech process, the performance may (or may not, depending on time constraints) go into
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The role of the lighting designer varies greatly within professional and amateur theater. For a
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The lighting designer is responsible, in conjunction with the production's independently hired
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Lighting Design: The Art, the Craft, the Life, by Richard Pilbrow on books.google.com
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This article is about lighting design in theatre. For lighting design in architecture, see
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production team members. Examples of typical paperwork include cue sheets, light plots,
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during load-in, focus, and technical rehearsals. Professional LDs generally use special
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A Practical Guide to Stage
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Scene Design and Stage
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Lighting Design: A Practical Guide, Neil Fraser, on books.google.com
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programming, if show control systems are used in that production. Outside
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Assist the LD in generating the light plot, channel hookup and sketches
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opens, normally, the lighting designer will not make further changes.
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Attend design and production meetings with the LD or the associate LD
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freelance or even volunteer help to light their productions. At the
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depending on the size of the production. The ALD will usually:
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Attend design and production meetings with or in place of the LD
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In rare instances the ALD may be the light board operator.
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during rehearsals and performances. In some cases, the
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The ALD will help the
Associate LD in running focus.
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242:was lit using conventional lighting instruments.
168:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
674:northern.edu, A brief history of stage lighting
477:Additional members of the lighting design team
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91:The examples and perspective in this article
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71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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27:Person responsible for lighting on a stage
217:Learn how and when to remove this message
199:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
2626:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
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2631:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
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962:Parabolic aluminized reflector light
2575:American Institute of Graphic Arts
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2585:Design and Industries Association
460:Mockups and lighting scale models
52:This article has multiple issues.
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947:Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight
404:without a ticketed audience or
60:or discuss these issues on the
3018:Landscape and garden designers
2580:Chartered Society of Designers
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2651:Prince Philip Designers Prize
1294:Architectural lighting design
619:Principles of Lighting Design
585:Architectural lighting design
32:Architectural lighting design
2457:Electronic design automation
2440:Virtual home design software
1412:Automotive suspension design
1316:Environmental impact design
668:Stage Lighting for Students
515:Assistant lighting designer
485:Associate lighting designer
105:, discuss the issue on the
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2595:International Forum Design
1965:Engineering design process
580:List of lighting designers
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1717:Integrated circuit design
1639:Stage/set lighting design
1528:Hardware interface design
1444:Hardware interface design
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454:computer-generated images
3003:Broadcasting occupations
2552:Industrial design rights
2540:Fashion design copyright
2452:Design quality indicator
1901:Creative problem-solving
1692:Electrical system design
1548:Sonic interaction design
1459:Photographic lens design
1333:Healthy community design
924:Theatrical smoke and fog
899:Lighting control console
666:stagelightingprimer.com,
154:This article includes a
2748:New product development
2713:Enterprise architecture
2641:IF Product Design Award
2600:Design Research Society
2152:Reliability engineering
183:more precise citations.
3033:Theatrical occupations
3028:Television terminology
3023:Mass media occupations
3013:Filmmaking occupations
2204:Top-down and bottom-up
1553:User experience design
1454:Packaging and labeling
1427:Electric guitar design
1365:Landscape architecture
374:production electrician
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2733:Innovation management
2616:European Design Award
2382:Intellectual property
2199:Theory of constraints
2162:Responsibility-driven
2002:For manufacturability
1906:Creativity techniques
1744:Nuclear weapon design
1558:User interface design
1422:Corrugated box design
1343:Interior architecture
546:Track and coordinate
366:computer-aided design
302:During pre-production
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2778:Unintelligent design
2758:Philosophy of design
2472:Design specification
2425:Comprehensive layout
1997:For behaviour change
1970:Probabilistic design
1732:Power network design
1269:Visual merchandising
1226:Instructional design
1204:Postage stamp design
957:Intelligent lighting
382:light board operator
338:instrument schedules
111:create a new article
103:improve this article
93:may not represent a
2698:Creative industries
2621:German Design Award
2530:Design infringement
2415:Architectural model
1754:Organization design
1749:Nucleic acid design
1697:Experimental design
1250:Traffic sign design
914:Stage pin connector
848:Lighting technician
768:Technical direction
3008:Design occupations
2998:Lighting engineers
2993:Lighting designers
2763:Process simulation
2738:Intelligent design
2062:Intelligence-based
2057:Integrated topside
1987:Framework-oriented
1672:Behavioural design
1543:Information design
1221:Information design
853:Master electrician
595:Master Electrician
590:Landscape lighting
362:master electrician
329:production manager
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156:list of references
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1955:Ecological design
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1583:Public art design
1521:Video game design
1499:Experience design
1469:Production design
1449:Motorcycle design
1407:Automotive design
1311:Ecological design
1189:Film title design
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1928:Design–bid–build
1896:Cradle-to-cradle
1876:Concept-oriented
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1794:Strategic design
1764:Processor design
1739:Mechanism design
1707:Geometric design
1667:Algorithm design
1607:Jewellery design
1538:Immersive design
1432:Furniture design
1377:Landscape design
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608:
570:
563:
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487:
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462:
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427:
402:dress rehearsal
304:
223:
212:
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210:
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194:
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160:related reading
150:
146:
135:
124:
118:
115:
100:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3056:
3054:
3046:
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3043:Stage lighting
3040:
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3015:
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2798:
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2790:
2788:Wicked problem
2785:
2780:
2775:
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2755:
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2745:
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2735:
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2725:
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2700:
2695:
2690:
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2679:
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2673:Related topics
2672:
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2656:
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2648:
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2597:
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2590:Design Council
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2557:European Union
2549:
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2278:
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2275:
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2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2236:Usage-centered
2233:
2232:
2231:
2229:Design for All
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Transformation
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Research-based
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2122:Platform-based
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:KISS principle
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
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2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Fault-tolerant
1979:
1977:Error-tolerant
1974:
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1962:
1960:Energy neutral
1957:
1952:
1947:
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1941:
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1925:
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1916:Design fiction
1908:
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1799:Systems design
1796:
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1769:Protein design
1766:
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1759:Process design
1756:
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1722:Circuit design
1714:
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1699:
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1650:
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1644:Textile design
1641:
1636:
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1626:
1621:
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1602:Costume design
1597:Fashion design
1594:
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1476:
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1461:
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1382:Spatial design
1379:
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1372:
1362:
1360:Keyline design
1357:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1340:
1335:
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1326:Computer-aided
1318:
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1308:
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1296:
1291:
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1243:
1238:
1233:
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1223:
1218:
1213:
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1194:Graphic design
1191:
1186:
1184:Exhibit design
1181:
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1151:
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1140:
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1071:
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1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1037:Costume design
1033:
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1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1000:
992:
991:
988:
987:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
942:Beam projector
938:
936:
930:
929:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
884:Color scroller
881:
876:
871:
865:
863:
859:
858:
856:
855:
850:
845:
839:
837:
830:
828:Stage lighting
824:
823:
820:
819:
817:
816:
811:
809:Scenery wagons
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
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774:
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771:
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760:
755:
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691:
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677:
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671:
661:
660:External links
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641:
636:
631:
623:
622:
610:
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582:
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572:Theatre portal
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531:
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478:
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448:
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390:tech rehearsal
386:channel hookup
303:
300:
296:stage lighting
284:sound designer
225:
224:
207:
206:
164:external links
153:
151:
144:
137:
136:
97:of the subject
95:worldwide view
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2903:specification
2901:
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2844:
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2836:
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2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:architectural
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Visualization
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
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2759:
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2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Cultural icon
2701:
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2696:
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2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2670:
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2639:
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2634:
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2607:
2601:
2598:
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2593:
2591:
2588:
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2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:Organizations
2566:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Design patent
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:Design around
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
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2418:
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2399:
2395:
2387:
2385:Organizations
2384:
2381:
2378:
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2369:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
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2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:User-centered
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
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2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Tableless web
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2178:
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2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Participatory
2115:
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2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
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2038:
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2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:For Six Sigma
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
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1961:
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1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:Domain-driven
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:architect-led
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
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1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Configuration
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Brainstorming
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Social design
1777:
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1725:
1723:
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1719:
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1705:
1703:
1702:Filter design
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:Boiler design
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Scenic design
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Floral design
1612:
1608:
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1334:
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1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:Garden design
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:Passive solar
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1279:Environmental
1276:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1247:
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1241:Retail design
1239:
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1159:Communication
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1123:
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1038:
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1016:Prompt corner
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779:
775:
769:
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758:Scenic design
756:
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583:
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543:during focus.
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2263:Value-driven
2241:Use-centered
2147:Regenerative
2127:Policy-based
2087:Mind mapping
1992:For assembly
1933:Design–build
1851:By committee
1836:Adaptive web
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1592:glass design
1590: /
1575:applied arts
1516:Level design
1387:Urban design
1338:Hotel design
1289:Architecture
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2768:Slow design
2718:Form factor
2688:Concept art
2497:HTML editor
2177:Sustainable
2012:For testing
1856:By contract
1712:Work design
1687:Drug design
1659:engineering
1533:Icon design
1511:Game design
1489:Interaction
1437:Sustainable
1370:Sustainable
1259:Type design
1236:Photography
1231:News design
1174:Book design
1169:Advertising
1148:Disciplines
1021:Prompt book
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934:Instruments
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548:followspots
471:Light board
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358:Lightwright
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181:introducing
3038:Stage crew
2987:Categories
2971:Wiktionary
2964:Wikisource
2918:technology
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2027:Generative
2022:Functional
1891:Continuous
1886:Contextual
1861:C-K theory
1821:Approaches
1563:Web design
1417:CMF design
1397:Industrial
1255:Typography
998:management
972:Striplight
869:Barn doors
799:Fly system
731:Theatrical
723:Scene shop
710:Stagecraft
606:References
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189:March 2014
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2957:Wikiquote
2943:Wikibooks
2893:rationale
2858:knowledge
2833:education
2753:OODA loop
2477:Prototype
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2224:Universal
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2077:Low-level
2067:Iterative
2047:Inclusive
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1871:Co-design
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977:Spotlight
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2950:Wikinews
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1134:Designer
1006:Blocking
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558:See also
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308:Broadway
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101:You may
2936:Commons
2908:studies
2853:history
2821:student
2806:classic
2794:Design
2708:.design
2636:Graphex
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2092:Modular
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1866:Closure
1588:Ceramic
1246:Signage
1129:Outline
1078:Outline
919:Top hat
874:C-clamp
814:Weights
763:Rigging
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256:theatre
177:improve
2913:studio
2898:review
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2609:Awards
2482:Sketch
2467:Mockup
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2318:marker
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1491:design
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1199:Motion
1161:design
1118:Design
836:Fields
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2402:Tools
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2017:For X
1653:Other
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967:Scoop
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