Lightning rod - Knowledge (XXG)

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likely to strike where the sphere touches the ground. Points that the sphere cannot roll across and touch are safest from lightning. Lightning protectors should be placed where they will prevent the sphere from touching a structure. A weak point in most lightning diversion systems is in transporting the captured discharge from the lightning rod to the ground, though. Lightning rods are typically installed around the perimeter of flat roofs, or along the peaks of sloped roofs at intervals of 6.1 m or 7.6 m, depending on the height of the rod. When a flat roof has dimensions greater than 15 m by 15 m, additional air terminals will be installed in the middle of the roof at intervals of 15 m or less in a rectangular grid pattern.

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and any curves have a large radius. If these measures are not taken, lightning current may arc over a resistive or reactive obstruction that it encounters in the conductor. At the very least, the arc current will damage the lightning conductor and can easily find another conductive path, such as building wiring or plumbing, and cause fires or other disasters. Grounding systems without low resistivity to the ground can still be effective in protecting a structure from lightning damage. When ground soil has poor conductivity, is very shallow, or non-existent, a grounding system can be augmented by adding ground rods,

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near it. This voltage difference can be large enough to cause a dangerous side-flash (spark) between the two that can cause significant damage, especially on structures housing flammable or explosive materials. The most effective way to prevent this potential damage is to ensure the electrical continuity between the lightning protection system and any objects susceptible to a side-flash. Effective bonding will allow the voltage potential of the two objects to rise and fall simultaneously, thereby eliminating any risk of a side-flash.

46: 469: 428:) in June 1754, does count as an individual invention of the lightning rod. Diviš's apparatus was, according to his private theories, aimed towards preventing thunderstorms altogether by constantly depriving the air of its superfluous electricity. The apparatus was, however, mounted on a free-standing pole and probably better grounded than Franklin's lightning rods at that time, so it served the purpose of a lightning rod. After local protests, Diviš had to cease his weather experiments around 1760. 258: 756:(ICLP) have issued a joint statement stating their opposition to Early Streamer Emission technology. ICLP maintained a web page with information related to ESE and related technologies until 2016. Still, the number of buildings and structures equipped with ESE lightning protection systems is growing as well as the number of manufacturers of ESE air terminals from Europe, Americas, Middle East, Russia, China, South Korea, ASEAN countries, and Australia. 701:

Transferring electric charge from the Earth to the sky is done by installing engineered products composed of many points above the structure. It is noted that pointed objects will indeed transfer charge to the surrounding atmosphere and that a considerable electric current can be measured through the conductors as ionization occurs at the point when an electric field is present, such as happens when thunderclouds are overhead.

737:) were used as sources of ionization between 1930 and 1980, later replaced with various electrical and electronic devices. According to an early patent, since most lightning protectors' ground potentials are elevated, the path distance from the source to the elevated ground point will be shorter, creating a stronger field (measured in volts per unit distance) and that structure will be more prone to ionization and breakdown. 769:. While controlled experiments may be off in the future, very good data is being obtained through techniques which use radio receivers that watch for the characteristic electrical "signature" of lightning strikes using fixed directional antennas. Through accurate timing and triangulation techniques, lightning strikes can be located with great precision, so strikes on specific objects often can be confirmed with confidence. 170:. Although not the first to suggest a correlation between electricity and lightning, Franklin was the first to propose a workable system for testing his hypothesis. Franklin speculated that, with an iron rod sharpened to a point, "The electrical fire would, I think, be drawn out of a cloud silently, before it could come near enough to strike." Franklin speculated about lightning rods for several years before his reported 337:

and an oppositely charged ground component. During "cloud-to-ground" lightning, these oppositely charged components usually "meet" somewhere in the atmosphere well above the earth to equalize previously unbalanced charges. The heat generated as this electric current flows through flammable materials is the hazard which lightning protection systems attempt to mitigate by providing a low-resistance path for the lightning

714: 437: 2513: 675:, et al., in 2000 has shed some light on the issue, finding that moderately rounded or blunt-tipped lightning rods act as marginally better strike receptors. As a result, round-tipped rods are installed on most new systems in the United States, though most existing systems still have pointed rods. According to the study, 892:(IEC) lightning risk-assessment comprises four parts: loss of living beings, loss of service to public, loss of cultural heritage, and loss of economic value. Loss of living beings is rated as the most important and is the only loss taken into consideration for many nonessential industrial and commercial applications. 749:

did not attempt to assess the effectiveness of any proposed modifications to traditional systems in its report. The NFPA withdrew its proposed draft edition of standard 781 due to a lack of evidence of increased effectiveness of Early Streamer Emission-based protection systems over conventional air terminals.

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In the United States, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) does not currently endorse a device that can prevent or reduce lightning strikes. The NFPA Standards Council, following a request for a project to address Dissipation Array Systems and Charge Transfer Systems, denied the request to

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to improve its electrical connection with the ground. While the electrical resistance of the lightning conductor between the air terminal and the Earth is of significant concern, the inductive reactance of the conductor could be more important. For this reason, the down conductor route is kept short,

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Originally, scientists believed that such a lightning protection system of air terminals and "downleads" directed the current of the lightning down into the earth to be "dissipated". However, high speed photography has clearly demonstrated that lightning is actually composed of both a cloud component

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An example of a structure vulnerable to lightning is a wooden barn. When lightning strikes the barn, the wooden structure and its contents may be ignited by the heat generated by lightning current conducted through parts of the structure. A basic lightning protection system would provide a conductive

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A modeling system based on a better understanding of the termination targeting of lightning, called the Rolling Sphere Method, was developed by Dr Tibor Horváth. It has become the standard by which traditional Franklin Rod systems are installed. To understand this requires knowledge of how lightning

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Lightning strikes to a metallic structure can vary from leaving no evidence—except, perhaps, a small pit in the metal—to the complete destruction of the structure. When there is no evidence, analyzing the strikes is difficult. This means that a strike on an uninstrumented structure must be visually

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In response, the American Geophysical Union concluded that "he Bryan Panel reviewed essentially none of the studies and literature on the effectiveness and scientific basis of traditional lightning protection systems and was erroneous in its conclusion that there was no basis for the Standard". AGU

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that travels from the cloud to the ground. For lightning protection, it suffices to consider all possible spheres as they touch potential strike points. To determine strike points, consider a sphere rolling over the terrain. At each point, a potential leader position is simulated. Lightning is most

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Additional precautions must be taken to prevent side-flashes between conductive objects on or in the structure and the lightning protection system. The surge of lightning current through a lightning protection conductor will create a voltage difference between it and any conductive objects that are

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The monitoring device switches off the transmitter when the antenna shows incorrect behavior, e.g. as a result of undesired electrical charge. When the transmitter is switched off, these charges dissipate. The monitoring device makes several attempts to switch back on. If after several attempts the

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The church tower of many European cities, which was usually the highest structure in the city, was likely to be hit by lightning. Peter Ahlwardts ("Reasonable and Theological Considerations about Thunder and Lightning", 1745) advised individuals seeking cover from lightning to go anywhere except in

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The parts of a lightning protection system are air terminals (lightning rods or strike termination devices), bonding conductors, ground terminals (ground or "earthing" rods, plates, or mesh), and all of the connectors and supports to complete the system. The air terminals are typically arranged at

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Some structures are inherently more or less at risk of being struck by lightning. The risk for a structure is a function of the size (area) of a structure, the height, and the number of lightning strikes per year per mi for the region. For example, a small building will be less likely to be struck

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also investigated the subject and there was a proposal to issue a similar standard in the USA. Initially, an NFPA independent third party panel stated that "the lightning protection technology appears to be technically sound" and that there was an "adequate theoretical basis for the air terminal

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is greater than over an otherwise similar, sharper rod of the same height. Since the field strength at the tip of a sharpened rod tends to be limited by the easy formation of ions in the surrounding air, the field strengths over blunt rods can be much stronger than those at distances greater than

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These conductors are bonded to earth either through the metal structure of a pole or tower, or by additional ground electrodes installed at regular intervals along the line. As a general rule, overhead power lines with voltages below 50 kV do not have a "static" conductor, but most lines carrying

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than a large one, and a building in an area with a high density of lightning strikes will be more likely to be struck than one in an area with a low density of lightning strikes. The National Fire Protection Association provides a risk assessment worksheet in their lightning protection standard.

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damage to structures. Lightning protection systems mitigate the fire hazard which lightning strikes pose to structures. A lightning protection system provides a low-impedance path for the lightning current to lessen the heating effect of current flowing through flammable structural materials. If

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Balls of solid glass occasionally were used in a method purported to prevent lightning strikes to ships and other objects. The idea was that glass objects, being non-conductors, are seldom struck by lightning. Therefore, goes the theory, there must be something about glass that repels lightning.

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alculations of the relative strengths of the electric fields above similarly exposed sharp and blunt rods show that while the fields are much stronger at the tip of a sharp rod prior to any emissions, they decrease more rapidly with distance. As a result, at a few centimeters above the tip of a

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at the base. When lightning hits the mast, it jumps this gap. A small inductivity in the feed line between the mast and the tuning unit (usually one winding) limits the voltage increase, protecting the transmitter from dangerously high voltages. The transmitter must be equipped with a device to

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more widely recognized experiments. Franklin, unaware of Diviš's work, independently developed and popularized his own lightning rod design, which became widely adopted across Europe and North America. Franklin's contribution significantly advanced the understanding and application of lightning

776:. This energy is released usually in a small number of separate strokes, each with duration of a few tens of microseconds (typically 30 to 50 microseconds), over a period of about one fifth of a second. The great majority of the energy is dissipated as heat, light and sound in the atmosphere. 312:

of a lightning strike, no protection system can guarantee absolute safety from lightning. Lightning current will divide to follow every conductive path to ground, and even the divided current can cause damage. Secondary "side-flashes" can be enough to ignite a fire, blow apart brick, stone, or

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The charge transfer theory states that a lightning strike to a protected structure can be prevented by reducing the electrical potential between the protected structure and the thundercloud. This is done by transferring electric charge (such as from the nearby Earth to the sky or vice versa).

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not specifically used to send electricity through the grid. These conductors, often referred as to "static", "pilot" or "shield" wires are designed to be the point of lightning termination instead of the high-voltage lines themselves. These conductors are intended to protect the primary power

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In a lightning protection system, a lightning rod is a single component of the system. The lightning rod requires a connection to the earth to perform its protective function. Lightning rods come in many different forms, including hollow, solid, pointed, rounded, flat strips, or even bristle

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The optimal shape for the tip of a lightning rod has been controversial since the 18th century. During the period of political confrontation between Britain and its American colonies, British scientists maintained that a lightning rod should have a ball on its end, while American scientists

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concept and design from a physical viewpoint".) The same panel also concluded that "the recommended lightning protection system has never been scientifically or technically validated and the Franklin rod air terminals have not been validated in field tests under thunderstorm conditions".

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in a power or communications system, and the ground. They help prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Arresters are used to limit the rise in voltage when a

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priest and scientist, who erected a grounded lightning rod in 1754. Diviš's design involved a vertical iron rod topped with a grounded wire, intended to attract lightning strikes and safely conduct them to the ground. His experimental apparatus, known as the "weather machine” predated

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design. The fundamental principle used in Franklin-type lightning protections systems is to provide a sufficiently low impedance path for the lightning to travel through to reach ground without damaging the building. This is accomplished by surrounding the building in a kind of

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the structural members to earth to provide lightning protection. A metal flagpole with its foundation in the earth is its own extremely simple lightning protection system. However, the flag(s) flying from the pole during a lightning strike may be completely incinerated.

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Considerable material is used to make up lightning protection systems, so it is prudent to consider carefully where an air terminal will provide the greatest protection. Historical understanding of lightning, from statements made by Ben Franklin, assumed that each

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Laboratory-scale measurements of the effects of do not scale to applications involving natural lightning. Field applications have mainly been derived from trial and error based on the best intended laboratory research of a highly complex and variable phenomenon.

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which insulate conducting lines from direct bonding with earth and may be used as low voltage communication lines. If the voltage exceeds a certain threshold, such as during a lightning termination to the conductor, it "jumps" the insulators and passes to earth.

211:. The main purpose of these balls, however, is to provide evidence of a lightning strike by shattering or falling off. If after a storm a ball is discovered missing or broken, the property owner should then check the building, rod, and grounding wire for damage. 648:

An object outside the critical distance is unlikely to be struck by the leader if there is a solidly grounded object within the critical distance. Locations that are considered safe from lightning can be determined by imagining a leader's potential paths as a

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The introduction of lightning protection systems into standards allowed various manufactures to develop protector systems to a multitude of specifications. There are multiple international, national, corporate and military lightning protection standards.

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attach to the protector and run down to the conductor. For a vessel with a conducting (iron or steel) hull, the grounding conductor is the hull. For a vessel with a non-conducting hull, the grounding conductor may be retractable, attached to the

506:, a lightning arrester is a device placed where wires enter a structure, in order to prevent damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near the structures. Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called 671:

maintained that there should be a point. As of 2003, the controversy had not been completely resolved. It is difficult to resolve the controversy because proper controlled experiments are nearly impossible, but work performed by

341:. No lightning protection system can be relied upon to "contain" or "control" lightning completely (nor thus far, to prevent lightning strikes entirely), but they do seem to help immensely on most occasions of lightning strikes. 644:

and is proportional to the electric current. Objects are likely to be struck if they are nearer to the leader than this critical distance. It is standard practice to approximate the sphere's radius as 46 m near the ground.

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The theory of early streamer emission proposes that if a lightning rod has a mechanism producing ionization near its tip, then its lightning capture area is greatly increased. At first, small quantities of radioactive isotopes

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J. L. Bryan, R. G. Biermann and G. A. Erickson, "Report of the Third-Party Independent Evaluation Panel on the Early Streamer Emission Lightning Protection Technology". National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Mass.,

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begin forming standards on such technology (though the Council did not foreclose on future standards development after reliable sources demonstrating the validity of the basic technology and science were submitted).

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In the 19th century, the lightning rod became a decorative motif. Lightning rods were embellished with ornamental glass balls (now prized by collectors). The ornamental appeal of these glass balls has been used in

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path between an air terminal and earth, so that most of the lightning's current will follow the path of the lightning protection system, with substantially less current traveling through flammable materials.

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February 1919 Popular Science article about Lightning Arresters and how they were used in early AC and DC power distribution systems, "Electrical Devices and How They Work, Part 14: Lightning Arresters",

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The results of this study suggest that moderately blunt metal rods (with tip height to tip radius of curvature ratios of about 680:1) are better lightning strike receptors than sharper rods or very blunt

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Hence the best method for preventing a lightning strike to a wooden ship was to bury a small solid glass ball in the tip of the highest mast. The random behavior of lightning combined with observers'

96:. If lightning hits the structure, it is most likely to strike the rod and be conducted to ground through a wire, rather than passing through the structure, where it could start a fire or cause 325:"), which are connected by the most direct route to one or more grounding or earthing terminals. Connections to the earth electrodes must not only have low resistance, but must have low self- 784:

Aircraft are protected by devices mounted to the aircraft structure and by the design of internal systems. Lightning usually enters and exits an aircraft through the outer surface of its

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systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal.

396:. The Nevyansk Tower was built 28 years before Benjamin Franklin's experiment and scientific explanation. However, the true intent behind the metal rooftop and rebars remains unknown. 1981:

Single station system and method of locating lightning strikes, The United States of America as represented by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

607:). These additions, while still not reducing the resistance of the system in some instances, will allow the of the lightning into the earth without damage to the structure. 245:

was restored. The statue was designed with multiple devices that are tipped with platinum. The Washington Monument also was equipped with multiple lightning points, and the

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System and method of locating lightning strikes, The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

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are constructed with layers of wire mesh to make them sufficiently conductive and structural joints are protected by making an electrical connection across the joint.

361:. A system of lightning protection conductors and lightning rods are installed on the roof of the building to intercept any lightning before it strikes the building. 1742:"Report of The Committee on Atmospheric And Space Electricity of The American Geophysical Union on The Scientific Basis for Traditional Lightning Protection Systems" 313:

concrete, or injure occupants within a structure or building. However, the benefits of basic lightning protection systems have been evident for well over a century.

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invented a successful system for fitting lightning protection to the wooden sailing ships of the day, but despite successful trials which began in 1830, the British

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of 45 degrees. This has been found to be unsatisfactory for protecting taller structures, as it is possible for lightning to strike the side of a building.

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monitor the antenna's electrical properties. This is very important, as a charge could remain after a lightning strike, damaging the gap or the insulators.

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confirmed, and the random behavior of lightning renders such observations difficult. There are also inventors working on this problem, such as through a

603:(ground ring) conductor, cable radials projecting away from the building, or a concrete building's reinforcing bars can be used for a ground conductor ( 937: 889: 2718: 2283: 1731:

Bryan, R. G., et al., 1999, "Report of the Third-Party Independent Evaluation Panel on the Early Streamer Emission Lightning Protection Technology".

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The lightning-conductive path and conductive shielding carry the majority of current. The remainder is bypassed around sensitive electronics using

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ensured that the method gained a good bit of credence even after the development of the marine lightning rod soon after Franklin's initial work.

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Ideally, the underground part of the assembly should reside in an area of high ground conductivity. If the underground cable is able to resist

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protection systems, although Diviš's earlier conceptual work remains an important milestone in the history of electrical safety engineering.

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Kithil, Rich. "More on lightning rods...", Lightning Safety Home Page, Message #402. May 8, 2000. (Response to C. B. Moore) Originally at:

905: 741: 1373:; Schofield, Robert (December 1952). "Did Diviš Erect the First European Protective Lightning Rod, and Was His Invention Independent?". 321:

or along the upper points of a roof structure, and are electrically bonded together by bonding conductors (called "down conductors" or "

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The first lightning conductors on ships were supposed to be hoisted when lightning was anticipated, and had a low success rate. In 1820

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and conductive enclosures provide the majority of protection to electronic systems. The lightning current emits a magnetic pulse which

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In addition, the height of the lightning protector relative to the structure to be protected and the Earth itself will have an effect.

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Because of the high energy and current levels associated with lightning (currents can be in excess of 150,000 A), and the very rapid

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FAA-STD-019d, Lightning and surge protection, grounding, bonding and shielding requirements for facilities and electronic equipment

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FAA STD 019e, Lightning and Surge Protection, Grounding, Bonding and Shielding Requirements for Facilities and Electronic Equipment

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current through any loops formed by the cables. The current induced in the shield of a loop creates magnetic flux through the loop

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Protection of electrical substations is as varied as lightning rods themselves, and is often proprietary to the electric company.

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lightning travels through porous and water-saturated materials, these materials may literally explode if their water content is

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antenna continues to show improper behavior, possibly as result of structural damage, the transmitter remains switched off.

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brush-like. The main attribute common to all lightning rods is that they are all made of conductive materials, such as

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AFNOR, the French national standardization body, issued a standard, NF C 17-102, covering this technology. The

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IEEE SA-142-2007: "IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems". (2007)

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2000 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37053)

947:: "Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques – Surge immunity test" 804: 191: 2209: 1550:(5). Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology: 593–609. 2733: 1023: 1182:

The Point of a Monument: A History of the Aluminum Cap of the Washington Monument: The Functional Purpose

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UL 96A: "Standard for Installation Requirements for Lightning Protection Systems" (Twelfth Edition, 2007)

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are only effective in combination with a conductive path because blocked lightning can easily exceed the

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A lightning arrester is a device, essentially an air gap between an electric wire and ground, used on

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NFPA-780 Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems 2008 Edition – Annex B – B.4.3

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See the following two articles for conflicting views of this being an independent invention by Diviš:

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IEEE SA-1100-2005: "IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Electronic Equipment" (2005)

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such that the quantities stored over it and under it are equal; (3) Building on a site of excessive

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by heat produced from the high current. This is why trees are often shattered by lightning strikes.

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Zipse, D.W. (2000). "Lightning protection methods: An update and a discredited system vindicated".

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NFPA-780 Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems 2008 Edition – Annex B.3.2.2

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NFPA-780 Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems 2008 Edition – Annex L.1.3

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ESE lightning rod mounted at the Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas (Μονή του Αγίου Νικολάου),

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NFPA-780 Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems 2008 Edition – Annex L

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Standard for the installation of lightning protection systems 2008 edition – NFPA-780 4.8.2.4

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NFPA-780 Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems 2008 Edition – Annex C

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Emitter of ions for a lightning rod with a parabolic reflector, Manuel Domingo Varela,

1617:, Griscom, "Transmission-line lightning-proofing structures". Page 25, Column 5. (cf. 1157: 1015: 853: 818: 797: 681: 640:

objects nearest its path. The maximum distance that each step may travel is called the

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communications or power line is struck by lightning or is near to a lightning strike.

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In the 1990s, the 'lightning points' were replaced as originally constructed when the

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B. Charpentier, S. Rodde: "Decommissioning of radioactive lightning rods in France",

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Method and apparatus for the artificial triggering of lightning, Douglas A. Palmer,

1748: 1571: 829:. This decreases the total flux through the loop and the induced voltage around it. 436: 17: 2677: 2467: 2422: 1303: 1192:

NFPA-780 Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems 2008 Edition

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The Nevyansk Tower was built between 1721 and 1745, on the orders of industrialist

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The majority of lightning protection systems in use today are of the traditional

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Hujer, Karel (December 1952). "Father Procopius Diviš — The European Franklin".

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There is an ongoing debate over whether a "metereological machine", invented by

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The energy in a lightning strike is typically in the range of 1 to 10 billion

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Installation requirements for lightning protection systems – UL 96A 4.7.3.4.2

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Recovering Benjamin Franklin: an exploration of a life of science and service

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strikes by intercepting such strikes and safely passing their extremely high

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M440.1-1, Electrical Storms and Lightning Protection, Department of Energy

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designed to provide a low impedance path to ground for potential strikes.

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Installation requirements for lightning protection systems – UL 96A 8.2.2

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rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a

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UL 96: "Standard of Lightning Protection Components" (5th Edition, 2005)

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UL 1449: "Standard for Surge Protective Devices" (Fourth Edition, 2014)

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in New York Harbor gets hit by lightning, which is shunted to ground.

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monthly, February 1919, 5 unnumbered pages, Scanned by Google Books:

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Aulich, Graydon; Mathis, James; Rison, William; Moore, C. B. (2000).

722: 650: 417: 109: 101: 69: 154:, the pointed lightning rod conductor (not grounded), also called a 1386: 1339: 953:

EN 62561/IEC 62561: "Lightning Protection System Components (LPSC)"

533:, one or two lighter ground wires may be mounted to the top of the 2672: 2587: 2567: 2557: 2532: 1059:(1698–1765) – Constructor of the first grounded lightning rod, in 773: 712: 661: 467: 448: 435: 386: 374: 256: 176: 117: 89: 52: 44: 1674:

Lightning-protector for electrical conductors, Johathan H. Vail,

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of a lightning bolt jumps toward the ground, it steps toward the

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Metal rod intended to protect a structure from a lightning strike

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more than 50 kV do. The ground conductor cable may also support

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Lightning locating system, Airborne Research Associates, Inc.,

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http://www.astro.gsu.edu/~hal/Hujer/Misc/Articles/Article56.pdf

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AFI 32-1065 – Grounding Systems, U. S. Air Force Space Command

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of the tower is crowned with a metallic rod in the shape of a

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A lightning conductor may have been intentionally used in the

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50057-2010 Design Code for Lightning Protection of Buildings

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are the most common materials used in lightning protection.

2279:". National Lightning Safety Institute, September 26, 2005. 2265:". National Lightning Safety Institute, September 26, 2005. 2251:". National Lightning Safety Institute, September 26, 2005. 1619:

the charge on a leader as a function of height above ground

2318:

https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT17

1088:"Copper Lightning Protection Systems Save Lives, Billions" 1513:"Franklin letter to King fans flames of lightning debate" 2340: 2134:"Prevent Lightning Strikes with Charge Transfer Systems" 1205:, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2010, 230:

did not adopt the system until 1842, by which time the

1722:, Bumbraugh, "Lightning protection system and method". 273:

is designed to protect a structure from damage due to

128:

The first proper lightning rod was invented by Father

803:

These paths are constructed of conductive materials.

166:

in 1752 as part of his groundbreaking exploration of

2210:

Researchers find that blunt lightning rods work best

1937:

Lightning locating system, Ralph J. Markson et al.,

2520: 2378: 2323:"Do lightning rods really work?", The Straight Dope 1221: 1219: 950:EN 62305/IEC 62305: "Protection against lightning" 1890:Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics, Volume I 1871:. Oxford University Press (US), 1998. 432 pages. 416:and erected in Brenditz, (now Přímětice, part of 296:Lightning protection systems are used to prevent 2306:Atmospheric Electricity—Theory of Lightning-rods 754:International Conference on Lightning Protection 104:, air terminals, or strike termination devices. 2082:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2051:. Cambridge University Press, 2003. 698 pages. 1849:. Courier Dover Publications, 2001. 377 pages. 1118:Father Procopius Diviš – The European Franklin 677: 261:Lightning protection system at a launch pad at 49:Diagram of a simple lightning protection system 1773:Scientists Oppose Early Streamer Air Terminals 1584:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 586:Lightning conductors and grounding precautions 510:, are devices that are connected between each 2356: 8: 796:and to protect flammable fuel or cargo from 389:carcass, which pierces the entire building. 2286:", The Electrical Apparatus, February 2001. 1457:Lightning Protection for Historic Buildings 752:Members of the Scientific Committee of the 519:Protection of electric distribution systems 441:Landscape suited for purpose of explanation 241:atop the United States Capitol building in 2363: 2349: 2341: 2018:Lightning Protection IEC EN 62305 Standard 1460:". Cathedral Communications Limited, 2001. 998:AS / NZS 1768:2007: "Lightning protection" 381:sphere with spikes. This lightning rod is 1251: 1158:"Antique Lightning Rod Ball Hall of Fame" 890:International Electrotechnical Commission 844:A lightning protection installation on a 1826: 1824: 1079: 525:Overhead power line § Ground wires 2045:Vladimir A. Rakov and Martin A. Uman, 1577: 1425:Papers on Electrostatics and Magnetism 1228:"Benjamin Franklin and lightning rods" 1051:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 573:may be insulated from the ground by a 565:Lightning protection of mast radiators 531:overhead electric transmission systems 2242:Lightning Rods: Recent Investigations 1519:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 7: 2270:Fundamentals of Lightning Protection 1114: 1112: 1022:, killed at doorway by lightning in 709:Early streamer emission (ESE) theory 2290:Lightning Safety Alliance education 2256:Should Lightning Rods be Installed? 1923:Lightning rocket, Robert E. Betts, 1540:"Lightning Rod Improvement Studies" 1478:Lightning protection installation, 961:: "Protection against interference" 923:standards for lightning protection 666:Pointed lightning rod on a building 34:. For the 2016 roller coaster, see 2073:Uman, M. A.; Rakov, V. A. (2002). 2068:https://portishead-plumbing.co.uk/ 1706:Autorité de sûreté nucléaire (ASN) 615:Lightning protection system design 263:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station 60:striking the lightning rod of the 25: 100:. Lightning rods are also called 38:. For the American musician, see 2511: 234:had already adopted the system. 2719:Inventions by Benjamin Franklin 2235:National Transportation Library 2220:Federal Aviation Administration 2132:Zipse, Donald (November 2001). 2015:Bouquegneau, Christian (2011), 1868:The Electrical Nature of Storms 1603:, Tesla, "Lightning-Protector". 1304:Franklin's Unholy Lightning Rod 1301:Seckel, Al, and John Edwards, " 1162:Antique Bottle Collectors Haven 1136:. Open Court Publishing. 1999. 1098:from the original on 2013-03-15 2048:Lightning: physics and effects 1893:. CRC Press, 1995. 408 pages. 1832:Lightning: physics and effects 1544:Journal of Applied Meteorology 1287:. Whaley Steel. Archived from 1092:Copper Development Association 959:ITU-T K Series recommendations 680:20-mm-diameter blunt rod, the 36:Lightning Rod (roller coaster) 1: 2284:Lightning controversy goes on 1511:Ian Godwin (March 26, 2003). 834:transient voltage suppressors 2301:Orr's Circle of the Sciences 1806:. Intlpa.org. Archived from 685:1 cm over sharper ones. 344:Steel framed structures can 195:of October 21, 1906, with a 2111:"War of the Lightning Rods" 863:in contact with the water. 658:Rounded versus pointed ends 594:well, it can be covered in 271:lightning protection system 253:Lightning protection system 2755: 1564:10.1175/1520-0450-39.5.593 1226:Krider, E. Philip (2006). 522: 480: 472:Lightning rod on a statue. 32:Lightning Conductor (film) 29: 2509: 2335:Protection From Lightning 2188:Preventing Direct Strikes 856:or superstructure, and a 827:in the opposite direction 371:Leaning Tower of Nevyansk 150:In what later became the 2162:10.1109/ICPS.2000.854368 2109:Mousa, Abdul M. (2004). 967:standards for grounding 852:mounted on the top of a 535:pylons, poles, or towers 2186:Carpenter Jr., Roy B. " 2102:10.1175/BAMS-83-12-1809 1566:(inactive 2024-08-17). 550:for data transmission. 192:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 30:For the 1938 film, see 1785:ICLP ESE issue webpage 1692:To: Interested Parties 1024:Andover, Massachusetts 725: 696:Charge transfer theory 690: 667: 473: 465: 266: 203: 73: 50: 2528:Air conditioning unit 2337:", 06-Aug-1881, pp.88 2282:Nailen, Richard L., " 1984:U.S. patent 6,552,521 1970:U.S. patent 6,420,862 1955:U.S. patent 5,771,020 1940:U.S. patent 6,246,367 1926:U.S. patent 6,597,559 1912:U.S. patent 6,012,330 1865:Donald R. MacGorman, 1719:U.S. patent 1,869,661 1662:U.S. patent 6,069,314 1647:U.S. patent 6,320,119 1644:John Richard Gumley, 1632:U.S. patent 6,307,149 1614:U.S. patent 3,371,144 1600:U.S. patent 1,266,175 1481:U.S. patent 3,919,956 1423:Sir William Thomson, 1045:Lightning rod fashion 865:Electrical conductors 840:Watercraft protectors 805:Electrical insulators 716: 682:strength of the field 665: 471: 461:U.S. patent 1,266,175 439: 260: 232:Imperial Russian Navy 180: 56: 48: 40:Jalal Mansur Nuriddin 2156:. pp. 155–170. 1203:Lightning Protection 1201:Vernon Cooray (ed.) 1030:Ground (electricity) 794:electronic equipment 553:Older lines may use 512:electrical conductor 432:Structure protectors 405:or around a church. 18:Lightning protection 2330:Scientific American 2094:2002BAMS...83.1809U 1846:Lightning Discharge 1804:"Statistics - ILPA" 1677:U.S. patent 357,050 1556:2000JApMe..39..593M 1244:2006PhT....59a..42K 1057:Václav Prokop Diviš 872:, or attached to a 850:lightning protector 813:Composite materials 780:Aircraft protectors 760:Analysis of strikes 224:William Snow Harris 156:lightning attractor 139:Benjamin Franklin's 82:lightning conductor 2275:2005-10-18 at the 2268:Kithil, Richard, " 2261:2005-09-23 at the 2254:Kithil, Richard, " 2247:2005-09-01 at the 2240:Kithil, Richard, " 2229:2012-02-12 at the 2193:2007-09-28 at the 1790:2013-11-26 at the 1517:ABC Science Online 1309:2006-05-26 at the 1285:"History of Rebar" 1213:pp. 240–260, p 320 1061:Přímětice u Znojma 1018:– Contemporary of 985:2015-04-02 at the 726: 668: 548:fibre optic cables 483:Lightning arrester 477:Lightning arrester 474: 466: 267: 204: 197:traveling salesman 162:, was invented by 74: 51: 2709:Electrical safety 2691: 2690: 2325:, August 24, 2001 2237:, August 9, 2002. 2118:Electricity Today 2088:(12): 1809–1820. 1771:Mousa, Abdul M. " 1689:Casey C. Grant, " 1371:Cohen, I. Bernard 1253:10.1063/1.2180176 1211:978-1-84919-106-7 1143:978-0-8126-9387-4 1063:during 1750–1754. 809:breakdown voltage 642:critical distance 493:telecommunication 443:: (1) Represents 410:Premonstratensian 247:Statue of Liberty 239:Statue of Freedom 217:confirmation bias 187:Marguerite Martyn 164:Benjamin Franklin 116:. Copper and its 16:(Redirected from 2746: 2729:Safety equipment 2724:Czech inventions 2515: 2453:Half-hipped roof 2365: 2358: 2351: 2342: 2216:, June 10, 2002. 2183: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2115: 2105: 2079: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1907: 1901: 1885: 1879: 1863: 1857: 1843:Martin A. Uman, 1841: 1835: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1800: 1794: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1747:. 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