Ligures - Knowledge (XXG)

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However, even if they have to fight with so many misfortunes, by means of stubborn work they go beyond nature they often give themselves to hunting, and finding quantities of savage, with it they make up for the lack of bladders; and so it comes, that flowing through their snow-covered mountains, and getting used to practicing then more difficult places of the thickets, they harden their bodies, and strengthen their muscles admirably. Some of them, due to the famine of food, drink water, and live of meat of domestic and wild animals.

1717: 1634: 1109: 630: 959: 5678: 213: 38: 5667: 2178:"Pliny the Elder, the Natural History, BOOK III. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED., CHAP. 7.—OF THE NINTH1 REGION OF ITALY. 1 Italy was divided by Augustus into eleven districts; the ninth of which nearly corresponded to the former republic of Genoa" 617:) were founded by Cydno, forefather of the Ligurians. This myth seems to have a grain of truth, because recent archaeological excavations have unearthed remains of a settlement dating back to 1200 BC that scholars presume to have been built and inhabited by Ligures. Others scholars attribute the founding of Bergamo and Brescia to the 1618: 1743:

The commercial activity is important. Already in ancient times the Ligurians were known in the Mediterranean for the trade of the precious Baltic amber. With the development of the Celtic populations, the Ligurians found themselves controlling a crucial access to the sea, becoming (sometimes in spite

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During the same period, the Romans were at war with the Apuani. Serious Roman efforts began in 182 BC, when both consular armies and a proconsular army were sent against the Ligurians. The wars continued into the 150s BC, when victorious generals celebrated two triumphs over the Ligurians. Here too,

1922:

Pliny held the Sallyi, Deceates, and Oxybii, tribes upon the coast, to be Ligurians. Strabo is more cautious; and informs us that later writers called the Salyes, who extended along the coast a little further than Massalia (Marseilles), Celto-Ligyes (that is, Gallo-Ligurians), from the intermixture

1856:

Alla relativa abbondanza delle fonti letterarie circa queste popolazioni, che una parte della critica storiografica di tradizione ottocentesca voleva estese dal Magra all'Ebro, non corrisponde un panorama archeologico altrettanto ricco, che anzi, anche all'interno della Liguria storica, è ben lungi

1000:

By the end of the Second Punic War, however, hostilities were not over yet. Ligurian tribes and Carthaginian holdouts operating from the mountain territories continued to fight with guerrilla tactics. Thus, the Romans were forced into continuous military operations in northern Italy. In 201 BC, the

578:

It is said that the ligurians inhabited the Po valley around the 2,000 B.C., they not only appear in the legends of the Po valley, but would have left traces (linguistic and craft) found in the archaeological also in the area near the northern Adriatic coast. The Ligurians are credited with forming

1031:

In the campaign of 186 BC, the Romans were beaten by the Ligurians in the Magra valley. In this battle, which took place in a narrow and precipitous place, the Romans lost about 4000 soldiers, three eagle insignia of the second legion and eleven banners of the Latin allies. In addition, the consul

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Strabo and Diodorus Siculus say they fought mostly on foot, because of the nature of their territory, but their phrasing implies that cavalry was not entirely unknown, and two recently discovered Ligurian graves have included harness fittings. Strabo says that the Salyes, a tribe located north of

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is the most representative site of the numerous sacred sites covered with rock carvings, and in particular with cupels, gullies and ritual basins. The latter would indicate that a fundamental part of the rites of the ancient Ligurians, provided for the use of water (or milk, blood?). The site of

1168:

The official historical name did not have the Liguria apposition, due to the contemporary academic use of naming the Augustan regions according to the populations they understood. Regio IX included only the Ligurian territory. This territory extended from the Maritime and Cottian Alps and the Var

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They sail for reason of shops on the sea of Sardinia and Libya, spontaneously exposing themselves to extreme dangers; they use smaller hulls than vulgar boats for this; nor are they practical of the comfort of other ships; and what is surprising is that they are not afraid to sustain the serious

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Gauls, but the two peoples soon found themselves in disagreement and the military campaign came to a halt with the dissolution of the alliance. Meanwhile, a Roman fleet commanded by Quintus Fabius Maximus routed Ligurian ships on the coast (234-233 BC), allowing the Romans to control the coastal

1735:

Since their country is mountainous and full of trees, some of them use all day to cut wood, using strong and heavy dark; others, who want to cultivate the land, must deal with breaking stones, because it is so dry soil that you can not pick tools remove a sod, that with it do not rise stones.

1027:

Historically, the beginning of the campaign dates back to 193 BC on the initiative of the Ligurian conciliabula (federations), who organized a major raid going as far as the right bank of the river Arno. Roman campaigns followed (191, 188 and 187 BC); these were victorious, but not decisive.

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A second phase of the conflict followed (197-155 BC), characterized by the fact that the Apuani Ligurians entrenched themselves on the Apennines, from where they periodically descended to plunder the surrounding territories. The Romans, for their part, organized continuous expeditions to the

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Within the tribes, an egalitarian and communal spirit prevailed. If there was also a noble class, this was tempered by "tribal rallies" in which all the classes participated; there does not seem to have been any pre-organized magistracy. There were no dynastic leaders either: the Ligurian

1286:(1877) that the Ligurians were the earliest Indo-European speakers of western Europe. Jubainville's "Celto-Ligurian hypothesis", as it later became known, was significantly expanded in the second edition of his initial study. It inspired a body of contemporary 1032:

Quintus Martius was also killed in the battle. It is thought that the place of the battle and the death of the consul gave rise to the place-name of Marciaso, or that of the Canal of March on Mount Caprione in the town of Lerici (near the ruins of the city of

887:, allied with the Carthaginians, providing soldiers to Hannibal's troops when he arrived in Northern Italy, hoping that the Carthaginian general would free them from the neighbouring Romans. Others, like the Taurini, took sides in support of the Romans. 1068:

defeated populations in such a high number. In 177 BC other groups of Apuani Ligures surrendered to the Roman forces, and were eventually assimilated into Roman culture during the 2nd century BC, while the military campaign continued further north.

3680:

The commercial contacts with the Greeks and the militancy of Ligurian mercenaries in the ranks of the Greek and Carthaginian armies of the western Mediterranean, who effectively used this type of protection, may have led to their adoption by the

706:: in the area south of Lake Maggiore, in Varese and part of Novara with Golasecca, Sesto Calende, Castelletto sopra Ticino; from the fifth century BC this area remains suddenly depopulated, while the first settlement of Mediolanum (Milan) rises. 361:, which flows through it, the district of the Oxubii and that of the Ligauni above whom are the Suetri, the Quariates and the Adunicates. On the coast we have Antipolis, a town with Latian rights, the district of the Deciates, and the river 2192:"Pliny the Elder, the Natural History, BOOK III. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED., CHAP. 5. (4.)—OF THE PROVINCE OF GALLIA NARBONENSIS" 1470:

In general, it is believed that the Ligurian religion was rather primitive, addressed to supernatural tutelary gods, representing the great forces of nature, and from which you could get help and protection through their divination.

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But though the early writers of the Greeks call the Sallyes "Ligures", and the country which the Massiliotes hold, "Ligustica," later writers name them "Celtoligures," and attach to their territory all the level country as far as

473:

These are the oldest copper mines in the western Mediterranean basin. It was during this period of the Copper Age in Italy that we find throughout Liguria a large number of anthropomorphic stelae in addition to rock engravings.

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in the same year. Having defeated Carthage, Rome sought to expand northwards, and used Genua as a support base for raids, between 191 and 154 BC, against the Ligurian tribes of the hinterland, allied for decades with Carthage.

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The Genoa area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC. According to excavations carried out in the city between 1898 and 1910, the Ligurian population that lived in Genoa maintained trade relations with the

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Despite Roman efforts, only a few Ligurian tribes made alliance agreements with the Romans, notably the Genuates. The rest soon proved hostile. The hostilities were opened in 238 BC by a coalition of Ligurians and

688:, 1600 BC - 1200 BC). The bearers of the Canegrate culture maintained its homogeneity for only a century, after which it melded with the Ligurian populations and with this union gave rise to a new phase called the 1024:

mountains, hoping to surround and defeat the Ligurians (taking care not to be destroyed by ambushes). In the course of these wars, the Romans celebrated fifteen triumphs and suffered at least one serious defeat.

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The horned helmets, recovered in the Apuani tribe area, were probably used only for ceremonial purpose and they were worn by warchief, to underline their virility and military skills. The use of

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However, the Romans wanted to permanently pacify Liguria to facilitate further conquests in Gaul. To that end, they prepared a large army of almost 36,000 soldiers, under the command of

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of the 6th century BC), held that the name 'Ligurians' generically referred to various peoples who lived in western Europe, including the Celts, but thought the "real Ligurians" were a

1767:

The Ligures lived divided into numerous tribes, among them were: the Genuati, who lived in what is now the area of the city of Genoa; the Tigulli, who lived in what is now the area of

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Within the Golasecca culture territory roughly corresponds with the territories occupied by those tribal groups whose names are reported by Latin and Greek historians and geographers:

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of the Gaulish population; but that the earlier Greeks called them Ligyes, and the country which the Massaliots occupied, Ligystic or Ligurian........This agrees with the account of

1329:" culture occupied a wide area of southern Europe, stretching from Liguria to Sicily and Iberia. However, while any such area would be broadly similar to that of the paleo-European " 445: 248:

with the exception of the Ligurians, and these, though of a different race, closely resemble them in their manner of life. They inhabit that portion of the Alps which is next the

3573: 1708:(from 104 to 101 BC) the Ligurians served as auxiliary troops in the Roman army. In the course of this last conflict they played an important role in the Battle of Aquae Sextae. 1226:

origin of the Ligurians. During the Iron Age the spoken language, the main divinities and the workmanship of the artifacts unearthed in the area of Liguria (such as the numerous

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also speaks of the Ligyes who dwell above Massalia and here we may observe that from this Grecian colony the Greeks might derive a correct knowledge of the neighbouring people.

1383:" was elected as leader of a tribe or a federation of tribes; only in late period did a real dynastic aristocratic class begin to emerge. Originally there was no slavery: 1004:

It was only in 197 BC that the Romans, under the leadership of Minucius Rufus, succeeded in regaining control of the Placentia area by subduing the Celelates, Cerdicates,

344:. He also quotes the Ligurian peoples living on the other side of the banks of the Var and the Alps. He writes in his book "The Natural History" book III chapter 6 : 2045: 680:(16th-15th century BC), when north-western Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artifacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the 1648:

The Ligures seem to have been ready to engage as mercenary troops in the service of others. Ligurian auxiliaries are mentioned in the army of the Carthaginian general

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also rebelled and managed to resist the Roman legions for the next five years, before capitulating in 180 BC. The Apuani, and those of hinterland side still resisted.

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Le documentazioni sulla lingua dei Liguri non ne permettono una classificazione linguistica certa (preindoeuropeo di tipo mediterraneo? Indoeuropeo di tipo celtico?).

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The subjugation of the coastal Ligures and the annexation of the Alpes Maritimae took place in 14 BC, closely following the occupation of the central Alps in 15 BC.

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The Ligurians never formed a centralized state, they were in fact divided into independent tribes, in turn organized in small villages or castles. Rare were the

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Ethnogénie gauloise, ou Mémoires critiques sur l'origine et la parenté des Cimmériens, des Cimbres, des Ombres, des Belges, des Ligures et des anciens Celtes.

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The Ligurian economy was based on primitive agriculture, sheep farming, hunting and the exploitation of forests. Diodorus Siculus writes about the Ligurians:

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Massalia, had a substantial cavalry force, but they were one of the several Celto-Ligurian tribes, and the cavalry probably reflected a Celtic element.

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In the third century BC, the Romans were in direct contact with the Ligurians. However, Roman expansionism was directed towards the rich territories of

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Ligurian and Celto-Ligurian tombs of the Lombard lakes region, often holding cremations, reveal a special iron culture called the culture of Golasecca.

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The armament varied according to the class and the comfort of the owner, in general however the great mass of the Ligurian warriors was substantially

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Pliny describes the region thus: "patet ora Liguriae inter amnes Varum et Macram XXXI Milia passuum. Haec regio ex descriptione Augusti nona est".

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Today some accounts suggest that the Ligures represented the northern branch of an ethno-linguistic layer older than and very different from the

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Although they were not renowned navigators, they came to have a small maritime fleet, and their attitude to navigation is described as follows:

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The consul, Quintus Opimius, defeats the Transalpine Ligurians, who had plundered Antipolis and Nicaea, two towns belonging to the Massilians.

966: 644:(13th century BC) may represent the first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the 5648: 4811: 3857: 3393: 2532: 2373: 2237: 1887: 1064:. This deportation was followed by another one of 7,000 Ligurians in the following year. These were one of the few cases in which the Romans 135:

The origins of the ancient Ligurians are unclear, and an autochthonous origin is increasingly probable. What little is known today about the

1304:, citing an array of similar evidence from Eastern Europe. Under this theory the "Ligures-Illyrians" became associated with the prehistoric 1169:

river (to the west) to the Trebbia and the Magra bordering Regio VIII Aemilia and Regio VII Etruria (to the east), and the Po to the north.

5445: 4720: 4528: 4637: 3022: 1036:), which was later founded by the Romans. This mountain had a strategic importance because it controlled the valley of Magra and the sea. 898:, when he arrived in Cisalpine Gaul (207 BC), in an attempt to rejoin the troops of his brother Hannibal. In the port of Savo (modern-day 3292:, equivalent to modern Portugal and Galicia); 205 (Ligures north of the city of Ophiussa in the Iberian peninsula); 284–285 (the stream 2204: 852:), a Ligurian tribe that, probably for fear of the nearby warlike Insubres, had already accepted the alliance with Rome the year before. 4774: 1675: 2939: 540:

and a certain mastery in metallurgy. Apart from that, the Polada culture does not correspond to the Beaker culture nor to the previous

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of Italy and included several groups that had the name of Insubres, Laevi, Lepontii, Oromobii (o Orumbovii)". (Raffaele C. De Marinis)

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tightened at the waist by a leather belt and closed by a clasp generally bronze; the legs were bare. Other garments used were cloaks "

2159: 5712: 4725: 4700: 4543: 3441: 3122: 2524: 2295: 997:, Luna and Luca in the 170s BC). During the same period, the Romans were at war with the Ligurian tribes of the northern Apennines. 567:

linguistic family (in his opinion distantly related to the Celtic and Italic ones) would have to be found in the Polada culture and

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With the outbreak of the second Punic war (218 BC) the Ligurian tribes had different attitudes. Some, like the tribes of the

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Ligurian sepulchres of the Italian Riviera and of Provence, holding cremations, exhibit Etruscan and Celtic influences.

676:. It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the Middle 2760: 2637: 2486: 1340:, who question whether the Ligures can be considered a distinct ethnic group or culture from the surrounding cultures. 5707: 5523: 5241: 5087: 4869: 4779: 4679: 4565: 4533: 4218: 2618: 1808: 1590:

of wood, always of Celtic typology (but to difference of this last one without metallic boss) and a simple helmet, of

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In 180 BC, the Romans inflicted a serious defeat on the Apuani Ligures, and deported 40,000 of them to the regions of

917:'s march into Italy, and in 218 BC, they were attacked by him, as he had allied with their long-standing enemies, the 595: 564: 136: 3593: 3922: 383:

Transalpine Ligures are said to have inhabited the South Eastern portion of modern France, between the Alps and the

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Mid fourth-millennium copper mining in Liguria, north-west Italy: The earliest known copper mines in Western Europe

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and the Greeks, since several objects from these populations were found. In the 5th century BC the first town, or

5608: 5374: 5297: 5261: 4279: 4244: 4239: 3915: 1165:. Genoa became the centre of this region and the Ligurian populations moved towards the definitive Romanization. 2441: 1716: 756:, was founded at the top of the hill today called Castello (Castle), which is now inside the medieval old town. 5623: 5613: 5593: 5563: 5518: 5216: 5058: 4990: 4960: 4940: 4821: 4497: 4462: 4259: 3804:"The Polcevera Valley Palio of the Bronze Table | Visitgenoa.it The Polcevera Valley Palio of the Bronze Table" 2265: 1813: 1642: 1405: 1054: 943:, he suffered a defeat, and later, died of wounds sustained in the battle. Genua was rebuilt in the same year. 910:, brother of Hannibal, which were intended to cut the Roman trade routes in the Tyrrhenian Sea, found shelter. 1522:(c. 61 AD) described Ligurian tribes as being long-haired, and their hair a shade of auburn (a reddish-brown): 1443: 1222:

and specialist in its Gallic culture, Dominique-François-Louis Roget, Baron de Belloguet, would later claim a

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For the first time, the Roman army marched beyond the Po, expanding into Gallia Transpadana. In 222 BC, the

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Thanks to the contact with the bronze "metal seekers", the Ligurians also dedicated themselves to mining.

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representing warriors. The lack of evidence does not allow a certain linguistic classification; it may be

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in 480 BC. Greek leaders in Sicily continued to recruit Ligurian mercenary forces as late as the time of

1375:, to which corresponded the federal capitals of the individual tribes or important commercial emporiums. 5508: 5435: 5415: 5329: 5278: 5036: 5016: 4826: 4420: 4388: 4274: 4254: 4168: 3616: 3492: 2728:

Una città portuale del Mediterraneo tra il VII e il III secolo a.C.", Genova, Fratelli Frilli ed., 2007.

1333:" hypothesized by later modern scholars, there are no known links between the Tyrrenians and Ligurians. 1322: 1290:

research, as well as some archaeological work. The Celto-Ligurian hypothesis became associated with the

1236:, professor of Germanic antiquities at the Universities of Kiel and Berlin, studying the sources of the 867:). To consolidate its dominion, Rome created the colonies of Placentia in the territory of the Boii and 749: 618: 4149: 3887: 2997: 2854: 1617: 3904:

Berthelot, André. "LES LIGURES." Revue Archéologique 2 (1933): 245–303. www.jstor.org/stable/41750896.

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In the early stages of the war, the pro-Roman Ligurians suffered. The Taurini were on the path of

5618: 5603: 5583: 5440: 5381: 5334: 5256: 5113: 5083: 5073: 5048: 5021: 4928: 4921: 4857: 4613: 4608: 4325: 3478:

Livius mentions the fate of the population of Mutina, once it fell into the hands of the Ligures.

3189: 3151: 1924: 1720:

Coin attributed to the Libui, an ancient Ligurian people settled in the territory of the current

1076:(172 BC) and the Velleiates (158 BC). The last Apuani resistance was subdued in 155 BC by consul 940: 661: 3994: 3266:

Paesaggio e architettura delle regioni padano-alpine dalle origini alla fine del primo millennio

1233: 2064:"Pietre Con Scritte e Figure dei Liguri Friniati Alle Caselle di Ospitale (Appennino Modenese)" 357:(...) Forum Julii Octavanorum, a colony, which is also called Pacensis and Classica, the river 5568: 5558: 5430: 5344: 5309: 5236: 5226: 5004: 4874: 4788: 4618: 4598: 4572: 4560: 4355: 4350: 4335: 4330: 4315: 4139: 4109: 4019: 4009: 3959: 3853: 3437: 3389: 3118: 2682: 2528: 2520: 2369: 2291: 2233: 1911: 1883: 1475: 1315: 689: 641: 634: 541: 529: 501: 462: 129: 109: 4134: 4089: 4069: 3964: 3506: 2706: 1579:(sometimes cheap because made with soft metals), very rarely the warriors were equipped with 5702: 5638: 5460: 5410: 5391: 5386: 5339: 5246: 5184: 5164: 5152: 5108: 4911: 4891: 4879: 4742: 4710: 4623: 4340: 4203: 4195: 4079: 4064: 4054: 3974: 3611: 3487: 1556: 1502: 1397:, in the first century B.C., writes that women take part in the work of toil alongside men. 1394: 1311:

The 1935 work of Frederick Orton even suggests that the Ligurians may have possibly been of

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The objects found during the works for the underground had been exposed in the exhibition

2336:

I tempi alimentari del Mediterraneo: cultura ed economia nella storia alimentare dell'uomo

1687: 1460: 1388: 1384: 1151: 895: 880: 681: 629: 572: 560: 552: 470: 371: 324: 293:

writes in his book "The Natural History" book III chapter 7 on the Ligurians and Liguria:

290: 283: 121: 3833:, Catalogo della Mostra (Genova, 23.10.2004-23.1.2005), Milano-Ginevra, pp. 429–431. 3528: 2146:

The Cambridge ancient history: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525–479 BC

5681: 5628: 5598: 5543: 5450: 5324: 5271: 5231: 4901: 4896: 4747: 4647: 4603: 4555: 4457: 4425: 4383: 4360: 4074: 1701: 1668: 1576: 1568: 1297: 1180: 1128: 1124: 1116: 947: 685: 584: 497: 477: 450: 427: 400: 279: 262: 93: 66: 1210:

In the 19th century, the origins of the Ligures drew renewed attention from scholars.

958: 5696: 5553: 5194: 4764: 4452: 4430: 4289: 1602: 1580: 1571:, armed in a poor way. The main weapon was the spear, with cusps that could exceed a 1491: 1409: 1357: 1275: 1199: 653: 645: 537: 2998:"A proposito di penetrazione romana e controllo territoriale nel Piemonte orientale" 5671: 5478: 5283: 5053: 4657: 4523: 4472: 4447: 3288:, 129–133 (indicating in an obscure way that the Ligures were living north of the 2123: 1705: 1672: 1638: 1546: 1456: 1452: 1424: 1260: 607: 183: 3850:

L'Italia nell'età del bronzo e del ferro: dalle palafitte a Romolo (2200-700 a.C.)

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From the Pillars of Hercules to the Footsteps of the Argonauts (Colloquia Antiqua)

3070: 2658: 1448: 1439: 1420: 1248:

poet who lived in the 4th century AD, but who used as a source for his own work a

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the Romans drove many natives off their land and settled colonies in their stead (

848:

of Clastidium, that at that time, it was an important locality of the Anamari (or

3368: 2679:

Genova preromana. Città portuale del Mediterraneo tra il VII e il III secolo a.C.

2564: 5573: 5513: 5483: 4836: 4467: 3429:

Becoming Roman?: Diverging Identities and Experiences in Ancient Northwest Italy

3289: 2726:, L'Erma di Bretschneider, Roma 1987 testo on-line su GoogleBooks; Piera Melli, 2657:, held at the Ligurian Archeology Museum (30 November 2009 - 14 February 2010) ( 1784: 1330: 1103: 1065: 1033: 830: 787: 505: 454: 384: 375: 362: 350: 337: 328: 311: 221: 1868:

Leonard Robert Palmer, The Latin Language, London: Faber and Faber, 1954, p. 54

212: 158:

influences on their language and culture, they were also known in antiquity as

124:, the Ligurians occupied a much larger area, extending as far as what is today 4831: 4440: 4119: 3717: 1606: 1268: 1264: 907: 860: 759: 677: 673: 588: 217: 2077: 610:, a Ligurian town on the right bank of the Po downstream near today's Turin. 4144: 4124: 4039: 3999: 3989: 3984: 3969: 3433: 3293: 2494: 2001: 1932: 1780: 1518: 1432: 1413: 1301: 1287: 1249: 1219: 1073: 1047: 1040: 763: 669: 657: 489: 249: 125: 37: 1625:, representing a horseman with a head carried around the neck of the horse. 512:. Its influences are also found in the cultures of the Early Bronze Age of 387:, from where they constantly battled against the Greek colony of Massalia. 1300:

adapted the Celto-Ligurian hypothesis into one linking the Ligures to the

1139:). In 49 BC all inhabitants of northern Italy received Roman citizenship. 5488: 5473: 5468: 5369: 4403: 4398: 4049: 4014: 3979: 3954: 3281: 2900: 2586:

Il territorio comasco dall'età della pietra alla fine dell'età del bronzo

2254:

Les influences italiques dans la céramique de l'Age du Bronze de la Corse

2085: 1928: 1725: 1686:

According to Plutarch, Ligurian auxiliaries fought for the Romans in the

1483: 1428: 1252: 1241: 1215: 1195: 1143: 1091: 1087: 986: 918: 914: 903: 841: 771: 767: 709: 703: 693: 665: 649: 525: 485: 415: 303: 299: 195: 187: 97: 89: 81: 42: 1931:

fixes the same limit and the same must have been supposed by Aeschylus.

4503: 4129: 4084: 4059: 4034: 4029: 4024: 1818: 1796: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1697: 1664: 1660: 1479: 1372: 1361: 1312: 1230:

found) were similar to those of Celtic culture in both style and type.

1061: 1009: 936: 894:, which the Carthaginians won. Other Ligurians enlisted in the army of 868: 845: 753: 614: 521: 517: 513: 509: 481: 466: 411: 271: 207: 117: 85: 77: 62: 3182:

Hiera Kala: Images of animal sacrifice in archaic and classical Greece

2546:"The Golasecca civilization is therefore the expression of the oldest 504:

perhaps for the arrival of new people from the transalpine regions of

336:

Just like Strabo, Pliny the Elder situates Liguria between the rivers

17: 5128: 4114: 4099: 4094: 4004: 3949: 3661:"AD PUGNAM PARATI: Rievocazione Storica, Spettacolo, Sperimentazione" 2517:

La grande storia dei celti. La nascita, l'affermazione e la decadenza

1949: 1788: 1598: 1587: 1575:(about 45 cm, or one and half foot ), followed by the sword, of 1326: 1005: 899: 884: 822: 719: 548: 493: 423: 358: 258: 232: 140: 105: 2063: 989:, effectively controlling the most important ford of the Po Valley. 950:

in 202 BC, which marked the final end of Carthage as a great power.

821:

route to and from Gaul and to counter the Carthaginian expansion in

3871:

Ancora sui Liguri. Un antico popolo europeo tra Alpi e Mediterraneo

3410: 2711:

Una città portuale del Mediterraneo tra il VII e il III secolo a.C.

1601:

is not known. Even if it is possible that the richer warriors used

1094:) still autonomous, who occupied Provence, were subdued in 124 BC. 594:

The ancient name of the Po river (Padus in Latin) derived from the

532:) and Rhone Valley. There are some commonalities with the previous 298:

The more celebrated of the Ligurian tribes beyond the Alps are the

4408: 4191: 4044: 2547: 1823: 1792: 1715: 1632: 1616: 1572: 1541: 1510: 1506: 1404: 1365: 1352: 1245: 1223: 1174: 1120: 1107: 975: 965: 957: 929: 922: 864: 834: 795: 781: 725: 628: 444: 341: 315: 275: 245: 225: 211: 155: 49:. Ligures are located in the upper left corner of the map (green). 36: 4160: 2321:

vol. 8-10, 1980, p. 69; Istituto internazionale di studi liguri,

1419:

Among the most important testimonies, the sacred mountain sites (

962:

Reproduction of the Pulica helmet, revovered into an Apuani grave

859:

was fought and allowed Rome to take the capital of the Insubres,

310:(...) The coast of Liguria extends 211 miles, between the rivers 4916: 4393: 4104: 3772:

Examples of mining activities are witnessed in the Labiola mine.

3708:

They were on Carthaginian side during the Second Punic War also.

3660: 3529:"UN PERCORSO RITUALE SULLE PENDICI MERIDIONALI DEL MONTE BEIGUA" 3386:

Toponomastica d'Italia. Nomi di luoghi, storie di popoli antichi

1968: 1880:

Toponomastica d'Italia. Nomi di luoghi, storie di popoli antichi

1846:. Il Mondo dell'Archeologia (in Italian). Rome: Treccani editore 1744:

of themselves) custodians of an important way of communication.

1513:", and during the winter animal skins to shelter from the cold. 1487: 1464: 1380: 1227: 982: 826: 817: 805: 556: 396: 354: 241: 101: 4164: 3911: 3894:(catalogo mostra, Genova 2004–2005), Skira editore, Genova 2004 3589: 3587: 3585: 1451:

has an extension and spectacularity comparable to the sites of

2040: 2038: 2016:

Los Indoeuropeos y los origines de Europa: lenguaje e historia

3629:

Lucan, Pharsalia, I. 496, translated by Edward Ridley (1896).

3072:

Internal migration and the transformation of Republican Italy

2940:"Ancient Rome - Roman expansion in the western Mediterranean" 2315:

Rivista archeologica della provincia e antica diocesi di Como

925:) was captured by Hannibal's forces after a three-day siege. 1486:, who lamented his death and was subsequently turned into a 3296:

in southern Spain would be born in the "ligustine swamps").

2366:

l'Etimologico. Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana

1057:, with the aim of putting an end to Ligurian independence. 762:(5th century BC) speaks of the Ligures having expelled the 72:

In pre-Roman times, the Ligurians occupied the present-day

3907: 3892:

I Liguri. Un antico popolo europeo tra Alpi e Mediterraneo

3842:

I Liguri. Un antico popolo europeo tra Alpi e Mediterraneo

3831:

I Liguri. Un antico popolo europeo tra Alpi e Mediterraneo

1663:, a tribe of sailors located around Albingaunum (nowadays 581:

facies of the pile dwellings and of the dammed settlements

2230:

La civiltà dei Sardi. Dal Paleolitico all'età dei nuraghi

2046:"Sulle pietre dell'Appennino l'antica cultura dei Liguri" 935:

Near the end of the Second Punic War, Mago was among the

3607: 3605: 3354:

Language Contacts in Prehistory: Studies in Stratigraphy

3114:

Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy

1214:, a French historian and journalist, linked them to the 786:

Discovery of a Ligurian tomb from the 3rd century BC in

2405:"History of Brescia: the origins and the Roman Brescia" 1927:, who makes the Rhone the limit of the pure Ligurians. 1072:

The Frinatiates surrendered in 175 BC, followed by the

3729:

Plutarch, The Lives of Emilius Paul and Timoleon XVIII

3236:

Histoire des Gaulois depuis les temps les plus reculés

3023:"Storia di Roma e Medioevo s'intrecciano sul Caprione" 2655:

Archeologia Metropolitana. Piazza Brignole e Acquasola

1667:) were famous to engage trade and piracy, hostiles to 1123:

during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Conquered by the

551:

tools and weapons show similarities with those of the

3574:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

3339:

The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History by Colin McEvedy

2160:"Strabo, Geography, BOOK II., CHAPTER V., section 28" 1791:

who lived in what is now the areas of the valleys of

1263:

considered Ligurians to be direct descendants of the

5459: 5296: 5151: 5003: 4856: 4799: 4688: 4675:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

4581: 4490: 4371: 4308: 4227: 4211: 4202: 1775:, who lived in what is now the area of the city of 1194:In 126 AD the Liguria region was the birthplace of 1131:from c. 81 BC until 42 BC, when it was merged into 1844:"Popoli e culture dell'Italia preromana. I Liguri" 1559:describes the Ligurians as very fearsome enemies. 716:, with Bellinzona and Sopra Ceneri; in the Ossola. 365:, which proceeds from Mount Cema, one of the Alps. 1282:, a 19th-century French historian, who argued in 1259:population. Italian geologist and paleontologist 921:. The Taurini chief town of Taurasia (modern-day 469:with the Libiola and Monte Loreto mines dated to 461:Copper begins to be mined from the middle of the 3783:"Tutto sui Liguri: chi sono, da dove provengono" 3268:, Priuli e Verlucc, editori 2002, pp. 34–36, 49. 2874: 2872: 1551:The Archaeological Civic Museum (MCA) of Bologna 1529:First of the long-haired nations, on whose necks 1294:and "expanded to cover much of Central Europe". 1187:People with Ligurian names were living south of 932:) was attacked and razed to the ground by Mago. 890:The pro-Carthaginian Ligurians took part in the 488:, Italy) was a cultural horizon extended in the 120:. However, it is generally believed that around 3078:(Ph.D.). University College London. p. 15. 2771: 2769: 2215: 2057: 2055: 1524: 1459:, but the reality is that many promontories in 407: 389: 346: 295: 270:This zone corresponds to the current region of 237: 194:, which could indicate a relationship with the 3844:, Saggi Mostra (Genova, 23.10.2004–23.1.2005). 3763:(Diodorus Siculus, in Luca Ponte, Le genovesi) 3759: 3757: 1533:Once flowed the auburn locks in pride supreme. 252:, and also a part of the Apennines themselves. 4176: 3923: 3373:. W. Heffer & Sons, Limited. p. 182. 3247:Dominique François Louis Roget de Belloguet, 2737: 2735: 2288:Les Indo-Européens. Histoire, langues, mythes 2086:Treccani -Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana 289:The writer, naturalist and Roman philosopher 30:"Liguri" redirects here. For other uses, see 8: 3356:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 16–17. 1526:Ligurian tribes, now shorn, in ancient days 939:, trying to block the Roman advance. At the 235:, from book 2, chapter 5, section 28 : 2139: 2137: 1267:people that lived throughout Gaul from the 579:the first villages in the Po Valley of the 244:are inhabited by numerous nations, but all 216:Map of ancient Liguria, between the rivers 139:is based on placenames and inscriptions on 5302: 5157: 5009: 4862: 4208: 4183: 4169: 4161: 3930: 3916: 3908: 3194:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3156:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2592:, Società Archeologica Comense, Como 1987. 1586:The protection was entrusted to an oblong 1325:peoples. It was believed that a "Ligurian- 1198:, Roman soldier and politician who became 1119:was the part of modern Italy inhabited by 613:According to a legend, Brescia and Barra ( 3458:"Dove e come vivevano gli antichi liguri" 3253:Preuves intellectuelles. Le génie gaulois 1179:Pertinax, Roman emperor in 193 A.D. from 1001:Ingauni signed a peace treaty with Rome. 985:sacked and destroyed the Roman colony of 3829:ARSLAN E. A. 2004b, LVI.14 Garlasco, in 2347:Daiches, David; Anthony Thorlby (1972). 1945: 1943: 1901: 1899: 844:, during a war with Romans occupied the 692:, which is nowadays identified with the 648:, penetrated and settled in the western 587:, and is well suited in middle and late 349:Gaul is divided from Italy by the river 3690:Herodotus 7.165; Diodorus Siculus 11.1. 3595:Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 3144:Decline of the Roman republic: Volume 2 2748:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 2276:An Early History of Horsemanship pg.129 2266:Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri, Protostoria 1987:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 1834: 1467:present these types of sacred centres. 1206:Theories on the origin of the Ligurians 902:), then capital of the Ligures Sabazi, 3187: 3149: 2724:Scavi nell'oppidum preromano di Genova 2703:Scavi nell'oppidum preromano di Genova 2436:[History of the Cidneo Hill]. 1989:. London: J. Murray. pp. 689–692. 1964: 1962: 808:and the Iberian Peninsula (then under 27:Ancient ethnic group in Northern Italy 5723:History of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 3655: 3653: 3551:"La religiosità degli antichi liguri" 2705:, L'Erma di Bretschneider, Roma 1987 2638:"Other Italic peoples: The Ligurians" 2542: 2540: 1783:who lived in what is now the area of 1455:. Another important sacred centre is 1008:and the Boii Gauls and occupying the 282:which could be compared today to the 47:Roman expansion and conquest of Italy 7: 4721:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 3848:Bietti Sestieri, Anna Maria (2010). 3738:Salustio, Giugurtine War (In French) 3388:. Milano: Mursia. pp. 174–194. 3367:Orton, Sir Ernest Frederick (1935). 3311:Die Phoenizier. Pytheas von Massalia 2824:"BATTAGLIA DI CLASTIDIUM (222 a.c.)" 2713:, Genova, Fratelli Frilli ed., 2007. 2606:. Thames and Hudson. pp. 52–56. 1882:. Milano: Mursia. pp. 174–194. 946:Ligurian troops were present at the 202:Geographical area of ancient Liguria 128:(in the north-eastern corner of the 41:Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the 3873:, De Ferrari editore, Genova 2007 ( 3326:, Vol. II, Genoa 1892, pp. 356–357. 2761:Other Italic peoples: The Ligurians 2561:">Maps of the Golasecca culture" 2349:Literature and western civilization 1015:Genua was rebuilt by the proconsul 770:tribe, from the banks of the river 606:This word appears in the placename 2062:Tintorri, Ivan; Adolfo, Zavaroni. 1676:Lucius Emilius Paullus Macedonicus 1284:Les Premiers habitants de l'Europe 722:: in the area of Como and Bergamo. 190:, the Ligurians called themselves 61:were an ancient people after whom 25: 3869:, Giuseppina Spadea (a cura di), 2130:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 112. 1857:dal presentare caratteri unitari. 1700:and Plutarch say that during the 1563:Tactics, unit types and equipment 696:and other Celto-Ligurian tribes. 5677: 5676: 5665: 2880:"Sanremo Romana e Villa Matuzia" 2351:(illustrated ed.). Aldus. p. 78. 1906:Malden, Henry (14 August 2010). 1364:, Ligurian Archeology Museum of 972:National Museum of Villa Guinigi 792:National Museum of Villa Guinigi 625:Canegrate and Golasecca cultures 5406:Orders, decorations, and medals 3324:Liguria geologica e preistorica 3180:Brouwer, Hendrik H. J. (1989). 2493:. Brescia Story. Archived from 1763:List of ancient Ligurian tribes 1191:, in Italy, as late as 102 AD. 1135:as indicated in Caesar's will ( 1086:The last Ligurian tribes (e.g. 1039:In 185 BC, the Ingauni and the 970:Ligurian tomb, 3rd century BC, 732:: in Lomellina (Pavia/Ticinum). 170:The Ligures are referred to as 3884:, Comune di Circello;Benevento 3785:(in Italian). 26 February 2022 2519:, Newton & Compton, 2003, 583:, a society that followed the 500:, formed in the first half of 1: 2855:"Il Piemonte in epoca romana" 2777:"IX REGIO AUGUSTEA - LIGURIA" 2709:in GoogleBooks; Piera Melli, 2368:, Firenze, Le Monnier, 2010. 1704:(from 112 to 105 BC) and the 1280:Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville 1112:Roman Italy, showing Liguria. 928:In 205 BC, Genua (modern-day 906:of the Carthaginian fleet of 555:and other groups in north of 3384:Sciarretta, Antonio (2010). 3238:, 3 vols., 1828, 1834, 1845. 2467:www.ducatodipiazzapontida.it 2440:(in Italian). Archived from 2391:www.ducatodipiazzapontida.it 2105:. Britannica.com. 2014-12-16 1878:Sciarretta, Antonio (2010). 1605:like the Gauls or the Greek 1474:Another important deity was 457:Civic Archaeological Museum. 5446:Water supply and sanitation 4870:Italian geographical region 4738:Monarchy and the World Wars 4680:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 4566:War of the Sicilian Vespers 4219:Timeline of Italian history 3838:Liguri e Galli in Lomellina 3509:(in Italian). 15 March 2018 3117:. Oxford University Press. 3111:Williams, J. H. C. (2001). 3069:Broadhead, William (2002). 3025:(in Italian). December 2014 2914:Ab Urbe Condita libri CXLII 2742:William Smith, ed. (1854). 1809:Ligurian (ancient language) 981:In 200 BC, the Ligures and 954:Roman conquest of Ligurians 571:, southern branches of the 536:including the usage of the 174:(Λιγυες) by the Greeks and 5754: 5365:Inventions and discoveries 4775:Fall of the Fascist regime 4758:Fourth War of Independence 4716:Expedition of the Thousand 4706:Second War of Independence 3409:Garcia, Dominique (2012). 3352:Henning, Andersen (2003). 2763:, Encyclopedia Britannica. 2663:December 30, 2013, at the 2463:"Ducato di Piazza Pontida" 2387:"Ducato di Piazza Pontida" 1991:Downloadable Google Books. 1842:Maggiani, Adriano (2004). 1760: 1360:of a warrior recovered in 1146:divided Italy into eleven 1101: 1051:Publius Cornelius Cethegus 778:First contacts with Romans 740: 492:from eastern Lombardy and 449:Flint arrowheads from the 353:, and by the range of the 205: 114:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 108:. They inhabited also the 65:, a region of present-day 29: 5738:Transhumant ethnic groups 5718:Ancient history of France 5661: 5305: 5160: 5139:Security and intelligence 5012: 4865: 4726:Third War of Independence 4701:First War of Independence 3945: 3426:Haeussler, Ralph (2013). 3003:(in Italian). p. 345 2602:Kruta, Venceslas (1991). 2434:"Storia del Colle Cidneo" 2325:, vol. 9-15, 1991, p. 27. 2286:Sergent, Bernard (1995). 2232:. Edizioni il Maestrale. 2228:Lilliu, Giovanni (2004). 1690:, the decisive battle of 1603:armor in organic material 1427:) and the development of 1336:There are others such as 1127:in the 220s BC, it was a 1078:Marcus Claudius Marcellus 871:in that of the Insubres. 278:as well as to the former 137:ancient Ligurian language 5713:Ancient peoples of Italy 4817:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 4812:Institutional referendum 3882:Sanniti, Liguri e Romani 3836:ARSLAN E. A. 2004 c.s., 3307:Deutsche Alterthumskunde 3305:Karl Viktor Müllenhoff, 2128:The Foundations of Latin 2080:. Enciclopedie on line. 2002:"Ligurian | people" 1814:Ancient peoples of italy 1643:Marseille History Museum 1435:) are worth mentioning. 1055:Marcus Baebius Tamphilus 837:sea route was now safe. 5340:Emigration and diaspora 4549:Guelphs and Ghibellines 4534:the Sardinian Judicates 3852:(in Italian). Carocci. 3720:, Enciclopedia Treccani 3337:McEvedy, Colin (1967). 3278:Postumius Rufius Festus 3045:"GUERRE ROMANO- LIGURI" 2804:(in Italian). p. 1 2799:"GUERRE ROMANO- LIGURI" 2617:Stifter, David (2008). 2338:, vol. 1, 2005, p. 172. 2144:Boardman, John (1988). 2018:, Madrid, Gredos, 1991, 1985:Smith, William (1872). 1671:, they were subdued by 1482:, a beloved and kin of 1218:. The historian of the 32:Ligure (disambiguation) 5222:Science and technology 5170:Italian regions by GDP 4971:Marine protected areas 4643:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 3699:Diodorus Siculus 21.3. 2916:21, 32,1 and 28, 46,7. 2681:(in Italian). Frilli. 2364:in Alberto Nocentini, 2290:. Payot. p. 416. 1754: 1738: 1728: 1645: 1626: 1553: 1535: 1416: 1368: 1184: 1113: 978: 963: 798: 664:). They brought a new 637: 458: 441:Copper and Bronze ages 433: 406: 381: 334: 268: 228: 154:Because of the strong 149:Indo-European language 50: 5421:Public administration 4529:the Holy Roman Empire 3617:Bibliotheca historica 3493:Bibliotheca historica 3142:Long, George (1866). 2954:"LUNI (insediamento)" 2677:Melli, Piera (2007). 2164:www.perseus.tufts.edu 1749: 1733: 1719: 1636: 1620: 1545: 1505:reports the use of a 1444:Vallée des merveilles 1408: 1356: 1274:Those in favor of an 1178: 1111: 969: 961: 785: 632: 448: 215: 40: 5649:World Heritage Sites 5104:Council of Ministers 4842:Coronavirus pandemic 4240:Currency and coinage 3370:Links with Past Ages 3290:"oestrymnic islands" 3170:Cassius Dio XLI, 36. 2620:Old Celtic Languages 2216:Bietti Sestieri 2010 2084:(in Italian). Rome: 2030:Martín Almagro Basch 2028:"Ligures en España" 1722:province of Vercelli 1692:Third Macedonian War 1637:Seated warrior from 1478:, who was a king of 1292:Funnelbeaker culture 892:Battle of the Trebia 857:battle of Clastidium 810:Carthaginian control 563:, the origin of the 198:of northern Europe. 5733:History of Lombardy 5728:History of Piedmont 5180:Automotive industry 5119:Metropolitan cities 4665:Early Modern period 4638:Kingdom of Sardinia 4589:Italian city-states 3867:Raffaele De Marinis 3647:Polibius XXIX 14, 4 3599:, Duncan Head, 2012 3335:See, in particular 3221:Plinius the Elder, 3097:Plinius the elder, 2590:Como nell'antichità 2491:www.bresciastory.it 2334:Fausto Cantarelli, 2252:Françoise Lorenzi, 2103:"Ligurian language" 1956:, book 4, chapter 6 1682:Under Roman service 1431:(statues-stelae of 598:name of the river: 534:Bell Beaker Culture 67:north-western Italy 5708:History of Liguria 5242:Telecommunications 4609:Maritime republics 3251:Troisiéme partie: 3223:Naturalis Historia 3099:Naturalis Historia 2014:Francisco Villar, 1729: 1646: 1627: 1554: 1417: 1387:were massacred or 1369: 1331:Tyrrhenian culture 1185: 1157:Naturalis Historia 1114: 979: 964: 941:Battle of Insubria 799: 672:—which supplanted 662:Scamozzina culture 638: 498:Emilia and Romagna 478:The Polada Culture 459: 229: 51: 5690: 5689: 5657: 5656: 5292: 5291: 5227:Southern question 5147: 5146: 5079:Political parties 5027:Foreign relations 4999: 4998: 4852: 4851: 4573:Kingdom of Naples 4561:Kingdom of Sicily 4158: 4157: 4150:Viturii Langenses 3888:Giuseppina Spadea 3875:scheda sul volume 3859:978-88-430-5207-3 3808:www.visitgenoa.it 3638:Livius XXXIX I, 6 3395:978-88-425-4017-5 3212:, V, 1,1 and 2.1. 2626:. pp. 24–37. 2533:978-88-8289-851-9 2515:Venceslas Kruta: 2409:turismobrescia.it 2374:978-88-0020-781-2 2239:978-88-86109-73-4 1889:978-88-425-4017-5 1476:Cycnus of Liguria 1257:Pre-Indo-European 1163:Regio IX: Liguria 1161:One of these was 1150:, as reported by 1017:Spurius Lucretius 825:, given that the 737:Founding of Genoa 690:Golasecca culture 642:Canegrate culture 635:Canegrate culture 542:Remedello culture 530:Bonnanaro culture 502:2nd millennium BC 480:(a location near 463:4th millennium BC 231:The geography of 145:Pre-Indo-European 130:Iberian Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 5745: 5680: 5679: 5672:Italy portal 5669: 5668: 5609:National symbols 5303: 5158: 5010: 4863: 4743:Kingdom of Italy 4670:Napoleonic Italy 4209: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4162: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3909: 3880:John Patterson, 3863: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3657: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3612:Diodorus Siculus 3609: 3600: 3591: 3580: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3503: 3497: 3488:Diodorus Siculus 3485: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3333: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3303: 3297: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3234:Amédée Thierry, 3232: 3226: 3219: 3213: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3193: 3185: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3155: 3147: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3127:. Archived from 3108: 3102: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3049: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3002: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2923: 2917: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2803: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2773: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2739: 2730: 2722:Marco Milanese, 2720: 2714: 2701:Marco Milanese, 2699: 2693: 2692: 2674: 2668: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2593: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2563:. Archived from 2557: 2551: 2544: 2535: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2438:bresciamusei.com 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2411:. Archived from 2401: 2395: 2394: 2383: 2377: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2319:Emilia preromana 2317:, 1908, p. 135; 2308: 2302: 2301: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2263: 2257: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2059: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2033: 2025: 2019: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1982: 1976: 1966: 1957: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1903: 1894: 1893: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1851: 1839: 1752:risks of storms. 1623:Entremont oppida 1557:Diodorus Siculus 1503:Diodorus Siculus 1461:North-west Italy 1438:The spectacular 1395:Diodorus Siculus 1385:prisoners of war 1338:Dominique Garcia 1278:origin included 1098:Under Roman rule 875:Second Punic War 743:History of Genoa 714:Canton of Ticino 431: 404: 379: 332: 266: 100:, reaching also 21: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5666: 5653: 5624:Public holidays 5455: 5401:Life expectancy 5288: 5143: 5059:Law enforcement 4995: 4848: 4795: 4784:Social Republic 4748:Colonial Empire 4731:Capture of Rome 4684: 4577: 4486: 4379:Ancient peoples 4367: 4304: 4265:Historic states 4223: 4198: 4189: 4159: 4154: 3941: 3936: 3901: 3899:Further reading 3860: 3847: 3826: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3788: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3610: 3603: 3592: 3583: 3571:William Smith, 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3304: 3300: 3276: 3272: 3264:Gilberto Oneto 3263: 3259: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3216: 3207: 3203: 3186: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3148: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3125: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2721: 2717: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2665:Wayback Machine 2652: 2648: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2568: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2538: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2497:on 7 March 2008 2485: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2469: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2447: 2445: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2418: 2416: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2142: 2135: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2048:. 18 June 2019. 2044: 2043: 2036: 2026: 2022: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1973:History of Rome 1967: 1960: 1948: 1941: 1918: 1908:History of Rome 1905: 1904: 1897: 1890: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1849: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1805: 1765: 1759: 1714: 1688:Battle of Pydna 1684: 1615: 1581:bows and arrows 1565: 1540: 1530: 1500: 1403: 1351: 1346: 1234:Karl Müllenhoff 1208: 1152:Pliny the Elder 1106: 1100: 1012:of Clastidium. 956: 896:Hasdrubal Barca 877: 780: 745: 739: 682:Tumulus culture 652:valley between 627: 573:Unetice culture 561:Bernard Sergent 559:. According to 553:Unetice Culture 443: 438: 432: 422: 405: 395: 380: 372:Pliny the Elder 370: 333: 325:Pliny the Elder 323: 291:Pliny the Elder 284:Alpes Maritimes 267: 257: 210: 204: 186:. According to 168: 160:Celto-Ligurians 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5751: 5749: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5695: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5674: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5465: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5232:Stock exchange 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5134:Municipalities 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5094:Prime Minister 5091: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4981:Regional parks 4978: 4976:National parks 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4885:Climate change 4877: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4750: 4745: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4650: 4648:Duchy of Savoy 4645: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4558: 4556:Lombard League 4553: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4478:Western Empire 4470: 4465: 4463:Roman conquest 4460: 4455: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4384:Italic peoples 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3878: 3864: 3858: 3845: 3834: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3795: 3774: 3765: 3753: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3673: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3601: 3581: 3564: 3542: 3520: 3498: 3480: 3471: 3449: 3442: 3436:. p. 87. 3418: 3401: 3394: 3376: 3359: 3344: 3328: 3322:Arturo Issel, 3315: 3298: 3270: 3257: 3240: 3227: 3214: 3201: 3172: 3163: 3134: 3131:on 2020-05-22. 3123: 3103: 3090: 3088:Dio LIV.22.3-4 3081: 3061: 3036: 3014: 2989: 2967: 2945: 2931: 2918: 2912:Titus Livius, 2905: 2893: 2868: 2846: 2844:Demandt, p. 86 2837: 2815: 2790: 2765: 2753: 2731: 2715: 2694: 2688:978-8875633363 2687: 2669: 2646: 2629: 2609: 2594: 2577: 2552: 2536: 2508: 2478: 2454: 2425: 2396: 2378: 2353: 2340: 2327: 2323:Studi genuensi 2303: 2296: 2278: 2269: 2258: 2245: 2238: 2220: 2208: 2197: 2183: 2169: 2151: 2148:. p. 716. 2133: 2115: 2094: 2069: 2051: 2034: 2020: 2007: 1993: 1977: 1958: 1939: 1917:978-1177213950 1916: 1910:. Nabu Press. 1895: 1888: 1870: 1861: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1761:Main article: 1758: 1755: 1713: 1710: 1702:Jugurthine War 1683: 1680: 1614: 1611: 1569:light infantry 1564: 1561: 1539: 1536: 1499: 1496: 1402: 1399: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1298:Julius Pokorny 1212:Amédée Thierry 1207: 1204: 1129:Roman province 1125:Roman Republic 1117:Cisalpine Gaul 1102:Main article: 1099: 1096: 955: 952: 948:Battle of Zama 876: 873: 840:In 222 BC the 779: 776: 741:Main article: 738: 735: 734: 733: 723: 717: 707: 686:Central Europe 626: 623: 585:Polada culture 451:Polada culture 442: 439: 437: 434: 428:1st century BC 420: 401:1st century BC 393: 368: 321: 280:county of Nice 263:1st century BC 255: 206:Main article: 203: 200: 167: 164: 94:Emilia-Romagna 74:Italian region 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5750: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5683: 5675: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5650: 5647: 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3940: 3933: 3928: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3890:(a cura di), 3889: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3620:, V, 39, 1-8. 3619: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597:, page 294-96 3596: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3568: 3565: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3508: 3507:"Megalitismo" 3502: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3443:9781315433202 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3341:. p. 29. 3340: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3255:, Paris 1868. 3254: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3191: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3124:9780198153009 3120: 3116: 3115: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3074: 3073: 3065: 3062: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3024: 3018: 3015: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2584:G. Frigerio, 2581: 2578: 2567:on 2011-07-22 2566: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525:88-8289-851-2 2522: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2444:on 2014-10-06 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2415:on 2014-02-09 2414: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360:Cfr. la voce 2357: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2299: 2297:2-228-88956-3 2293: 2289: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2221: 2218:, p. 21. 2217: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2124:Baldi, Philip 2119: 2116: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1850:September 14, 1845: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1552: 1549:type helmet, 1548: 1544: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1516:Lucan in his 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1492:constellation 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1429:megalithicism 1426: 1422: 1415: 1411: 1410:Statue menhir 1407: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:Statue-menhir 1355: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:Indo-European 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1200:Roman Emperor 1197: 1192: 1190: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142:Around 7 BC, 1140: 1138: 1137:Acta Caesaris 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1105: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1002: 998: 996: 990: 988: 984: 977: 973: 968: 960: 953: 951: 949: 944: 942: 938: 933: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 874: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 813: 811: 807: 802: 797: 793: 789: 784: 777: 775: 774:, in Iberia. 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 755: 751: 744: 736: 731: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 711: 708: 705: 702: 701: 700: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 654:Lake Maggiore 651: 647: 646:Alpine passes 643: 636: 631: 624: 622: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 576: 574: 570: 569:Rhone culture 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 508:and Southern 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 472: 468: 464: 456: 452: 447: 440: 435: 429: 425: 419: 417: 413: 402: 398: 392: 388: 386: 377: 373: 367: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 345: 343: 339: 330: 326: 320: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 294: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 264: 260: 254: 253: 251: 247: 243: 236: 234: 227: 223: 219: 214: 209: 201: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 165: 163: 161: 157: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 110:French region 107: 103: 99: 96:and northern 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 68: 64: 60: 56: 48: 45:, before the 44: 39: 33: 19: 5509:Architecture 5479:Quattrocento 5436:Social class 5416:Prostitution 5330:Demographics 5252:Trade unions 5195:Central Bank 5037:Human rights 5017:Constitution 4800:Contemporary 4770:World War II 4658:Italian Wars 4582:Early modern 4524:Papal States 4502:Italy under 4448:Ancient Rome 4435: 3938: 3891: 3881: 3870: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3824:Bibliography 3811:. Retrieved 3807: 3798: 3787:. Retrieved 3777: 3768: 3748: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3676: 3665:. Retrieved 3663:(in Italian) 3643: 3634: 3625: 3615: 3594: 3572: 3567: 3555:. Retrieved 3553:(in Italian) 3545: 3533:. Retrieved 3531:(in Italian) 3523: 3511:. Retrieved 3501: 3491: 3483: 3474: 3462:. Retrieved 3460:(in Italian) 3452: 3428: 3421: 3411: 3404: 3385: 3379: 3369: 3362: 3353: 3347: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3286:Ora maritima 3285: 3273: 3265: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3235: 3230: 3222: 3217: 3209: 3204: 3181: 3175: 3166: 3143: 3137: 3129:the original 3113: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3084: 3071: 3064: 3052:. Retrieved 3050:(in Italian) 3039: 3027:. Retrieved 3017: 3005:. Retrieved 2992: 2980:. Retrieved 2978:(in Italian) 2970: 2958:. Retrieved 2956:(in Italian) 2948: 2934: 2926: 2921: 2913: 2908: 2896: 2884:. Retrieved 2882:(in Italian) 2859:. Retrieved 2857:(in Italian) 2849: 2840: 2828:. Retrieved 2826:(in Italian) 2818: 2806:. Retrieved 2793: 2781:. 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Retrieved 1837: 1766: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1706:Cimbrian War 1696: 1685: 1658: 1647: 1639:Roquepertuse 1628: 1596: 1592:Montefortino 1585: 1577:Gallic shape 1566: 1555: 1547:Montefortino 1532: 1528: 1525: 1517: 1515: 1501: 1473: 1469: 1457:Mount Beigua 1453:Val Camonica 1437: 1425:Monte Beigua 1418: 1393: 1377: 1370: 1335: 1323:proto-Italic 1320: 1310: 1296: 1288:philological 1283: 1273: 1261:Arturo Issel 1238:Ora maritima 1237: 1232: 1209: 1193: 1186: 1181:Alba Pompeia 1171: 1167: 1162: 1155: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1115: 1085: 1082: 1071: 1059: 1045: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1014: 1003: 999: 994: 991: 980: 945: 934: 927: 912: 889: 881:west Riviera 878: 863:(modern-day 854: 839: 814: 803: 800: 758: 746: 698: 639: 633:Area of the 612: 608:Bodincomagus 603: 599: 593: 577: 546: 476: 460: 408: 390: 382: 348: 347: 335: 297: 296: 288: 269: 239: 238: 230: 191: 179: 175: 171: 169: 159: 153: 134: 71: 69:, is named. 58: 54: 52: 5574:Italophilia 5534:Coat of arm 5484:Cinquecento 5360:Immigration 5310:Aristocracy 5175:Agriculture 5069:Nationality 5042:LGBT rights 4956:Earthquakes 4837:Mani pulite 4753:World War I 4696:Unification 4689:Late modern 4653:Renaissance 4498:Middle Ages 4491:Middle Ages 4468:Roman Italy 4235:Citizenship 3496:, V, 39, 1. 2082:Treccani.it 1785:Ventimiglia 1678:in 181 BC. 1490:and then a 1133:Roman Italy 1104:Roman Italy 506:Switzerland 455:Castelleone 385:Rhone river 376:1st century 329:1st century 84:, northern 5697:Categories 5644:Traditions 5634:Television 5619:Philosophy 5584:Literature 5524:Cathedrals 5494:Settecento 5355:Healthcare 5320:Corruption 5315:Censorship 5074:Parliament 5032:Government 4832:Maxi Trial 4780:Resistance 4509:Ostrogoths 4441:Messapians 4326:Villanovan 4316:Prehistory 4309:Prehistory 4120:Segobrigii 3995:Euburiates 3813:2023-05-12 3789:2023-05-12 3747:Plutarch, 3681:Ligurians. 3667:2019-09-09 3415:. Peeters. 3309:, Vol. I: 3280:(qui est) 3225:, III, 49. 3184:. 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London. 2976:"INGAUNI" 2744:"Liguria" 2604:The Celts 1954:Geography 1933:Herodotus 1781:Intimilii 1519:Pharsalia 1449:Mont Bégo 1440:Mont Bégo 1433:Lunigiana 1421:Mont Bègo 1414:Lunigiana 1308:peoples. 1302:Illyrians 1220:Bourgogne 1189:Placentia 1074:Statielli 1041:Intimilii 987:Placentia 764:Sicanians 750:Etruscans 712:: in the 670:cremation 668:practice— 658:Lake Como 619:Etruscans 600:Bod-encus 490:Po valley 359:Argenteus 250:Apennines 182:) by the 178:(earlier 126:Catalonia 59:Ligurians 5682:Category 5569:Internet 5559:Folklore 5489:Seicento 5474:Trecento 5469:Duecento 5431:Religion 5392:Regional 5370:Italians 5345:Gambling 5237:Taxation 5064:Military 5005:Politics 4807:Republic 4594:Florence 4519:Lombards 4458:Republic 4404:Samnites 4399:Picentes 4341:Apennine 4300:Railways 4280:Military 4228:By topic 4212:Overview 4196:articles 4140:Veaminii 4110:Roudelli 4050:Lapicini 4020:Iadatini 4015:Hercates 4010:Genuates 3980:Deciates 3960:Binbelli 3955:Bagienni 3282:Avienius 3208:Strabo, 3054:9 August 3029:9 August 3007:9 August 2982:9 August 2960:9 August 2901:Polybius 2886:9 August 2861:9 August 2830:9 August 2808:9 August 2783:9 August 2661:Archived 2126:(2002). 2088:. 2011. 2078:"Liguri" 1929:Avienius 1803:See also 1726:Piedmont 1484:Phaethon 1463:and the 1401:Religion 1327:Sicanian 1318:origin. 1306:Urnfield 1271:period. 1253:Periplum 1242:Avienius 1216:Iberians 1196:Pertinax 1148:regiones 1144:Augustus 1092:Salluvii 1088:Vocontii 1066:deported 919:Insubres 915:Hannibal 904:triremes 883:and the 842:Insubres 788:Filicaia 694:Lepontii 666:funerary 596:Ligurian 565:Ligurian 526:Sardinia 486:Lombardy 471:3700 BC. 421:— 416:Rhodanus 414:and the 394:— 369:— 322:— 304:Deciates 300:Salluvii 256:— 196:Ambrones 192:Ambrones 188:Plutarch 98:Sardinia 90:Lombardy 82:Piedmont 43:Iron Age 5703:Ligures 5639:Theatre 5614:Palaces 5594:Museums 5564:Gardens 5549:Fashion 5539:Cuisine 5519:Castles 5461:Culture 5411:Poverty 5387:Italian 5298:Society 5279:Welfare 5247:Tourism 5217:Exports 5185:Banking 5165:Economy 5153:Economy 5109:Regions 4991:Valleys 4961:Islands 4941:Beaches 4912:Prealps 4892:Geology 4880:Climate 4544:Normans 4504:Odoacer 4453:Kingdom 4436:Ligures 4372:Ancient 4346:Nuragic 4295:Postage 4270:Judaism 4260:Genetic 4250:Fashion 4245:Economy 4204:History 4135:Tigulli 4130:Taurini 4090:Nerusii 4085:Nearchi 4070:Maielli 4060:Ligauni 4035:Ingauni 4030:Ilvates 4025:Iemerii 3965:Bivelli 3939:Ligures 3313:, 1870. 2927:Stories 2707:on-line 1819:Liguria 1797:Serchio 1777:Albenga 1773:Ingauni 1769:Trigoso 1712:Economy 1665:Albenga 1661:Ingauni 1613:Cavalry 1538:Warfare 1480:Liguria 1373:oppidas 1362:Zignago 1349:Society 1344:Culture 1313:Pashtun 1154:in his 1062:Samnium 1010:oppidum 937:Ingauni 869:Cremona 846:oppidum 772:Sicanus 768:Iberian 754:oppidum 710:Leponti 704:Insubri 615:Bergamo 522:Corsica 518:Romagna 514:Liguria 510:Germany 482:Brescia 467:Liguria 436:History 272:Liguria 208:Liguria 180:Liguses 176:Ligures 122:2000 BC 118:Corsica 86:Tuscany 78:Liguria 63:Liguria 55:Ligures 5670: 5544:Design 5529:Cinema 5504:Anthem 5426:Racism 5375:People 5350:Health 5212:Energy 5202:Brands 5129:Comune 5124:Cities 4986:Rivers 4946:Canals 4629:Amalfi 4614:Venice 4473:Empire 4414:Veneti 4389:Latins 4361:Latial 4194: 4115:Salyes 4100:Oxybii 4095:Orobii 4080:Matici 4075:Marici 4065:Ligues 4055:Libici 4005:Garuli 3975:Catuci 3950:Apuani 3856: 3749:Marius 3578:Cycnus 3440: 3392: 3121: 2685: 2531: 2523: 2372: 2294: 2236: 1950:Strabo 1925:Scylax 1914: 1886: 1789:Apuani 1787:, the 1779:; 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