Liepāja massacres

837:. These became the best known images of the murders of Jews in Latvia, and they show only Latvians. The photographs were found by David Zivcon, who worked as an electrician at the SD office in Liepāja. He found four rolls of film when he was repairing wiring in a German's apartment. Zivcon stole the film, had prints made, and returned the originals before they were missed. He then placed the prints in a metal box and buried them. After the Germans were driven out of Latvia, Zivcon retrieved the prints, which were later used in war crimes trials and displayed in museums around the world. Historian Ezergailis states that it was Kügler himself who photographed the shootings, but of course if Kügler had been on leave, he could not have taken the photographs. Following the December shootings, the executioners repeatedly returned to the beach at Šķēde for killings, extending the trench along the dunes until it reportedly reached a length of one kilometer. In 1943, the grave was opened and chlorine cast over the bodies. 496:. Reichert was then engaged in the Rainis Park shootings, which he described to Grauel as a "special assignment." Reichert left the day after Grauel arrived. Grauel took over the Women's Prison and used it as a detention facility for the targets of the Nazi regime. Mostly they were Jews, but Communists and communist-sympathizers were also arrested. Rumors spread that the Jews were responsible for the Communist atrocities during the Soviet regime in Liepāja. Latvian militia ("self-defense men") carried out most if not all of the arrests. On July 6, 1941, Werner Hartman, a German war correspondent, saw the Women's Prison crammed so full of prisoners that there was no room for them to lie down. 364:

shot them at a bomb crater in the middle of Ulicha street. At 9:00 p.m. the same day German soldiers came to Hika street, where they assembled all the residents and asked if any were refugees from Germany. One man, Walter Hahn, a conductor who had fled Vienna in 1938, stepped forward and was immediately shot. (Another source says that Hahn was killed by a mob of Latvians fomented by Nazis.) The next day, June 30, soldiers went to the City Hospital, arrested several Jewish physicians and patients, disregarded the protests of the Latvian hospital staff, and shot them. Among the victims was 10-year-old Masha Blumenau.

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the trench, with two gunmen allocated to each victim. After the initial volley, a German SD man would step down into trench, inspect the bodies, and fire finishing shots into anyone left alive. The goal was to have the bodies fall into the trench, but this did not always happen. Accordingly, the executioners had a "kicker" come along after each group of victims. The kicker's job was to literally kick, roll, or shove the bodies into the grave. Sergeant Jauģietis of the Latvia police worked as a kicker for at least part of the killings. Each execution team was relieved by another after killing 10 sets of victims.

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both Kügler and Reichle later claiming Kügler was on leave in Germany. The Latvian police began arresting the Jews in the city on the night of December 13 to 14, bringing them to the Women's Prison, where they were confined in the courtyard. There was not enough room for the people, so they were ordered to stand facing towards the wall, and not move, look for relatives, or look at the guards, who beat people and treated them with brutality. There was an old wooden building, a garage, barn, or horse barn, at the beach at Šķēde. Some of the Jews were taken to this building on the evening of Sunday, December 14.

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the Jews the previous day. This was about one kilometer north of the lighthouse. They watched for about an hour or an hour and a half. During that time, three or four trucks arrived at the site, each carrying five Jews. They were forced to lie down in the truck. When the truck reached the site, the driver took the vehicle right up to the trench. Latvian guards, wielding clubs, forced the victims to enter directly into the trench. A squad of five men, possibly Latvians, but more probably German SD men, then shot them in the head. The supervising SS or SD officer then shot again any one not immediately killed.

416: 405: 294:), the Germans and their Latvian collaborators also killed Roma (c.100), communists, the mentally ill (c. 30) and so-called "hostages". In contrast to most other Holocaust murders in Latvia, the killings at Liepāja were done in open places. About 5,000 of the 5,700 Jews trapped in Liepāja were shot, most of them in 1941. The killings occurred at a variety of places within and outside of the city, including Rainis Park in the city center, and areas near the harbor, the Olympic Stadium, and the lighthouse. The largest 626:

continuously executed in the town, and these marines were going out to watch the executions. A few days later, on Saturday, July 24, 1941, Rosenstock saw Jews (whom he identified by the yellow stars on their clothing) crouching down in the back of a truck, being guarded by armed Latvians. Rosenstock, who was himself in a vehicle, followed the truck to the north of the city to the beach near the naval base, where he saw Kügler, some SD men, and a number of Jews. After the war, Rosenstock stated:

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witness the mass shootings, and that these public executions continued over a long period of time and became a form of "execution tourism". Nobody was forced to murder Jews, and there were people who refused to do so. Nothing bad happened to them and in particular no one who refused was ever sent to a concentration camp. At most, those who refused orders to kill were abused as "cowards" by their commanders. This pattern was followed in Liepāja. For example, a boatman who worked under the

512:, commander of Einsatzgruppe A, that accused Grauel of not executing people fast enough. Grauel showed Reichert the list of people he had arrested. Reichert checked off a number of names on the list and demanded that they be shot immediately. Grauel ordered his assistant, one Neuman, to organize an execution. On July 8, 9, and 10, Grauel's men shot 100 men, almost entirely Jews, on each day. They were transported to the execution site from the Women's Prison in groups of 20. 719: 708: 60: 391:

Once at the trench, they were shot and the bodies pushed in. How many were killed during these shootings is not known. Estimates range from several dozen to 300. After the war, the Soviet Union investigatory commission concluded that 1,430 people were killed in the park shootings, which Ezergailis characterizes as an exaggeration. One participant, Harry Fredrichson, later testified that in one massacre he participated in, 150 people were killed.

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opposed to the non-wandering, or "sedentary" population. Thus, on May 21, 1942, the SS commander in Liepāja police and SS commander recorded the execution of 16 itinerant Roma from the Hasenputh district. The documentation however does not always distinguish between different Roma groups, thus on April 24, 1942, EK A reported having killed 1,272 people, including 71 Roma, with no further description.

582: 3321: 3309: 40: 908: 67: 860: 444:) Stein was appointed town commandant. On July 1, 1941, Stein ordered ten hostages shot for every act of sabotage, and further made targets of civilians by declaring that Red Army soldiers were hiding among them in civilian attire. This was the first announcement in Latvia of a threat to shoot hostages. On July 5, 1941 884: 872: 761:

The actual shootings were done by three units, one of Germans, another of Latvian SD men, and another unit of the Latvian police, apparently the one commanded by Galiņš. The victims were positioned along the edge of the sea side of the trench. They were faced away from their killers, who fired across

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The execution site was on the beach, north of the city, and north of the small barn or garage, which was used as a temporary holding point for the victims while their turn came to be executed. A trench had been dug in the dunes that ran parallel to the shore and was about 100 meters long and 3 meters

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The following day I went with several members of our unit ... to the execution area on horseback. When we arrived at the said hills we could see the arms and legs of the executed Jews sticking out of the inadequately filled-in grave. After seeing this, we officers sent a written communication to our

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Between 5:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. Schulz and another man rowed across the harbor to see what was happening. They followed the sounds of the shooting until they came to the old citadel. By standing on a bunker at the citadel they could see a long deep trench which was said to have been dug by

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was targeted by the Germans as a town of special importance. It was a naval base and also an important international port. As such, the population was suspected of being more sympathetic to Communism. The German army planned to capture the city on the first day of the war, Sunday, June 22, 1941. The

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Once at the site, the Jews were housed in the barn and taken in groups of 20 of a time to a point 40 or 50 meters from the trench, where they were ordered to lie face down on the ground. Groups of ten were then ordered to stand up, and, except for children, remove their outer clothing. As they were

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The killings continued at August after the first Arājs action, but on a lessened scale. From August 30 to December 10, 1941, there were a large number of shootings, in which about 600 Jews, 100 communists, and 100 Roma were killed. Anders and Dubrovskis estimate the total victims through August 15,

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The Jews were crouching down on the ground. They had to walk in groups of about ten to the edge of a pit. Here they were shot by Latvian civilians. The execution area was visited by scores of German spectators from the Navy and the Reichsbahn . I turned to Kügler and said in no uncertain terms that

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This first Arājs action was later described by Georg Rosenstock, the commander of the second company of the 13th Police Reserve battalion. Rosenstock testified after the war that when he and his unit had arrived in Liepāja in July, 1941, they had heard from some passing marines that Jews were being

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During the fighting, the Soviet forces had dug defensive trenches in Rainis Park (Raiņa parks) in the center of Liepāja. On July 3 and 4, 1941, in their first documented massacre in Liepāja, Reichert's EK 1a men, all Germans of the SD, rounded up Jews and marched them to these trenches in the park.

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On June 29 and June 30, 1941, there were random shootings of Jews in Liepāja by German soldiers. About 99 Jews (plus or minus 30) were killed in these shootings. Shootings began almost immediately. For example, at 5:00 p.m. on June 29, arriving German soldiers seized 7 Jews and 22 Latvians and

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members killed six local Jews, including the town chemist, in the church graveyard. Once Liepāja itself fell on June 29, 1941, "the hunt for the Jews began with the first hours of occupation." Ezergailis estimates that about 5,700 Jews of Liepāja and the surrounding district fell into German hands.

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Richard Wiener, who photographed the Einsatzgruppen killings, went to the July or August massacres to take photographs. He found German soldiers standing around the execution site, not as participants, but as spectators. Motion pictures were taken by Richard Wiener, on leave from his position as a

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Regret about the fate of the Jews is constantly expressed; there are few voices to be heard which are in favor of the elimination of the Jews. Among other things, a rumor is abroad that the execution was filmed in order to have material to use against the Latvian Schutzmannschaft. This material is

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published an order by Emil Diedrich, the Nazi police in Liepāja, which required all Jews in the city to remain in their residences on Monday, December 15 and December 16, 1941. The order came from SD headquarters in Riga; whether it was received by Kügler or his deputy, Reichle, was disputed, with

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By May 18, 1942, the German police and SS commander in Liepāja indicated in a log that over a previous unspecified period, 174 Roma had been killed by shooting. The German policy on Roma varied. In general, it seemed that wandering or "itinerant" Roma ("vagabundierende Zigeuner") were targeted, as

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Many of the Liepāja executions were witnessed by persons other than the participants. Klee, Dressen, and Riess, in their study of the Holocaust perpetrators, concluded that the public executions were "in many ways a festival", that German soldiers traveled long distances to get the best places to

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According to Hartman's later testimony, on July 8, he was present at the killing site from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., and saw about 200 people killed. The procedure was for the Latvian "freedom fighters" (as they were called by Hartman) to drive the victims ten at a time into a long ditch

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The first shootings carried out by Grauel were of about 30 Jews and Communists, arrested July 5 through July 7 and executed on July 7, 1941, as "hostages" pursuant to Korvettenkapitan Stein's decree of July 1, supposedly in retaliation for shots having been fired at German patrols in the Liepāja

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on July 10 or 11. Under Kügler's supervision, massacres occurred at a rate of about twice a week. Shootings of small groups of Jews continued after July 10, happening every evening. These were organized by Kügler. Often these were of less than 10 individuals, which was a pattern particular to

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vicinity. Grauel had selected every fifth prisoner for execution, and Grauel's men shot them on the beach in the dunes near the lighthouse. The numbers killed in the hostage massacre were stated as 30 in Grauel's postwar trial, and estimated at 27 plus or minus 16 by Anders and Dubrovskis.

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Kügler's administration in Liepāja. The exact number of those killed in these actions is not known, but was estimated by Anders and Dubrovskis to be 81 individuals plus or minus 27. Anders and Dubrovskis estimate the total number of victims to be 387 individuals, plus or minus 130.

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Roma were also forbidden to live along the coast, which included Liepāja. On December 5, 1941, the Latvian police in Liepāja arrested 103 Roma (24 men, 31 women, and 48 children). Of these people, the Latvian police turned over 100 to the custody of the German police chief

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Lucan, an adjutant of the 707th Marine Antiaircraft Detachment, described seeing an execution of 300 to 500 Liepāja Jews in the winter. He saw a column of 300 to 500 Jews of all ages, men and women, being led under guard past his unit's headquarter's north on the road to

528:, and by the end of October, Grauel returned to Germany to study jurisprudence. Historian Ezergailis noted however, that before returning to Germany, and despite his claim to have been shocked by the July 8–10 massacres, Grauel went on from Liepāja to the nearby town of 782:. The trench was 50 to 75 meters long, 2 to 3 meters wide and about 3 meters deep. Lucan did not see the actual shooting, but he and other members of his unit heard rifle fire coming from the direction of the pit for a long time. Lucan inspected the site the next day: 990:. In March 1971, he was found guilty of participating in the deportations of at least 3000 people and the shootings of nearly 6330 Jews, other civilians, and POWs, in Latvia, including in Liepāja, and sentenced to death. Baumgartner, 60, was executed by shooting at 516:

that ended in a pit. There they would be aligned in a double row, and shot, generally by Germans, but possibly by Latvians. The area around the execution site was guarded by Germans and Latvians, the latter distinguishable by their red-white-red armbands.

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and other Soviet forces prevented the Germans from entering the city until June 29, 1941, and resistance, including sniper fire, continued within the city for several days afterwards. The city was heavily damaged in the fighting and fires burned for days.

610:("protective police") men sent to Liepāja for "quick implementation Jewish problem". By "quick implementation" Kawelmacher meant "accelerated killing." Mass arrests of Jewish men began immediately in Liepāja, and continued through July 25, 1941. The 641:

1941 as 153 plus or minus 68. Schulz, a boatswain's mate ("Oberbootsmaat") from the harbor surveillance command, testified that on a day August, 1941, he had heard continuous rifle salvoes all day coming from across the harbor from his position.

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In June 1942, when the Liepāja ghetto was established, there were only about 814 surviving Jews. The ghetto itself consisted of only 11 houses on four streets. Until the ghetto was closed in October 1943, the inhabitants were used as a pool of

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to carry out the shootings, which occurred on July 24 and July 25. About 910 Jewish men were executed, plus or minus 90. Statements in other sources that 3,000 (Vesterman) and 3,500 (Soviet Extraordinary Commission) were killed are incorrect.

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It was the practice of the persons commanding the executioners in Latvia to encourage drinking among at least the Latvian killing squads. During the Liepāja killings, a milk can of rum was set up at the killing pits. High-ranking

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The early executions, which happened at least every two weeks, if not more often, were on the beach to the south of the lighthouse. The initial execution squads were Germans, but were later replaced by a commando of Latvians.

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Grauel later testified at his post-war trial that he had requested to be relieved from command because of the stress of the massacres of July 8 to July 10. His request was granted by the Einsatzkommando 2 commander,

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Pēteris Galiņš, of whom little is known other than that he was killed in Russia in winter 1943, was in charge of the Latvian guards, and he ordered a team of 20 to report for duty at 5:30 a.m. on December 15.

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not for his crimes in Latvia, for which his role was not known at the time, but for ordering the executions of seven American airmen who had surrendered in Germany. He was sentenced to death and executed at

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for the occupying authorities. During that time 102 people died and 54 were executed. The ghetto guards were Latvians wearing black uniforms. Conditions were harsh and food was short. On October 8, 1943,

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participants in the Liepāja massacres. The primary source of information about the Liepāja killings is the record developed in these proceedings. The court imposed the following prison sentences:

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training ground, was conducted by German and collaborator forces from December 15 to 17, 1941. More is known about the killing of the Jews of Liepāja than in any other city in Latvia except for

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Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946 - April 1949, Volume IV, ("Green Series) (the "Einsatzgruppen case")

7254: 3325: 3397:(website of National Library of Latvia, includes chronologically indexed digital copies of Liepāja newspaper published under Nazi control during occupation of Latvia from 1941 to 1944.) 238: 674:

1. As carriers of contagious diseases, especially typhus; 2. As unreliable elements who neither obey the regulations issued by German authorities, nor are willing to do useful work.

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Shopping hours for Jews were restricted to 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon. Jews were only allowed out of their residences for these hours and from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.

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There exists well-founded suspicion that they provide intelligence to the enemy and thus damage the German cause. I therefore order that they are to be treated as Jews.

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Vestermanis, Margers (2000). "Local Headquarters Liepaja: Two Months of German Occupation in the Summer of 1941". In Heer, Hannes; Nauman, Klaus; Shelton, Roy (eds.).

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wide. Columns of Jews were formed at the Women's Prison and marched out under guard to the killing site. The guards were Latvians with Germans acting as supervisors.

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in a post war crimes trial in West Germany and sentenced to 8 months in prison and a fine. After being re-arrested in 1959, he killed himself in prison.

3334:, "Comprehensive Report of Einsatzgruppe A Operations up to 15 October 1941", Exhibit L-180 (excerpts of extensive report), translated and reprinted in 3392: 2768: 6321: 4072: 883: 542:

22 July 1941: "... Here about 8,000 Jews ... with present SS personnel this would take about 1 year, which is untenable for pacification of Libau."

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had set up headquarters at his place of employment, the Hotel St. Petersburg, showed up for work. He was identified as a Jew and immediately shot.

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evaded justice for many years, but in 1979 he was convicted in a West German court and sentenced to life in prison, where he died in 1988.

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The largest of the Liepāja massacres took place on three days from Monday, December 15 to Wednesday, December 17, 1941. On December 13,

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was appointed the German naval commandant in Liepāja. On July 22, Kawelmacher sent a telegram to the German Navy's Baltic Command in

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Statement (excerpt) of SD interpreter Paul Fahrbach, given to the Hamburg Landsgericht, 16 April 1964, translated and reprinted in

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moved closer to the pit, they were ordered to strip completely. A Latvian guard, Bulvāns, later testified that he saw two Germans,

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Nazi police warning to the Jews of Liepāja to remain in their houses on December 15 and 16, 1941, in German and Latvian languages.

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Reichert entered Liepāja. One of the first people EK 1a killed, on June 30, was the musician Aron Fränkel, who, not knowing that

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Statement (excerpt) of police commander Rosenstock, given to the Hamburg Landsgericht, 1 July 1964, translated and reprinted in

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27 July 1941: "Jewish problem Libau largely solved by execution of about 1,100 male Jews by Riga SS commando on 24 and 25.7."

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Statement (excerpt) of boatswain's mate Schulz, given to the Hamburg Landsgericht, 10 Sept 1964, translated and reprinted in

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, Holocaust Education, Research and Remembrance in Latvia, 16 Sept 2003

3373:(describes in detail the provenance and contents of the Reinhard Wiener film of the July or August 1941 shooting at Liepāja) 448:

Brückner, who had taken over from Stein issued a set of anti-Jewish regulations. These were published in a local newspaper,

3364:(This is a short film about 1.5 minutes long, taken of a July or August 1941 shooting by a German soldier, Richard Wiener.) 2923: 2681:

Statement (excerpt) of boatman Vandrey, given to the Hamburg Landsgericht, 17 July 1959, translated and reprinted in Klee,

663:(also known as "Gypsy" in English and "Zigeuner" in German) were also targets of the Nazi occupation. On December 4, 1941, 6117: 6109: 6022: 4536: 4276: 4156: 3814: 3561: 2605:

Statement (excerpt) of adjutant Lucan, given to the Hamburg Landsgericht, 15 July 1959, translated and reprinted in Klee,

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Immediately following the shooting. The man on the right is the "kicker", responsible for shoving the bodies into the pit.

3020: 686:"for follow up" ("zu weiteren Veranlassung"), a Nazi euphemism for murder. On December 5, 1941, all 100 were killed near 7138: 6654: 6314: 5976: 5754: 5675: 5651: 5549: 5302: 5121: 4613: 4361: 4224: 3824: 607: 3083: 937:

and the ghetto was closed. Only three Jews, who were barely alive, were left behind, two shoemakers and one goldsmith.

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Anders, Edward; Dubrovskis, Juris (2003). "Who Died in the Holocaust? Recovering Names from Official Records".

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in Riga of 4 women and a girl and began an investigation to out who the girl was. He discovered that she was

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In 1969, Hans Baumgartner, a member of Einsatzkommando 2 who participated in the shootings, was arrested in

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Anti-Jewish measures ordered by the German naval commander in Liepāja, July 5, 1941, in German and Latvian.

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headquarters in Liepāja. As a result of our communication the dead Jews were covered properly with sand.

4916: 4725: 4693: 2732: 578:, Jewish football coach and former Austrian national team player, was killed in the massacres in July. 4575: 4452: 3133: 2811:. Vol. 14. Translated by Eihmane, Eva. Institute of the History of Latvia, University of Latvia. 834: 755: 595: 550: 7188: 7153: 7050: 6893: 6736: 5628: 5588: 5473: 5135: 4986: 4863: 4855: 4740: 4717: 4553: 4412: 4037: 3877: 3637: 435: 4444: 4232: 2817: 7229: 7082: 6879: 6599: 6434: 6364: 5659: 5596: 5541: 5466: 5079: 4887: 4817: 4661: 4583: 4377: 4353: 4283: 4139: 3931: 3733: 3697: 3692: 3662: 3642: 591: 559: 4911: 3361: 6785: 6741: 6539: 6454: 6045: 5912: 5863: 5738: 5691: 5258: 5193: 4677: 4637: 4546: 4385: 3412: 3344: 6619: 6579: 6189: 3647: 2619: 1168: 980: 570: 173: 44:

Members of a Latvian SD police unit assemble a group of Jewish women for murder on a beach near

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and a French documentary was made on the investigation. It was broadcast in France in 2015.

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German naval sergeant. The December shootings at Šķēde were photographed by SS-Scharführer

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Jews were to surrender all radios, typewriters, uniforms, arms and means of transportation.

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About 5,000 Jews. Lesser numbers of Roma, communists and the mentally ill were also killed.

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was fatally wounded in action by Russian partisans on 22 March 1942. He died the next day.

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Jews were barred from public events and transportation and were not to walk on the beach.

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Jewish shops were required to display the sign "A Jewish-owned business" in the window.

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Vestermann, Aaron (1987). "Survival in a Libau Bunker". In Schneider, Gertrude (ed.).

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The Hidden and Forbidden History of Latvia Under Soviet and Nazi Occupations 1940–1991

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were a series of mass executions, many public or semi-public, in and near the city of

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and Philip (or Filip) Krapp, using a whip on people who did not move on to the pit.

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2, entered the city with about 30 men, most of them from Police Battalion 9 of the

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Office of the United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality,

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Holocaust and the Moving Image: Representations in Film and Television since 1933

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Jews were required to leave the sidewalk if they encountered a German in uniform.

298:, of 2,731 Jews and 23 communists, occurred in the dunes surrounding the town of 6554: 6509: 6489: 6424: 4993: 4428: 3819: 3602: 3581: 3132:), Munich, 1947, English translation by Laimdota Mazzarins available on-line as 3074: 2951: 2916: 934: 631:

it was intolerable that shootings were being carried out in front of spectators.

525: 39: 17: 2353: 7012: 6439: 6409: 4775: 3882: 3632: 3320: 3308: 3139: 3077:, "Genocide of the Roma in the Holocaust", Excerpted from Charny, Israel, W., 930: 352: 348: 318: 302:, north of the city center. This massacre, which was perpetrated on a disused 287:

were present during shootings. In addition to Jewish men, women and children (

233: 112: 100: 45: 137: 124: 6639: 4832: 4768: 4629: 3952: 3146:

The Good Old Days - The Holocaust as Seen by its Perpetrators and Bystanders

3109:, (3d ed.) New Haven, Connecticut; London : Yale University Press 2003 3087: 2954: 826: 779: 767: 529: 508:

On or about July 7, 1941, Reichert returned to Liepāja, with a message from

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War of extermination : the German military in World War II, 1941-1944

865:

A group of Jewish women huddled together, waiting to be shot on the beach

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Gypsies who wander about in the countryside represent a two-fold danger.

654: 327: 295: 3340:, Volume VII, pages 978–995, USGPO, Washington, D.C. 1946 ("Red Series") 430:

As a naval base, Liepāja came under the command of the German navy, the

4789: 2169: 2167: 1702: 811:

said to prove that Latvians and not Germans carried out the executions.

108: 829:

soldiers were present at an execution, apparently pursuant to orders.

5100: 4782: 4701: 4345: 4003: 2843:"German Anti-semite Gets Four Months in Jail for Anti-jewish Remarks" 687: 340: 250: 116: 3348: 3009: 2376: 2374: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2751: 2749: 2626:, 3 January 1941, translated (excerpt only) and reprinted in Klee, 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 3314:

Directions concerning treatment of Jewish property 13 October 1941

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The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution—A Reconsideration

950:

were prosecuted by the Soviets, with 30 of them being executed.

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officers visited the site during the course of the executions.

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Comprehensive report of Einsatzgruppe A up to 15 October 1941

2891:"death sentences on DDR trials - Page 6 - Axis History Forum" 2032: 2030: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 791:

After the shootings, on January 3, 1942, Kügler reported to

486:

On July 3 or 4, Erhard Grauel, commander of a detachment of

3232:

Exile and Destruction: the fate of Austrian Jews, 1938–1945

3150:. (translation by Deborah Burnstone). New York: MacMillan. 3042:. Riga: Historical Institute of Latvia in association with 3015:

Dribins, Leo, Gūtmanis, Armands, and Vestermanis, Marģers,

3409:(modern aerial images of trench at shooting site at Šķēde) 2556:

His name is also seen as Carl Strott and Carl-Emil Strott.

347:

started on the night of June 23 to June 24, 1941, when in

3134:

Churbn Lettland -- The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia

889:

A Latvian guard leads Jewish women to the execution site

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Muted voices : Jewish survivors of Latvia remember

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Online version from National Library of Latvia website.

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the website of the Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Nollendorfs, Valters; Oberländer, Erwin, eds. (2005).

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Women and children forced to undress prior to shooting

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Photographing the Holocaust—Interpreting the Evidence

2609:, at pages 129 and 133, with source given at page 285 1032:

Erich Handke: 8 years (died in prison 8 months later)

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Fritz Bauer Institut · Cinematographie des Holocaust

3040:

The Holocaust in Latvia 1941–1944 The Missing Center

3017:

Latvia's Jewish Community: History, Tragedy, Revival

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The main perpetrators were detachments of the 2100: 2098: 808: 784: 669: 628: 540: 6078:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting 3286:. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 219–236. 3226:, New York : Philosophical Library, 1987. 2530: 2528: 2270: 2268: 2213: 2211: 6315: 3984: 3433: 3084:"available on-line at the Patrin Web Journal" 2393: 2391: 2389: 2225: 2223: 8: 3252:, London; New York : I.B. Tauris, 2004 3201:Niewyk, Donald L., and Nicosia, Francis R., 2719: 2717: 2685:, at page 127 with source given at page 285. 2107:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 2088: 2086: 3191:, Fordham University Press, New York, 2006 3169:, Vol. 2, by U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum 3064:, London; New York : Wallflower, 2005 2587: 2585: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2365: 2300: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2067: 2065: 277:Latvian auxiliary police and militia forces 74:Location of Liepāja massacres within Latvia 6911: 6758: 6349: 6322: 6308: 6300: 6176: 5987: 5923: 5845: 5816: 5809: 5719: 5640: 5561: 5506: 5484: 5434: 5384: 5348: 5291: 5247: 5211: 5175: 5026: 5004: 4968: 4939: 4747: 4602: 4532: 4253:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 4248: 4213: 4135: 4045: 4018: 3991: 3977: 3969: 3440: 3426: 3418: 2939: 2792: 2755: 2638: 2636: 2576: 2510: 2380: 2341: 2259: 2202: 2177: 2118: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2036: 1040: 825:, Navy personnel and at least one hundred 532:, where he organized additional killings. 157:Imprisonment, mass shootings, forced labor 38: 7250:Holocaust massacres and pogroms in Latvia 2816: 2418: 2416: 2173: 840:Philippe Labrune saw a photograph in the 816:Spectators, participants, and photography 66: 4073:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus 3142:; Dressen, Willi; Riess, Volker (1991). 2601: 2599: 2597: 462:on the front and back of their clothing; 322:attack on Liepāja was led by the German 6275:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus 3888:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission 2990:(1). Oxford University Press: 114–138. 2026: 855: 3165:"Liepāja", article to be published in 2966:Memorials at Liepāja Central Cemetery. 2547:) is given at Ezergailis 1996, p. 383. 901:Jewish women about to be shot by Nazis 29: 6809:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer 5942:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre 3130:The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia 2274:Ezergailis 1996, p. 233 n.26, p. 287. 852:Photographs of the December shootings 7: 6094:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege 5684:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack 3958:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany 3871:War crimes investigations and trials 3126:Die Vernichtung des Judens Lettlands 3107:The destruction of the European Jews 2470:The Destruction of the European Jews 636:Shootings from August to December 10 454:. Summarized these were as follows: 176:, Hans Kawelmacher, Karl-Emil Strott 3203:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 3175:The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies 3060:Haggith, Toby, and Newman, Joanna, 2930:(on-line database case summary 760) 2769:"A la recherche de Sorella Epstein" 2488:The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies 2457:The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies 2437:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 27:Series of mass executions in Latvia 3120:Jewish community of Latvia website 602:, which stated that he wanted 100 372:On June 29, 1941, a detachment of 222:At Šķēde, Liepāja Central Cemetery 25: 6086:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting 5835:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing 5828:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 3916:Roberts Seduls and Johanna Sedule 3717:Nazi occupation and organizations 3362:Film of mass shootings at Liepāja 3167:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 6062:Toulouse and Montauban shootings 5963:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing 5885:Matza restaurant suicide bombing 3319: 3307: 2711:, at page 13, n.23, and page 27. 2534:Ezergailis 1996, p. 308 nn.90-1. 2426:, pp. 129, 133 - source p. 285). 2231:"Rikojums visiem zidiem Liepaia" 906: 894: 882: 870: 858: 717: 706: 698:December 15–17: "The Big Action" 414: 403: 65: 58: 7204:Special Prosecution Book-Poland 6181:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 5280:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres 4081:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 3177:, Oxford University Press 2000 2725:"Yad Vashem - Request Rejected" 2424:Klee, Dressen & Riess (1991 2399:Klee, Dressen & Riess (1991 2306:Klee, Dressen & Riess (1991 1821:Jews (men, women and children) 962:was tried and convicted by the 6970:Burning of the Riga synagogues 5871:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre 5700:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre 4710:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation 3810:Jungfernhof concentration camp 3521:Burning of the Riga synagogues 3338:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression 3030:, University of Latvia website 2984:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2709:Holocaust and the Moving Image 2522:Ezergailis 1996, p. 308 n. 89. 2005:and Liepāja Central Cemetery. 795:, then in command of the Riga 667:issued a decree which stated: 536:July 24–25: First Arājs action 1: 6118:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 5787:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings 3815:Kaiserwald concentration camp 3302:War crime trials and evidence 2401:, pp. 127-8 - source p. 285). 2217:Ezergailis 1996, p. 306 n.67. 1829:Liepāja (by military harbor) 288: 6070:Jerusalem synagogue massacre 5977:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing 5755:Dizengoff Street bus bombing 4187:Massacres at London and York 3825:Salaspils concentration camp 3230:Schneider, Gertrude (1995). 3028:Kurzeme's and Zemgale's Jews 2646:, "Introduction", at page xx 2327:Anders & Dubrovskis 2003 2159:Anders & Dubrovskis 2003 2104:"Liepāja", pending article, 2092:Ezergailis 1996, p. 305 n.1. 2080:Ezergailis 1996, p. 33 n.81. 1042:1941–1942 massacres Liepāja 6815:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 6480:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 5518:Night of the Murdered Poets 3898:Righteous Among the Nations 3470:Related articles by country 3401:The Killing Fields of Skede 3351:(well indexed HTML version) 2696:Photographing the Holocaust 2071:Ezergailis 1996, pp. 286-7. 2015:List of massacres in Latvia 1026:Georg Rosenstock: 2.5 years 326:. Strong resistance by the 255:German occupation of Latvia 7276: 6875:Lithuanian Security Police 5949:Davidka Square bus bombing 5660:Antwerp summer camp attack 5534:Shafrir synagogue shooting 5237:Operation Harvest Festival 4346:Massacre of the Assumption 3729:Reichskommissariat Ostland 2952:Central Cemetery (Liepāja) 2308:, p. 126 - source p. 285). 1771:30 Jews and 26 communists 652: 482:July 7 "hostage" shootings 6778:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 6015:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing 5970:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing 5892:Hebrew University bombing 5613:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 5573:Avivim school bus bombing 5496:Menarsha synagogue attack 5460:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 3455: 3267:. Philosophical Library. 3234:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 2847:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1451:18 Jews and 2 communists 1029:Karl-Emil Strott: 7 years 558:Grauel was replaced with 553:, Libau naval commandant. 53: 37: 7028:Ninth Fort November 1941 6630:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 6385:Humbert Achamer-Pifrader 6142:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing 6126:Poway synagogue shooting 6023:Jerusalem yeshiva attack 5857:Ghriba synagogue bombing 5779:Island of Peace massacre 5230:Kielce cemetery massacre 3784:Latvian Auxiliary Police 3079:Encyclopedia of Genocide 2919:Strafurteil gegen Grauel 2591:Ezergailis 1996, p. 105. 2292:Ezergailis 1996, p. 291. 2130:Ezergailis 1996, p. 286. 1746:2 Jews and 3 communists 1020:Gerhard Kuketta: 2 years 1014:Paul Fahrbach: 1.5 years 249:), on the west coast of 197:Latvian Auxiliary Police 103:and vicinity, including 6450:Franz Walter Stahlecker 5676:Vienna synagogue attack 5652:Paris synagogue bombing 4896:The Bloody Day in Jaffa 3703:Franz Walter Stahlecker 3613:Otto-Heinrich Drechsler 3562:Jewish people of Latvia 3449:The Holocaust in Latvia 3212:, Holt, New York, 2002 2775:(in French). 2015-03-07 585:Hans Kawelmacher (1940) 510:Franz Walter Stahlecker 458:All Jews must wear the 324:291st Infantry Division 7209:Einsatzgruppen reports 7174:List of Einsatzgruppen 7023:Kaunas 29 October 1941 6520:Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock 5999:Beersheba bus bombings 5605:Kiryat Shmona massacre 5526:Scorpion Pass massacre 5223:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 4654:Second Kishinev pogrom 4394:Portuguese Inquisition 4038:2nd Alexandrian pogrom 3189:Latvia in World War II 2917:Hannover Landgericht, 1898:beginning of March 42 1017:Erhard Grauel: 7 years 813: 789: 679: 633: 586: 546: 285:German naval personnel 246: 7106:Kremnička and Nemecká 6575:Waldemar Klingelhöfer 5899:Rishon LeZion bombing 5621:Coastal Road massacre 4622:First Kishinev pogrom 4413:Chmielnicki massacres 4322:Schaffhausen Massacre 4241:Armleder persecutions 4195:Rintfleisch massacres 3222:Schneider, Gertrude, 2895:forum.axishistory.com 2672:, at pages 126 to 135 1666:Men, women, children 994:on 16 September 1971. 649:Massacres of the Roma 584: 138:56.48278°N 21.00972°E 7189:Einsatzgruppen trial 7051:Operation Tannenberg 6732:Antanas Impulevičius 6605:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 6134:Jersey City shooting 6007:Ashdod Port bombings 5589:Lod Airport massacre 5550:Purge of Polish Jews 5474:Kfar Etzion massacre 4980:Częstochowa massacre 4741:1920 Nebi Musa riots 4561:Fourth Odessa pogrom 4517:Second Odessa pogrom 3878:Einsatzgruppen trial 3668:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 3332:Stahlecker, Franz W. 2996:10.1093/hgs/17.1.114 1776:Beginning of Dec 41 1318:Jews and communists 1023:Otto Reiche: 5 years 997:In 1971, a court in 617:was brought in from 436:Lieutenant commander 395:Anti-Jewish measures 368:Rainis Park massacre 48:, December 15, 1941. 7139:Kamianets-Podilskyi 7083:Gully of Petrushino 6600:Gustav Adolf Nosske 6435:Friedrich Panzinger 6365:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 5956:Café Hillel bombing 5324:Tripolitania pogrom 5122:Kamianets-Podilskyi 4646:Fifth Odessa pogrom 4584:1898 Algerian riots 4525:Third Odessa pogrom 4469:First Odessa pogrom 4354:Spanish Inquisition 4330:Moroccan revolution 4210:14th – 19th century 4140:Rhineland massacres 3932:Bikernieki Memorial 3734:Rollkommando Hamann 3698:Rudolf Joachim Seck 3663:Friedrich Panzinger 3643:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 3356:Newsreels and films 3187:Lumans, Valdis O., 3090:on October 26, 2009 1489:Aktion Brückenwache 1165:First Arājs action 1043: 946:351 members of the 504:July 8–10 shootings 380:Obersturmbannführer 134: / 6786:Sicherheitspolizei 6742:Algirdas Klimaitis 6540:Friedrich Buchardt 6455:Bruno Streckenbach 6054:Burgas bus bombing 5739:Crown Heights riot 5692:Ras Burqa massacre 5403:Haifa Oil Refinery 5259:Ardeatine massacre 5194:Dzyatlava massacre 4614:Częstochowa pogrom 4225:Shepherds' Crusade 4030:Alexandrian pogrom 4015:1st – 13th century 3347:also available at 3036:Ezergailis, Andrew 3019:(2001), available 2926:2012-02-23 at the 2871:www.expostfacto.nl 2729:www1.yadvashem.org 2630:, at pages 134–135 2356:at liepajajews.org 2121:, pp. 211-2.. 1041: 919:The Liepāja ghetto 589:On July 16, 1941, 587: 376:1a, (EK 1a) under 253:in 1941 after the 168:, Pēteris Galiņš, 143:56.48278; 21.00972 7240:Massacres in 1941 7217: 7216: 7162: 7161: 7057:Intelligenzaktion 6903: 6902: 6894:Ypatingasis būrys 6794:Sicherheitsdienst 6750: 6749: 6615:Martin Sandberger 6585:Walter Kutschmann 6570:Friedrich Jeckeln 6360:Reinhard Heydrich 6297: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6269: 6268: 6110:Halamish stabbing 6102:Tel Aviv shooting 6033: 6032: 5986: 5985: 5922: 5921: 5878:Passover massacre 5844: 5843: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5763:Beit Lid massacre 5718: 5717: 5639: 5638: 5629:Nahariya massacre 5560: 5559: 5505: 5504: 5483: 5482: 5433: 5432: 5396:Fajja bus attacks 5383: 5382: 5340: 5339: 5290: 5289: 5246: 5245: 5210: 5209: 5174: 5173: 5025: 5024: 5003: 5002: 4967: 4966: 4951:Tiberias massacre 4880:Constantine riots 4827: 4826: 4752:Russian Civil War 4594: 4593: 4570: 4569: 4306:Brussels massacre 4300: 4299: 4205: 4204: 4173: 4172: 4099: 4098: 4089:Battle of Khaybar 4065:Bar Kokhba revolt 3966: 3965: 3862:Sonderaktion 1005 3805:Daugavpils Ghetto 3798:Ghettos and camps 3683:Martin Sandberger 3628:Friedrich Jeckeln 3324:Works related to 3312:Works related to 2976:Historiographical 2968:openstreetmap.org 2942:, pp. 296–7. 2683:The Good Old Days 2670:The Good Old Days 2657:The Good Old Days 2644:The Good Old Days 2628:The Good Old Days 2607:The Good Old Days 2513:, pp. 293–4. 2344:, pp. 295–6. 2329:, pp. 126–7. 2178:Vestermann (1987) 2176:, p. 155, citing 2161:, pp. 127–8. 2039:, pp. 292–3. 1994: 1993: 802: 754:("squad leader") 567:second lieutenant 565:(equivalent to a 357:Sonderkommando 1a 266:Sicherheitsdienst 230:Liepāja massacres 226: 225: 172:, Erhard Grauel, 92:, Shkeede, Skeden 33:Liepāja massacres 16:(Redirected from 7267: 7088:Zmievskaya Balka 7018:Kaunas June 1941 6975:Dünamünde Action 6912: 6840:Schutzmannschaft 6759: 6560:Erich Isselhorst 6500:Wolfgang Birkner 6495:Ernst Biberstein 6467:Einsatzkommandos 6445:Heinrich Seetzen 6390:Walther Bierkamp 6350: 6338:Einsatzkommandos 6324: 6317: 6310: 6301: 6286: 6283:Dagestan attacks 6278: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6177: 6172: 6169:Beersheba attack 6164: 6145: 6137: 6129: 6121: 6113: 6105: 6097: 6089: 6081: 6073: 6065: 6057: 6049: 6026: 6018: 6010: 6002: 5988: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5924: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5846: 5837: 5830: 5817: 5810: 5790: 5782: 5774: 5766: 5758: 5750: 5742: 5734: 5731:Cairo bus attack 5720: 5711: 5703: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5641: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5597:Ma'alot massacre 5592: 5584: 5576: 5562: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5529: 5521: 5507: 5498: 5485: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5435: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5385: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5349: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5310:Topoľčany pogrom 5305: 5303:Deutsch Schützen 5292: 5283: 5275: 5273:Sărmașu massacre 5268: 5261: 5248: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5212: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5187:Dünamünde Action 5176: 5167: 5159: 5152: 5150:Kaunas (October) 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5027: 5018: 5005: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4969: 4960: 4953: 4940: 4926: 4924: 4907: 4899: 4891: 4883: 4875: 4867: 4859: 4851: 4849: 4836: 4833:Zavirtcha pogrom 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4748: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4662:Białystok pogrom 4657: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4603: 4587: 4579: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4533: 4528: 4520: 4512: 4504: 4496: 4488: 4480: 4472: 4464: 4456: 4453:Algiers massacre 4448: 4440: 4437:Massacre of Uman 4432: 4424: 4416: 4397: 4389: 4381: 4373: 4365: 4357: 4349: 4341: 4333: 4325: 4317: 4309: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4249: 4244: 4236: 4228: 4214: 4198: 4190: 4182: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4136: 4131: 4128:Granada massacre 4123: 4115: 4112:Córdoba massacre 4092: 4084: 4076: 4068: 4060: 4057:The Great Revolt 4046: 4041: 4033: 4019: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3970: 3941:Related articles 3789:Schutzmannschaft 3775: 3753: 3693:Walther Schröder 3678:Alfred Rosenberg 3673:Eduard Roschmann 3572:Joseph Carlebach 3526:Dünamünde Action 3471: 3461: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3419: 3391: 3369: 3323: 3311: 3297: 3278: 3245: 3161: 3149: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3086:. 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Archived from 2721: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2631: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2592: 2589: 2580: 2574: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2491: 2484: 2473: 2466: 2460: 2453: 2440: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2411: 2410:Lewy, at 153-156 2408: 2402: 2395: 2384: 2378: 2369: 2366:Vestermanis 2000 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2324: 2309: 2302: 2293: 2290: 2275: 2272: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2235: 2227: 2218: 2215: 2206: 2200: 2181: 2171: 2162: 2156: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2102: 2093: 2090: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2040: 2034: 1641:30 men, 3 women 1044: 975:Franz Stahlecker 969:Landsberg Prison 910: 898: 886: 874: 862: 835:Karl-Emil Strott 800: 756:Karl-Emil Strott 721: 710: 596:Hans Kawelmacher 592:Fregattenkapitän 562:Untersturmführer 554: 551:Hans Kawelmacher 446:Korvettenkapitan 441:Korvettenkapitan 418: 407: 293: 290: 241: 149: 148: 146: 145: 144: 139: 135: 132: 131: 130: 127: 85: 69: 68: 62: 42: 30: 21: 18:Liepaja massacre 7275: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7260:1941 in Judaism 7220: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7184:Commissar Order 7158: 7110: 7092: 7069: 7037: 6999: 6995:Liepāja (Šķēde) 6956: 6938: 6899: 6827: 6802:Ordnungspolizei 6746: 6727:Herberts Cukurs 6710: 6664: 6660:Udo von Woyrsch 6625:Hermann Schaper 6620:Emanuel Schäfer 6595:Josef Meisinger 6580:Wolfgang Kügler 6505:Helmut Bischoff 6472:Sonderkommandos 6470: 6465: 6459: 6400:Erich Ehrlinger 6375: 6369: 6341: 6328: 6298: 6289: 6281: 6273: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6175: 6167: 6159: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6124: 6116: 6108: 6100: 6092: 6084: 6076: 6068: 6060: 6052: 6044: 6029: 6021: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5793: 5785: 5777: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5729: 5714: 5706: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5668:Antwerp bombing 5666: 5658: 5650: 5635: 5627: 5619: 5611: 5603: 5595: 5587: 5581:Munich massacre 5579: 5571: 5556: 5548: 5540: 5532: 5524: 5516: 5501: 5494: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5286: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5170: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5021: 5014: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4929: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4872:Campbell pogrom 4870: 4864:Hebron massacre 4862: 4854: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4716: 4708: 4700: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4668: 4660: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4630:Zablotov pogrom 4628: 4620: 4612: 4590: 4582: 4574: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4531: 4523: 4515: 4509:Damascus affair 4507: 4499: 4491: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4419: 4411: 4400: 4392: 4384: 4376: 4370:Lisbon massacre 4368: 4360: 4352: 4344: 4336: 4328: 4320: 4312: 4304: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4247: 4239: 4231: 4223: 4201: 4193: 4185: 4177: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4134: 4126: 4118: 4110: 4095: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4063: 4055: 4044: 4036: 4028: 4010: 3997: 3967: 3962: 3936: 3920: 3892: 3866: 3850: 3841:Generalplan Ost 3829: 3793: 3773: 3762:Herberts Cukurs 3751: 3738: 3712: 3648:Wolfgang Kügler 3618:Erich Ehrlinger 3586: 3550: 3546:Liepāja (Šķēde) 3509: 3469: 3459: 3451: 3446: 3407:Liepajajews.org 3389: 3380: 3367: 3358: 3304: 3294: 3281: 3275: 3262: 3248:Struk, Janina, 3242: 3229: 3208:Roseman, Mark, 3173:Lewy, Guenter, 3158: 3138: 3124:Kaufmann, Max, 3093: 3091: 3082: 3054: 3034: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2946: 2940:Ezergailis 1996 2938: 2934: 2928:Wayback Machine 2913: 2912: 2908: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2875: 2873: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2818:10.1.1.693.6656 2804: 2803: 2799: 2793:Ezergailis 1996 2791: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2756:Ezergailis 1996 2754: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2634: 2620:Wolfgang Kügler 2617: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2577:Ezergailis 1996 2575: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2543:Strott's rank ( 2542: 2538: 2533: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2511:Ezergailis 1996 2509: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2472:, at page 1073. 2467: 2463: 2454: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2381:Ezergailis 1996 2379: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2342:Ezergailis 1996 2340: 2333: 2325: 2312: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2260:Ezergailis 1996 2258: 2254: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2203:Ezergailis 1996 2201: 2184: 2172: 2165: 2157: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2119:Ezergailis 1996 2117: 2113: 2103: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2043: 2037:Ezergailis 1996 2035: 2028: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1624:Aktion Linharts 1039: 1037:Tabular summary 1007:Ordnungspolizei 981:Wolfgang Kügler 943: 921: 914: 911: 902: 899: 890: 887: 878: 875: 866: 863: 854: 846:Sorella Epstein 818: 804:Ordnungspolizei 731: 730: 729: 728: 724: 723: 722: 713: 712: 711: 700: 657: 651: 638: 571:Wolfgang Kügler 556: 548: 543: 538: 506: 493:Ordnungspolizei 488:Einsatzkommando 484: 428: 427: 426: 425: 421: 420: 419: 410: 409: 408: 397: 385:Einsatzkommando 374:Einsatzkommando 370: 337: 335:Shootings begin 316: 314:German invasion 291: 272:Ordnungspolizei 237: 189:Ordnungspolizei 174:Wolfgang Kügler 142: 140: 136: 133: 128: 125: 123: 121: 120: 119: 83: 78: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 70: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7273: 7271: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7245:Einsatzgruppen 7242: 7237: 7235:1941 in Latvia 7232: 7222: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7199:Korherr Report 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7179:The Black Book 7176: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7102: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7047: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 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Ohlendorf 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6379: 6377:Einsatzgruppen 6374:Commanders of 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6354: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6332:Einsatzgruppen 6329: 6327: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6304: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6279: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6185: 6183: 6174: 6173: 6165: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6138: 6130: 6122: 6114: 6106: 6098: 6090: 6082: 6074: 6066: 6058: 6050: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6019: 6011: 6003: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5930: 5928: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5909: 5906:Matzuva attack 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5831: 5823: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5783: 5775: 5771:Purim massacre 5767: 5759: 5751: 5743: 5735: 5726: 5724: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5708:Purim stabbing 5704: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5672: 5664: 5656: 5647: 5645: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5625: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5593: 5585: 5577: 5568: 5566: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5546: 5542:Tripoli pogrom 5538: 5530: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5491: 5489: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5467:Cairo bombings 5463: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5439: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5389: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5353: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5296: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5276: 5269: 5266:Luduș massacre 5262: 5254: 5252: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5201:Sarny massacre 5197: 5190: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5033: 5031: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5016:Dorohoi pogrom 5011: 5009: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4990: 4987:Dynów massacre 4983: 4975: 4973: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4944: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4908: 4904:Przytyk pogrom 4900: 4892: 4888:Thrace pogroms 4884: 4876: 4868: 4860: 4856:Safed massacre 4852: 4837: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4755: 4745: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4714: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4670:Siedlce pogrom 4666: 4658: 4650: 4642: 4634: 4626: 4618: 4609: 4607: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4580: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4542: 4540: 4537:Russian Empire 4530: 4529: 4521: 4513: 4505: 4497: 4493:Safed massacre 4489: 4481: 4473: 4465: 4457: 4449: 4445:Tétouan pogrom 4441: 4433: 4425: 4421:Safed massacre 4417: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4390: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4358: 4350: 4342: 4338:Cordoba pogrom 4334: 4326: 4318: 4310: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4258: 4256: 4246: 4245: 4237: 4233:Navarre pogrom 4229: 4220: 4218: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4191: 4183: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4143: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4116: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4085: 4077: 4069: 4061: 4052: 4050: 4049:Jewish revolts 4043: 4042: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4016: 4012: 4011: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3911:Paul Schiemann 3908: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3779:Arajs Kommando 3776: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3724:Einsatzgruppen 3720: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3708:Eduard Strauch 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3638:Konrāds Kalējs 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3608:Fritz Dietrich 3605: 3600: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3394:Kurzemes Vārds 3387: 3379: 3378:External links 3376: 3375: 3374: 3365: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3342: 3329: 3317: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3293:978-1571812322 3292: 3279: 3274:978-0802225368 3273: 3260: 3246: 3241:978-0275951399 3240: 3227: 3220: 3206: 3199: 3185: 3171: 3162: 3156: 3136: 3122: 3117: 3100: 3072: 3058: 3053:978-9984905433 3052: 3032: 3023: 3013: 3010:online version 2977: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2958: 2944: 2932: 2906: 2882: 2858: 2834: 2827: 2797: 2795:, p. 304. 2785: 2760: 2745: 2713: 2700: 2687: 2674: 2661: 2648: 2632: 2624:Fritz Dietrich 2611: 2593: 2581: 2579:, p. 294. 2558: 2549: 2536: 2524: 2515: 2492: 2474: 2461: 2459:, at page 123. 2441: 2428: 2412: 2403: 2385: 2383:, p. 308 n.33. 2370: 2368:, p. 224. 2358: 2346: 2331: 2310: 2294: 2276: 2264: 2262:, p. 209. 2252: 2238:Kurzemes Vārds 2219: 2207: 2205:, p. 290. 2182: 2174:Schneider 1995 2163: 2132: 2123: 2111: 2094: 2082: 2073: 2041: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2010: 2007: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1668: 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1226: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1010: 995: 992:Leipzig Prison 984: 978: 972: 960:Fritz Dietrich 957: 951: 948:Arajs Kommando 942: 939: 920: 917: 916: 915: 912: 905: 903: 900: 893: 891: 888: 881: 879: 876: 869: 867: 864: 857: 853: 850: 817: 814: 793:Fritz Dietrich 752:SS-Scharführer 735:Kurzemes Vārds 726: 725: 716: 715: 714: 705: 704: 703: 702: 701: 699: 696: 684:Fritz Dietrich 653:Main article: 650: 647: 637: 634: 539: 537: 534: 505: 502: 483: 480: 479: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 451:Kurzemes Vārds 423: 422: 413: 412: 411: 402: 401: 400: 399: 398: 396: 393: 369: 366: 351:, a town near 336: 333: 315: 312: 260:Einsatzgruppen 224: 223: 220: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207: 193:Arajs Kommando 185:Einsatzgruppen 182: 178: 177: 170:Fritz Dietrich 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 98: 94: 93: 86: 80: 79: 73: 64: 63: 57: 56: 55: 54: 51: 50: 43: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7272: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7149:Mizocz Ghetto 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7129:Drobytsky Yar 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6934:Slutsk Affair 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6924:Łachwa Ghetto 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6770:Schutzstaffel 6767: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6722:Viktors Arājs 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715:Collaborators 6713: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6676:August Becker 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669:Other members 6667: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6645:Eugen Steimle 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6530:Werner Braune 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6468: 6464:Commanders of 6462: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6420:Erich Naumann 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6405:Wilhelm Fuchs 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6333: 6325: 6320: 6318: 6313: 6311: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6232:Netiv HaAsara 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6197:Ein HaShlosha 6194: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6046:Itamar attack 6043: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5914: 5913:Hebron ambush 5910: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5864:Hadera attack 5861: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5317:Kraków pogrom 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5165: 5164:The Holocaust 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5143:Švenčionėliai 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5059:Kaunas (June) 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5006: 4995: 4994:Silc massacre 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4959: 4958:Kristallnacht 4955: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4842: 4841:Oradea pogrom 4838: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4718:Kielce pogrom 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4678:Shiraz pogrom 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4485:Hebron pogrom 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4461:Hep-Hep riots 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4378:Hebron pogrom 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3948:The Holocaust 3946: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834:Documentation 3832: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3774:Organizations 3772: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3757:Viktors Arājs 3755: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3744:Collaborators 3741: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3658:Hinrich Lohse 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3598:Alois Brunner 3596: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3465:The Holocaust 3463: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3349:Mazel library 3346: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3328:at Wikisource 3327: 3322: 3318: 3316:at Wikisource 3315: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3258:1-86064-546-1 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3218:0-8050-6810-4 3215: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3197:0-8232-2627-1 3194: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3183:0-19-512556-8 3180: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3157:0-02-917425-2 3153: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3115:0-300-09592-9 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103:Hilberg, Raul 3101: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3070:1-904764-52-5 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3026:Dribin, Leo, 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2910: 2907: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2828:9984-601-92-7 2824: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2758:, p. 57 n.48. 2757: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2735:on 2011-06-05 2734: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2239: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1869:mentally ill 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801:15-17 Dec 41 1800: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511:about Oct 41 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371:Mentally ill 1370: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1160:24-25 Jul 41 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1059:Participants 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 993: 989: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 965: 961: 958: 955: 954:Viktors Arājs 952: 949: 945: 944: 940: 938: 936: 932: 927: 918: 909: 904: 897: 892: 885: 880: 873: 868: 861: 856: 851: 849: 847: 843: 842:Jewish Museum 838: 836: 830: 828: 824: 815: 812: 807: 805: 798: 794: 788: 783: 781: 775: 773: 769: 763: 759: 757: 753: 747: 743: 739: 736: 720: 709: 697: 695: 691: 689: 685: 678: 675: 672: 668: 666: 665:Hinrich Lohse 662: 661:Romani people 656: 648: 646: 642: 635: 632: 627: 623: 620: 616: 615: 609: 608:Schutzpolizei 605: 601: 597: 594: 593: 583: 579: 577: 572: 568: 564: 563: 555: 552: 545: 535: 533: 531: 527: 521: 517: 513: 511: 503: 501: 497: 495: 494: 489: 481: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 457: 456: 455: 453: 452: 447: 443: 442: 437: 433: 417: 406: 394: 392: 388: 386: 382: 381: 375: 367: 365: 361: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 334: 332: 329: 325: 320: 313: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 286: 283:soldiers and 282: 278: 274: 273: 268: 267: 262: 261: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 231: 221: 217: 213: 209: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 183: 181:Organizations 179: 175: 171: 167: 166:Viktors Arājs 164: 160: 156: 154:Incident type 152: 147: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 99: 95: 91: 87: 84:Also known as 81: 61: 52: 47: 41: 36: 31: 19: 7194:Jäger Report 7144:Lviv pogroms 7063: 7055: 6994: 6952:Kalevi-Liiva 6929:Minsk Ghetto 6892: 6881:Rollkommando 6880: 6868: 6838: 6822:Sonderdienst 6820: 6813: 6800: 6792: 6784: 6781: (RSHA) 6776: 6768: 6696:Felix Landau 6655:Martin Weiss 6635:Erwin Schulz 6610:Walter Rauff 6590:Rudolf Lange 6545:Ernst Damzog 6535:Karl Brunner 6515:Walter Blume 6485:Gerhard Bast 6471: 6466: 6415:Bruno Müller 6376: 6336: 6330: 6161:Israel riots 6153:2020–present 5806:21st century 5747:AMIA bombing 5331:Cairo pogrom 4912:Brest pogrom 4702:Skver pogrom 4599:20th century 4576:Corfu pogrom 4477:Tzfat pogrom 4386:Safed pogrom 4362:Arles pogrom 4314:1391 pogroms 4179:Ham massacre 4120:Fez massacre 3846:Jäger Report 3688:Albert Sauer 3653:Rudolf Lange 3591:Perpetrators 3577:Simon Dubnow 3545: 3460:Main article 3393: 3390:(in Latvian) 3339: 3335: 3283: 3264: 3249: 3231: 3223: 3209: 3202: 3188: 3174: 3166: 3145: 3129: 3125: 3106: 3092:. Retrieved 3088:the original 3078: 3075:Hancock, Ian 3061: 3039: 3027: 3016: 2987: 2983: 2961: 2947: 2935: 2918: 2909: 2898:. Retrieved 2894: 2885: 2874:. Retrieved 2870: 2867:"ddreng1046" 2861: 2850:. Retrieved 2846: 2837: 2807: 2800: 2788: 2777:. Retrieved 2772: 2763: 2737:. Retrieved 2733:the original 2728: 2708: 2703: 2698:, at page 70 2695: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2669: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2643: 2627: 2618:Letter from 2614: 2606: 2552: 2539: 2518: 2487: 2469: 2464: 2456: 2436: 2431: 2406: 2361: 2354:Otto Fischer 2349: 2255: 2242:. 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Liepāja massacres

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