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Liouville field theory

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2933: 2366: 2280: 2928:{\displaystyle {\hat {C}}_{\alpha _{1},\alpha _{2},\alpha _{3}}={\frac {\left^{Q-\alpha _{1}-\alpha _{2}-\alpha _{3}}{\hat {\Upsilon }}_{b}(0){\hat {\Upsilon }}_{b}(2\alpha _{1}){\hat {\Upsilon }}_{b}(2\alpha _{2}){\hat {\Upsilon }}_{b}(2\alpha _{3})}{{\hat {\Upsilon }}_{b}(\alpha _{1}+\alpha _{2}+\alpha _{3}-Q){\hat {\Upsilon }}_{b}(\alpha _{1}+\alpha _{2}-\alpha _{3}){\hat {\Upsilon }}_{b}(\alpha _{2}+\alpha _{3}-\alpha _{1}){\hat {\Upsilon }}_{b}(\alpha _{3}+\alpha _{1}-\alpha _{2})}}\ ,} 1800: 8607: 365: 8001: 2275:{\displaystyle C_{\alpha _{1},\alpha _{2},\alpha _{3}}={\frac {\left^{Q-\alpha _{1}-\alpha _{2}-\alpha _{3}}\Upsilon _{b}'(0)\Upsilon _{b}(2\alpha _{1})\Upsilon _{b}(2\alpha _{2})\Upsilon _{b}(2\alpha _{3})}{\Upsilon _{b}(\alpha _{1}+\alpha _{2}+\alpha _{3}-Q)\Upsilon _{b}(\alpha _{1}+\alpha _{2}-\alpha _{3})\Upsilon _{b}(\alpha _{2}+\alpha _{3}-\alpha _{1})\Upsilon _{b}(\alpha _{3}+\alpha _{1}-\alpha _{2})}}\ ,} 4581: 4053: 1629: 3353: 5097: 898: 5174:
On the other hand, when the central charge is sent to one while conformal dimensions stay continuous, Liouville theory tends to Runkel–Watts theory, a nontrivial conformal field theory (CFT) with a continuous spectrum whose three-point function is not analytic as a function of the momenta.
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of the particle. This has applications to extreme value statistics of the two-dimensional Gaussian free field, and allows to predict certain universal properties of the log-correlated random energy models (in two dimensions and beyond).
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Cao, Xiangyu; Doussal, Pierre Le; Rosso, Alberto; Santachiara, Raoul (2018-01-30). "Operator Product Expansion in Liouville Field Theory and Seiberg type transitions in log-correlated Random Energy Models".
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one-point function. Due to remarkable identities of conformal blocks and structure constants, this modular invariance property can be deduced from crossing symmetry of the sphere four-point function.
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When the central charge and conformal dimensions are sent to the relevant discrete values, correlation functions of Liouville theory reduce to correlation functions of diagonal (A-series) Virasoro
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in this background is then identical to Liouville field theory, with the linear dilaton being responsible for the background charge term while the tachyon contributing the exponential potential.
4576:{\displaystyle T=T_{zz}=(\partial _{z}\varphi )^{2}+Q\partial _{z}^{2}\varphi \;,\quad {\bar {T}}=T_{{\bar {z}}{\bar {z}}}=(\partial _{\bar {z}}\varphi )^{2}+Q\partial _{\bar {z}}^{2}\varphi \ .} 970: 5284: 668: 279: 4719: 932: 463: 1624:{\displaystyle R(\alpha )=\pm \lambda ^{Q-2\alpha }{\frac {\Gamma (b(2\alpha -Q))\Gamma ({\frac {1}{b}}(2\alpha -Q))}{\Gamma (b(Q-2\alpha ))\Gamma ({\frac {1}{b}}(Q-2\alpha ))}}\ .} 716: 514: 5413: 5333: 4672: 1788: 339: 4048:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x_{1}^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x_{2}^{2}}}\right)\varphi (x_{1},x_{2})=\lambda 'be^{2b\varphi (x_{1},x_{2})}\ ,} 4846: 137: 2358: 1696: 1140: 419: 5628: 5598: 1278: 519:
While the exponential potential breaks momentum conservation, it does not break conformal symmetry, and Liouville theory is a conformal field theory with the central charge
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of Liouville theory are covariant under this duality, and under reflections of the momenta. These quantum symmetries of Liouville theory are however not manifest in the
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It has been difficult to define and to compute this path integral. In the path integral representation, it is not obvious that Liouville theory has exact
5092:{\displaystyle \left\langle \prod _{i=1}^{N}V_{\alpha _{i}}(z_{i})\right\rangle =\int D\varphi \ e^{-S}\prod _{i=1}^{N}e^{2\alpha _{i}\varphi (z_{i})}\ .} 7969: 3491: 5339: 5998: 2944: 1286: 893:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}=\int _{{\frac {c-1}{24}}+\mathbb {R} _{+}}d\Delta \ {\mathcal {V}}_{\Delta }\otimes {\bar {\mathcal {V}}}_{\Delta }\ ,} 8090: 7981: 7280: 6771:
Bernard, Denis; LeClair, André (2021-12-10). "The sinh-Gordon model beyond the self dual point and the freezing transition in disordered systems".
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WZW model) can be expressed in terms of correlation functions of Liouville theory. This is also true of correlation functions of the 2d black hole
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when it was found to actually exist, and to be spacelike rather than timelike. As of 2022, not one of these three names is universally accepted.
8115: 7665: 7223: 43: 8219: 7599: 8450: 5178: 8342: 8030: 7522: 7188: 8198: 4357:{\displaystyle T_{z{\bar {z}}}=T_{{\bar {z}}z}=0\;,\quad \partial _{\bar {z}}T_{zz}=0\;,\quad \partial _{z}T_{{\bar {z}}{\bar {z}}}=0\ .} 8080: 5961:. In that case, certain correlation functions between primary fields in the Liouville theory are mapped to correlation functions of the 5768:{\displaystyle S={\frac {1}{4\pi }}\int d^{2}x\left(\partial ^{\mu }\varphi \partial _{\mu }\varphi +\lambda \cosh(2b\varphi )\right).} 6989: 6472:
Guillarmou, Colin; Kupiainen, Antti; Rhodes, RĂ©mi; Vargas, Vincent (2021-12-29). "Segal's axioms and bootstrap for Liouville Theory".
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background. The tachyon field equation of motion in the linear dilaton background requires it to take an exponential solution. The
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denote the same Verma module, viewed as a representation of the left- and right-moving Virasoro algebra respectively. In terms of
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The reflection relation is responsible for the momentum taking values on a half-line, instead of a full line for a free theory.
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Kupiainen, Antti; Rhodes, RĂ©mi; Vargas, Vincent (2017). "Integrability of Liouville theory: Proof of the DOZZ Formula".
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and obey the reflection relation. Nevertheless, the path integral representation can be used for computing the
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Hadasz, Leszek; Jaskolski, Zbigniew; Suchanek, Paulina (2010). "Modular bootstrap in Liouville field theory".
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Once compactified on a cylinder, Liouville field theory can be equivalently formulated as a worldline theory.
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coset model. Moreover, there exist theories that continuously interpolate between Liouville theory and the
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Generalizations of Runkel-Watts theory are obtained from Liouville theory by taking limits of the type
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Guillarmou, C; Kupiainen, A; Rhodes, R; V, Vargas (2020). "Conformal Bootstrap in Liouville Theory".
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Ribault, Sylvain; Santachiara, Raoul (2015). "Liouville theory with a central charge less than one".
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Liouville theory is related to other subjects in physics and mathematics, such as three-dimensional
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Zamolodchikov, A.; Zamolodchikov, Al. (1996). "Conformal bootstrap in Liouville field theory".
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called the Liouville field, which is defined on a two-dimensional space. This field is not a
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Hikida, Yasuaki; Schomerus, Volker (2007). "H^+_3 WZNW model from Liouville field theory".
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between the background charge and the coupling constant. If this relation is obeyed, then
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approach, Liouville theory can be shown to be the unique conformal field theory such that
3095: 143: 3812:{\displaystyle \Delta =|g|^{-1/2}\partial _{\mu }(|g|^{1/2}g^{\mu \nu }\partial _{\nu })} 3087:-point function may have several different expressions: that they agree is equivalent to 729:
formulation, in particular the exponential potential is not invariant under the duality.
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of the four-point function, which has been checked numerically and proved analytically.
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Ribault, Sylvain (2008). "A family of solvable non-rational conformal field theories".
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Zamolodchikov, Al (2005). "On the Three-point Function in Minimal Liouville Gravity".
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Ribault, Sylvain; Teschner, Joerg (2005). "H(3)+ correlators from Liouville theory".
6394: 6204: 6196: 6140: 5991: 5962: 5896: 5567: 5531: 3688:{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi (x)={\frac {1}{2}}QR(x)+\lambda 'be^{2b\varphi (x)}\ ,} 594: 7171: 7118: 6532: 6317: 6264: 6148: 364: 8530: 8440: 8158: 8100: 8085: 7723: 7321: 7316: 6694: 6641: 6386: 6109:
Dorn, H.; Otto, H.-J. (1994). "Two and three point functions in Liouville theory".
5979: 5782:. The model can be viewed as a perturbation of Liouville theory. The model's exact 3465:, which is sometimes called the cosmological constant, is related to the parameter 3417: 1143: 770: 188:, Liouville theory has been solved. In particular, its three-point function on the 3577:{\displaystyle \lambda '=4{\frac {\Gamma (1-b^{2})}{\Gamma (b^{2})}}\lambda ^{b}.} 421:, and two eigenvectors are linearly dependent if their momenta are related by the 8188: 7761: 6802: 6436: 6409: 6256: 3034:{\displaystyle {\hat {\Upsilon }}_{b}(x)={\frac {1}{\Upsilon _{ib}(-ix+ib)}}\ .} 17: 7102: 7037: 1331:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {V}}_{\Delta }\otimes {\bar {\mathcal {V}}}_{\Delta }} 361:
is conserved in interactions. In Liouville theory, momentum is not conserved.
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Nakayama, Yu (2004). "Liouville Field Theory: A Decade After the Revolution".
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Moreover, the potential reflects the energy eigenvectors before they reach
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first appeared as a model of time-dependent string theory under the name
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is actually exactly marginal, and the theory is conformally invariant.
31: 5854:. However, it has been argued that the model itself is not invariant. 5234:{\displaystyle b^{2}\notin \mathbb {R} ,b^{2}\to \mathbb {Q} _{<0}} 7020: 6785: 6478: 6329: 6327: 5899:
when trying to formulate a non-critical version of the theory in the
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that is called Liouville gravity. It should not be confused with the
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In flat space, the sinh-Gordon model is defined by the local action:
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Under conformal transformations, an energy eigenvector with momentum
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Schomerus, Volker (2003). "Rolling Tachyons from Liouville theory".
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the spectrum is a continuum, with no multiplicities higher than one,
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The central charge and conformal dimensions are invariant under the
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Teschner, J (2003). "A lecture on the Liouville vertex operators".
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Ribault, Sylvain (2014). "Conformal field theory on the plane".
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Liouville theory exists not only on the sphere, but also on any
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Mathematicians Prove 2D Version of Quantum Gravity Really Works
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Polyakov, A.M. (1981). "Quantum geometry of bosonic strings".
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String Theory Volume I: An Introduction to the Bosonic String
4178:{\displaystyle g_{\mu \nu }dx^{\mu }dx^{\nu }=dzd{\bar {z}},} 1028:{\displaystyle \Delta \in {\frac {c-1}{24}}+\mathbb {R} _{+}} 5609: 5579: 1416:{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }(z)=R(\alpha )V_{Q-\alpha }(z)\ ,} 1312: 1293: 1088:{\displaystyle \alpha \in {\frac {Q}{2}}+i\mathbb {R} _{+}.} 946: 913: 868: 849: 789: 754: 5927:
There is an exact mapping between Liouville theory with
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The corresponding classical equation of motion is the
1142:. The spectrum of Liouville theory does not include a 6032: 5933: 5824: 5792: 5652: 5606: 5576: 5540: 5510: 5466: 5421: 5380: 5348: 5300: 5247: 5181: 5112: 4921: 4898: 4857: 4815: 4774: 4734: 4683: 4647: 4599: 4376: 4201: 4108: 4082: 3866: 3829: 3704: 3596: 3494: 3471: 3446: 3426: 3402: 3364: 3200: 3157: 3104: 3073: 3049: 2947: 2369: 2325: 2291: 1803: 1790:, the three-point structure constant is given by the 1755: 1727: 1704: 1663: 1640: 1435: 1347: 1289: 1244: 1208: 1172: 1107: 1047: 985: 940: 909: 786: 751: 685: 629: 606: 579: 528: 477: 433: 398: 374: 347: 314: 290: 233: 206: 155: 101: 70: 3587:
The equation of motion associated to this action is
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In a free field theory, the energy eigenvectors 296: 273: 212: 173: 131: 76: 4674:is a primary field with the conformal dimension 3151:the correlation functions depend analytically on 769:of Liouville theory is a diagonal combination of 7067:Strominger, Andrew; Takayanagi, Tadashi (2003). 6984:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 323–325. 5903:. The theory also appears as the description of 1158:In Liouville theory, primary fields are usually 224:due to the presence of an exponential potential 7069:"Correlators in Timelike Bulk Liouville Theory" 965:{\displaystyle {\bar {\mathcal {V}}}_{\Delta }} 5500:Liouville theory is the simplest example of a 8031: 7224: 5279:{\displaystyle b^{2}\in \mathbb {Q} _{<0}} 5158:Relations with other conformal field theories 4641:For both of these Virasoro algebras, a field 4586:Each one of these two components generates a 1338:, and are related by the reflection relation 663:{\displaystyle \Delta =\alpha (Q-\alpha )\ .} 274:{\displaystyle V(\varphi )=e^{2b\varphi }\ ,} 8: 388:off Liouville theory's exponential potential 184:Although it is an interacting theory with a 5895:Liouville theory appears in the context of 4714:{\displaystyle \Delta =\alpha (Q-\alpha ).} 1721:otherwise, and the normalization parameter 1101:Liouville theory is unitary if and only if 341:are linearly independent, and the momentum 8128: 8038: 8024: 8016: 7231: 7217: 7209: 7201:, Talk at Institute for Advanced Study by 5907:in two spacetime dimensions with a linear 5294:Liouville theory can be obtained from the 5146:of correlation functions at some of their 4449: 4296: 4255: 3485:that appears in correlation functions by 7145: 7084: 7019: 6914: 6848: 6784: 6739: 6721: 6710:International Journal of Modern Physics A 6668: 6615: 6562: 6506: 6477: 6456: 6435: 6425: 6368: 6339: 6291: 6280:International Journal of Modern Physics A 6238: 6178: 6122: 6093: 6031: 5932: 5835: 5823: 5791: 5721: 5708: 5690: 5668: 5651: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5539: 5515: 5509: 5476: 5471: 5465: 5444: 5435: 5429: 5420: 5398: 5397: 5388: 5379: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5342:. Moreover, correlation functions of the 5318: 5317: 5308: 5299: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5252: 5246: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5196: 5195: 5186: 5180: 5123: 5111: 5072: 5056: 5048: 5038: 5027: 5005: 4972: 4957: 4952: 4942: 4931: 4920: 4897: 4862: 4856: 4828: 4814: 4773: 4739: 4733: 4682: 4652: 4646: 4619: 4598: 4558: 4547: 4546: 4530: 4511: 4510: 4487: 4486: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4455: 4454: 4440: 4435: 4419: 4406: 4387: 4375: 4329: 4328: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4305: 4281: 4265: 4264: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4161: 4160: 4142: 4129: 4113: 4107: 4081: 4028: 4015: 3998: 3971: 3958: 3934: 3929: 3915: 3909: 3897: 3892: 3878: 3872: 3865: 3834: 3828: 3800: 3787: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3732: 3725: 3720: 3711: 3703: 3658: 3615: 3595: 3565: 3549: 3528: 3509: 3493: 3470: 3445: 3425: 3401: 3369: 3363: 3324: 3288: 3275: 3262: 3248: 3247: 3238: 3216: 3199: 3188:Liouville theory is defined by the local 3156: 3124:. Technically, this is equivalent to the 3103: 3072: 3048: 2989: 2979: 2961: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2907: 2894: 2881: 2868: 2857: 2856: 2846: 2833: 2820: 2807: 2796: 2795: 2785: 2772: 2759: 2746: 2735: 2734: 2718: 2705: 2692: 2679: 2668: 2667: 2655: 2639: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2601: 2590: 2589: 2579: 2563: 2552: 2551: 2535: 2524: 2523: 2514: 2501: 2488: 2477: 2448: 2447: 2425: 2414: 2401: 2388: 2383: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2324: 2296: 2290: 2254: 2241: 2228: 2215: 2202: 2189: 2176: 2163: 2150: 2137: 2124: 2111: 2092: 2079: 2066: 2053: 2038: 2022: 2009: 1993: 1980: 1964: 1942: 1930: 1917: 1904: 1893: 1864: 1863: 1850: 1839: 1826: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1754: 1726: 1703: 1662: 1639: 1581: 1512: 1473: 1458: 1434: 1386: 1352: 1346: 1322: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1249: 1243: 1213: 1207: 1177: 1171: 1106: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1054: 1046: 1019: 1015: 1014: 992: 984: 956: 945: 943: 942: 939: 918: 912: 911: 908: 878: 867: 865: 864: 854: 848: 847: 829: 825: 824: 802: 801: 788: 787: 785: 753: 752: 750: 692: 684: 628: 605: 578: 548: 527: 490: 476: 432: 397: 373: 346: 319: 313: 289: 253: 232: 205: 154: 100: 69: 2360:, the three-point structure constant is 927:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {V}}_{\Delta }} 6544: 6542: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6073: 4892:The path integral representation of an 1280:correspond to the primary state of the 458:{\displaystyle \alpha \to Q-\alpha \ ,} 8116:Two-dimensional conformal field theory 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 5566:Liouville theory admits two different 3440:is the Liouville field. The parameter 1745:Correlation functions and DOZZ formula 711:{\displaystyle b\to {\frac {1}{b}}\ ,} 44:two-dimensional conformal field theory 27:Two-dimensional conformal field theory 5818:, and it is formally invariant under 5786:is known in the weak coupling regime 4765:, i.e. have the conformal dimension 509:{\displaystyle Q=b+{\frac {1}{b}}\ .} 7: 7134:Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 6160: 6158: 5600:supersymmetric Liouville theory and 5408:{\displaystyle SL_{2}(\mathbb {R} )} 5374:model (the Euclidean version of the 5328:{\displaystyle SL_{2}(\mathbb {R} )} 5150:as Dotsenko–Fateev integrals in the 4667:{\displaystyle e^{2\alpha \varphi }} 1783:{\displaystyle c\notin (-\infty ,1)} 1426:where the reflection coefficient is 1162:by their momentum rather than their 334:{\displaystyle e^{2\alpha \varphi }} 57:Liouville theory is defined for all 7199:An Introduction to Liouville Theory 7195:article by Charlie Wood, June 2021. 6833:"Dilaton Gravity in Two Dimensions" 4761:that appears in the action must be 3396:on which the theory is formulated, 5718: 5705: 5558:rather than the Virasoro algebra. 5554:, and whose symmetry algebras are 4841:{\displaystyle Q=b+{\frac {1}{b}}} 4775: 4684: 4543: 4507: 4432: 4403: 4302: 4261: 3922: 3912: 3885: 3875: 3797: 3743: 3705: 3597: 3539: 3512: 3285: 3272: 2986: 2952: 2859: 2798: 2737: 2670: 2630: 2592: 2554: 2526: 2338: 2293: 2212: 2160: 2108: 2050: 2019: 1990: 1961: 1939: 1768: 1676: 1575: 1545: 1506: 1476: 1323: 1299: 1126: 986: 957: 919: 879: 855: 840: 733:Spectrum and correlation functions 630: 607: 408: 192:has been determined analytically. 165: 132:{\displaystyle c\in (1,+\infty ),} 120: 25: 8611:Template:Quantum mechanics topics 5875:, so Liouville theory provides a 5630:supersymmetric Liouville theory. 4367:The non-vanishing components are 2353:{\displaystyle c\in (-\infty ,1)} 1691:{\displaystyle c\in (-\infty ,1)} 1135:{\displaystyle c\in (1,+\infty )} 414:{\displaystyle \varphi =+\infty } 8606: 8605: 8000: 7999: 5634:Relations with integrable models 5623:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=2} 5593:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=1} 1273:{\displaystyle V_{Q-\alpha }(z)} 468:where the background charge is 5562:Supersymmetric Liouville theory 5163:Some limits of Liouville theory 4453: 4300: 4259: 7949:Relativistic quantum mechanics 6773:Journal of High Energy Physics 6657:Journal of High Energy Physics 6604:Journal of High Energy Physics 6551:Journal of High Energy Physics 6495:Journal of High Energy Physics 6387:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.01.036 6227:Journal of High Energy Physics 6001:in a certain four-dimensional 5828: 5754: 5742: 5662: 5656: 5402: 5394: 5322: 5314: 5213: 5116: 5078: 5065: 5018: 5012: 4978: 4965: 4877:{\displaystyle e^{2b\varphi }} 4784: 4778: 4754:{\displaystyle e^{2b\varphi }} 4705: 4693: 4552: 4527: 4516: 4503: 4492: 4480: 4460: 4416: 4399: 4334: 4322: 4270: 4238: 4216: 4166: 4034: 4008: 3977: 3951: 3806: 3765: 3756: 3752: 3721: 3712: 3674: 3668: 3637: 3631: 3609: 3603: 3555: 3542: 3534: 3515: 3336: 3255: 3210: 3204: 3136:Uniqueness of Liouville theory 3019: 2998: 2973: 2967: 2955: 2913: 2874: 2862: 2852: 2813: 2801: 2791: 2752: 2740: 2730: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2645: 2633: 2623: 2607: 2595: 2585: 2569: 2557: 2547: 2541: 2529: 2444: 2434: 2377: 2347: 2332: 2260: 2221: 2208: 2169: 2156: 2117: 2104: 2059: 2044: 2028: 2015: 1999: 1986: 1970: 1957: 1951: 1777: 1762: 1685: 1670: 1609: 1606: 1591: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1554: 1548: 1540: 1537: 1522: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1485: 1479: 1445: 1439: 1404: 1398: 1379: 1373: 1364: 1358: 1316: 1267: 1261: 1231:{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }(z)} 1225: 1219: 1195:{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }(z)} 1189: 1183: 1154:Fields and reflection relation 1129: 1114: 950: 872: 762:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}} 689: 651: 639: 437: 243: 237: 174:{\displaystyle c\to +\infty .} 159: 123: 108: 1: 7927:Quantum statistical mechanics 7704:Quantum differential calculus 7626:Delayed-choice quantum eraser 7394:Symmetry in quantum mechanics 6867:10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00267-3 6687:10.1088/1126-6708/2008/05/073 6634:10.1088/1126-6708/2007/10/064 6581:10.1088/1126-6708/2005/06/014 6525:10.1088/1126-6708/2003/11/043 5953:, and certain log-correlated 4796:{\displaystyle \Delta (b)=1.} 3184:Action and equation of motion 2305:{\displaystyle \Upsilon _{b}} 563:{\displaystyle c=1+6Q^{2}\ .} 6964:10.1016/0370-2693(81)90743-7 6197:10.1016/0550-3213(96)00351-3 6141:10.1016/0550-3213(94)00352-1 6056:. It has also been called a 5453:{\displaystyle SL_{2}/U_{1}} 3846:{\displaystyle g_{\mu \nu }} 3381:{\displaystyle g_{\mu \nu }} 8575:Quantum information science 7729:Quantum stochastic calculus 7719:Quantum measurement problem 7641:Mach–Zehnder interferometer 6897:"Ramifications of Lineland" 5847:{\displaystyle b\to b^{-1}} 5811:{\displaystyle 0<b<1} 5135:{\displaystyle b\to b^{-1}} 4806:This leads to the relation 4631:{\displaystyle c=1+6Q^{2}.} 3857:, this equation reduces to 2285:where the special function 1148:operator product expansions 8656: 7103:10.4310/atmp.2003.v7.n2.a6 7038:10.1103/PhysRevE.97.042111 6902:Turkish Journal of Physics 5340:Drinfeld–Sokolov reduction 8600: 7995: 7789:Quantum complexity theory 7767:Quantum cellular automata 7457:Path integral formulation 7164:10.1007/s11232-005-0048-3 6750:10.1142/S0217751X04019500 6310:10.1142/S0217751X04020567 6058:generalized minimal model 6054:timelike Liouville theory 5901:path integral formulation 5885:Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity 5877:quantum theory of gravity 5485:{\displaystyle H_{3}^{+}} 5367:{\displaystyle H_{3}^{+}} 4590:with the central charge 4075:complex coordinate system 3821:Laplace–Beltrami operator 3458:{\displaystyle \lambda '} 86:Virasoro symmetry algebra 7856:Quantum machine learning 7836:Quantum key distribution 7826:Quantum image processing 7816:Quantum error correction 7666:Wheeler's delayed choice 6839:(Submitted manuscript). 5994:. It is also related to 5990:, and other problems in 5946:{\displaystyle c\geq 25} 5547:{\displaystyle \varphi } 5336:Wess–Zumino–Witten model 3478:{\displaystyle \lambda } 3433:{\displaystyle \varphi } 3174:degenerate fields exist. 1734:{\displaystyle \lambda } 213:{\displaystyle \varphi } 8271:2D free massless scalar 8164:Quantum electrodynamics 8091:QFT in curved spacetime 7772:Quantum finite automata 6803:10.1007/JHEP05(2022)022 6437:10.1007/JHEP10(2022)110 6257:10.1007/JHEP08(2015)109 6045:{\displaystyle c\leq 1} 5867:In two dimensions, the 4724:For the theory to have 4058:which is equivalent to 3117:{\displaystyle g\geq 1} 2314:multiple gamma function 613:{\displaystyle \Delta } 586:{\displaystyle \alpha } 381:{\displaystyle \alpha } 354:{\displaystyle \alpha } 50:is a generalization of 8630:Conformal field theory 8592:Quantum thermodynamics 8516:On shell and off shell 8511:Loop quantum cosmology 8353:N = 4 super Yang–Mills 8312:N = 1 super Yang–Mills 8179:Scalar electrodynamics 8169:Quantum chromodynamics 8071:Conformal field theory 8047:Quantum field theories 7876:Quantum neural network 7073:Adv. Theor. Math. Phys 6060:. It was first called 6046: 6026:Liouville theory with 5984:uniformization problem 5947: 5848: 5812: 5769: 5624: 5594: 5548: 5525: 5486: 5454: 5409: 5368: 5329: 5280: 5235: 5136: 5093: 5043: 4947: 4906: 4878: 4842: 4797: 4755: 4715: 4668: 4632: 4577: 4358: 4190:energy–momentum tensor 4179: 4090: 4049: 3847: 3813: 3689: 3578: 3479: 3459: 3434: 3410: 3382: 3349: 3179:Lagrangian formulation 3165: 3118: 3081: 3057: 3035: 2929: 2354: 2306: 2276: 1784: 1735: 1715: 1692: 1651: 1625: 1417: 1332: 1274: 1232: 1196: 1136: 1089: 1029: 966: 928: 894: 763: 712: 664: 614: 587: 564: 510: 459: 415: 389: 382: 355: 335: 298: 275: 214: 175: 133: 78: 36:Liouville field theory 8640:Differential geometry 8565:Quantum hydrodynamics 8560:Quantum hadrodynamics 8184:Scalar chromodynamics 7901:Quantum teleportation 7414:Wave–particle duality 6047: 6016:Naming confusion for 5948: 5905:bosonic string theory 5849: 5813: 5770: 5625: 5595: 5549: 5526: 5524:{\displaystyle A_{1}} 5496:Conformal Toda theory 5487: 5455: 5410: 5369: 5330: 5281: 5236: 5152:Coulomb gas formalism 5137: 5094: 5023: 4927: 4907: 4879: 4843: 4798: 4756: 4716: 4669: 4633: 4578: 4359: 4180: 4091: 4050: 3848: 3814: 3690: 3579: 3480: 3460: 3435: 3411: 3394:two-dimensional space 3383: 3350: 3166: 3119: 3082: 3058: 3036: 2930: 2355: 2307: 2277: 1785: 1736: 1716: 1693: 1652: 1626: 1418: 1333: 1275: 1233: 1197: 1137: 1090: 1030: 967: 929: 895: 764: 723:correlation functions 713: 665: 615: 588: 565: 511: 460: 416: 383: 367: 356: 336: 299: 276: 215: 176: 134: 79: 8536:Quantum fluctuations 8506:Loop quantum gravity 8076:Lattice field theory 7932:Quantum field theory 7861:Quantum metamaterial 7806:Quantum cryptography 7536:Consistent histories 6827:; Kummer, Wolfgang; 6716:(17n18): 2771–2930. 6030: 5955:random energy models 5931: 5923:Random energy models 5873:Liouville's equation 5822: 5790: 5780:sinh-Gordon equation 5650: 5604: 5574: 5538: 5508: 5504:, associated to the 5464: 5419: 5378: 5346: 5298: 5245: 5179: 5110: 5104:conformal invariance 4919: 4896: 4855: 4813: 4772: 4732: 4726:conformal invariance 4681: 4645: 4597: 4374: 4199: 4106: 4080: 4060:Liouville's equation 3864: 3827: 3702: 3594: 3492: 3469: 3444: 3424: 3400: 3362: 3198: 3155: 3102: 3071: 3047: 2945: 2367: 2323: 2289: 1801: 1753: 1725: 1702: 1661: 1638: 1433: 1345: 1287: 1242: 1206: 1170: 1105: 1045: 983: 938: 907: 784: 749: 683: 627: 604: 577: 526: 475: 431: 396: 372: 345: 312: 288: 284:where the parameter 231: 204: 153: 99: 68: 52:Liouville's equation 8570:Quantum information 8174:Quartic interaction 7917:Quantum fluctuation 7886:Quantum programming 7846:Quantum logic gates 7831:Quantum information 7811:Quantum electronics 7271:Classical mechanics 7156:2005TMP...142..183Z 7095:2003hep.th....3221S 7030:2018PhRvE..97d2111C 6956:1981PhLB..103..207P 6925:2006TJPh...30..349G 6859:2002PhR...369..327G 6829:Vassilevich, Dmitri 6795:2022JHEP...05..022B 6732:2004IJMPA..19.2771N 6679:2008JHEP...05..073R 6626:2007JHEP...10..064H 6573:2005JHEP...06..014R 6517:2003JHEP...11..043S 6414:J. High Energy Phys 6379:2010PhLB..685...79H 6302:2004IJMPA..19S.436T 6249:2015JHEP...08..109R 6189:1996NuPhB.477..577Z 6133:1994NuPhB......375D 5999:partition functions 5959:Gaussian free field 5481: 5363: 4563: 4445: 4192:'s components obey 3939: 3902: 3420:of that space, and 3142:conformal bootstrap 1950: 1164:conformal dimension 599:conformal dimension 186:continuous spectrum 8456:Nambu–Jona-Lasinio 8384:Higher dimensional 8291:Wess–Zumino–Witten 8081:Noncommutative QFT 7970:in popular culture 7752:Quantum algorithms 7600:Von Neumann–Wigner 7580:Objective collapse 7276:Old quantum theory 6931:on 22 August 2011. 6042: 6010:AGT correspondence 5976:general relativity 5970:Other applications 5943: 5869:Einstein equations 5844: 5808: 5765: 5620: 5590: 5570:extensions called 5544: 5521: 5482: 5467: 5450: 5405: 5364: 5349: 5325: 5276: 5231: 5132: 5089: 4902: 4874: 4838: 4793: 4751: 4711: 4664: 4628: 4573: 4542: 4431: 4354: 4175: 4086: 4069:Conformal symmetry 4045: 3925: 3888: 3843: 3809: 3685: 3574: 3475: 3455: 3430: 3406: 3378: 3345: 3161: 3126:modular invariance 3114: 3077: 3053: 3031: 2925: 2350: 2302: 2272: 1938: 1780: 1731: 1714:{\displaystyle -1} 1711: 1688: 1650:{\displaystyle +1} 1647: 1621: 1413: 1328: 1270: 1228: 1192: 1132: 1085: 1025: 962: 924: 890: 759: 708: 660: 610: 583: 560: 506: 455: 411: 390: 378: 351: 331: 294: 271: 210: 171: 129: 74: 48:equation of motion 8617: 8616: 8479: 8478: 8013: 8012: 7987:Quantum mysticism 7965:Schrödinger's cat 7896:Quantum simulator 7866:Quantum metrology 7794:Quantum computing 7757:Quantum amplifier 7734:Quantum spacetime 7699:Quantum cosmology 7689:Quantum chemistry 7389:Scattering theory 7337:Zero-point energy 7332:Degenerate levels 7240:Quantum mechanics 7008:Physical Review E 6944:Physics Letters B 6889:Grumiller, Daniel 6825:Grumiller, Daniel 6357:Physics Letters B 6167:Nuclear Physics B 5992:conformal mapping 5863:Liouville gravity 5681: 5639:Sinh-Gordon model 5502:Toda field theory 5085: 5000: 4905:{\displaystyle N} 4836: 4569: 4555: 4519: 4495: 4483: 4463: 4350: 4337: 4325: 4273: 4241: 4219: 4169: 4089:{\displaystyle z} 4041: 3941: 3904: 3681: 3623: 3559: 3409:{\displaystyle R} 3341: 3253: 3229: 3164:{\displaystyle b} 3089:crossing symmetry 3080:{\displaystyle N} 3056:{\displaystyle N} 3027: 3023: 2958: 2921: 2917: 2865: 2804: 2743: 2676: 2636: 2598: 2560: 2532: 2456: 2380: 2268: 2264: 1872: 1617: 1613: 1589: 1520: 1409: 1319: 1062: 1008: 953: 886: 875: 845: 818: 704: 700: 656: 556: 502: 498: 451: 306:coupling constant 297:{\displaystyle b} 267: 77:{\displaystyle c} 16:(Redirected from 8647: 8609: 8608: 8526:Quantum dynamics 8199:Yang–Mills–Higgs 8154:Non-linear sigma 8144:Euler–Heisenberg 8129: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8017: 8003: 8002: 7714:Quantum geometry 7709:Quantum dynamics 7566:Superdeterminism 7498:Rarita–Schwinger 7447:Matrix mechanics 7302:Bra–ket notation 7233: 7226: 7219: 7210: 7176: 7175: 7149: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7088: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7023: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6927:. Archived from 6918: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6852: 6831:(October 2002). 6821: 6815: 6814: 6788: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6743: 6725: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6672: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6619: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6566: 6546: 6537: 6536: 6510: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6429: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6372: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6295: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6242: 6222: 6209: 6208: 6182: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6126: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6085: 6062:Liouville theory 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6022: 5988:Riemann surfaces 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5726: 5725: 5713: 5712: 5695: 5694: 5682: 5680: 5669: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5613: 5612: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5583: 5582: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5475: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5393: 5392: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5362: 5357: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5313: 5312: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5266: 5257: 5256: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5199: 5191: 5190: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5061: 5060: 5042: 5037: 5022: 5021: 4998: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4946: 4941: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4829: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4588:Virasoro algebra 4582: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4548: 4535: 4534: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4512: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4476: 4465: 4464: 4456: 4444: 4439: 4424: 4423: 4411: 4410: 4395: 4394: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4318: 4310: 4309: 4289: 4288: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4266: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4212: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4147: 4146: 4134: 4133: 4121: 4120: 4098:Euclidean metric 4095: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4020: 4019: 3990: 3976: 3975: 3963: 3962: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3933: 3920: 3919: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3896: 3883: 3882: 3873: 3855:Euclidean metric 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3795: 3794: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3751: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3724: 3715: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3650: 3624: 3616: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3510: 3502: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3319: 3293: 3292: 3280: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3230: 3228: 3217: 3171:and the momenta, 3170: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3065:conformal blocks 3062: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3025: 3024: 3022: 2997: 2996: 2980: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2899: 2898: 2886: 2885: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2851: 2850: 2838: 2837: 2825: 2824: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2790: 2789: 2777: 2776: 2764: 2763: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2723: 2722: 2710: 2709: 2697: 2696: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2622: 2621: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2591: 2584: 2583: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2553: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2506: 2505: 2493: 2492: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2457: 2449: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2406: 2405: 2393: 2392: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2246: 2245: 2233: 2232: 2220: 2219: 2207: 2206: 2194: 2193: 2181: 2180: 2168: 2167: 2155: 2154: 2142: 2141: 2129: 2128: 2116: 2115: 2097: 2096: 2084: 2083: 2071: 2070: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2027: 2026: 2014: 2013: 1998: 1997: 1985: 1984: 1969: 1968: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1922: 1921: 1909: 1908: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1873: 1865: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1831: 1830: 1818: 1817: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1590: 1582: 1543: 1521: 1513: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1407: 1397: 1396: 1357: 1356: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1260: 1259: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1218: 1217: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1182: 1181: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1094: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1063: 1055: 1038:corresponds to 1034: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1009: 1004: 993: 971: 969: 968: 963: 961: 960: 955: 954: 949: 944: 933: 931: 930: 925: 923: 922: 917: 916: 899: 897: 896: 891: 884: 883: 882: 877: 876: 871: 866: 859: 858: 853: 852: 843: 836: 835: 834: 833: 828: 819: 814: 803: 793: 792: 775:Virasoro algebra 768: 766: 765: 760: 758: 757: 717: 715: 714: 709: 702: 701: 693: 669: 667: 666: 661: 654: 619: 617: 616: 611: 593:transforms as a 592: 590: 589: 584: 569: 567: 566: 561: 554: 553: 552: 515: 513: 512: 507: 500: 499: 491: 464: 462: 461: 456: 449: 420: 418: 417: 412: 387: 385: 384: 379: 360: 358: 357: 352: 340: 338: 337: 332: 330: 329: 303: 301: 300: 295: 280: 278: 277: 272: 265: 264: 263: 219: 217: 216: 211: 180: 178: 177: 172: 138: 136: 135: 130: 83: 81: 80: 75: 46:whose classical 40:Liouville theory 21: 18:Liouville theory 8655: 8654: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8596: 8548:Quantum gravity 8475: 8434:Particle theory 8429: 8408: 8357: 8331: 8295: 8259: 8213:Low dimensional 8208: 8149:Ginzburg–Landau 8120: 8111:Topological QFT 8049: 8044: 8014: 8009: 7991: 7977:Wigner's friend 7953: 7944:Quantum gravity 7905: 7891:Quantum sensing 7871:Quantum network 7851:Quantum machine 7821:Quantum imaging 7784:Quantum circuit 7779:Quantum channel 7738: 7684:Quantum biology 7670: 7646:Elitzur–Vaidman 7621:Davisson–Germer 7604: 7556:Hidden-variable 7546:de Broglie–Bohm 7523:Interpretations 7517: 7466: 7420: 7307:Complementarity 7285: 7242: 7237: 7203:Antti Kupiainen 7193:Quanta Magazine 7185: 7180: 7179: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6837:Physics Reports 6823: 6822: 6818: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6741:10.1.1.266.6964 6707: 6706: 6702: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6601: 6600: 6596: 6548: 6547: 6540: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6333: 6332: 6325: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6224: 6223: 6212: 6164: 6163: 6156: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6087: 6086: 6075: 6070: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6017: 5972: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5917:Polyakov action 5893: 5865: 5860: 5831: 5820: 5819: 5788: 5787: 5717: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5686: 5673: 5648: 5647: 5641: 5636: 5602: 5601: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5536: 5535: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5462: 5461: 5440: 5425: 5417: 5416: 5384: 5376: 5375: 5344: 5343: 5304: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5261: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5216: 5203: 5182: 5177: 5176: 5165: 5160: 5119: 5108: 5107: 5068: 5052: 5044: 5001: 4968: 4953: 4948: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4811: 4810: 4770: 4769: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4679: 4678: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4615: 4595: 4594: 4526: 4506: 4469: 4415: 4402: 4383: 4372: 4371: 4311: 4301: 4277: 4260: 4227: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4138: 4125: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4078: 4077: 4071: 4024: 4011: 3994: 3983: 3967: 3954: 3921: 3911: 3884: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3796: 3783: 3763: 3742: 3719: 3700: 3699: 3654: 3643: 3592: 3591: 3561: 3545: 3538: 3524: 3511: 3495: 3490: 3489: 3467: 3466: 3447: 3442: 3441: 3422: 3421: 3398: 3397: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3320: 3312: 3284: 3271: 3258: 3234: 3221: 3196: 3195: 3186: 3181: 3153: 3152: 3138: 3100: 3099: 3096:Riemann surface 3069: 3068: 3045: 3044: 2985: 2984: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2903: 2890: 2877: 2855: 2842: 2829: 2816: 2794: 2781: 2768: 2755: 2733: 2714: 2701: 2688: 2666: 2665: 2651: 2626: 2613: 2588: 2575: 2550: 2522: 2510: 2497: 2484: 2443: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2410: 2397: 2384: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2321: 2320: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2250: 2237: 2224: 2211: 2198: 2185: 2172: 2159: 2146: 2133: 2120: 2107: 2088: 2075: 2062: 2049: 2048: 2034: 2018: 2005: 1989: 1976: 1960: 1926: 1913: 1900: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1835: 1822: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1741:is arbitrary.) 1723: 1722: 1700: 1699: 1659: 1658: 1636: 1635: 1544: 1475: 1454: 1431: 1430: 1382: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1307: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1156: 1103: 1102: 1070: 1043: 1042: 1013: 994: 981: 980: 941: 936: 935: 910: 905: 904: 863: 846: 823: 804: 797: 782: 781: 747: 746: 740: 735: 681: 680: 625: 624: 602: 601: 575: 574: 544: 524: 523: 473: 472: 429: 428: 394: 393: 370: 369: 343: 342: 315: 310: 309: 286: 285: 249: 229: 228: 202: 201: 198: 151: 150: 144:classical limit 97: 96: 66: 65: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8653: 8651: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8622: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8491:Casimir effect 8487: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8466:Standard Model 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8339: 8337: 8336:Superconformal 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8317:Seiberg–Witten 8314: 8309: 8303: 8301: 8300:Supersymmetric 8297: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8020: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7929: 7924: 7922:Casimir effect 7919: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7881:Quantum optics 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7748: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7680: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7656:Quantum eraser 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7314: 7312:Density matrix 7309: 7304: 7299: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7256: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7196: 7184: 7183:External links 7181: 7178: 7177: 7147:hep-th/0505063 7140:(2): 183–196. 7124: 7086:hep-th/0303221 7079:(2): 369–379. 7059: 6997: 6991:978-0143113799 6990: 6978:Polchinski, J. 6969: 6950:(3): 207–210. 6934: 6916:hep-th/0604049 6909:(5): 349–378. 6880: 6850:hep-th/0204253 6843:(4): 327–430. 6816: 6763: 6723:hep-th/0402009 6700: 6647: 6594: 6564:hep-th/0502048 6538: 6508:hep-th/0306026 6485: 6464: 6443: 6400: 6347: 6323: 6293:hep-th/0303150 6286:(2): 436–458. 6270: 6210: 6180:hep-th/9506136 6173:(2): 577–605. 6154: 6124:hep-th/9403141 6101: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6023: 6014: 6006:gauge theories 6003:superconformal 5978:in negatively 5971: 5968: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5924: 5921: 5892: 5889: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5776: 5775: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5619: 5616: 5611: 5589: 5586: 5581: 5568:supersymmetric 5563: 5560: 5543: 5518: 5514: 5497: 5494: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5291: 5288: 5273: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5228: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5169:minimal models 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5100: 5099: 5088: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4901: 4889: 4886: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4849: 4848: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4804: 4803: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4722: 4721: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4639: 4638: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4584: 4583: 4572: 4566: 4561: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4494: 4491: 4482: 4479: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4365: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4336: 4333: 4324: 4321: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4186: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4085: 4070: 4067: 4056: 4055: 4044: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3696: 3695: 3684: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3585: 3584: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3474: 3453: 3450: 3429: 3405: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3356: 3355: 3344: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3160: 3149: 3137: 3134: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3076: 3052: 3042: 3041: 3030: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2936: 2935: 2924: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2635: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2376: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2299: 2295: 2283: 2282: 2271: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1862: 1857: 1849: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1746: 1743: 1730: 1710: 1707: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1646: 1643: 1632: 1631: 1620: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1424: 1423: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1325: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1282:representation 1269: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1202:. Both fields 1191: 1188: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1166:, and denoted 1155: 1152: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1096: 1095: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1061: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1036: 1035: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 991: 988: 959: 952: 948: 921: 915: 901: 900: 889: 881: 874: 870: 862: 857: 851: 842: 839: 832: 827: 822: 817: 813: 810: 807: 800: 796: 791: 756: 739: 736: 734: 731: 719: 718: 707: 699: 696: 691: 688: 671: 670: 659: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 609: 582: 571: 570: 559: 551: 547: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 517: 516: 505: 497: 494: 489: 486: 483: 480: 466: 465: 454: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 410: 407: 404: 401: 377: 350: 328: 325: 322: 318: 304:is called the 293: 282: 281: 270: 262: 259: 256: 252: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 209: 197: 194: 182: 181: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 140: 139: 128: 125: 122: 119: 116: 113: 110: 107: 104: 73: 63:central charge 59:complex values 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8652: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8635:String theory 8633: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8612: 8604: 8599: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8587:Quantum logic 8585: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8521:Quantum chaos 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8496:Cosmic string 8494: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8369:Pure 4D N = 1 8367: 8366: 8364: 8360: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8250:Thirring–Wess 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8225:Bullough–Dodd 8223: 8221: 8220:2D Yang–Mills 8218: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8096:String theory 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8066:Axiomatic QFT 8064: 8062: 8061:Algebraic QFT 8059: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8041: 8036: 8034: 8029: 8027: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8006: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7841:Quantum logic 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7694:Quantum chaos 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7661:Stern–Gerlach 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7595:Transactional 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7585:Quantum logic 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7404:Wave function 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7379:Superposition 7377: 7375: 7374:Quantum state 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7327:Excited state 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7229: 7227: 7222: 7220: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7014:(4): 042111. 7013: 7009: 7001: 6998: 6993: 6987: 6983: 6980:(1998). "9". 6979: 6973: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6935: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6764: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6648: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6486: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6465: 6459: 6454: 6447: 6444: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6348: 6342: 6337: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6111:Nucl. Phys. B 6105: 6102: 6096: 6091: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6020: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5980:curved spaces 5977: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963:Gibbs measure 5960: 5956: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5897:string theory 5891:String theory 5890: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5722: 5714: 5709: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5617: 5614: 5587: 5584: 5569: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5541: 5533: 5532:Cartan matrix 5516: 5512: 5503: 5495: 5493: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5341: 5338:by a quantum 5337: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5289: 5287: 5271: 5268: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5226: 5223: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5086: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4973: 4969: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4943: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4899: 4888:Path integral 4887: 4885: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4833: 4830: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4727: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4570: 4564: 4559: 4549: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4523: 4513: 4500: 4489: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4412: 4407: 4396: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4331: 4319: 4312: 4306: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4267: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4244: 4235: 4228: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4042: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3906: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3868: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3801: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3747: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3716: 3708: 3682: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3550: 3546: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3472: 3451: 3448: 3427: 3419: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3342: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3281: 3276: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3158: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3074: 3066: 3050: 3028: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2993: 2990: 2981: 2976: 2970: 2962: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2922: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2680: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2544: 2536: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2440: 2437: 2430: 2422: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2374: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2317: 2315: 2312:is a kind of 2297: 2269: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2164: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2112: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1855: 1847: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1744: 1742: 1728: 1708: 1705: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1644: 1641: 1634:(The sign is 1618: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1586: 1583: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1517: 1514: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1410: 1401: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1304: 1283: 1264: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1222: 1214: 1210: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1099: 1082: 1077: 1067: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1020: 1010: 1005: 1001: 998: 995: 989: 979: 978: 977: 975: 887: 860: 837: 830: 820: 815: 811: 808: 805: 798: 794: 780: 779: 778: 776: 772: 771:Verma modules 745: 737: 732: 730: 728: 724: 705: 697: 694: 686: 679: 678: 677: 676: 657: 648: 645: 642: 636: 633: 623: 622: 621: 600: 596: 595:primary field 580: 557: 549: 545: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 522: 521: 520: 503: 495: 492: 487: 484: 481: 478: 471: 470: 469: 452: 446: 443: 440: 434: 427: 426: 425: 424: 405: 402: 399: 375: 366: 362: 348: 326: 323: 320: 316: 307: 291: 268: 260: 257: 254: 250: 246: 240: 234: 227: 226: 225: 223: 207: 195: 193: 191: 187: 168: 162: 156: 149: 148: 147: 145: 126: 117: 114: 111: 105: 102: 95: 94: 93: 91: 87: 71: 64: 60: 55: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8602: 8531:Quantum foam 8471:Stueckelberg 8425:Chern–Simons 8362:Supergravity 8275: 8101:Supergravity 8086:Gauge theory 7724:Quantum mind 7636:Franck–Hertz 7478:Klein–Gordon 7432:Formulations 7425:Formulations 7354:Interference 7344:Entanglement 7322:Ground state 7317:Energy level 7290:Fundamentals 7254:Introduction 7137: 7133: 7127: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7021:1801.09991v1 7011: 7007: 7000: 6981: 6972: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6929:the original 6906: 6900: 6883: 6840: 6836: 6819: 6786:2112.05490v1 6776: 6772: 6766: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6554: 6550: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6479:2112.14859v1 6467: 6446: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6363:(1): 79–85. 6360: 6356: 6350: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6230: 6226: 6170: 6166: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6025: 6018: 5973: 5926: 5894: 5866: 5858:Applications 5777: 5642: 5565: 5499: 5293: 5173: 5166: 5101: 4891: 4850: 4805: 4728:, the field 4723: 4640: 4585: 4366: 4187: 4072: 4064: 4057: 3697: 3586: 3418:Ricci scalar 3357: 3187: 3139: 3093: 3043: 2937: 2318: 2284: 1792:DOZZ formula 1791: 1748: 1633: 1425: 1160:parametrized 1157: 1144:vacuum state 1100: 1097: 1037: 902: 741: 720: 672: 572: 518: 467: 391: 283: 199: 196:Introduction 183: 141: 88:, but it is 56: 39: 35: 29: 8413:Topological 8327:Wess–Zumino 8240:Sine-Gordon 8230:Gross–Neveu 8139:Born–Infeld 8106:Thermal QFT 7982:EPR paradox 7762:Quantum bus 7631:Double-slit 7609:Experiments 7575:Many-worlds 7513:Schrödinger 7462:Phase space 7452:Schrödinger 7442:Interaction 7399:Uncertainty 7369:Nonlocality 7364:Measurement 7359:Decoherence 7349:Hamiltonian 7205:, May 2018. 6893:Meyer, Rene 6610:(10): 064. 6501:(11): 043. 6420:(10): 110. 6117:: 375–388. 38:(or simply 8624:Categories 8194:Yang–Mills 7910:Extensions 7744:Technology 7590:Relational 7541:Copenhagen 7437:Heisenberg 7384:Tunnelling 7247:Background 6663:(5): 073. 6557:(6): 014. 6458:1707.08785 6427:2205.07363 6341:2005.11530 6240:1503.02067 6233:(8): 109. 6068:References 5881:CGHS model 5871:reduce to 5556:W-algebras 5290:WZW models 5241:. So, for 3140:Using the 727:Lagrangian 423:reflection 222:free field 8603:See also: 8322:Super QCD 8276:Liouville 8264:Conformal 8235:Schwinger 7616:Bell test 7471:Equations 7297:Born rule 7054:206258354 6875:119497628 6811:245117303 6779:(5): 22. 6758:119519820 6736:CiteSeerX 6670:0803.2099 6617:0706.1030 6589:119441269 6395:118625083 6370:0911.4296 6205:204929527 6095:1406.4290 6037:≤ 6021:≤ 1 5996:instanton 5938:≥ 5837:− 5829:→ 5752:φ 5740:⁡ 5734:λ 5728:φ 5723:μ 5719:∂ 5715:φ 5710:μ 5706:∂ 5684:∫ 5678:π 5660:φ 5542:φ 5259:∈ 5214:→ 5193:∉ 5125:− 5117:→ 5063:φ 5054:α 5025:∏ 5016:φ 5007:− 4996:φ 4990:∫ 4955:α 4929:∏ 4870:φ 4776:Δ 4747:φ 4703:α 4700:− 4691:α 4685:Δ 4660:φ 4657:α 4565:φ 4553:¯ 4544:∂ 4524:φ 4517:¯ 4508:∂ 4493:¯ 4481:¯ 4461:¯ 4447:φ 4433:∂ 4413:φ 4404:∂ 4335:¯ 4323:¯ 4303:∂ 4271:¯ 4262:∂ 4239:¯ 4217:¯ 4167:¯ 4144:ν 4131:μ 4118:ν 4115:μ 4006:φ 3985:λ 3949:φ 3923:∂ 3913:∂ 3886:∂ 3876:∂ 3839:ν 3836:μ 3802:ν 3798:∂ 3792:ν 3789:μ 3748:μ 3744:∂ 3727:− 3706:Δ 3666:φ 3645:λ 3601:φ 3598:Δ 3563:λ 3540:Γ 3522:− 3513:Γ 3497:λ 3473:λ 3449:λ 3428:φ 3374:ν 3371:μ 3332:φ 3314:λ 3307:φ 3295:φ 3290:ν 3286:∂ 3282:φ 3277:μ 3273:∂ 3267:ν 3264:μ 3232:∫ 3226:π 3208:φ 3109:≥ 3098:of genus 3002:− 2987:Υ 2956:^ 2953:Υ 2905:α 2901:− 2892:α 2879:α 2863:^ 2860:Υ 2844:α 2840:− 2831:α 2818:α 2802:^ 2799:Υ 2783:α 2779:− 2770:α 2757:α 2741:^ 2738:Υ 2725:− 2716:α 2703:α 2690:α 2674:^ 2671:Υ 2653:α 2634:^ 2631:Υ 2615:α 2596:^ 2593:Υ 2577:α 2558:^ 2555:Υ 2530:^ 2527:Υ 2512:α 2508:− 2499:α 2495:− 2486:α 2482:− 2470:λ 2459:− 2412:α 2399:α 2386:α 2378:^ 2339:∞ 2336:− 2330:∈ 2294:Υ 2252:α 2248:− 2239:α 2226:α 2213:Υ 2200:α 2196:− 2187:α 2174:α 2161:Υ 2148:α 2144:− 2135:α 2122:α 2109:Υ 2099:− 2090:α 2077:α 2064:α 2051:Υ 2036:α 2020:Υ 2007:α 1991:Υ 1978:α 1962:Υ 1940:Υ 1928:α 1924:− 1915:α 1911:− 1902:α 1898:− 1886:λ 1875:− 1837:α 1824:α 1811:α 1769:∞ 1766:− 1760:∉ 1729:λ 1706:− 1677:∞ 1674:− 1668:∈ 1604:α 1598:− 1576:Γ 1567:α 1561:− 1546:Γ 1532:− 1529:α 1507:Γ 1495:− 1492:α 1477:Γ 1469:α 1463:− 1456:λ 1452:± 1443:α 1394:α 1391:− 1377:α 1354:α 1324:Δ 1317:¯ 1305:⊗ 1300:Δ 1257:α 1254:− 1215:α 1179:α 1127:∞ 1112:∈ 1052:∈ 1049:α 999:− 990:∈ 987:Δ 958:Δ 951:¯ 920:Δ 880:Δ 873:¯ 861:⊗ 856:Δ 841:Δ 809:− 799:∫ 690:→ 649:α 646:− 637:α 631:Δ 608:Δ 597:with the 581:α 447:α 444:− 438:→ 435:α 409:∞ 400:φ 376:α 349:α 327:φ 324:α 261:φ 241:φ 208:φ 166:∞ 160:→ 121:∞ 106:∈ 92:only if 8399:Type IIB 8394:Type IIA 8379:4D N = 8 8374:4D N = 1 8343:6D (2,0) 8307:4D N = 1 8286:Polyakov 8245:Thirring 8054:Theories 8005:Category 7799:Timeline 7551:Ensemble 7531:Bayesian 7493:Majorana 7409:Collapse 7281:Glossary 7264:Timeline 7172:55961140 7119:15080926 7046:29758633 6895:(2006). 6533:15608105 6318:14792780 6265:54193340 6149:15413971 5784:S-matrix 5144:residues 4983:⟩ 4924:⟨ 4763:marginal 4073:Using a 3988:′ 3648:′ 3500:′ 3452:′ 3317:′ 1948:′ 744:spectrum 738:Spectrum 142:and its 8501:History 8484:Related 8281:Minimal 8132:Regular 7958:Related 7937:History 7676:Science 7508:Rydberg 7259:History 7152:Bibcode 7111:2015169 7091:Bibcode 7026:Bibcode 6952:Bibcode 6921:Bibcode 6855:Bibcode 6791:Bibcode 6728:Bibcode 6695:2591498 6675:Bibcode 6642:1807250 6622:Bibcode 6569:Bibcode 6513:Bibcode 6375:Bibcode 6298:Bibcode 6245:Bibcode 6185:Bibcode 6129:Bibcode 6008:by the 5913:tachyon 5909:dilaton 5492:model. 3853:is the 3819:is the 3416:is the 3392:of the 3388:is the 3128:of the 2938:where 974:momenta 773:of the 675:duality 90:unitary 84:of its 61:of the 42:) is a 32:physics 8441:Chiral 8389:Type I 8204:Yukawa 8125:Models 7651:Popper 7170:  7117:  7109:  7052:  7044:  6988:  6873:  6809:  6756:  6738:  6693:  6640:  6587:  6531:  6393:  6316:  6263:  6203:  6147:  5982:, the 5911:and a 5084:  4999:  4568:  4349:  4096:and a 4040:  3698:where 3680:  3390:metric 3358:where 3340:  3190:action 3026:  2920:  2267:  1616:  1408:  903:where 885:  844:  703:  655:  555:  501:  450:  266:  190:sphere 8580:links 8553:links 8541:links 8461:NMSSM 8446:Fermi 8189:Soler 8159:Proca 7561:Local 7503:Pauli 7483:Dirac 7168:S2CID 7142:arXiv 7115:S2CID 7081:arXiv 7050:S2CID 7016:arXiv 6911:arXiv 6871:S2CID 6845:arXiv 6807:S2CID 6781:arXiv 6754:S2CID 6718:arXiv 6691:S2CID 6665:arXiv 6638:S2CID 6612:arXiv 6585:S2CID 6559:arXiv 6529:S2CID 6503:arXiv 6474:arXiv 6453:arXiv 6422:arXiv 6391:S2CID 6365:arXiv 6336:arXiv 6314:S2CID 6288:arXiv 6261:S2CID 6235:arXiv 6201:S2CID 6175:arXiv 6145:S2CID 6119:arXiv 6090:arXiv 5148:poles 3823:. If 3130:torus 3067:. An 8451:MSSM 8348:ABJM 8255:Toda 7488:Weyl 7042:PMID 6986:ISBN 6777:2022 6661:2008 6608:2007 6555:2005 6499:2003 6418:2022 6231:2015 5803:< 5797:< 5737:cosh 5269:< 5224:< 4188:the 2319:For 1749:For 1698:and 1238:and 934:and 742:The 721:The 146:is 8404:11D 7160:doi 7138:142 7099:doi 7034:doi 6960:doi 6948:103 6863:doi 6841:369 6799:doi 6746:doi 6683:doi 6630:doi 6577:doi 6521:doi 6432:doi 6383:doi 6361:685 6306:doi 6253:doi 6193:doi 6171:477 6137:doi 6115:429 5986:of 5883:or 1657:if 976:, 620:by 30:In 8626:: 8420:BF 7191:, 7166:. 7158:. 7150:. 7136:. 7113:. 7107:MR 7105:. 7097:. 7089:. 7075:. 7071:. 7048:. 7040:. 7032:. 7024:. 7012:97 7010:. 6958:. 6946:. 6919:. 6907:30 6905:. 6899:. 6891:; 6869:. 6861:. 6853:. 6835:. 6805:. 6797:. 6789:. 6775:. 6752:. 6744:. 6734:. 6726:. 6714:19 6712:. 6689:. 6681:. 6673:. 6659:. 6636:. 6628:. 6620:. 6606:. 6583:. 6575:. 6567:. 6553:. 6541:^ 6527:. 6519:. 6511:. 6497:. 6430:. 6416:. 6412:. 6389:. 6381:. 6373:. 6359:. 6326:^ 6312:. 6304:. 6296:. 6284:19 6282:. 6259:. 6251:. 6243:. 6229:. 6213:^ 6199:. 6191:. 6183:. 6169:. 6157:^ 6143:. 6135:. 6127:. 6113:. 6076:^ 6012:. 5941:25 5887:. 5171:. 4791:1. 4062:. 2316:. 1150:. 1006:24 816:24 777:, 54:. 34:, 8039:e 8032:t 8025:v 7232:e 7225:t 7218:v 7174:. 7162:: 7154:: 7144:: 7121:. 7101:: 7093:: 7083:: 7077:7 7056:. 7036:: 7028:: 7018:: 6994:. 6966:. 6962:: 6954:: 6923:: 6913:: 6877:. 6865:: 6857:: 6847:: 6813:. 6801:: 6793:: 6783:: 6760:. 6748:: 6730:: 6720:: 6697:. 6685:: 6677:: 6667:: 6644:. 6632:: 6624:: 6614:: 6591:. 6579:: 6571:: 6561:: 6535:. 6523:: 6515:: 6505:: 6482:. 6476:: 6461:. 6455:: 6440:. 6434:: 6424:: 6397:. 6385:: 6377:: 6367:: 6344:. 6338:: 6320:. 6308:: 6300:: 6290:: 6267:. 6255:: 6247:: 6237:: 6207:. 6195:: 6187:: 6177:: 6151:. 6139:: 6131:: 6121:: 6098:. 6092:: 6040:1 6034:c 6019:c 5935:c 5840:1 5833:b 5826:b 5806:1 5800:b 5794:0 5763:. 5759:) 5755:) 5749:b 5746:2 5743:( 5731:+ 5701:( 5697:x 5692:2 5688:d 5675:4 5671:1 5666:= 5663:] 5657:[ 5654:S 5618:2 5615:= 5610:N 5588:1 5585:= 5580:N 5517:1 5513:A 5478:+ 5473:3 5469:H 5446:1 5442:U 5437:/ 5431:2 5427:L 5423:S 5403:) 5399:R 5395:( 5390:2 5386:L 5382:S 5360:+ 5355:3 5351:H 5323:) 5319:R 5315:( 5310:2 5306:L 5302:S 5272:0 5264:Q 5254:2 5250:b 5227:0 5219:Q 5209:2 5205:b 5201:, 5197:R 5188:2 5184:b 5128:1 5121:b 5114:b 5087:. 5079:) 5074:i 5070:z 5066:( 5058:i 5050:2 5046:e 5040:N 5035:1 5032:= 5029:i 5019:] 5013:[ 5010:S 5003:e 4993:D 4987:= 4979:) 4974:i 4970:z 4966:( 4959:i 4950:V 4944:N 4939:1 4936:= 4933:i 4900:N 4867:b 4864:2 4860:e 4834:b 4831:1 4826:+ 4823:b 4820:= 4817:Q 4788:= 4785:) 4782:b 4779:( 4744:b 4741:2 4737:e 4709:. 4706:) 4697:Q 4694:( 4688:= 4654:2 4650:e 4626:. 4621:2 4617:Q 4613:6 4610:+ 4607:1 4604:= 4601:c 4571:. 4560:2 4550:z 4540:Q 4537:+ 4532:2 4528:) 4514:z 4504:( 4501:= 4490:z 4478:z 4471:T 4467:= 4458:T 4451:, 4442:2 4437:z 4429:Q 4426:+ 4421:2 4417:) 4408:z 4400:( 4397:= 4392:z 4389:z 4385:T 4381:= 4378:T 4352:. 4346:0 4343:= 4332:z 4320:z 4313:T 4307:z 4298:, 4294:0 4291:= 4286:z 4283:z 4279:T 4268:z 4257:, 4253:0 4250:= 4245:z 4236:z 4229:T 4225:= 4214:z 4208:z 4204:T 4173:, 4164:z 4158:d 4155:z 4152:d 4149:= 4140:x 4136:d 4127:x 4123:d 4111:g 4084:z 4043:, 4035:) 4030:2 4026:x 4022:, 4017:1 4013:x 4009:( 4003:b 4000:2 3996:e 3992:b 3981:= 3978:) 3973:2 3969:x 3965:, 3960:1 3956:x 3952:( 3945:) 3936:2 3931:2 3927:x 3917:2 3907:+ 3899:2 3894:1 3890:x 3880:2 3869:( 3832:g 3807:) 3785:g 3779:2 3775:/ 3771:1 3766:| 3761:g 3757:| 3753:( 3738:2 3734:/ 3730:1 3722:| 3717:g 3713:| 3709:= 3683:, 3675:) 3672:x 3669:( 3663:b 3660:2 3656:e 3652:b 3641:+ 3638:) 3635:x 3632:( 3629:R 3626:Q 3621:2 3618:1 3613:= 3610:) 3607:x 3604:( 3572:. 3567:b 3556:) 3551:2 3547:b 3543:( 3535:) 3530:2 3526:b 3519:1 3516:( 3507:4 3504:= 3404:R 3367:g 3343:, 3337:) 3329:b 3326:2 3322:e 3310:+ 3304:R 3301:Q 3298:+ 3260:g 3256:( 3251:g 3245:x 3240:2 3236:d 3223:4 3219:1 3214:= 3211:] 3205:[ 3202:S 3159:b 3112:1 3106:g 3075:N 3051:N 3029:. 3020:) 3017:b 3014:i 3011:+ 3008:x 3005:i 2999:( 2994:b 2991:i 2982:1 2977:= 2974:) 2971:x 2968:( 2963:b 2923:, 2914:) 2909:2 2896:1 2888:+ 2883:3 2875:( 2870:b 2853:) 2848:1 2835:3 2827:+ 2822:2 2814:( 2809:b 2792:) 2787:3 2774:2 2766:+ 2761:1 2753:( 2748:b 2731:) 2728:Q 2720:3 2712:+ 2707:2 2699:+ 2694:1 2686:( 2681:b 2662:) 2657:3 2649:2 2646:( 2641:b 2624:) 2619:2 2611:2 2608:( 2603:b 2586:) 2581:1 2573:2 2570:( 2565:b 2548:) 2545:0 2542:( 2537:b 2516:3 2503:2 2490:1 2479:Q 2474:] 2465:b 2462:2 2454:b 2451:2 2445:) 2441:b 2438:i 2435:( 2431:[ 2423:= 2416:3 2408:, 2403:2 2395:, 2390:1 2375:C 2348:) 2345:1 2342:, 2333:( 2327:c 2298:b 2270:, 2261:) 2256:2 2243:1 2235:+ 2230:3 2222:( 2217:b 2209:) 2204:1 2191:3 2183:+ 2178:2 2170:( 2165:b 2157:) 2152:3 2139:2 2131:+ 2126:1 2118:( 2113:b 2105:) 2102:Q 2094:3 2086:+ 2081:2 2073:+ 2068:1 2060:( 2055:b 2045:) 2040:3 2032:2 2029:( 2024:b 2016:) 2011:2 2003:2 2000:( 1995:b 1987:) 1982:1 1974:2 1971:( 1966:b 1958:) 1955:0 1952:( 1944:b 1932:3 1919:2 1906:1 1895:Q 1890:] 1881:b 1878:2 1870:b 1867:2 1861:b 1856:[ 1848:= 1841:3 1833:, 1828:2 1820:, 1815:1 1806:C 1778:) 1775:1 1772:, 1763:( 1757:c 1709:1 1686:) 1683:1 1680:, 1671:( 1665:c 1645:1 1642:+ 1619:. 1610:) 1607:) 1601:2 1595:Q 1592:( 1587:b 1584:1 1579:( 1573:) 1570:) 1564:2 1558:Q 1555:( 1552:b 1549:( 1541:) 1538:) 1535:Q 1526:2 1523:( 1518:b 1515:1 1510:( 1504:) 1501:) 1498:Q 1489:2 1486:( 1483:b 1480:( 1466:2 1460:Q 1449:= 1446:) 1440:( 1437:R 1411:, 1405:) 1402:z 1399:( 1388:Q 1384:V 1380:) 1374:( 1371:R 1368:= 1365:) 1362:z 1359:( 1350:V 1313:V 1294:V 1268:) 1265:z 1262:( 1251:Q 1247:V 1226:) 1223:z 1220:( 1211:V 1190:) 1187:z 1184:( 1175:V 1130:) 1124:+ 1121:, 1118:1 1115:( 1109:c 1083:. 1078:+ 1073:R 1068:i 1065:+ 1060:2 1057:Q 1021:+ 1016:R 1011:+ 1002:1 996:c 947:V 914:V 888:, 869:V 850:V 838:d 831:+ 826:R 821:+ 812:1 806:c 795:= 790:S 755:S 706:, 698:b 695:1 687:b 658:. 652:) 643:Q 640:( 634:= 558:. 550:2 546:Q 542:6 539:+ 536:1 533:= 530:c 504:. 496:b 493:1 488:+ 485:b 482:= 479:Q 453:, 441:Q 406:+ 403:= 321:2 317:e 292:b 269:, 258:b 255:2 251:e 247:= 244:) 238:( 235:V 169:. 163:+ 157:c 127:, 124:) 118:+ 115:, 112:1 109:( 103:c 72:c 20:)

Index

Liouville theory
physics
two-dimensional conformal field theory
equation of motion
Liouville's equation
complex values
central charge
Virasoro symmetry algebra
unitary
classical limit
continuous spectrum
sphere
free field
coupling constant

reflection
primary field
conformal dimension
duality
correlation functions
Lagrangian
spectrum
Verma modules
Virasoro algebra
momenta
vacuum state
operator product expansions
parametrized
conformal dimension
representation

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