545:
503:
524:
951:
they labelled "higher" and "lower asparagoids", and included both the
Iridaceae and Orchidaceae from Dahlgren's Liliales. On the other hand, a number of families from three other orders (Asparagales, Dioscoreales, Melanthiales) segregated together with the remaining Liliales families. Genera from Dahlgren's Melanthiales were found in both dioscoreoids and the redefined Liliales. Finally Dahlgren's Burmanniales were found to belong with the dioscoreoids. Some Asparagales taxa were also found amongst the commelinoids. The stemonoids were formed from Stemonaceae and other families from a variety of orders, including
1691:
3376:; Soltis, Douglas E.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Morgan, David; Les, Donald H.; Mishler, Brent D.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Price, Robert A.; Hills, Harold G.; Qiu, Yin-Long; Kron, Kathleen A.; Rettig, Jeffrey H.; Conti, Elena; Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Manhart, James R.; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Michaels, Helen J.; Kress, W. John; Karol, Kenneth G.; Clark, W. Dennis; Hedren, Mikael; Gaut, Brandon S.; Jansen, Robert K.; Kim, Ki-Joong; Wimpee, Charles F.; Smith, James F.; Furnier, Glenn R.; Strauss, Steven H.; Xiang, Qui-Yun; Plunkett, Gregory M.;
995:(which now represented the stemonoids as well as new families) added. While not formally assigning any supraordinal ranks, the classification did recognize an informal grouping of monocot orders as the commelinoids. Otherwise the APG recognized only six monocot orders (Acorales, Alismatales, Asparagales, Dioscoreales, Liliales and Pandanales). The last four were however grouped together in the resulting cladogram and most closely represent the concept of lilioids, although this left some unplaced monocot families, including
566:
1764:
42:
587:
1027:
commelinoids, being the only supraordinal grouping in the monocots to be named) and
Petrosaviaceae remained unplaced. The second version of the APG coincided with the third Monocot Conference (2003), the findings from which, using additional molecular markers, helped to resolve some of the remaining questions regarding relationships within this assemblage. Petrosaviaceae was shown to be included in what Chase refers to as "liliids" and placed in order
64:
1799:
1615:
975:) from other superorders. This newly and more narrowly redefined Lilianae/Liliiflorae contained three orders, Asparagales, Liliales and Dioscoreales (which now included the stemonoids). This analysis also allowed for the establishment of a single synapomorphy, although this time by the presence of an inferior ovary. Significantly, the authors noted that it was no wonder the authors of angiosperm classifications had been exasperated by the Lilianae.
1857:
4996:
4965:
670:
1010:'s major monograph on the monocots and the Second Monocot Conference. Kubitzki defined superorder Lilianae as all monocots except superorders Commelinae, Alismatanae and the Acoraceae, that is the four orders Asparagales, Liliales, Dioscoreales and Pandanales. The Monocot Conference devoted an entire section to
1026:
There was now enough new data to justify revising the APG system, and a new classification was issued in 2003. Although this resulted in changes within the orders, it did not affect the relationship between them. Lilioid monocots were discussed but not formally recognized (commelinids, renamed from
950:
There was no clear clade corresponding to
Dahlgren's Liliiflorae, whose families were distributed amongst the aroids and dioscoreoids. Of Dahlgren's Liliiflorae, the Dioscoreales largely grouped into dioscoreoids, with the exception of Stemonaceae. The Asparagales formed two major groupings, which
318:
methods in the 1990s resulted in a dismemberment of the
Liliaceae and its subsequent redistribution across three lilioid orders (Liliales, Asparagales and Dioscoreales). Subsequent work has shown that two other more recently recognized orders, Petrosaviales and Pandanales also segregate with this
1786:
Pandanales are a medium size order (5 families, 36 genera, about 1,300 species) mainly tropical order many species of which produce strap-like leaves used in the manufacture of baskets, mats and straw hats. The order is very diverse including trees, vines and forest floor saprophytes. They are a
1093:
to
Asparagales); to form a clade, all the groups joined by thick lines would need to be included. While Acorales and Alismatales have been collectively referred to as "alismatid monocots", the remaining clades (lilioid and commelinid monocots) have been referred to as the "core monocots". The
914:
In the 1995 study by Chase et al. referred to above, which was the largest yet to use purely molecular data, the results demonstrated paraphyly of the lilioids. However, because their data contradicted purely morphological phylogenies they were reluctant to draw definite conclusions as to the
473:) have petaloid flowers, the term 'lilioid' is a more accurate one for the group which excludes them, since the term petaloid monocot is still occasionally used in describing commelinids. The morphological concept of petaloid monocots has been equated with "animal-attracting" (that is, for
962:
In an attempt to resolve the apparent differences between morphological and molecularly defined trees, a combined analysis was undertaken which confirmed superorder
Liliiflorae as monophyletic, provided that a few modifications were undertaken. These included the removal of two tribes of
2866:
An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic
3117:; Cohen, James I.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Givnish, Thomas J.; Graham, Sean W.; Petersen, Gitte; Pires, J. Chris; Seberg, Ole; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Leebens-Mack, Jim (2013), "Contrasting patterns of support among plastid genes and genomes for major clades of the monocotyledons",
3095:; Fay, M. F.; Devey, D. S.; Maurin, O; Rønsted, N; Davies, T. J; Pillon, Y; Petersen, G; Seberg, O; Tamura, M. N.; Asmussen, C. B.; Hilu, K; Borsch, T; Davis, J. I; Stevenson, D. W.; Pires, J. C.; Givnish, T. J.; Sytsma, K. J.; McPherson, M. A.; Graham, S. W.; Rai, H. S.,
1942:"This superorder is extraordinarily variable and contains some groups which, in our estimation, are likely to have retained many features from the ancestral monocotyledons. The wide range of variation makes a definition difficult and in an evolutionary sense this unit is
734:'s Corolliferae ("Corolla bearing") (1936). Hence the concept that there was a natural grouping of monocots whose flowers were predominantly petaloid, gave notion to the term "petaloid monocots". The core group of petaloids were the Liliaceae, hence "lilioid monocots".
1014:
and included an update of their previous research by Chase and colleagues. On this occasion the latter felt that there was now enough data to put forward a definitive classification, defining the
Lilioids as comprising the four orders placed in Lilianae by Kubitzki.
1035:. Rapid advances in understanding monocot relationships necessitated the release of another revision of the APG classification (2009), which incorporated these advances. Further definition of the relationships between lineages using multiple markers is continuing.
1058:(Acorales, Alismatales), lilioid monocots (the five other non-commelinid monocots) and commelinid monocots. They also organize their monocot research into two teams I: Alismatids and Lilioids and II: Commelinids. A similar approach is taken by
3761:
Pires, J.C.; Maureira, I.J.; Givnish, T.J.; Sytsma, K.J.; Seberg, O.; Petersen, G.; Davis, J. I.; Stevenson, D.W.; Rudall, P.J.; Fay, M.F. & Chase, M.W. (2006), "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of
Asparagales",
779:
segments (tepals), which would cover a broad swathe of families (he estimated three dozen across many orders). Other authors have defined it equally broadly as "having two whorls of tepals (sepals and petals) that are petal-like".
3508:; Clark, W. Dennis; Kress, W. John; Hills, Harold G.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Smith, James F.; Gaut, Brandon S.; Zimmer, Elizabeth A.; Learn, Gerald H. (1 January 1993), "Phylogenetic Hypotheses for the Monocotyledons Constructed from
3380:; Swensen, Susan M.; Williams, Stephen E.; Gadek, Paul A.; Quinn, Christopher J.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Golenberg, Edward; Learn, Gerald H.; Graham, Sean W.; Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Albert, Victor A. (1993),
3601:"C. D. Brickell, D. F. Cutler and Mary Gregory (Editors). Petaloid Monocotyledons, Horticultural and Botanical Research. Linnean Society Symposium Series No. 8, xii +222pp. Academic Press, London, 1980, £26.80. $ 62.00"
3963:
Zeng, Liping; Zhang, Qiang; Sun, Renran; Kong, Hongzhi; Zhang, Ning; Ma, Hong (24 September 2014), "Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times",
447:), the tepals have become clearly differentiated so that the flower has three coloured petals and three smaller green sepals. Almost all lilioid monocots retain at least three petal-like tepals. Since some
874:). In 1995 Chase et al. reviewed the understanding of the lilioids and equated them to Dahlgreen's Liliiflorae, which they designated as superorder Lilianae. They pointed out that the understanding of the
1084:
Chase & Reveal (monocots) based on molecular phylogenetic evidence. Lilioid monocot orders are bracketed, namely
Petrosaviales, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Liliales and Asparagales. These constitute a
3147:
Graham, S.W.; Zgurski, J.M.; McPherson, M.A.; Cherniawsky, D.M.; Saarela, J.M.; Horne, E.S.C.; Smith, S.Y.; Wong, W.A.; O'Brien, H.E.; Biron, V.L.; Pires, J.C.; Olmstead, R.G.; Chase, M.W.; Rai, H.S.,
1523:
APG may not be monophyletic and that
Orchidaceae and Liliales may be sister groups, and in turn are the sister of Asparagales. However, their data produced conflicting models. Zeng et al. (2014) using
890:, that of a petaloid perianth, yet in discussing his Lilliflorae admitted it was undoubtedly paraphyletic. Dahlgren treated the monocots as split between ten superorders and placed five orders (
983:
These findings, presented at the first Monocot Conference in 1993, with the addition of several studies that had become available in the interim, formed the basis of the 1998 consensus
282:
have also been applied to this assemblage at various times. From the early nineteenth century many of the species in this group of plants were put into a very broadly defined family,
3933:
3764:
3180:
2961:
3836:; Bateman, Richard M. (August 2002), "Roles of synorganisation, zygomorphy and heterotopy in floral evolution: the gynostemium and labellum of orchids and other lilioid monocots",
3721:
Mondragon-Palomino, M.; Theissen, G. (13 January 2009), "Why are orchid flowers so diverse? Reduction of evolutionary constraints by paralogues of class B floral homeotic genes",
1038:
Textbooks and other sources produced in the last century are inevitably based on older classifications. Publications using versions of the APG system are now appearing and the
319:
group, resulting in the modern concept of five constituent orders within the lilioid monocot assemblage. This has resulted in treating monocots as three informal groups,
3792:
718:) and the Glumaceae into two further orders. Various successive taxonomies of the monocots also emphasized the grouping of species with petaloid (undifferentiated)
544:
2914:
Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998)
856:. The family was demonstrated to include a significant number of unrelated groups, which belonged to quite separate families and even orders. For instance some
1054:
and hence the classification of the lilioid monocots shown in the cladogram below. The Kew botanists treat the monocots as falling into three major groupings:
4284:
1023:
between these four orders and the remaining monocot clades (commelinids and Petrosaviaceae), although at that time the Petrosaviaceae were still unplaced.
1039:
737:
The term "lilioid monocot" or lilioid" has had widely varying interpretations. One of the narrower applications is "lily-like" monocots, meaning the two
633:(Alismatales), they have six coloured tepals, and so could be called 'petaloid', but stamens and carpels are more numerous than in the lilioid monocots.
502:
4332:
4131:
4104:
3574:
3572:; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Pires, J. Chris (July 2015), "Phylogenetics, divergence times and diversification from three genomic partitions in monocots",
3482:
3255:
943:. They based the names of these groups on the closest corresponding superorders and orders of Dahlgren, with the exception of stemonoids (based on
848:
and the use of genetic data in determining relationships between species of monocots confirmed what many taxonomists had long suspected: Liliaceae
3805:
3514:
3393:
1909:
3875:; Bateman, Richard M. (1 April 2006). "Morphological Phylogenetic Analysis of Pandanales: Testing Contrasting Hypotheses of Floral Evolution".
4225:
2998:
2896:
2888:
Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution, Kew 1993)
2812:
2715:
803:
characters alone, lilioid species which clearly departed from the "lily" pattern were easily placed into separate families. For example, the
878:
of this group was critical for the establishment of a monocot classification. They also noted that while many authors treated this group as
3096:
523:
3172:
1821:
Liliales are a large size order (10 families, 67 genera, about 1,500 species) distributed worldwide, particularly in subtropical and
3225:
3134:
2926:
2845:
2789:
2769:
2745:
2692:
2668:
1089:
assemblage, that is groups with a common ancestor that do not include all direct descendants (in this case commelinids which are a
4016:(September 2001). "Generic circumscription and relationships in the tribe Melanthieae (Liliales, Melanthiaceae), with emphasis on
3381:
644:
species have brightly coloured and showy flowers. However, their apparent structure is misleading. For example, the six tepals of
787:
stated in 1995, this taxonomic unit had been in a considerable state of flux, with significant variation between the systems of
4277:
4129:(2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III",
295:(lily family). These classification systems are still found in many books and other sources. Within the monocots the Liliaceae
4102:(2003), "An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
1602:
194:
63:
4311:
3652:"Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci:
3685:
987:(APG) ordinal scheme. Among other things, the Alismatales were expanded and new orders such as Acorales (a placement for
4337:
4327:
1879:
Asparagales are a large very diverse order (14 families, 1,122 genera, about 36,000 species), including many geophytes,
1051:
3928:
775:, are so broad as to be almost meaningless in that it had been used to refer to all species with conspicuous petals or
2955:
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, 31 Mar–4 Apr 2003
4999:
4270:
4221:
4208:
4126:
4099:
4064:
3630:
3436:
3335:
1043:
984:
731:
2837:
The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)
833:
and colleagues were responsible for one of the most radical reorganisation of families, and in their 1985 monocot
4249:
3253:(February 2002), "Phylogenetics of Dioscoreales based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data",
3077:; Hahn, W. H.; Sullivan, S.; Joseph, J.; Molvray, M.; Kores, P. J.; Givnish, T. J.; Sytsma, K. J.; Pires, J. C.,
2684:
372:
which can be considered to have been derived from a lily-like flower with six relatively similar tepals, and six
3300:
4322:
2831:
1914:
415:(shared characteristics) is rare since most conform to the general monocot pattern. This pattern is ancestral (
4171:
3328:"Chloroplast DNA Systematics of Lilioid Monocots: Resources, Feasibility, and an Example from the Orchidaceae"
1829:. They are mainly perennial herbaceous and may be climbing plants that include the true lilies and many other
1019:
and colleagues (2002) followed Chase (2000), in using the term "lilioid monocots" and again noting unresolved
477:) as opposed to wind-pollinating plants (such as grasses) that have evolved very different floral structures.
1637:
Petrosaviales are a very small order (1 family, 2 genera, about 5 species) of rare leafless achlorophyllous,
2886:
2761:
307:
3080:
Higher-level systematics of the monocotyledons: An assessment of current knowledge and a new classification
640:, comprising grasses, rushes and sedges, flowers are either petal-less or have small, unshowy petals. Many
3327:
1690:
886:(excluding some descendants of a common ancestor). For instance, Dahlgren had based monophyly on a single
3966:
3285:(July 2003), "Recircumscription of the monocotyledonous family Petrosaviaceae to include Japonolirion",
674:
598:
4190:
3148:
636:
The later evolved commelinids have various kinds of flower, few of which are 'lily-like'. In the order
3975:
1509:
While this is the most commonly understood relationship, Davis et al. (2013) using a combination of
3074:
2801:; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2007),
2082:
1826:
1803:
1695:
1619:
514:
4231:
1102:(most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of the clade of interest) divergence times in
565:
4983:
4317:
4088:
4037:
3952:
3892:
3861:
3822:
3690:
3531:
3420:
3362:
3312:
3304:
1528:
1055:
1006:
Simultaneous with the release of the 1998 APG classification were two events: the publication of
723:
556:
385:
58:
1098:, that is diverging in succession from the line that leads to the commelinids. Numbers indicate
268:("lily-like"). Petaloid monocots refers to the flowers having tepals which all resemble petals (
360:). Morphologically, the petaloid or lilioid monocots can be considered to possess five groups (
5020:
4977:
4792:
4045:
4001:
3853:
3786:
3750:
3634:
3568:
Hertweck, Kate L.; Kinney, Michael S.; Stuart, Stephanie A.; Maurin, Olivier; Mathews, Sarah;
3455:
3221:
3211:
3130:
2994:
2970:
2922:
2892:
2841:
2808:
2785:
2765:
2741:
2711:
2688:
2664:
2576:
2372:
2298:
2283:
2039:
1880:
1768:
1668:
1638:
1536:
812:
586:
535:
2357:
2268:
2012:
4574:
4403:
4373:
4239:
4150:
4140:
4113:
4080:
4029:
3991:
3983:
3942:
3924:
3913:
3884:
3845:
3814:
3773:
3740:
3732:
3723:
3699:
3667:
3617:
3583:
3555:
3523:
3491:
3445:
3410:
3402:
3377:
3352:
3344:
3296:
3264:
3189:
3122:
3066:
2731:
1861:
1676:
1660:
862:
826:
800:
788:
760:
715:
482:
311:
4118:
3650:
Kim, Jung Sung; Hong, Jeong-Ki; Chase, Mark W.; Fay, Michael F.; Kim, Joo-Hwan (May 2013).
1531:
time estimates within the lilioids have varied considerably, they were also able to obtain
41:
4877:
4735:
4385:
4348:
4294:
3600:
2952:
2951:
Columbus, J. T.; Friar, E. A.; Porter, J. M.; Prince, L. M.; Simpson, M. G., eds. (2006),
1842:
1532:
857:
796:
738:
577:
237:
226:
101:
50:
3382:"Phylogenetics of Seed Plants: An Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences from the Plastid Gene
3269:
3023:; Duvall, M. R.; Hills, H. G.; Conran, J. G.; Cox, A. V.; Eguiarte, L. E.; Hartwell, J.;
1527:
also found evidence for a sister relationship between Asparagales and Liliales. Although
3979:
3639:
Proceedings of the Zesde Internationaal Botanisch Congres, Amsterdam, 2–7 September 1935
2864:
1763:
815:
were put together in a very broadly defined Liliaceae, usually referred to as Liliaceae
4900:
4857:
4802:
4474:
4398:
3996:
3917:
3803:(March 2002), "Homologies of Inferior Ovaries and Septal Nectaries in Monocotyledons",
3745:
3622:
3596:
3470:
3150:
Robust inference of monocot deep phylogeny using an expanded multigene plastid data set
2827:
1745:
1326:
1047:
1007:
1000:
845:
804:
768:
691:
470:
431:
389:
381:
348:
The descriptive term "petaloid lilioid monocot" relates to the conspicuous petal-like (
88:
4262:
1798:
1713:
Dioscoreales are a small order (3 families, 21 genera, about 1,000 species) of mainly
1614:
5014:
4779:
4740:
4672:
4590:
4450:
4298:
4145:
4013:
3651:
3496:
3213:
Molecular systematics and seed plant phylogeny: a summary of a parsimony analysis of
3078:
3028:
3024:
2798:
2701:
1632:
1540:
1524:
1515:
1196:
1059:
1032:
1028:
968:
964:
875:
830:
792:
645:
508:
462:
458:
416:
241:
141:
114:
3956:
3896:
3865:
3826:
3316:
837:
defined the two orders (Asparagales and Liliales) which contain the bulk of monocot
4847:
4702:
4682:
4632:
4564:
4532:
4527:
4480:
3904:
Thorne, Robert F. (February 1983), "Proposed new realignments in the angiosperms",
3872:
3833:
3800:
3703:
3569:
3543:
3505:
3466:
3431:
3373:
3323:
3282:
3278:
3250:
3246:
3207:
3114:
3070:
3046:
3020:
2945:
2882:
2860:
1834:
1749:
1726:
1708:
1394:
1379:
1226:
1090:
1086:
1016:
972:
940:
932:
899:
895:
891:
887:
879:
871:
853:
784:
772:
699:
679:
641:
529:
466:
420:
412:
332:
328:
315:
245:
152:
3126:
2988:
2953:"Symposium issue: Monocots: comparative biology and evolution (excluding Poales).
2940:
2835:
2802:
2779:
2755:
2735:
2705:
2678:
2658:
1094:
relationship between the orders (with the exception of the two sister orders) is
882:(having a common ancestor), a closer reading of their texts revealed evidence of
4915:
4910:
4839:
4755:
4677:
4619:
4608:
4509:
4498:
4468:
4440:
4367:
4068:
3681:
3474:
1874:
1838:
1737:
1733:
1672:
1656:
1544:
1311:
1298:
1172:
1099:
952:
944:
928:
920:
741:
695:
618:
592:
492:
485:
types, secretory and plasmodial, the lilioid monocots are nearly all secretory.
474:
448:
424:
361:
260:) in which the majority of species have flowers with relatively large, coloured
257:
190:
3888:
3707:
1519:
by excluding its largest and most atypical family, Orchidaceae then Aparagales
714:). Lindley divided the Petaloideae into 32 "orders" (roughly corresponding to
434:
and a reduction of the number of stamens to three. In some groups (such as the
17:
4964:
4895:
4872:
4797:
4750:
4745:
4725:
4687:
4603:
4486:
4425:
4417:
3947:
3849:
3778:
3560:
3194:
3092:
3062:
3042:
1781:
1729:
1645:
1242:
1103:
1095:
996:
992:
956:
903:
817:
753:
727:
550:
397:
324:
287:
249:
163:
4243:
2974:
1648:
in Japan, China, Southeast Asia and Borneo. They are characterized by having
1539:). On the other hand, a large data set using a combined analysis of nuclear,
767:. Although "petaloid" and "lilioid" have often been used interchangeably, as
4925:
4905:
4862:
4852:
4569:
4430:
4361:
3287:
1884:
1830:
1822:
1075:
924:
883:
838:
834:
808:
764:
749:
719:
703:
653:
444:
377:
365:
320:
300:
283:
4049:
4005:
3857:
3754:
3459:
3450:
2912:
1856:
807:
contained species whose flowers had six stamens and an inferior ovary. The
694:(1830), the grouping corresponding to the lilioid monocots was the "tribe"
3357:
4920:
4829:
4824:
4812:
4760:
4730:
4654:
4551:
4517:
4492:
4435:
3736:
3415:
1904:
1816:
1714:
1341:
1274:
1150:
1117:
1020:
776:
756:
745:
702:'s system the monocots consisted of two tribes, the Petaloideae, and the
614:
571:
453:
439:
349:
274:
269:
253:
179:
2660:
Floral diagrams: an aid to understanding flower morphology and evolution
1535:
estimates for the origin of the lilioids at approximately 125 mya (
4887:
4867:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4579:
4155:
4092:
4041:
3987:
3608:
3546:(January 2001), "Pollen and anther characters in monocot systematics",
3535:
3475:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
3424:
3366:
3308:
1741:
1664:
1652:
1642:
1584:
1580:
1510:
707:
669:
629:
430:
Various trends are apparent among the lilioids, notably a change to an
405:
373:
234:
172:
168:
3672:
3588:
4930:
4664:
4642:
4522:
4462:
2707:
The families of the monocotyledons: Structure, evolution and taxonomy
1869:
Asparagales (includes orchids, irises, agaves, amaryllis, and onions)
1593:
1561:
1356:
711:
649:
637:
623:
478:
401:
393:
380:
has three carpels fused into a superior trilocular (three-chambered)
369:
357:
353:
265:
183:
145:
4084:
4033:
3527:
3406:
3348:
2804:
Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. (1st ed. 1999, 2nd 2002)
1955:
Subsequent to the 1993 Monocot Conference, and prior to publication.
3818:
1891:. Most are herbaceous perennials, but some are trees and climbers.
2918:
2175:
2173:
1888:
1855:
1797:
1762:
1722:
1689:
1649:
1613:
1570:
1080:
916:
668:
435:
261:
156:
75:
870:, were reclassified in families within Asparagales (in this case
613:
In the orders that branched off before the lilioid monocots, the
4069:"An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants"
3929:"An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants"
1718:
230:
4266:
967:(Melanthiales) and the inclusion of three additional families (
771:
points out, some usages of "petaloid monocot", particularly in
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
811:
contained those with three stamens and an inferior ovary. The
2063:
2061:
1375:
1322:
1192:
1146:
4202:
3173:"Molecular basis of development in petaloid monocot flowers"
3098:
Multigene analyses of monocot relationships : a summary
2249:
2247:
1124: Chase & Reveal (monocots) 131
1031:, while Dioscoreales and Pandanales were demonstrated to be
627:(Acorales), they have become insignificant. In others, like
4012:
Zomlefer, Wendy B.; Williams, Norris H.; Whitten, W. Mark;
3301:
10.1663/0007-196X(2003)055[0214:ROTMFP]2.0.CO;2
2885:; Cribb, P.J.; Cutler, D.F.; Humphries, C.J., eds. (1995),
2757:
Understanding flowers and flowering: an integrated approach
2557:
2555:
2553:
2049:
2047:
3171:
Johansen, Bo; Frederiksen, Signe; Skipper, Martin (2006),
3056:
3036:
2680:
An integrated system of classification of flowering plants
2541:
2539:
2459:
2457:
2320:
1985:
1740:
in tropical areas and have been a source of extraction of
648:
are small and hidden under expanded and brightly coloured
3838:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
3635:"A new phylogenetic classification of the monocotyledons"
3434:(1 October 2004), "Monocot relationships: an overview",
2139:
2137:
4170:
Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
3113:
Davis, Jerrold I.; Mcneal, Joel R.; Barrett, Craig F.;
1547:
C was in agreement with the earlier APG relationships.
2969:(1), Claremont, Ca.: Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden,
2235:
2233:
2231:
2103:
2101:
1513:
genomes have suggested that if Asparagales is treated
621:, flowers differ in several ways. In some cases, like
2118:
915:
monophyly of this group. They identified four major
829:'s definition, for example, is the broadest of all.
656:
which resemble petals and may be mistaken for them.
4886:
4838:
4811:
4777:
4716:
4663:
4641:
4617:
4588:
4549:
4508:
4449:
4416:
4383:
4346:
2294:
2279:
2264:
2179:
690:In one of the earliest monocot taxonomies, that of
2588:
2516:
2514:
1833:. Their economic importance lies in their use for
799:(1985). When classification systems were based on
264:. This characteristic is similar to that found in
3686:"The new phylogeny of the Lilioid Monocotyledons"
1944:undoubtedly paraphyletic rather than monophyletic
3220:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 243–252,
939:, and a core group of Asparagales, Liliales and
27:Grade of flowering plant orders, within Lilianae
4020:: evidence from ITS and trnL-F sequence data".
3200:
3165:
3107:
2599:
2483:
2416:
2067:
1974:
3086:
2778:Hedges, S. Blair; Kumar, Sudhir, eds. (2009),
2368:
4278:
4227:Monocots I: General Alismatids & Lilioids
4173:Diversity and Evolution of Monocots: Lilioids
2911:Wilson, K. L.; Morrison, D. A., eds. (2000),
2611:
2438:
2394:
2353:
2342:
2309:
2253:
2223:
2053:
1933:Dahlgren did not actually use the exact term.
491:Lilioid monocots: Botanical illustrations of
8:
3791:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3232:
3027:; Caddick, L. R.; Cameron, K. M.; Hoot, S.,
2635:
2561:
2427:
2383:
2373:Systematics of the Lilioids pp. 345–524
2212:
1078:shown below displays the orders of Lilianae
947:for which there was no obvious equivalent).
4192:Monocots: (II) – Liliales & Asparagales
2572:
2545:
2531:
2463:
2201:
4817:
4785:
4647:
4625:
4596:
4557:
4455:
4413:
4391:
4354:
4285:
4271:
4263:
4204:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
3141:
2987:Wilkin, Paul; Mayo, Simon J, eds. (2013),
2623:
2093:
2024:
1555:Five orders make up the lilioid monocots.
1040:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
759:, the whole of Liliales, or restricted to
356:which superficially resemble true lilies (
40:
31:
4154:
4144:
4117:
3995:
3946:
3777:
3744:
3671:
3621:
3587:
3559:
3495:
3449:
3414:
3356:
3268:
3193:
2993:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2740:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2663:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2143:
2129:
4132:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
4105:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3660:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3575:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3483:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3256:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3249:; Wilkin, Paul; Hedderson, Terry A. J.;
3051:Monocot systematics: A combined analysis
2734:; García-Arenal, Fernando, eds. (1995),
1543:and plastid genes together with nuclear
841:, as constituting the lilioid monocots.
748:, but the term has also been applied to
4073:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
3806:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3515:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
3394:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
2494:
2239:
2107:
2078:
1967:
1926:
1910:List of systems of plant classification
419:) for the lilioid monocots. Structural
4119:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x
3784:
3504:Duvall, Melvin R.; Clegg, Michael T.;
3326:; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (December 1989),
2506:
2405:
2190:
2165:
2154:
2035:
2008:
1996:
1986:Mondragon-Palomino & Theissen 2009
2449:
2331:
1841:. They are also a source of food and
1725:as food reserves, but also including
481:structure shows that of the two main
331:in the sense that commelinids form a
233:with common characteristics) of five
7:
3270:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.138002123.x
2840:, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag,
2704:; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985),
1721:and the ability to form underground
609:Comparison with other monocot orders
368:) whorls. Lilioid monocots all have
3030:Molecular phylogenetics of Lilianae
2941:Monocots: Systematics and evolution
2784:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2520:
1371:
1318:
1291:
1267:
1219:
1211:
1188:
1165:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1113:
400:orientation in one or two rows per
3918:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.x
3623:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086164
2807:(3 ed.), Sinauer Associates,
2737:Molecular basis of virus evolution
2657:Craene, Louis P. Ronse De (2010),
1787:sister group to the Dioscoreales.
25:
3119:Early Events in Monocot Evolution
2990:Early events in monocot evolution
2295:Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985
2280:Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985
2265:Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985
2180:Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985
866:, previously placed in Liliaceae
225:) is an informal name used for a
4995:
4994:
4963:
4146:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
3497:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
3045:; Stevenson, D. W.; Wilkin, P.;
2589:Cameron, Chase & Rudall 2003
1659:flowers, six persistent tepals,
585:
564:
543:
522:
501:
62:
3053:, vol. 2, pp. 685–730
3033:, vol. 1, pp. 109–137
955:(which alone formed Dahlgren's
4189:University of Alberta (1999),
4127:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III
3704:10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.570.2
2891:, Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens,
2269:p. 94 Fig. 37 Node 8
919:of monocots. They named these
1:
2754:Glover, Beverley J. (2014) ,
2040:Petaloid monocots p. 122
4245:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
3127:10.1017/CBO9781139002950.015
3087:Wilson & Morrison (2000)
2299:pp. 107–274 Liliiflorae
1736:. The tuberous roots form a
1052:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
299:were distinguished from the
3654:matK, rbcL, atpB and atpF-H
2710:, Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
1108:
1012:Systematics of the Lilioids
327:monocots. The lilioids are
5037:
4222:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
4209:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
4196:(Botany 220 lecture notes)
4177:(Botany 400 lecture notes)
4100:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
4065:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
4022:American Journal of Botany
3889:10.1600/036364406777585766
3437:American Journal of Botany
3336:American Journal of Botany
2917:, Collingwood, Australia:
2369:Wilson & Morrison 2000
2119:University of Alberta 1999
1872:
1814:
1779:
1706:
1630:
1044:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
985:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
979:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
4972:
4961:
4820:
4788:
4650:
4628:
4599:
4560:
4458:
4412:
4394:
4357:
4306:
4250:Missouri Botanical Garden
3948:10.5642/aliso.19921302.08
3850:10.1017/S1464793102005936
3779:10.5642/aliso.20062201.24
3561:10.1080/00173130152591840
3195:10.5642/aliso.20062201.12
2685:Columbia University Press
2612:Rudall & Bateman 2006
2395:Rudall & Bateman 2002
2354:Kubitzki & Huber 1998
2343:Kubitzki & Huber 1998
2054:Furness & Rudall 2001
1717:plants, characterized by
1392:
1377:
1369:
1354:
1339:
1324:
1316:
1296:
1289:
1272:
1265:
1240:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1194:
1186:
1170:
1163:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1126:
894:, Asparagales, Liliales,
223:petaloid lilioid monocots
138:
133:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
34:
3906:Nordic Journal of Botany
3142:Wilkin & Mayo (2013)
1915:List of lilioid families
1663:, three almost distinct
2938:, see also excerpts in
2762:Oxford University Press
2573:Hedges & Kumar 2009
2546:Chase & Reveal 2009
2358:fig. 19 p. 28
2202:Chase & Palmer 1989
2083:Petaloideae p. 252
1070:Phylogeny and evolution
308:molecular phylogenetics
272:). The taxonomic terms
3451:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1645
3245:Caddick, Lizabeth R.;
3201:Columbus et al. (2006)
3166:Columbus et al. (2006)
3108:Columbus et al. (2006)
1865:
1807:
1772:
1699:
1623:
906:) in his Liliiflorae.
687:
376:. The typical lilioid
3967:Nature Communications
3277:Cameron, Kenneth M.;
2677:Cronquist, A (1981),
2130:Kron & Chase 1995
1859:
1801:
1766:
1693:
1641:plants found in dark
1617:
1106:(million years ago).
675:Xanthorrhaea hastilis
672:
599:Asparagus officinalis
3210:(17 November 2005),
3121:, pp. 315–349,
3057:Rudall et al. (1995)
3037:Rudall et al. (1995)
2781:The timetree of life
2732:Calisher, Charles H.
2600:Caddick et al. 2002a
2484:Hertwick et al. 2015
2417:Columbus et al. 2006
2068:Johansen et al. 2006
1975:Zomlefer et al. 2001
1776:Pandanales (pandans)
1732:plants which may be
1501:Lilioid monocots 122
423:is rare, except for
3980:2014NatCo...5.4956Z
3542:Furness, Carol A.;
3233:Gibbs et al. (1995)
2013:Lilioids p. 98
1827:Northern Hemisphere
1804:Lilium michiganense
1752:to the Pandanales.
1703:Dioscoreales (yams)
1696:Dioscorea balcanica
1620:Japonolirion osense
844:The development of
763:'s broadly defined
515:Petrosavia sakuraii
306:The development of
3988:10.1038/ncomms5956
3737:10.1093/aob/mcn258
3691:Acta Horticulturae
3512:L Sequence Data",
3206:Kron, Kathleen A;
2730:Gibbs, Adrian J.;
2439:Graham et al. 2006
2321:Rudall et al. 1995
2310:Chase et al. 1995b
2254:Chase et al. 1995a
2224:Duvall et al. 1993
1946:"(emphasis added).
1881:ornamental flowers
1866:
1808:
1773:
1700:
1624:
1056:alismatid monocots
971:, Pandanaceae and
795:(1983, 1992), and
724:Bentham and Hooker
688:
557:Pandanus tectorius
388:, a single hollow
386:axile placentation
5008:
5007:
4978:Basal angiosperms
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4793:Berberidopsidales
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
3877:Systematic Botany
3673:10.1111/boj.12039
3589:10.1111/boj.12260
3444:(10): 1645–1655,
3378:Soltis, Pamela S.
3343:(12): 1720–1730,
3065:; Soltis, D. E.;
3000:978-1-107-01276-9
2898:978-0-947643-85-0
2870:, London: Longman
2814:978-0-87893-407-2
2717:978-3-642-64903-5
2636:Pires et al. 2006
2562:Davis et al. 2013
2428:Chase et al. 2006
2384:Chase et al. 2000
2213:Chase et al. 1993
1896:
1895:
1850:
1849:
1811:Liliales (lilies)
1792:
1791:
1769:Pandanus montanus
1757:
1756:
1684:
1683:
1669:microsporogenesis
1639:mycoheterotrophic
1606:
1597:
1588:
1574:
1565:
1537:Cretaceous period
1507:
1506:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1254:
1253:
1064:Plant systematics
935:, in addition to
684:Vegetable Kingdom
536:Dioscorea spicata
364:) of three-fold (
219:petaloid monocots
204:
203:
198:
187:
176:
160:
149:
35:Lilioid monocots
16:(Redirected from
5028:
4998:
4997:
4967:
4818:
4786:
4648:
4626:
4597:
4558:
4456:
4414:
4392:
4374:Austrobaileyales
4355:
4333:Acrogymnospermae
4295:flowering plants
4287:
4280:
4273:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4235:
4230:, archived from
4217:
4216:
4215:
4198:
4197:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4122:
4121:
4095:
4053:
4028:(9): 1657–1669.
4008:
3999:
3959:
3950:
3925:Thorne, Robert F
3920:
3900:
3873:Rudall, Paula J.
3868:
3834:Rudall, Paula J.
3829:
3796:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3757:
3748:
3724:Annals of Botany
3717:
3716:
3715:
3706:, archived from
3677:
3675:
3646:
3631:Hutchinson, John
3626:
3625:
3605:
3592:
3591:
3564:
3563:
3544:Rudall, Paula J.
3538:
3500:
3499:
3479:
3462:
3453:
3427:
3418:
3390:
3369:
3360:
3332:
3319:
3283:Rudall, Paula J.
3273:
3272:
3247:Rudall, Paula J.
3230:
3198:
3197:
3177:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3139:
3105:
3104:, pp. 63–75
3103:
3084:
3054:
3034:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2871:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2794:
2774:
2760:(2nd ed.),
2750:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2697:
2673:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2548:
2543:
2534:
2532:Judd et al. 2007
2529:
2523:
2518:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2481:
2466:
2464:Zeng et al. 2014
2461:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2251:
2242:
2237:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2056:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1862:Nolina recurvata
1852:
1851:
1794:
1793:
1759:
1758:
1686:
1685:
1661:septal nectaries
1610:
1609:
1601:
1592:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1372:
1319:
1292:
1268:
1220:
1212:
1189:
1166:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1114:
1109:
910:Phylogenetic era
827:Cronquist system
589:
568:
547:
526:
505:
411:However, floral
335:to Asparagales.
312:cladistic theory
207:Lilioid monocots
193:
182:
166:
155:
144:
128:Lilioid monocots
67:
66:
44:
32:
21:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4968:
4935:
4882:
4834:
4807:
4782:
4765:
4736:Crossosomatales
4712:
4659:
4637:
4622:
4613:
4593:
4584:
4575:Trochodendrales
4554:
4537:
4504:
4445:
4408:
4404:Ceratophyllales
4388:
4379:
4351:
4342:
4323:Marchantiophyta
4302:
4291:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4238:
4220:
4213:
4211:
4201:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4169:
4125:
4098:
4085:10.2307/2992015
4063:
4034:10.2307/3558411
4014:Judd, Walter S.
4011:
3962:
3923:
3903:
3871:
3832:
3799:
3783:
3760:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3680:
3649:
3629:
3603:
3595:
3567:
3541:
3528:10.2307/2399849
3503:
3477:
3471:Reveal, James L
3465:
3430:
3407:10.2307/2399846
3388:
3372:
3349:10.2307/2444471
3330:
3322:
3276:
3244:
3228:
3217:L sequence data
3205:
3175:
3170:
3159:
3157:
3156:, pp. 3–21
3153:
3146:
3137:
3112:
3101:
3091:
3083:, pp. 3–16
3061:
3041:
3019:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2950:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2881:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2834:, eds. (1998),
2828:Kubitzki, Klaus
2826:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2799:Judd, Walter S.
2797:
2792:
2777:
2772:
2753:
2748:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2700:
2695:
2676:
2671:
2656:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2624:Kim et al. 2013
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2583:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2367:
2363:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2293:
2289:
2278:
2274:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2094:Hutchinson 1936
2092:
2088:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2034:
2030:
2025:Botany 400 2016
2023:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1901:
1877:
1871:
1843:pharmaceuticals
1825:regions in the
1819:
1813:
1784:
1778:
1711:
1705:
1667:, simultaneous
1635:
1629:
1553:
1533:molecular clock
1503:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1255:
1072:
981:
912:
667:
662:
611:
606:
605:
604:
603:
602:
596:
590:
582:
581:
578:Lilium candidum
575:
569:
561:
560:
554:
548:
540:
539:
533:
527:
519:
518:
512:
506:
497:
496:
346:
341:
215:liliid monocots
61:
51:Lilium candidum
28:
23:
22:
18:Lilioid monocot
15:
12:
11:
5:
5034:
5032:
5024:
5023:
5013:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4878:Paracryphiales
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4803:Caryophyllales
4800:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4386:Mesangiosperms
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4358:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4328:Polypodiophyta
4325:
4320:
4315:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4267:
4260:
4259:
4236:
4218:
4199:
4186:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4139:(2): 105–121,
4123:
4112:(4): 399–436,
4096:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4009:
3974:(4956): 4956,
3960:
3941:(2): 365–389,
3921:
3901:
3883:(2): 223–238.
3869:
3844:(3): 403–441,
3830:
3819:10.1086/338323
3813:(2): 261–276,
3797:
3758:
3731:(3): 583–594,
3718:
3698:(570): 31–45,
3678:
3647:
3627:
3616:(4): 574–575,
3593:
3582:(3): 375–393,
3570:Chase, Mark W.
3565:
3554:(1–2): 17–25,
3539:
3522:(3): 607–619,
3506:Chase, Mark W.
3501:
3490:(2): 122–127,
3463:
3428:
3374:Chase, Mark W.
3370:
3358:2027.42/141280
3324:Chase, Mark W.
3320:
3295:(3): 214–225,
3279:Chase, Mark W.
3274:
3263:(2): 123–144,
3251:Chase, Mark W.
3241:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3226:
3203:
3188:(1): 151–158,
3168:
3144:
3135:
3115:Chase, Mark W.
3110:
3089:
3059:
3039:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
2999:
2984:
2948:
2927:
2908:
2897:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2857:
2846:
2832:Huber, Herbert
2824:
2813:
2795:
2790:
2775:
2770:
2751:
2746:
2727:
2716:
2702:Dahlgren, R.M.
2698:
2693:
2674:
2669:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2581:
2565:
2549:
2535:
2524:
2510:
2499:
2487:
2467:
2453:
2442:
2431:
2420:
2409:
2398:
2387:
2376:
2361:
2346:
2335:
2324:
2313:
2302:
2287:
2272:
2257:
2243:
2227:
2216:
2205:
2194:
2183:
2169:
2158:
2147:
2144:Cronquist 1981
2133:
2122:
2111:
2097:
2086:
2071:
2057:
2043:
2028:
2017:
2001:
1989:
1978:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1873:Main article:
1870:
1867:
1848:
1847:
1815:Main article:
1812:
1809:
1790:
1789:
1780:Main article:
1777:
1774:
1755:
1754:
1748:. They form a
1746:contraceptives
1707:Main article:
1704:
1701:
1682:
1681:
1631:Main article:
1628:
1625:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1575:
1566:
1559:Petrosaviales
1552:
1549:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:Dasypogonaceae
1323:
1317:
1315:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1112:
1071:
1068:
1050:, as does the
1048:APG III system
1001:Petrosaviaceae
980:
977:
911:
908:
846:DNA sequencing
813:remaining taxa
805:Amaryllidaceae
666:
663:
661:
658:
610:
607:
591:
584:
583:
570:
563:
562:
549:
542:
541:
528:
521:
520:
507:
500:
499:
498:
490:
489:
488:
487:
471:Pontederiaceae
432:inferior ovary
392:, and several
382:superior ovary
345:
342:
340:
337:
323:, lilioid and
202:
201:
200:
199:
188:
177:
161:
150:
136:
135:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5033:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5001:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Metteniusales
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:Escalloniales
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4780:Superasterids
4776:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4673:Zygophyllales
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4591:Core eudicots
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4548:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4475:Petrosaviales
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Chloranthales
4397:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4240:Stevens, P.F.
4237:
4234:on 2015-09-14
4233:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4079:(4): 531–53,
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:(1): 85–117,
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3801:Rudall, Paula
3798:
3794:
3788:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3710:on 2016-01-27
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3604:(Book review)
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:Chase, Mark W
3464:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3416:1969.1/179875
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3227:9780521022897
3223:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3208:Chase, Mark W
3204:
3202:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3136:9781139002950
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3071:Rudall, P. J.
3068:
3067:Soltis, P. S.
3064:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3047:Rudall, P. J.
3044:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2928:0-643-06437-0
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2861:Lindley, John
2858:
2849:
2847:3-540-64060-6
2843:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:9780191560156
2787:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:9780191637629
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:9780521022897
2743:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:9780231038805
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:9780521493468
2666:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1633:Petrosaviales
1627:Petrosaviales
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1568:Dioscoreales
1567:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:mitochondrial
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:nuclear genes
1522:
1518:
1517:
1516:sensu stricto
1512:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:Petrosaviales
1191:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:now uses the
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1033:sister clades
1030:
1029:Petrosaviales
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
978:
976:
974:
970:
969:Cyclanthaceae
966:
965:Melanthiaceae
960:
958:
957:Pandaniflorae
954:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
909:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:phylogenetics
873:
869:
865:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
831:Rolf Dahlgren
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:morphological
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
665:Early history
664:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
631:
626:
625:
620:
616:
608:
601:
600:
594:
588:
580:
579:
573:
567:
559:
558:
552:
546:
538:
537:
531:
525:
517:
516:
510:
509:Petrosaviales
504:
494:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:Haemodoraceae
460:
459:Commelinaceae
456:
455:
450:
446:
442:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
417:plesiomorphic
414:
409:
408:at the base.
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
344:True lilioids
343:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:Petrosaviales
239:
236:
232:
229:(grouping of
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
165:
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
142:Petrosaviales
140:
139:
137:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:Tracheophytes
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4989:
4848:Aquifoliales
4741:Picramniales
4703:Cucurbitales
4683:Malpighiales
4633:Saxifragales
4565:Ranunculales
4533:Zingiberales
4528:Commelinales
4481:Dioscoreales
4362:Amborellales
4338:Angiospermae
4253:, retrieved
4244:
4232:the original
4226:
4212:, retrieved
4203:
4191:
4180:, retrieved
4172:
4136:
4130:
4109:
4103:
4076:
4072:
4025:
4021:
4017:
3971:
3965:
3938:
3932:
3909:
3905:
3880:
3876:
3841:
3837:
3810:
3804:
3769:
3763:
3728:
3722:
3712:, retrieved
3708:the original
3695:
3689:
3682:Meerow, A.W.
3663:
3659:
3653:
3642:
3638:
3613:
3607:
3597:Heywood, V H
3579:
3573:
3551:
3547:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3487:
3481:
3441:
3435:
3432:Chase, M. W.
3398:
3392:
3383:
3340:
3334:
3292:
3286:
3260:
3254:
3216:
3212:
3185:
3179:
3158:, retrieved
3149:
3118:
3097:
3093:Chase, M. W.
3079:
3050:
3043:Chase, M. W.
3029:
3021:Chase, M. W.
3004:, retrieved
2989:
2978:, retrieved
2966:
2960:
2954:
2946:Google Books
2939:
2932:, retrieved
2913:
2902:, retrieved
2887:
2883:Rudall, P.J.
2865:
2851:, retrieved
2836:
2818:, retrieved
2803:
2780:
2756:
2736:
2721:, retrieved
2706:
2683:, New York:
2679:
2659:
2645:Bibliography
2631:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2584:
2568:
2527:
2502:
2495:Stevens 2016
2490:
2445:
2434:
2423:
2412:
2401:
2390:
2379:
2364:
2349:
2338:
2327:
2316:
2305:
2290:
2275:
2260:
2240:APG III 2009
2219:
2208:
2197:
2186:
2161:
2150:
2125:
2114:
2108:Heywood 1981
2089:
2079:Lindley 1830
2074:
2031:
2020:
2004:
1992:
1981:
1970:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1929:
1878:
1860:
1835:horticulture
1820:
1802:
1785:
1767:
1750:sister group
1727:forest floor
1712:
1709:Dioscoreales
1694:
1675:pollen, and
1636:
1618:
1600:Asparagales
1554:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1395:Commelinales
1393:
1380:Zingiberales
1378:
1355:
1340:
1325:
1297:
1273:
1241:
1227:Dioscoreales
1225:
1195:
1171:
1149:
1121:
1091:sister group
1087:paraphyletic
1079:
1073:
1063:
1037:
1025:
1011:
1005:
988:
982:
973:Velloziaceae
961:
949:
941:commelinoids
936:
933:dioscoreoids
913:
900:Burmanniales
896:Melanthiales
892:Dioscoreales
888:synapomorphy
880:monophyletic
872:Asparagaceae
867:
861:
854:polyphyletic
849:
843:
822:
816:
783:As Kron and
782:
773:horticulture
736:
692:John Lindley
689:
683:
680:John Lindley
673:
642:Zingiberales
635:
628:
622:
612:
597:
576:
555:
534:
530:Dioscoreales
513:
467:Philydraceae
452:
438:
429:
421:monosymmetry
413:synapomorphy
410:
347:
333:sister group
329:paraphyletic
316:phylogenetic
305:
296:
292:
286:
279:
273:
246:Dioscoreales
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:
153:Dioscoreales
127:
121:
108:
95:
82:
49:
29:
4916:Gentianales
4911:Boraginales
4840:Campanulids
4756:Brassicales
4678:Celastrales
4620:Superrosids
4609:Dilleniales
4510:Commelinids
4499:Asparagales
4469:Alismatales
4441:Magnoliales
4368:Nymphaeales
4349:Angiosperms
4310:Supergroup
4156:10654/18083
3772:: 278–304,
3666:(1): 5–21.
3063:Chase, M.W.
2577:p. 205
2507:WCLSPF 2015
2406:APG II 2003
2284:p. 107
2191:Meerow 2002
2166:Thorne 1992
2155:Thorne 1983
2036:Glover 2014
2009:Craene 2010
1997:Rudall 2002
1875:Asparagales
1839:cut flowers
1738:staple food
1734:saprophytic
1673:monosulcate
1657:pedicellate
1646:rainforests
1577:Pandanales
1551:Subdivision
1545:phytochrome
1312:commelinids
1299:Asparagales
1173:Alismatales
1100:crown group
953:Pandanaceae
945:Stemonaceae
852:was highly
742:Asparagales
696:Petaloideae
619:Alismatales
593:Asparagales
493:type genera
475:pollination
449:commelinids
425:Orchidaceae
362:pentacyclic
339:Description
280:Liliiflorae
258:Asparagales
191:Asparagales
102:Angiosperms
4984:Alismatids
4896:Icacinales
4873:Dipsacales
4798:Santalales
4751:Huerteales
4746:Sapindales
4726:Geraniales
4688:Oxalidales
4604:Gunnerales
4487:Pandanales
4426:Canellales
4418:Magnoliids
4293:Orders of
4255:2016-02-01
4214:2015-08-08
4182:2016-01-21
3714:2016-01-07
3401:(3): 528,
3160:2014-01-04
3075:Fay, M. F.
3025:Fay, M. F.
3006:2015-12-09
2980:2014-01-18
2934:2014-01-14
2904:2014-01-14
2853:2014-01-14
2820:2014-01-29
2723:2016-01-21
2450:Chase 2004
2332:APG I 1998
1963:References
1885:vegetables
1782:Pandanales
1730:herbaceous
1677:follicular
1529:divergence
1314: 118
1243:Pandanales
997:Corsiaceae
993:Pandanales
929:stemonoids
921:alismatids
904:Orchidales
863:Hyacinthus
818:sensu lato
754:superorder
732:Hutchinson
728:Coronarieæ
722:, such as
654:staminodes
551:Pandanales
398:anatropous
325:commelinid
288:sensu lato
250:Pandanales
164:Pandanales
4931:Vahliales
4926:Solanales
4906:Garryales
4863:Bruniales
4853:Asterales
4570:Proteales
4431:Piperales
4318:Bryophyta
4242:(2016) ,
4018:Zigadenus
3645:: 129–131
3288:Brittonia
2975:0065-6275
1831:geophytes
1823:temperate
1744:for oral
1650:bracteate
1591:Liliales
1579:R.Br. ex
1096:pectinate
1076:cladogram
1042:from the
884:paraphyly
839:geophytes
835:monograph
809:Iridaceae
789:Cronquist
765:Liliaceae
761:Cronquist
750:Takhtajan
720:perianths
704:Glumaceae
445:Liliaceae
406:nectaries
378:gynoecium
366:trimerous
321:alismatid
301:Glumaceae
284:Liliaceae
167:R.Br. ex
72:Kingdom:
5021:Monocots
5015:Category
5000:Category
4990:Lilioids
4921:Lamiales
4830:Ericales
4825:Cornales
4813:Asterids
4761:Malvales
4731:Myrtales
4552:Eudicots
4518:Arecales
4493:Liliales
4463:Acorales
4451:Monocots
4436:Laurales
4224:(2016),
4164:Websites
4067:(1998),
4050:21669700
4006:25249442
3957:85738663
3927:(1992),
3897:86213914
3866:13545733
3858:12227521
3827:84714002
3787:citation
3755:19141602
3684:(2002),
3633:(1936),
3599:(1981),
3473:(2009),
3460:21652314
3317:39771490
3239:Articles
3014:Chapters
2876:Symposia
2863:(1830),
2521:RBG 2010
1905:Lilianae
1899:See also
1817:Liliales
1742:steroids
1715:tropical
1342:Arecales
1275:Liliales
1151:Acorales
1118:Lilianae
1021:polytomy
1008:Kubitzki
860:such as
797:Dahlgren
791:(1981),
777:perianth
757:Lilianae
746:Liliales
716:families
660:Taxonomy
615:Acorales
572:Liliales
495:by order
454:Palisota
440:Trillium
350:petaloid
275:Lilianae
270:petaloid
254:Liliales
211:lilioids
180:Liliales
115:Monocots
4888:Lamiids
4868:Apiales
4718:Malvids
4708:Fagales
4698:Rosales
4693:Fabales
4655:Vitales
4580:Buxales
4093:2992015
4042:3558411
3997:4200517
3976:Bibcode
3746:2720651
3609:Ann Bot
3536:2399849
3425:2399846
3367:2444471
3309:3218442
2867:economy
1679:fruit.
1665:carpels
1653:racemes
1643:montane
1585:J.Presl
1581:Bercht.
1511:plastid
1062:in his
825:). The
769:Heywood
708:grasses
700:Lindley
686:, 1846
650:stamens
630:Butomus
483:tapetum
457:in the
451:(e.g.,
443:in the
374:stamens
370:flowers
235:monocot
173:J.Presl
169:Bercht.
134:Orders
76:Plantae
4665:Fabids
4643:Rosids
4523:Poales
4299:APG IV
4091:
4048:
4040:
4004:
3994:
3955:
3895:
3864:
3856:
3825:
3753:
3743:
3534:
3458:
3423:
3365:
3315:
3307:
3224:
3133:
2997:
2973:
2925:
2895:
2844:
2811:
2788:
2768:
2744:
2714:
2691:
2667:
1889:spices
1887:, and
1723:tubers
1596:(1826)
1594:Perleb
1587:(1820)
1583:&
1573:(1835)
1564:(1997)
1562:Takht.
1357:Poales
1120:
1017:Rudall
991:) and
989:Acorus
937:Acorus
925:aroids
917:clades
858:genera
793:Thorne
739:orders
712:sedges
646:cannas
638:Poales
624:Acorus
479:Pollen
469:, and
402:locule
394:ovules
358:Lilium
354:tepals
266:lilies
262:tepals
238:orders
186:(1826)
184:Perleb
175:(1820)
171:&
159:(1835)
148:(1997)
146:Takht.
4312:Plant
4089:JSTOR
4038:JSTOR
3953:S2CID
3934:Aliso
3893:S2CID
3862:S2CID
3823:S2CID
3765:Aliso
3548:Grana
3532:JSTOR
3478:(PDF)
3421:JSTOR
3389:(PDF)
3363:JSTOR
3331:(PDF)
3313:S2CID
3305:JSTOR
3231:, in
3199:, in
3181:Aliso
3176:(PDF)
3164:, in
3154:(PDF)
3140:, in
3106:, in
3102:(PDF)
3085:, in
3055:, in
3035:, in
2962:Aliso
2919:CSIRO
2651:Books
1921:Notes
1719:vines
1571:R.Br.
1521:sensu
1122:sensu
1081:sensu
785:Chase
706:(the
698:. In
436:genus
396:with
390:style
227:grade
157:R.Br.
122:Grade
109:Clade
96:Clade
83:Clade
4046:PMID
4002:PMID
3854:PMID
3793:link
3751:PMID
3456:PMID
3222:ISBN
3131:ISBN
2995:ISBN
2971:ISSN
2923:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2842:ISBN
2809:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2742:ISBN
2712:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2665:ISBN
1837:and
1605:1829
1603:Link
1301:120
1287:121
1277:121
1229:115
1215:120
1184:122
1074:The
1060:Judd
999:and
931:and
902:and
868:s.l.
850:s.l.
823:s.l.
744:and
730:and
710:and
617:and
404:and
314:and
297:s.l.
293:s.l.
256:and
231:taxa
197:1829
195:Link
4151:hdl
4141:doi
4137:161
4114:doi
4110:141
4081:doi
4058:APG
4030:doi
3992:PMC
3984:doi
3943:doi
3914:doi
3885:doi
3846:doi
3815:doi
3811:163
3774:doi
3741:PMC
3733:doi
3729:104
3700:doi
3696:570
3668:doi
3664:172
3618:doi
3584:doi
3580:178
3556:doi
3524:doi
3510:rbc
3492:doi
3488:161
3446:doi
3411:hdl
3403:doi
3384:rbc
3353:hdl
3345:doi
3297:doi
3265:doi
3261:138
3215:rbc
3190:doi
3123:doi
2944:at
1245:91
1104:mya
959:).
752:'s
726:'s
652:or
291:or
278:or
5017::
4248:,
4207:,
4149:,
4135:,
4108:,
4087:,
4077:85
4075:,
4071:,
4044:.
4036:.
4026:88
4024:.
4000:,
3990:,
3982:,
3970:,
3951:,
3939:13
3937:,
3931:,
3908:,
3891:.
3881:31
3879:.
3860:,
3852:,
3842:77
3840:,
3821:,
3809:,
3789:}}
3785:{{
3770:22
3768:,
3749:,
3739:,
3727:,
3694:,
3688:,
3662:.
3658:.
3643:ii
3641:,
3637:,
3614:48
3612:,
3606:,
3578:,
3552:40
3550:,
3530:,
3520:80
3518:,
3486:,
3480:,
3469:;
3454:,
3442:91
3440:,
3419:,
3409:,
3399:80
3397:,
3391:,
3386:L"
3361:,
3351:,
3341:76
3339:,
3333:,
3311:,
3303:,
3293:55
3291:,
3281:;
3259:,
3186:22
3184:,
3178:,
3129:,
3073:;
3069:;
3049:,
2967:22
2965:,
2959:,
2921:,
2830:;
2764:,
2687:,
2575:,
2552:^
2538:^
2513:^
2470:^
2456:^
2371:,
2356:,
2297:,
2282:,
2267:,
2246:^
2230:^
2172:^
2136:^
2100:^
2081:,
2060:^
2046:^
2038:,
2011:,
1883:,
1845:.
1671:,
1655:,
1066:.
1003:.
927:,
923:,
898:,
682::
678:,
465:,
461:,
427:.
384:,
352:)
310:,
303:.
252:,
248:,
244:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
124::
111::
98::
85::
4988:³
4982:²
4976:¹
4501:³
4495:³
4489:³
4483:³
4477:³
4471:²
4465:²
4376:¹
4370:¹
4364:¹
4314::
4301:)
4297:(
4286:e
4279:t
4272:v
4153::
4143::
4116::
4083::
4052:.
4032::
3986::
3978::
3972:5
3945::
3916::
3910:3
3899:.
3887::
3848::
3817::
3795:)
3776::
3735::
3702::
3676:.
3670::
3656:"
3620::
3586::
3558::
3526::
3494::
3448::
3413::
3405::
3355::
3347::
3299::
3267::
3192::
3125::
2957:"
2638:.
2626:.
2614:.
2602:.
2579:.
2497:.
2015:.
1999:.
821:(
595::
574::
553::
532::
511::
240:(
209:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.