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eligibility for programs and services. Tribes also have varying eligibility criteria for membership. It is important to distinguish between the ethnological term 'Indian' and the political/legal term 'Indian.' The protections and services provided by the United States for tribal members flow not from an individual's status as an
American Indian in an ethnological sense, but because the person is a member of a Tribe recognized by the United States and with which the United States has a special trust relationship."
182:. Minoka's mother, who was under the care of Dr. Joshua Allen, died during childbirth. The name of her mother, said to be a Mohawk woman, is unknown. Dr. Allen, a bachelor, was her father, but she did not know that as a child. Joshua Gibbons Allen (1832-1903) was a Quaker physician, obstetrician, and gynecological expert who graduated from the
449:, but the culture is predominantly Mohawk. The reservation supports members of the reservation. Their website states that: "In order to become a tribal member, your eligibility for enrollment will be determined upon completion of the application in accordance with the 25% Akwesasne Mohawk blood quantum requirement."
196:
Minoka was removed from her home at five. Allen gave her the name Rosa and took her to a Quaker girl's boarding school, Grahame
Institute. It was operated by Israel and Jane Grahame, who were caring. Allen, who let people believe that he was her benefactor, brought her books of Native Americans and
165:
Minoka-Hill gained her state medical license in
Wisconsin in 1934 and, in her later years, was honored for her contributions to rural medical care. In 1947, she was adopted as an honorary member by the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin, the only person so honored in the 20th century. They gave her the name
265:
Minoka-Hill learned traditional Oneida medical practices from
Charles' grandmother, like the curative powers of plants, wildflowers, and roots. She integrated that information with the medical training that she received and her clinical experiences. Without a Wisconsin medical license, Minoka-Hill
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states: "As a general principle, an Indian is a person who is of some degree Indian blood and is recognized as an Indian by a Tribe and/or the United States. No single federal or tribal criterion establishes a person's identity as an Indian. Government agencies use differing criteria to determine
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Her father died in
September 1903, but not before declaring that Minoka was his daughter in a newspaper notice. She was left his estate valued at about $ 50,000 (equivalent to $ 1,695,556 in 2023) in the form of a trust fund. Feeling insecure, she shared the information about her father, her
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In 1934, Minoka-Hill gained her
Wisconsin medical license. Being licensed allowed her to admit patients to the hospital, charge fees, and prescribe medicine. Minoka-Hill received her Wisconsin license and attained a job as a local health officer. With an office in town she saw white and Native
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The definition of who is a "Native
American" can vary. In some cases, tribes or villages based it upon whether the person has citizenship or membership in the tribe, and that criteria can vary by tribe. There is no universal definition of what makes and Indian or Native American. The
154:
descent. Regardless of the uncertainty of her family life, she made the most of education provided by her father. Minoka was educated at a Quaker boarding school in
Philadelphia. She attended medical school there, and rare for women at the time, obtained her degree in 1899.
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and Minoka-Hill was the lone remaining physician in 1916 or 1917. Powless died just before the end of the war. After that, Minoka-Hill's services were even more critical; she tended to nearly all the tribe's local medical needs. She often spent entire nights at bedsides.
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After she and her friend
Frances Tyson graduated, they also setup a private practice for walk-in patients. Minoka provided medical care for Native American students at the Lincoln Institute boarding school. Minoka made friends with the students there, like Anna Hill, an
33:
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student at
Lincoln Institute from Wisconsin. Anna introduced Minoka to her brother Charles Abram Hill. She secured her internship at the public Woman's Hospital in 1900. At the Women's Clinic, she treated poor women.
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Minoka decided to become a nurse after graduating from high school, but her father said that she should be a physician because of the education she had received and he paid for her education. Minoka attended the
276:. Minoka-Hill was left to raise six children, five of whom were less than six years old, and take care of the farm and its animals on her own. During the winter of 1917–1918, her children contracted
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on his farm alotment on the reservation. Charles established a farm and built a two-story house. He wanted a farmer's wife, though she wanted to stay active in her medical practice.
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There are more sources from within this article that state that she is the "second Native American woman in the United States to" obtain a medical degree or be a physician.
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taught her about the Mohawk people, and what he knew about their history and lifestyle. She learned that Quakers valued caring and kindness. Minoka studied French in
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368:, and friend of People of all religions in this community, erected to her memory by the Indians and white people." It includes: "I was sick and you visited me."
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1947, she received the Indian Achievement Award from the Indian Fire Council of Chicago, for personal achievement and humanitarian service to her people.
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516:"When it comes to blood quantum, celebrated Oneida doctor wouldn't actually be Oneida. Inside the blood quantum dilemma facing First Nations"
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Minoka-Hill and Charles had six children, Rosa Melissa, Charles Allen, Norbert, Alfred Grahame, and twins, Jane Frances and Josephine.
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1093:"Native American Heritage Month: Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte and Dr. Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill: Diversity, Equity & Inclusion Blog"
229:). She earned her degree in 1899. Minoka was the second Native American woman in the United States to obtain a medical degree, after
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By 1988, Norbert Hill administered the Dr. Rosa Minoka Hill Fund, which grants pre-college school scholarships to Native Americans.
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A heart attack in 1946 forced Minoka-Hill into semi-retirement, though she continued her clinic in her home, until her death in
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Minoka, who was not a citizen of any Native American tribe, lived with her maternal Mohawk grandmother of an unknown name in
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There are other places where Minoka was said to be born, but her census record of 1900 shows she was born in New Jersey.
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reservation. Her husband died in 1916, leaving her the family provider, care giver for her children, and farm operator.
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University of Pennsylvania; its history, influence, equipment and characteristics; with biographical sketches
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In June 1905, Minoka married Charles Hill in Philadelphia, becoming Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill. They lived in
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Extraordinary Women Of Medicine (Turtleback School & Library Binding Edition) (Extraordinary People)
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201:(Canada) for one year when she was thirteen. After she returned to Philadelphia, Minoka converted to
389:, an Oneida comedian was the grandson of Dr. Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill. A granddaughter, now known as
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903:, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1900 – via ancestry.com
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in 1856. For 23 years, he was the physician-in-chief at the Lying-in-Charity in Philadelphia.
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In 1895, when Minoka was 18, Allen let her know that he was her father and that she was not
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1949, the Wisconsin Medical Association voted to award her a lifetime honorary membership.
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Chamberlain, Joshua Lawrence; Cheyney, Edward Potts; Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson (1902).
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1954, a granite monument was erected near Oneida in her honor. The inscription reads: "
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Lillie Minnetoga, that she later changed to Minoka, was born August 30, 1875, in
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598:"Office of Tribal Justice: Frequently Asked Questions about Native Americans"
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became a poet and professor of English and American Indian Studies at the
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worked without pay for family and friends, which prevented legal issues.
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875:. Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press. p. 285.
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and occasionally she was visited by Dr. Allen from Philadelphia.
747:. Waterford, Connecticut: Yorkin Publications. pp. 154–155.
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2014, the Dr. Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill School opened in September.
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mother, and her birth with Charles Hill, which made them closer.
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For decades, Minoka-Hill operated a clinic at her house, on the
899:"Dr Lilly R Minoka, Boarder with Jane Grahame and her family",
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The reservation's physician, Dr. Josiah Powless served during
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Encyclopedia of the American Indian in the twentieth century
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Race Relations in the United States: A Chronology, 1896-2005
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of any Native American tribe. She was told her mother was a
304:, established by her father Joshua Allen, collapsed in the
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in her honor. It were erected at the Oneida Health Center.
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By 2016, the Minoka-Hill monument monument was erected in
744:
Women in world history : a biographical encyclopedia
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Joshua Gibbons Allen, physician and obstetrician (father)
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who have been affiliated with the reservation since the
170:, meaning "she who carries aid" or "she who serves".
343:, meaning "she who carries aid" or "she who serves".
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Dr. Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill: Mohawk Woman Physician
335:1947, she was adopted as an honorary member by the
134:(August 30, 1875 – March 18, 1952) was an American
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1192:"Academy of American Poets: Roberta Hill Whiteman"
212:. He would not tell her about her mother, though.
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948:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. June 3, 2015
1244:. Philadelphia: Thompson Westcott. p. 1698.
822:More than petticoats. Remarkable Wisconsin women
1167:"Dr. Rosa Minoka-Hill School (K-12): About Us"
1040:"Five women who changed the field of medicine"
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86:Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania
1291:20th-century American women physicians
323:on March 18, 1952, of a heart attack.
1306:People from Atlantic City, New Jersey
1004:. Boston: R. Herndon. pp. 79–80.
514:Vaisvilas, Frank (November 2, 2022).
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205:. Her father respected her decision.
37:Lillie Rosa Minoka Hill, unknown year
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1038:Padilla, Lauren (November 8, 2018).
1227:(Thesis). University of Minnesota.
431:St. Regis Mohawk Indian Reservation
1262:American Public Health Association
1242:History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884
467:He had no other heirs than Minoka.
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825:. Guilford, Connecticut: TwoDot.
346:1949, she was the honoree of the
1286:20th-century American physicians
1147:. November 23, 1988. pp. A6
395:University of Wisconsin–Madison
216:Medical school and early career
108:Charles Hill, m. 1905, d. 1916
1:
1316:People from Oneida, Wisconsin
1120:"Courage Grows With Occasion"
946:Changing the Face of Medicine
1240:Scharf, John Thomas (1884).
1044:The John Hopkins News-Letter
979:. October 8, 1903. p. 4
573:"Frequently Asked Questions"
348:American Medical Association
138:. Although referred to as a
634:. Turtleback. p. 187.
577:Native American Rights Fund
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1301:Oneida Nation of Wisconsin
681:"About the Tribe (Vision)"
423:U.S. Department of Justice
337:Oneida Nation of Wisconsin
160:Oneida Nation of Wisconsin
1321:Physicians from Wisconsin
1256:"Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill"
977:The Philadelphia Inquirer
942:"Little Rosa Minoka Hill"
551:. McFarland. p. 76.
339:. They gave her the name
191:Atlantic City, New Jersey
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1311:People from Philadelphia
1296:Drexel University alumni
1260:Women and Public Health,
819:Anderson, Greta (2004).
710:Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
685:Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
660:Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
419:Office of Tribal Justice
231:Susan La Flesche Picotte
174:Early life and education
142:woman, Minoka was not a
520:Green Bay Press Gazette
385:The historical figure,
132:Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill
25:Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill
321:Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
282:international epidemic
75:Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
656:"Culture and History"
447:French and Indian War
391:Roberta Hill Whiteman
122:Mohawk woman (mother)
1171:minokahill.gbaps.org
150:. Her father was of
1099:. November 30, 2023
1097:College of Medicine
1025:Our Diverse History
443:Oswegatchie Mission
316:American patients.
254:Marriage and family
1221:Hill, Roberta Jean
1067:Kloepping, Sarah.
439:Oswegatchie people
306:Stock Market Crash
16:American physician
882:978-0-8263-5595-9
832:978-0-7627-2529-8
641:978-0-613-13504-7
558:978-1-4766-1842-5
379:Oneida, Wisconsin
327:Legacy and honors
260:Oneida, Wisconsin
227:Drexel University
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69:(1952-03-18)
18:
1281:1952 deaths
1276:1876 births
294:World War I
280:during the
210:misbegotten
203:Catholicism
1270:Categories
484:References
341:Yo-da-gent
302:trust fund
180:New Jersey
168:Yo-da-gent
97:Occupation
57:New Jersey
49:1875-08-30
1233:304437247
1196:Poets.org
441:from the
362:Physician
278:influenza
136:physician
105:Spouse(s)
100:Physician
82:Education
1229:ProQuest
1223:(1998).
92:) (1899)
1201:May 16,
1176:May 16,
1151:May 16,
1103:May 16,
1074:May 16,
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983:May 14,
952:May 12,
715:May 17,
690:May 17,
665:May 17,
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525:May 12,
435:Abenaki
421:of the
144:citizen
113:Parents
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243:Oneida
199:Quebec
152:Quaker
148:Mohawk
1129:: 14.
1123:(PDF)
401:Notes
235:Omaha
1203:2024
1178:2024
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954:2024
877:ISBN
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749:ISBN
717:2024
692:2024
667:2024
636:ISBN
610:2024
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553:ISBN
527:2024
437:and
429:The
64:Died
43:Born
237:).
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