33:
54:
514:
505:, have leaves and stems that are only sparsely hairy, not woolly. This meadowfoam can further be distinguished from other woolly meadowfoam subspecies by the cup shaped flowers with sepals that have very little hair on their outer (bottom) surface but are densely hairy on the inside (top) surface. The petals have hairs along the margins of the base.
409:
is found throughout northern
California and southern Oregon. Its range overlaps the highly restricted ranges of all the other subspecies. Thus at most locations where a rare subspecies occurs it is also possible to find this subspecies, making accurate identification critical.
545:. The 3.9-inch (9.9 cm) tall plants are distinguished by their cup shaped flowers with sepals that are hairless on the both surfaces and petals that have hairs along the margins at the base. Like Bellinger's meadowfoam, the leaves and stems are hairless.
470:. Bellinger's meadowfoam can be distinguished from other woolly meadowfoam subspecies by the bell or urn shaped flowers, hairless (or only sparsely hairy) sepals, and petals without hairs on the margins of the base. The leaves and stems are hairless.
443:
Woolly meadowfoam can be distinguished from the endangered Butte County meadowfoam by the shape of the flower and the fact that woolly meadowfoam lacks hairs along the base of the petal margins. Technical features of the nutlet are also useful.
586:
Butte County meadowfoam can be distinguished from other woolly meadowfoam subspecies by the cup shaped flowers with sepals that are densely hairy and petals with hairs along the margin at the base. The leaves and stems are densely hairy.
318:. The crop is grown for its seed oil, which contains long chain fatty acids (greater than 20 carbons), has high oxidative stability, does not have any odor and is highly emollient. The oil is currently used in cosmetics manufacturing.
727:
811:
303:, not because it is the one most often seen (it is very inconspicuous), but because this taxon has been the focus of a significant conflict. The subspecies is found only among a dozen or so populations in
307:, and is legally protected as endangered. Conflict has arisen between those who would protect the few remaining populations and those who would rather use its critical habitat for economic activities.
583:
It is possible that this plant could provide genetic resources for the ongoing development of meadowfoam as a crop. The plant's critical habitat is steadily declining due to development.
345:
by the fact that its petals are not much longer and often shorter than the sepals. The flowers mostly remain closed even at maturity, in contrast to Table
Mountain meadowfoam (
739:
871:
823:
576:
area, including highway improvements and construction of a school and a church, has been impacted by the federal and state protected status of the plant. Local celebrity
1393:
1432:
1341:
338:(wherein the petals curve over the fruit when it is mature). Most populations of this species are at least partially autogamous (self-pollinating).
1406:
1354:
1156:
849:
1010:
1471:
53:
1553:
1548:
1103:
1078:
790:
765:
1380:
819:
735:
1411:
1179:
Field and genetic survey of the endangered Butte County meadowfoam – Limnanthes floccosa subsp. californica (Limnanthaceae)
440:
all have hairless or only sparsely hairy herbage and have sepals that are either hairless or hairy on only one side.)
202:
1484:
1437:
530:
1149:
459:(M. Peck) C. T. Mason was named for Dr. Grover C. and Mrs. Hattie Bellinger who first collected a sample of the
1543:
940:
565:
304:
159:
1489:
580:
became involved in the conflict by suggesting that the endangered meadowfoam could be "farmed out of danger".
1283:
907:
903:
845:
577:
1333:
961:
1538:
1328:
1294:
1245:
538:
32:
1124:
987:
930:
289:
186:
1359:
1049:
1315:
1025:
347:
1099:
1074:
786:
761:
277:
1424:
1510:
1476:
1041:
1011:"A Taximetric Study of Infraspecific Variation in Autogamous Limnanthes floccosa (Limnanthaceae)"
494:
48:
1398:
1445:
1302:
935:
872:"Lawsuit launched against Chico development project, claims endangered species are threatened"
573:
1450:
1222:
1197:
1033:
895:
281:
91:
1463:
1029:
1458:
513:
78:
1532:
378:
285:
137:
1515:
1307:
1218:
1193:
534:
490:
1419:
1367:
1277:
486:
394:) has been "reported from Cascade Range Foothills but requires further study".)
288:. Most of the subspecies have highly restricted distributions and are listed as
127:
1268:
569:
561:
467:
460:
293:
273:
147:
1502:
382:(a flora of California) recognizes only one California endemic subspecies (
1497:
1262:
104:
1346:
1045:
529:(Howell) Arroyo inhabits the edges of vernal pools and wetter areas on
269:
1075:"Big-flowered wooly meadowfoam (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. grandiflora)"
787:"Big-flowered wooly meadowfoam (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. grandiflora)"
1372:
542:
498:
117:
1239:
1037:
1385:
512:
463:
65:
816:
Inventory of Rare and
Endangered Plants (online edition, v7-09b)
732:
Inventory of Rare and
Endangered Plants (online edition, v7-09b)
322:
is cultivated in the
Willamette Valley of Oregon and elsewhere.
1320:
1243:
591:
Comparison of characteristics of woolly meadowfoam subspecies.
428:
in that it has densely hairy sepals and herbage. (Subspecies
314:
have been used to improve a meadowfoam cultivar derived from
299:
Perhaps the most familiar subspecies of woolly meadowfoam is
341:
The species is easily distinguished from other members of
413:
Although widespread, the taxon is not common anywhere.
466:
in 1936. It can be found in the foothills of northern
386:) but the Flora of North America recognizes a second (
1100:"Dwarf meadowfoam (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. pumila)"
762:"Dwarf meadowfoam (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. pumila)"
1252:
589:
390:). (The Jepson Manual notes a putative subspecies (
416:It differs from the two endemic Oregon subspecies
910:Center for Alternative Plant and Animal Products
988:"Limnanthes floccosa Howell ssp. bellingeriana"
8:
1181:. Conservation Biology 6. pp. 549–558.
1240:
31:
20:
1150:"Butte County Meadowfoam Species Account"
1144:
1142:
1009:Arroyo, Mary T Kalin (April–June 1973).
728:"Limnanthes floccosa ssp. bellingeriana"
362:) occurs in both California and Oregon.
1157:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
850:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
719:
1125:"Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica"
812:"Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica"
7:
686:Woolly on inner (top) surface only
846:"Large-flowered woolly meadowfoam"
822:. January 19, 2010. Archived from
738:. January 19, 2010. Archived from
680:Hairless (or only sparsely hairy)
642:Hairless (or only sparsely hairy)
549:Butte County or Shippee meadowfoam
501:. These plants, unlike subspecies
373:) are endemic to southern Oregon.
14:
1192:Angel, Devanie (April 19, 2001).
334:is a member of the genus section
1490:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:140196-2
1104:Oregon Department of Agriculture
1079:Oregon Department of Agriculture
791:Oregon Department of Agriculture
766:Oregon Department of Agriculture
358:The most widespread subspecies (
52:
870:Anderaos, Deb (April 5, 2021).
820:California Native Plant Society
736:California Native Plant Society
900:Alternative Field Crops Manual
474:Big-flowered woolly meadowfoam
1:
1177:Dole, J. A.; Sun, M. (1992).
572:. Development of land in the
424:and the northern California
521:Unlike other subspecies of
1570:
1155:. Sacramento, California:
818:. Sacramento, California:
734:. Sacramento, California:
531:Upper and Lower Table Rock
485:Arroyo is only known from
447:
16:Species of flowering plant
1554:Flora of Northern America
1219:"My Life With Meadowfoam"
533:, lava formations in the
214:
209:
192:
185:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
1549:Plants described in 1897
941:University of California
517:Dwarf Woolly Meadowfoam.
305:Butte County, California
908:University of Minnesota
904:University of Wisconsin
509:Dwarf woolly meadowfoam
966:Flora of North America
518:
448:Bellinger's meadowfoam
310:Certain subspecies of
247:L. floccosa
239:L. floccosa
231:L. floccosa
224:L. floccosa
217:L. floccosa
962:"Limnanthes floccosa"
516:
348:Limnanthes douglasii
1284:Limnanthes floccosa
1254:Limnanthes floccosa
1194:"Loving meadowfoam"
1030:1973Britt..25..177A
592:
554:Limnanthes floccosa
523:Limnanthes floccosa
479:Limnanthes floccosa
332:Limnanthes floccosa
278:Northern California
261:Limnanthes floccosa
221: bellingeriana
196:Limnanthes floccosa
25:Limnanthes floccosa
692:Petal Base Margins
590:
519:
330:Woolly meadowfoam
1526:
1525:
1446:Open Tree of Life
1246:Taxon identifiers
1223:News & Review
1198:News & Review
936:The Jepson Manual
929:Ornduff, Robert.
826:on March 26, 2012
742:on March 26, 2012
712:
711:
574:Chico, California
564:plant endemic to
525:, the subspecies
398:Woolly meadowfoam
266:woolly meadowfoam
257:
256:
243: grandiflora
228: californica
1561:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1466:
1454:
1453:
1441:
1440:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1388:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1350:
1349:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1323:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1048:. Archived from
1015:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
892:
886:
885:
883:
882:
867:
861:
860:
858:
856:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
808:
802:
801:
799:
797:
783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
724:
593:
365:Two subspecies (
355:), for example.
198:
178:L. floccosa
164:
57:
56:
35:
21:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1544:Flora of Oregon
1529:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1055:on July 7, 2011
1052:
1038:10.2307/2805936
1013:
1008:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
986:
985:
981:
971:
969:
960:
959:
955:
945:
943:
931:"Limnanthaceae"
928:
927:
923:
913:
911:
894:
893:
889:
880:
878:
869:
868:
864:
854:
852:
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
810:
809:
805:
795:
793:
785:
784:
780:
770:
768:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
726:
725:
721:
717:
551:
511:
493:, an area near
476:
450:
400:
328:
316:Limnanthes alba
282:Southern Oregon
245:
237:
205:
200:
194:
181:
162:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1516:wfo-0001073396
1507:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1364:
1351:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1289:
1274:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1210:
1184:
1169:
1138:
1116:
1091:
1066:
1024:(2): 177–191.
1001:
979:
953:
921:
887:
862:
837:
803:
778:
753:
718:
716:
713:
710:
709:
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703:
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688:
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640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
550:
547:
539:Jackson County
510:
507:
475:
472:
449:
446:
399:
396:
327:
324:
255:
254:
235: floccosa
212:
211:
207:
206:
201:
190:
189:
183:
182:
175:
173:
169:
168:
157:
153:
152:
145:
141:
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135:
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125:
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115:
108:
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102:
95:
94:
89:
82:
81:
76:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1566:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:Limnanthaceae
1537:
1536:
1534:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1225:. May 3, 2001
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1005:
1002:
989:
983:
980:
968:. eFloras.org
967:
963:
957:
954:
942:
938:
937:
932:
925:
922:
909:
905:
901:
897:
891:
888:
877:
873:
866:
863:
851:
847:
841:
838:
825:
821:
817:
813:
807:
804:
792:
788:
782:
779:
767:
763:
757:
754:
741:
737:
733:
729:
723:
720:
714:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:bellingeriana
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
594:
588:
584:
581:
579:
578:Anthony Watts
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:Arroyo is an
559:
555:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
515:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
471:
469:
465:
462:
458:
457:bellingeriana
454:
445:
441:
439:
438:bellingeriana
435:
431:
427:
426:bellingeriana
423:
419:
414:
411:
408:
404:
397:
395:
393:
392:bellingeriana
389:
388:bellingeriana
385:
381:
380:
379:Jepson Manual
374:
372:
368:
363:
361:
356:
354:
350:
349:
344:
339:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
286:United States
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
253:
252:
251: pumilla
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
213:
208:
204:
199:
197:
191:
188:
187:Binomial name
184:
180:
179:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:Limnanthaceae
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:Tracheophytes
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1464:tro-18500009
1253:
1227:. Retrieved
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1129:. Retrieved
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1050:the original
1021:
1017:
1004:
992:. Retrieved
982:
970:. Retrieved
965:
956:
944:. Retrieved
934:
924:
912:. Retrieved
899:
896:"Meadowfoam"
890:
879:. Retrieved
875:
865:
853:. Retrieved
840:
828:. Retrieved
824:the original
815:
806:
794:. Retrieved
781:
769:. Retrieved
756:
744:. Retrieved
740:the original
731:
722:
691:
669:
658:Bell or Urn
652:Bell or Urn
648:Flower Shape
647:
625:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
585:
582:
566:Butte County
557:
553:
552:
535:Rogue Valley
526:
522:
520:
502:
491:Agate Desert
487:vernal pools
482:
478:
477:
456:
452:
451:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
415:
412:
406:
402:
401:
391:
387:
383:
377:
375:
370:
366:
364:
359:
357:
352:
346:
342:
340:
335:
331:
329:
319:
315:
311:
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298:
265:
260:
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234:
230:
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220:
216:
215:
195:
193:
177:
176:
160:
148:
111:
98:
85:
72:
41:
24:
18:
1420:NatureServe
1368:iNaturalist
1278:Wikispecies
990:. Califlora
906:Extension,
708:With hairs
705:With hairs
699:With hairs
614:grandiflora
604:californica
558:californica
483:grandiflora
434:grandiflora
422:grandiflora
384:californica
371:grandiflora
312:L. floccosa
301:californica
210:Subspecies
161:Limnanthes
128:Brassicales
92:Angiosperms
42:californica
1533:Categories
1459:Plant List
1292:Calflora:
1127:. Calflora
881:2021-04-06
715:References
570:California
562:endangered
495:White City
468:California
461:herbaceous
320:Limnanthes
294:endangered
274:meadowfoam
149:Limnanthes
1334:250094631
1109:April 28,
1084:April 28,
1018:Brittonia
946:March 31,
914:March 31,
876:KHSL News
855:March 31,
830:March 31,
796:March 31,
771:March 31,
746:March 31,
702:Hairless
696:Hairless
683:Hairless
639:Hairless
636:Hairless
284:, in the
276:found in
172:Species:
156:Section:
62:Kingdom:
1503:18500009
1498:Tropicos
1425:2.145100
1399:11283152
1386:140196-2
1269:Q6549727
1263:Wikidata
1229:April 3,
1221:. Chico
1203:April 3,
1196:. Chico
1059:April 3,
994:April 3,
972:April 3,
599:floccosa
503:floccosa
407:floccosa
360:floccosa
343:inflexae
336:inflexae
326:Taxonomy
290:critical
165:Inflexae
134:Family:
105:Eudicots
1347:5334528
1046:2805936
1026:Bibcode
677:Woolly
674:Woolly
633:Woolly
630:Woolly
626:Herbage
556:subsp.
489:in the
481:subsp.
405:subsp.
270:species
268:, is a
144:Genus:
124:Order:
66:Plantae
1472:PLANTS
1451:451909
1438:111134
1321:581150
1162:May 9,
1131:May 9,
1044:
670:Sepals
619:pumila
543:Oregon
527:pumila
499:Oregon
455:subsp.
453:L. f.
430:pumila
418:pumila
367:pumila
249:subsp.
241:subsp.
233:subsp.
226:subsp.
219:subsp.
203:Howell
118:Rosids
1477:LIFL2
1412:29172
1394:IRMNG
1373:77748
1360:70404
1308:72BZD
1153:(PDF)
1053:(PDF)
1042:JSTOR
1014:(PDF)
464:plant
403:L. f.
353:nivea
351:ssp.
264:, or
163:sect.
112:Clade
99:Clade
86:Clade
73:Clade
40:ssp.
1485:POWO
1433:NCBI
1407:ITIS
1381:IPNI
1355:GRIN
1342:GBIF
1295:4830
1231:2010
1205:2010
1164:2009
1133:2009
1111:2009
1086:2009
1061:2010
996:2010
974:2010
948:2010
916:2010
857:2010
832:2010
798:2010
773:2010
748:2010
664:Cup
661:Cup
655:Cup
436:and
420:and
376:The
369:and
280:and
1511:WFO
1329:FNA
1316:EoL
1303:CoL
1034:doi
292:or
272:of
1535::
1513::
1500::
1487::
1474::
1461::
1448::
1435::
1422::
1409::
1396::
1383::
1370::
1357::
1344::
1331::
1318::
1305::
1280::
1265::
1141:^
1102:.
1077:.
1040:.
1032:.
1022:25
1020:.
1016:.
964:.
939:.
933:.
902:.
898:.
874:.
848:.
814:.
789:.
764:.
730:.
568:,
541:,
537:,
497:,
432:,
296:.
114::
101::
88::
75::
1233:.
1207:.
1166:.
1135:.
1113:.
1088:.
1063:.
1036::
1028::
998:.
976:.
950:.
918:.
884:.
859:.
834:.
800:.
775:.
750:.
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