48:
820:
cultures; the fungus can grow on a variety of media commonly used to grow fungi in the laboratory. Depending on the composition of the growth media, fruit bodies were formed as early as eight days after initiating, when grown at 20 °C (68 °F) and under dim light. When minute agar blocks
844:
is immature; typically, spores develop after the fruit body is fully closed. In some cases, the fruit body stops developing at the cup stage while the hymenium continues to mature. This results in a cup-shaped fungus with an exposed layer of basidia bearing normal and mature spores.
1028:
Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS (2006).
238:
The family, genus and species were first described in a 1976 publication by graduate students
Gustavo Escobar and Dennis McCabe, and undergraduate Craig Harpel who, in the fall of 1974, found the fungus as part of "a class project to find and isolate
840:. Starting out as a hyphal tuft, the fungus grows into a cup shape before eventually closing in completely to create the spherical structure of the mature fruit body. When the fungus is in the cup stage, the exposed
853:
for fruit body development in general. Under the experimental conditions used, fruit bodies matured to produce spores about 72 hours after the fungus started growing. The aborted cups resemble the sporocarps of the
883:
Although it is not known with certainty how the spores are dispersed, they may disperse passively in the water, or a mature spore-containing fruit body may float on the water surface for dispersal.
866:(forceful spore discharge). McCabe and Escobar later suggested that the fungus may have evolved the loss of ballistospory by being compensated with the cup-shaped fruit body closing at maturity.
732:
shape. Initially empty, in maturity it is filled with spores that measure 330–1220 by 180–420 μm. The smooth inner surface of the chamber comprises the fertile spore-bearing tissue (the
694:
The genus description is similar to the family description, but further specifies that the fruit bodies float, are sometimes embedded in a loose subiculum (a woolly or net-like growth of
713:(the outer protective tissue layer) is 18–30 μm thick, byssoid, and made of clamped hyphae typically 2.5–4 μm in diameter intertwined with dendrophyses (irregularly branched
222:
tethers the ball above water while it matures. Fruit bodies start out as a tuft of hyphae, then become cup-shaped, and eventually enclose around a single chamber that contains reddish
744:(translucent), more or less club-shaped, and usually have basal and apical swellings separated by a narrow strip of variable length. The basidia are four-spored, and have inflated
698:), and that the spores are reddish. The fungus has been described as an "aquatic puffball", although a later review considered "floating puffball" to be a more apt descriptor.
1204:
684:"Fructifications almost spherical, minute; peridium complex, with dendrophyses, indehiscent; gleba uniloculate, without invaginations; hymenium smooth; spores smooth."
1730:
1433:
Abstracts: IMC2, Second
International Mycological Congress: University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A. : Saturday 27 August–Saturday 3 September 1977
752:(egg-shaped, with the broad extremity located away from the base), smooth, thick-walled, and measure 11–16 (typically 12–15) by 7–10 μm. They have a beaked
829:, mycelial strands grew towards the water surface and eventually gave rise to floating fruit bodies connected to the parent agar block by strands of hyphae.
1717:
1802:
1743:
949:
748:
with a central constriction. The basidia measure 20–90 (typically 25–55) μm long by 8–10 μm thick. Reddish in mass, the spores are
709:. The floating balls are sometimes enclosed in a loose subiculum, with a whitish surface that is byssoid (consisting of fine threads). The
1269:
Bärlocher F, Seena S, Wilson KP, Williams DD (2007). "Raised water temperature lowers diversity of hyporheic aquatic hyphomycetes".
1129:
Bodensteiner P, Binder M, Moncalvo JM, Agerer R, Hibbett DS (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships of cyphelloid homobasidiomycetes".
1245:
1748:
1203:
Justo A, Vizzini A, Minnis AM, Menolli N Jr, Capelari M, Rodríguez O, Malysheva E, Contu M, Ghignone S, Hibbett DS (2011).
908:
721:, a feature that helps keep water off the growing hymenium during its development, and gives the fruit body buoyancy.
47:
800:
fields. Later surveys uncovered the fungus in several localities in South Africa and in freshwater ponds in Canada.
1807:
1431:
Tubaki K. (1977). "Brackishwater fungi and their relationships to marine fungi". In
Bigelow HE, Simmons EG (eds.).
401:
1626:
913:
252:
849:
is a structurally simple fungus, and relatively easy to grow in culture, suggesting it may have potential as a
581:
248:
837:
585:
372:
1644:
432:
251:
Mycological
Herbarium. An isotype (duplicate of the holotype specimen) is located in the Herbarium of the
896:
580:. For these reasons the new family Limnoperdaceae was described to contain the new species, and it was
326:
1396:
Nakagiri A, Ito T (1991). "Basidiocarp development of the cyphelloid gasteroid aquatic basidiomycetes
343:
210:. The balls float on the surface of the water above submerged twigs. Experimental observations on the
1691:
859:
545:
1709:
1614:
1569:
1542:
1511:
1302:
983:
597:
1797:
1682:
868:
781:
1593:
1373:
1365:
1326:
1185:
1111:
1095:
1007:
227:
195:
183:
42:
941:
1769:
1436:
1237:
1146:
1103:
1053:
945:
191:
1774:
1735:
1585:
1490:
1413:
1357:
1318:
1278:
1227:
1219:
1177:
1138:
1087:
1045:
999:
933:
880:, however, it starts out with a closed fruit body that later opens up to become cup-shaped.
855:
753:
664:
660:
649:
573:
424:
187:
170:
1205:"Phylogeny of the Pluteaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): taxonomy and character evolution"
892:
826:
729:
565:
167:
796:
in Japan; scientists Seiya Ito and T. Yokoyama later reported collecting it in
Japanese
1704:
1620:
850:
793:
789:
555:
533:
89:
1495:
1474:
17:
1791:
1282:
1075:
934:
873:
863:
833:
813:
629:
593:
516:
211:
79:
1377:
1189:
1115:
1030:
776:
twigs previously collected from a marsh next to a playground on the south shore of
584:
along the
Protogastraceae in the (now defunct) order Protogastrales. More recently,
625:
568:; however, it was excluded from these genera because of significant differences in
256:
240:
215:
176:. The genus is also monotypic, as it contains a single species, the aquatic fungus
136:
1223:
1676:
1345:
1142:
888:
718:
644:
638:
621:
560:
1667:
1049:
671:, which suggests that a closely related species may also be common in streams.
1181:
797:
777:
769:
745:
706:
617:
609:
608:, a phylogenetically related group of species traditionally forming the order
605:
550:
298:
99:
1168:, is shown to have teleomorphic affinities with cyphelloid basidiomycetes".
757:
508:
59:
1440:
1241:
1150:
1107:
1057:
655:
A 2007 field study that used molecular techniques to survey aquatic fungal
1460:
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual
Meeting of the Mycological Society of Japan
816:
with an extract of horse dung. The tips of the hyphae were used to obtain
749:
230:, the fungus has since been collected in Japan, South Africa, and Canada.
1756:
1661:
1632:
841:
822:
773:
733:
714:
710:
705:
are tiny, oval to roughly spherical, and measure 35–1250 by 200–450
613:
577:
244:
219:
203:
199:
540:
mature inside the fruit bodies and are not forcibly discharged from the
1597:
1369:
1330:
1099:
1011:
741:
740:(spore-bearing cells)—conspicuous when viewed under the microscope—are
737:
541:
1232:
817:
808:
Escobar grew cultures of the fungus by placing fresh fruit bodies on
69:
1761:
1722:
1638:
1589:
1417:
1361:
1322:
1091:
1003:
536:, an artificial assemblage of species united by the fact that their
1303:"Synchronous production and developmental history of sporocarps of
1164:
Yamaguchi K, Degawa Y, Nakagiri A (2009). "An aero-aquatic fungus,
725:
695:
656:
569:
537:
223:
207:
163:
728:
is a single chamber, reddish in color, with a cavity that has an
612:. Additional molecular studies have placed Limnoperdaceae in the
1696:
1031:"Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview"
876:
fungus that has adapted to a marine environment; in contrast to
809:
206:—are small balls (0.5–1 mm diameter) of loosely interwoven
1642:
182:. The species, described as new to science in 1976, produces
202:. Rather, the fruit bodies—described as aquatic or floating
515:
and some related species in the
Pluteoid clade, based on
717:) 1 μm in diameter. The surface of the peridium is
214:
of the fruit body, based on the growth on the fungus in
1479:, a gasteromycete from submerged twigs in South Africa"
1435:. Vol. 2. New York Botanical Garden. p. 681.
895:
commonly employed by marine fungi that may confer a
1651:
932:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
768:The species was originally discovered floating in
226:. Initially discovered in a marsh in the state of
1547:, a cyphellaceous fungus with gasteroid basidia?"
988:, a floating gasteromycete isolated from marshes"
532:was originally thought to be associated with the
940:(10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p.
1462:. The Mycological Society of Japan. p. 75.
1391:
1389:
1387:
682:
663:, Canada discovered many fungal taxa with high
1069:
1067:
1023:
1021:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
8:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1574:, a marine basidiomycete (Aphyllophorales)"
1454:Ito T, Yokoyama T (1979). "Distribution of
836:of the fruit body using specimens grown in
792:recovered it from wood blocks submerged in
186:that lack specialized structures such as a
1639:
588:has been used to clarify the relationship
31:
1494:
1231:
982:Escobar GA, McCabe DE, Harpel CW (1976).
659:in a small springbrook in Valley Spring,
628:; other studies that used comparisons of
1635:.—has drawings of microscopic structures
756:that is 2–4 by 2–5 μm, and a basal
616:, a grouping that includes the families
1473:Webster J, Dekock AN, Eicker A (1993).
1350:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
924:
784:. After the initial 1976 publication,
234:Taxonomy, classification and phylogeny
1131:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
832:Mycologist Dennis McCabe studied the
788:was reported the following year when
7:
1458:Escobar in rice paddy field soils".
858:, but can be distinguished by their
318:
311:
304:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
1510:Michaelides J, Kendrick B (1982).
25:
1344:Donoghue MJ, Alverson WS (2000).
862:spore attachment and the lack of
572:color and structure, presence of
1283:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01899.x
614:pluteoid clade of the Agaricales
218:, suggest that a thin strand of
46:
1512:"The bubble-trap propagules of
1483:South African Journal of Botany
1076:"Evolution of marine mushrooms"
373:
344:
1803:Monotypic Basidiomycota genera
1541:Escobar GA, McCabe DE (1979).
600:established the membership of
1:
1520:and other aero-aquatic fungi"
1496:10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30698-6
1074:Hibbett DS, Binder M (2001).
1224:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.09.012
872:is another small cup-shaped
1568:Ginns J, Malloch D (1977).
1143:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.007
909:List of Agaricales families
592:with other fungi. In 2001,
548:similar genera include the
1824:
1406:Canadian Journal of Botany
1050:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982
402:Volvopluteus gloiocephalus
1182:10.1007/s10267-008-0467-8
914:List of Agaricales genera
772:that contained submerged
519:sequences; after Matheny
469:
429:
398:
369:
340:
323:
316:
309:
302:
292:
285:
278:
271:
253:University of El Salvador
142:
135:
43:Scientific classification
41:
34:
1346:"A new age of discovery"
899:in marine environments.
764:Habitat and distribution
511:indicating phylogeny of
249:University of Washington
1166:Peyronelina glomerulata
936:Dictionary of the Fungi
636:near the gilled genera
586:molecular phylogenetics
576:, and structure of the
1477:Limnoperdon incarnatum
1456:Limnoperdon incarnatum
1402:Limnoperdon incarnatum
1305:Limnoperdon incarnatum
847:Limnoperdon incarnatum
686:
669:Limnoperdon incarnatum
602:Limnoperdon incarnatum
530:Limnoperdon incarnatum
433:Melanoleuca verrucipes
179:Limnoperdon incarnatum
145:Limnoperdon incarnatum
18:Limnoperdon incarnatum
897:competitive advantage
376:. atromarginatus
1398:Haloscyphina villosa
701:The fruit bodies of
1301:McCabe DE. (1979).
1080:Biological Bulletin
869:Halocyphina villosa
782:Seattle, Washington
680:Family description:
1271:Freshwater Biology
885:L. incarnatum
878:L. incarnatum
825:were submerged in
786:L. incarnatum
703:L. incarnatum
513:L. incarnatum
247:is located in the
150:G.A.Escobar (1976)
130:G.A.Escobar (1976)
114:G.A.Escobar (1976)
1808:Agaricales genera
1785:
1784:
1770:Open Tree of Life
1645:Taxon identifiers
951:978-0-85199-826-8
632:sequences placed
604:in the euagarics
574:clamp connections
527:
526:
502:
501:
493:
492:
484:
483:
453:
452:
444:
443:
413:
412:
387:
386:
358:
357:
327:Pluteus petasatus
155:
154:
131:
115:
16:(Redirected from
1815:
1778:
1777:
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1764:
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1751:
1739:
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1341:
1335:
1334:
1298:
1287:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1244:. Archived from
1235:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1035:
1025:
1016:
1015:
979:
956:
955:
939:
929:
856:cyphelloid fungi
690:
665:genetic affinity
661:Southern Ontario
650:Tricholomataceae
648:, of the family
425:Tricholomataceae
375:
346:
319:
312:
305:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
262:
261:
129:
113:
51:
50:
32:
21:
1823:
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1755:
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1734:
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1721:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1647:
1610:
1605:
1590:10.2307/3758619
1567:
1566:
1562:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1418:10.1139/b91-292
1395:
1394:
1385:
1362:10.2307/2666212
1343:
1342:
1338:
1323:10.2307/3759280
1300:
1299:
1290:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1092:10.2307/1543610
1073:
1072:
1065:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1004:10.2307/3758803
981:
980:
959:
952:
931:
930:
926:
922:
905:
827:distilled water
806:
766:
730:oblate spheroid
692:
688:
681:
677:
566:Protogastraceae
546:morphologically
503:
494:
485:
454:
445:
414:
388:
359:
347:. romellii
236:
151:
148:
128:
112:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1766:
1753:
1740:
1727:
1714:
1701:
1688:
1683:Limnoperdaceae
1673:
1657:
1655:
1653:Limnoperdaceae
1649:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1621:Index Fungorum
1609:
1608:External links
1606:
1604:
1603:
1560:
1533:
1502:
1465:
1446:
1423:
1412:(10): 2320–7.
1383:
1336:
1317:(5): 899–907.
1288:
1261:
1212:Fungal Biology
1195:
1156:
1121:
1063:
1017:
957:
950:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
911:
904:
901:
851:model organism
805:
802:
794:brackish water
790:Keisuke Tubaki
765:
762:
679:
678:
676:
673:
598:Manfred Binder
564:of the family
556:Gasterellaceae
554:of the family
534:Gasteromycetes
525:
524:
505:
504:
500:
499:
496:
495:
491:
490:
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486:
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465:Limnoperdaceae
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174:Limnoperdaceae
153:
152:
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140:
139:
133:
132:
121:
117:
116:
110:Limnoperdaceae
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
90:Agaricomycetes
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
39:
38:
27:Genus of fungi
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1820:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
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1767:
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1719:
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1711:
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1674:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1628:L. incarnatum
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1489:(5): 519–21.
1488:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
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1347:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1277:(2): 368–79.
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1251:on 2012-09-16
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:(3): 156–64.
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:(2): 501–15.
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:(3): 319–22.
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:(6): 982–95.
1043:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:(4): 874–80.
997:
993:
989:
987:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
958:
953:
947:
943:
938:
937:
928:
925:
919:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
874:Basidiomycete
871:
870:
865:
864:ballistospory
861:
857:
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473:L. incarnatum
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891:, a mode of
884:
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846:
838:pure culture
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770:petri dishes
767:
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257:San Salvador
241:phycomycetes
237:
216:pure culture
184:fruit bodies
178:
177:
173:
162:is a fungal
158:
157:
156:
144:
143:
137:Type species
124:
123:
109:
35:
29:
1677:Wikispecies
1615:Limnoperdon
1584:(1): 53–8.
1572:Halocyphina
1557:(1): 48–50.
1545:Limnoperdon
1218:(1): 1–20.
1170:Mycoscience
986:Limnoperdon
889:homothallic
834:development
821:containing
812:containing
804:Development
719:hydrophobic
675:Description
645:Resupinatus
639:Melanoleuca
634:Limnoperdon
622:Amanitaceae
590:Limnoperdon
561:Protogaster
212:development
159:Limnoperdon
125:Limnoperdon
36:Limnoperdon
1798:Agaricales
1792:Categories
1255:2011-07-21
1233:2318/74776
920:References
798:rice paddy
778:Lake Union
746:sterigmata
618:Pluteaceae
610:Agaricales
582:classified
558:, and the
551:Gasterella
299:Pluteaceae
228:Washington
198:common in
100:Agaricales
76:Division:
1578:Mycologia
1551:Mycotaxon
1524:Mycotaxon
1311:Mycologia
1038:Mycologia
992:Mycologia
758:germ pore
509:Cladogram
204:puffballs
200:mushrooms
168:monotypic
66:Kingdom:
60:Eukaryota
1757:MycoBank
1705:Fungorum
1668:Q1615520
1662:Wikidata
1633:MycoBank
1518:Helicoön
1378:84480189
1242:21215950
1190:85034892
1151:15336682
1116:27779610
1108:11751244
1058:17486974
903:See also
842:hymenium
823:mycelium
774:hardwood
734:hymenium
715:cystidia
711:peridium
544:. Other
523:, 2006:
245:holotype
220:mycelium
106:Family:
56:Domain:
1775:5261551
1697:8552342
1598:3758619
1441:4931044
1370:2666212
1331:3759280
1100:1543610
1012:3758803
754:pedicel
750:obovate
742:hyaline
738:basidia
736:). The
578:basidia
542:basidia
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243:". The
166:in the
120:Genus:
96:Order:
86:Class:
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696:hyphae
624:, and
538:spores
521:et al.
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224:spores
208:hyphae
171:family
1762:80959
1731:IRMNG
1710:80959
1594:JSTOR
1374:S2CID
1366:JSTOR
1327:JSTOR
1249:(PDF)
1208:(PDF)
1186:S2CID
1112:S2CID
1096:JSTOR
1034:(PDF)
1008:JSTOR
726:gleba
606:clade
570:spore
196:gills
164:genus
70:Fungi
1744:ITIS
1723:3289
1718:GBIF
1437:OCLC
1400:and
1238:PMID
1147:PMID
1104:PMID
1054:PMID
946:ISBN
810:agar
724:The
657:taxa
596:and
194:and
188:stem
1692:EoL
1631:in
1618:in
1586:doi
1491:doi
1414:doi
1404:".
1358:doi
1319:doi
1279:doi
1228:hdl
1220:doi
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1088:doi
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