264:
the middle and lower medians; beyond the cell is a large outwardly-oblique pure bluish-white more or less triangulate spot followed by a transverse discal macular band, broadest in the dry-season brood, composed of a series of large broad pure bluish-white spots proceeding from the costa to the posterior margin, of which the upper five are subapical and disposed obliquely outward, the third and fourth being ovate, the upper two very slender and divided by the second subcostal branch, the fifth much the smallest; the next four are disposed somewhat obliquely inward and are much larger, the sixth (or upper) triangularly ovate, the seventh longest and bluntly ovate or somewhat quadrate, the eighth quadrate with its outer edge indented, and the lowest narrow; all these white spots are bordered with black, which colour broadly extends from the cell along the costa and thence decreases hindward; beyond is an outer marginal broad lunularly inner-edged, or occasionally dentate, black waved band, which is traversed by two contiguous slender grey sinuous marginal lines. Hindwing with three black slender bars crossing the cell, and a small spot between the basal interspaces of the veins above the cell; a transverse medial discal broad pure bluish-white macular black-bordered band terminating at the submedian, its inner edge somewhat regular and its outer edge scalloped; followed by an outer discal row of black ill-shaped cordate spots, which are more or less obsolescent posteriorly, or occasionally entirely absent, a similar submarginal row of smaller dentate spots, and then a contiguous narrow waved black marginal band traversed by two slender grey sinuous lines. Underside. Basal area bluish or olive-grey, the outer discal area and the apical veins of forewing bright red; discocellular spot on forewing and transverse discal macular band, as above, bluish-white or greyish-white and black bordered; basal bars black, with the interspace between the middle cell bars and of those below the cell on the forewing bright red; marginal markings as above, except that the marginal sinuous fines are violet-grey, and the inner line broadly encompassing the submarginal black spots on the hindwing. Body above red; palpi above black, beneath greenish-white; body beneath and legs bluish-grey; antennse black, tip reddish beneath; eyes bronzy-brown.
786:
42:
734:
770:
72:
746:
758:
813:
722:
1160:
849:, the caterpillar wanders around, often far away from the plant it fed on. It pupates among dried leaves and twigs. The pupa is brownish and rough in texture. It is angular with prominent wing expansions and bears flat processes on the head which curl together making a hole between them. It also has numerous lines and markings that make it look like a rolled up dried leaf.
974:
941:
794:
837:. It eats up part of the leaf it is on and uses bits of leaves which are strung up with silk along with droppings. The caterpillar rests on the exposed mid-rib of a leaf after removing the leafy portions on the sides. This behaviour may be to dissuade ants from crossing over the chain of frass behind which the caterpillar rests.
254:
The commander has a wingspan of about 6 to 7.5 cm (2.4 to 3.0 in). The upperside of its wings are a bright reddish brown. Towards the centre of the wing are broad white spots. In flight, one can see a bright red brown butterfly with a white band forming a V shape. There are also a few white
263:
Male and female. Upper side, ground colour rich ferruginous-red, the basal area slightly tinged with olivescent yellowish-ferruginous. Cilia alternately black and white. Forewing with three black slender bars crossing the cell, and three similar bars below the cell between the basal interspaces of
584:
The commander can often be spotted basking with its wings pressed flat on exposed stones in streambeds. Individuals settle down on an exposed perch high up in the trees during the heat of the day. At this time it can be seen defending its territory and driving intruding butterflies away.
832:
is dirty brown with a chestnut tinge and dark brown splotches all over. The body also bears numerous processes which help to break up its outline. The behaviour of this caterpillar is very interesting in that it is one of the species of butterfly that makes long chains of
588:
This butterfly has a swift flight with rapid wingbeats and alternate spurts of smooth gliding. A powerful flier, it nevertheless flies for short distances at a time. Being wary, it maintains its distance and is best caught when engrossed in
259:
margins. The undersides of the wings are a whitish grey toward the base and have a row of dull reddish brown and a row of black spots along the margins. The male and female are similar in appearance.
809:
The female commander lays a single egg on the underside of the tip of a leaf of the food plant. The egg is hairy and greenish and looks like a green strawberry. The egg hatches in 3 to 4 days.
564:
The commander is generally found in forested regions having moderate to heavy rainfall. It usually keeps to low elevations, that is, up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) into the hills.
1065:
Hamer, K. C.; Hill, J. K.; Benedick, S.; Mustaffa, N.; Chey, V. K. & Maryati, M. (2006): Diversity and ecology of carrion- and fruit-feeding butterflies in
Bornean rain forest.
1277:
911:
785:
1251:
769:
1343:
889:
593:
or feeding from flowers. It regularly visits flowers from low-lying herbs to high up in the trees. Though this is a mud-puddling species, in
1338:
1142:
1097:
1056:
1328:
1164:
733:
1333:
1134:
1027:
556:. Locally abundant, it is common from Sri Lanka to Maharashtra. It is rare in Gujarat and far more common in the Himalayas.
1040:
Butterflies of the
Western Ghats, India (including Sri Lanka) – A Biodiversity Assessment of a Threatened Mountain System
1323:
1170:
41:
1238:
1124:
1282:
745:
567:
It is fond of open glades, roadsides and clearings in forests. It is abundant along watercourses in dry and moist
1106:
Robinson, Gaden, S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian J.; Beccaloni, George W. & Hernández, Luis M. (2007):
757:
71:
678:
699:
1318:
1181:
950:
231:
1243:
578:
166:
954:
706:
671:
664:
650:
987:
629:
1219:
1019:
876:. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi. p. 198.
657:
573:
274:
192:
66:
1290:
1138:
1093:
1052:
885:
692:
374:
1051:. Nature Guides. Bombay, India: World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press.
1295:
1113:
1074:
877:
721:
622:
529:
449:
977:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the
944:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the
537:
354:
339:
242:. It is notable for the mode of concealment employed by its caterpillar and the cryptic
1035:
983:
269:
239:
812:
1312:
978:
945:
871:
493:
183:
590:
513:
397:
1128:
1087:
17:
1264:
1213:
829:
133:
123:
58:
1204:
1159:
1078:
881:
685:
571:
forests. It is also found close to villages or wherever its larval host plant
317:
243:
235:
793:
614:
568:
549:
533:
525:
256:
226:
103:
83:
1230:
1198:
643:
313:
305:
1256:
1108:
598:
553:
460:
386:
309:
54:
1269:
1117:
1047:
Gay, Thomas; Kehimkar, Isaac David; Punetha, Jagdish
Chandra (1992).
636:
594:
545:
482:
438:
419:
350:
328:
297:
143:
113:
93:
1175:
834:
816:
811:
792:
602:
541:
471:
301:
222:
846:
797:
434:
430:
408:
1179:
1092:. India, A Lifescape. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press.
1109:
HOSTS - a
Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants
819:
chain of the commander caterpillar, used for defence
613:
Most of the larval host plants belong to the family
1188:
1042:. Bangalore, India: Centre for Ecological Sciences.
255:spots scattered on the wings. Its hindwings have
992:. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. pp. 161–167.
873:A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India
261:
968:
966:
8:
597:and probably elsewhere, adults do not visit
1176:
956:Fauna of British India. Butterflies Vol. 1
865:
863:
861:
40:
31:
870:Varshney, R. K.; Smetacek, Peter (2015).
230:, is a medium-sized, strikingly coloured
1024:The Identification of Indian Butterflies
577:is found. It is most common in the post-
905:
903:
901:
857:
717:
920:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
7:
25:
1158:
1130:Butterflies of the Indian Region
972:
939:
784:
768:
756:
744:
732:
720:
536:east of the Dun valley, through
70:
1089:Butterflies of Peninsular India
1026:(2nd ed.). Mumbai, India:
1135:Bombay Natural History Society
1028:Bombay Natural History Society
1:
1344:Butterflies described in 1777
1125:Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander
989:Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. III
221:, sometimes included in the
1339:Taxa named by Pieter Cramer
1171:ASEAN biodiversity database
1086:Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000).
1067:Journal of Tropical Ecology
1049:Common Butterflies of India
1360:
1112:. Natural History Museum.
1079:10.1017/S0266467405002750
916:(Cramer, [1777])"
882:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164
198:
191:
172:
165:
67:Scientific classification
65:
48:
39:
34:
1329:Butterflies of Singapore
951:Bingham, Charles Thomas
679:Ochreinauclea missionis
820:
801:
281:
232:brush-footed butterfly
1334:Butterflies of Borneo
815:
796:
700:Wendlandia thyrsoidea
1120:Retrieved July 2007.
672:Neolamarckia cadamba
665:Mussaenda philippica
651:Mitragyna parvifolia
27:Species of butterfly
1324:Butterflies of Asia
959:. pp. 291–293.
581:months and winter.
502:(Fruhstorfer, 1913)
491:(Fruhstorfer, 1913)
480:(Fruhstorfer, 1906)
469:(Fruhstorfer, 1913)
458:(Fruhstorfer, 1913)
444:M. p. laubenheimeri
428:(Fruhstorfer, 1897)
417:(Fruhstorfer, 1897)
395:(Fruhstorfer, 1906)
384:(Fruhstorfer, 1906)
372:(Fruhstorfer, 1906)
363:(Fruhstorfer, 1906)
348:(Fruhstorfer, 1898)
821:
802:
751:Chrysalis, ventral
658:Mussaenda frondosa
605:to drink liquids.
574:Mussaenda frondosa
521:Range within India
275:Lepidoptera Indica
1306:
1305:
1291:Open Tree of Life
1182:Taxon identifiers
1133:. Bombay, India:
1081:
891:978-81-929826-4-9
763:Chrysalis, dorsal
707:Hedyotis orixense
693:Wendlandia heynei
512:
503:
492:
481:
470:
459:
448:
429:
418:
407:
396:
385:
375:Peninsular Malaya
373:
364:
349:
338:
327:
210:
209:
205:
201:Limenitis procris
18:Limenitis procris
16:(Redirected from
1351:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1247:
1246:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1177:
1163:Data related to
1162:
1148:
1118:10.5519/havt50xw
1103:
1073:
1062:
1043:
1031:
1007:
1000:
994:
993:
976:
975:
970:
961:
960:
943:
942:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
910:Savela, Markku.
907:
896:
895:
867:
788:
777:M. p. undifragus
772:
760:
748:
736:
724:
623:Cadaba fruticosa
530:Peninsular India
510:
501:
490:
479:
477:M. p. floresiana
468:
457:
450:Mentawai Islands
446:
427:
416:
405:
394:
383:
371:
362:
360:M. p. undifragus
347:
336:
325:
279:
203:
178:
75:
74:
51:M. p. undifragus
44:
32:
21:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1184:
1155:
1145:
1123:
1100:
1085:
1082:(HTML abstract)
1059:
1046:
1036:Gaonkar, Harish
1034:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1001:
997:
984:Moore, Frederic
982:
973:
971:
964:
949:
940:
938:
934:
924:
922:
909:
908:
899:
892:
869:
868:
859:
855:
843:
826:
807:
800:in natural pose
789:
780:
773:
764:
761:
752:
749:
740:
737:
728:
725:
716:
611:
562:
523:
518:
499:M. p. florensis
455:M. p. sumbawana
355:Kangean Islands
340:Andaman Islands
296:Central India,
286:
280:
268:
252:
187:
180:
174:
161:
158:M. procris
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1261:
1248:
1235:
1225:
1220:Moduza procris
1210:
1194:
1192:
1190:Moduza procris
1186:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:at Wikispecies
1165:Moduza procris
1154:
1153:External links
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:978-8170192329
1143:
1121:
1104:
1099:978-8173713545
1098:
1083:
1063:
1058:978-0195631647
1057:
1044:
1032:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:
995:
962:
932:
914:Moduza procris
897:
890:
856:
854:
851:
842:
839:
825:
822:
806:
803:
791:
790:
783:
781:
775:Imago (adult)
774:
767:
765:
762:
755:
753:
750:
743:
741:
738:
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726:
719:
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712:
711:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
630:Grewia nervosa
626:
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561:
558:
522:
519:
517:
516:
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485:
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463:
452:
441:
422:
411:
406:(Weymer, 1883)
400:
389:
378:
366:
357:
342:
331:
323:M. p. calidosa
320:
290:
285:
282:
270:Frederic Moore
266:
251:
248:
240:Southeast Asia
214:Moduza procris
208:
207:
204:(Cramer, 1777)
196:
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189:
188:
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176:Moduza procris
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2:
1356:
1345:
1342:
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1337:
1335:
1332:
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1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:Limenitidinae
1317:
1316:
1314:
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990:
986:(1896–1899).
985:
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979:public domain
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946:public domain
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799:
795:
787:
782:
779:, South India
778:
771:
766:
759:
754:
747:
742:
735:
730:
723:
718:
713:
709:
708:
704:
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697:
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690:
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687:
683:
681:
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669:
667:
666:
662:
660:
659:
655:
653:
652:
648:
646:
645:
641:
639:
638:
637:Prunus dulcis
634:
632:
631:
627:
625:
624:
620:
619:
618:
616:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
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582:
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576:
575:
570:
565:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
515:
509:
506:
500:
497:
495:
494:Bangka Island
489:
488:M. p. bankana
486:
484:
478:
475:
473:
467:
466:M. p. sumbana
464:
462:
456:
453:
451:
447:(Hagen, 1898)
445:
442:
440:
436:
432:
426:
423:
421:
415:
412:
410:
404:
403:M. p. aemonia
401:
399:
393:
390:
388:
382:
379:
376:
370:
369:M. p. milonia
367:
361:
358:
356:
352:
346:
345:M. p. arnoldi
343:
341:
337:(Moore, 1877)
335:
332:
330:
326:(Moore, 1858)
324:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:M. p. procris
292:
291:
289:
283:
277:
276:
271:
265:
260:
258:
249:
247:
246:of its pupa.
245:
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167:Binomial name
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30:
19:
1189:
1129:
1107:
1088:
1069:
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1048:
1039:
1023:
1020:Evans, W. H.
1003:
998:
988:
955:
935:
923:. Retrieved
919:
913:
872:
844:
827:
808:
776:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
612:
591:mud-puddling
587:
583:
572:
566:
563:
524:
514:Pulau Tioman
507:
498:
487:
476:
465:
454:
443:
425:M. p. neutra
424:
414:M. p. agnata
413:
402:
398:Batu Islands
392:M. p. batuna
391:
380:
368:
359:
344:
334:M. p. anarta
333:
322:
293:
288:Subspecies:
287:
273:
262:
253:
225:
218:
213:
212:
211:
200:
199:
175:
173:
157:
156:
144:
50:
29:
1265:iNaturalist
1214:Wikispecies
830:caterpillar
824:Caterpillar
739:Caterpillar
609:Host plants
552:, and onto
511:Eliot, 1978
508:M. p. tioma
381:M. p. minoe
365:South India
250:Description
134:Nymphalidae
124:Lepidoptera
59:Maharashtra
49:Commander (
1313:Categories
1013:References
714:Life cycle
686:Wendlandia
548:to Assam,
377:, Thailand
318:Indo-China
278:. Vol. III
257:crenulated
244:camouflage
236:South Asia
104:Arthropoda
35:Commander
1072:: 25–33.
853:Footnotes
615:Rubiaceae
569:deciduous
550:Arunachal
534:Himalayas
526:Sri Lanka
300:to South
234:found in
227:Limenitis
219:commander
152:Species:
90:Kingdom:
84:Eukaryota
1257:10508423
1228:BioLib:
1205:Q5324092
1199:Wikidata
1127:(1957).
1038:(1996).
1022:(1932).
953:(1905).
847:pupating
644:Cinchona
314:Cambodia
308:, South
306:Thailand
267:—
193:Synonyms
130:Family:
100:Phylum:
94:Animalia
80:Domain:
61:, India
925:July 2,
845:Before
601:or old
599:carrion
579:monsoon
560:Ecology
554:Myanmar
461:Sumbawa
387:Sumatra
310:Myanmar
186:, 1777)
140:Genus:
120:Order:
114:Insecta
110:Class:
55:Mangaon
53:) from
1296:515214
1283:412139
1270:182754
1244:302731
1231:404215
1141:
1096:
1055:
1006:(2006)
1004:et al.
1002:Hamer
981::
948::
888:
595:Borneo
546:Sikkim
538:Kumaon
532:, the
504:Flores
483:Flores
439:Lombok
420:Borneo
351:Bawean
329:Ceylon
298:Sikkim
217:, the
184:Cramer
145:Moduza
835:frass
817:Frass
603:fruit
542:Nepal
472:Sumba
302:China
284:Range
223:genus
1278:NCBI
1252:GBIF
1239:BOLD
1139:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1053:ISBN
927:2018
886:ISBN
841:Pupa
828:The
798:Pupa
435:Bali
431:Java
409:Nias
238:and
1114:doi
1075:doi
878:doi
805:Egg
727:Egg
1315::
1293::
1280::
1267::
1254::
1241::
1216::
1201::
1137:.
1070:22
965:^
918:.
900:^
884:.
860:^
617:.
544:,
540:,
528:,
437:,
433:,
353:,
316:,
312:,
304:,
272:,
57:,
1147:.
1116::
1102:.
1077::
1061:.
1030:.
929:.
912:"
894:.
880::
182:(
20:)
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