376:, copyright's exceptions are radically out of line with the needs of the modern information society. The lack of harmonisation of exceptions hinders the circulation of knowledge based goods and services across Europe. The lack of flexibility within the current European exceptions regime also prevents us from adapting to a constantly changing technological environment." This ad-hoc coalition is being registered at the official EU Transparency Register in the section In-house lobbyists. Coordinator of this project runs a Brussels-based public affairs & government relations firm specialised in the online environment, that mainly mentions
33:
327:, education and equality of access (such as by the visually impaired). Some view limitations and exceptions as "user rights"—seeing user rights as providing an essential balance to the rights of the copyright owners. There is no consensus among copyright experts as to whether user rights are rights or simply limitations on copyright. The concept of user rights has been recognised by courts, including the
343:
The scope of copyright limitations and exceptions became a subject of societal and political debate within various nations in the late 1990s and early 2000s, largely due to the impact of digital technology, the changes in national copyright legislations for compliance with
575:
copyright, rather than being "limitations" or "exceptions" to it. In addition copyright can only protect the artist's expression of his/her work and not the ideas, systems, or factual information conveyed in it. Likewise, the U.S. courts have determined that
360:
concluded that international instruments for the protection of copyright no longer seem capable of guaranteeing creators and investors a fair return on their activities while ensuring the public's access to information and respect for privacy.
532:
468:, balanced by "limitations and exceptions" that allow access without the permission of the copyright holder the over-riding of copyright law by private contracts can create monopoly activity. Well known limitations and exceptions include
463:
The interplay of copyright law and competition law is increasingly important in the digital world, as most countries' laws allow private contracts to over-ride copyright law. Given that copyright law creates a legally sanctioned
364:
Defenders of copyright exceptions fear that technology, contract law undermining copyright law and copyright law not being amended, is reducing the scope of important exceptions and therefore harming creativity.
517:
345:
489:
515:
On the other hand, there are very few requirements in international copyright treaties placed on national governments to provide any exemptions from exclusive rights. One such case is
Article 10(1) of the
587:
in the United States is popularly understood as the only limitation to an author's exclusive rights, it is only one of several important limitations. Section 106 of the U.S. copyright law, which defines
535:. This proposal was well supported by developing countries. A number of civil society bodies have been working on a draft Access to Knowledge, or A2K, Treaty which they would like to see introduced.
856:, prepared by publishers and signed by 20 people, including writers (at least one of whom regretted it), a translator and an heir, and sent to mass media in December 2010; which demanded to stop
823:
97:
454:
published
Commission Regulation No. 240/96 which applies to patents, copyright, and other intellectual property rights, especially regarding licenses. The guidelines apply
737:
292:
492:. As a result of this, this issue is increasingly being looked at and discussed at a national governmental level e.g. UK as well as international level such as
399:. Because of this, copyright licensing may sometimes interfere too much in free and competitive markets. These concerns are governed by legal doctrines such as
82:
778:
960:
900:
863:
860:
allowing libraries to create, without a permission, single digital copies of works, and stating the limitations on liability of ISPs and hosters.
761:
968:
908:
158:
215:
117:
857:
1047:
658:
285:
1207:
938:
1143:
427:
through its licensing terms, or otherwise uses a licensing agreement in a discriminatory or unfair manner. Attempts to extend the
531:, the "Proposal for the Establishment of a Development Agenda for WIPO" also known simply as the "Development Agenda" - from the
523:
Because of the lack of balance in international treaties in
October 2004, WIPO agreed to adopt a significant proposal offered by
247:
72:
1088:
195:
849:
335:, where debates about jurisprudential reasoning tend to act as proxies for more substantial disagreements about good policy.
278:
1031:
664:
954:
894:
331:, which classed "fair dealing" as such a user right. These kinds of disagreements in philosophy are quite common in the
408:
1114:
745:
484:
doctrine in the US. The undermining of copyright law, and in particular limitations and exceptions to copyright by
357:
759:
Copyright for
Creativity.Broad coalition calls for European copyright to support digital creativity and innovation
504:
Limitations and exceptions are also the subject of significant regulation by global treaties. These treaties have
1074:
442:
In April 1995, the US published "Antitrust
Guidelines for the licensing of Intellectual Property" which apply to
102:
387:
Attempts at expansion of copyright limitations and exceptions are sometimes regarded as a threat by publishers.
556:
420:
369:
349:
372:
was launched, stating: "While exclusive rights have been adapted and harmonised to meet the challenges of the
512:
operates to constrain the kinds of copyright exceptions and limitations which individual nations can enact.
416:
332:
107:
77:
67:
1144:"Fair Use as Market Failure: A Structural and Economic Analysis of the 'Betamax' Case and Its Predecessors"
984:
1202:
616:
560:
328:
178:
824:"We Should Stop Calling Fair Use A 'Limitation & Exception' To Copyright; It's A Right Of The Public"
758:
875:
870:
509:
353:
24:
32:
624:
brands may reproduce clothing designs from smaller companies without violating copyright protections.
1069:
690:
505:
424:
423:. Competition issues may arise when the licensing party unfairly leverages market power, engages in
648:
604:
168:
712:
16:
Provisions which allow for copyrighted works to be used without a license from the copyright owner
1181:
1173:
252:
62:
42:
319:
Limitations and exceptions to copyright relate to a number of important considerations such as
964:
934:
904:
373:
324:
1163:
1155:
633:
456:
313:
163:
1115:"Dupes offer cheap fashion to Canadians, but small businesses say they're paying the price"
316:, which allow for copyrighted works to be used without a license from the copyright owner.
1035:
853:
577:
568:
400:
173:
1029:
The
Wrinkle in Your Research and Teaching: Copyright, DMCA, Guidelines, and Public Domain
1000:
699:
Defences to
Copyright Infringement: Creativity, Innovation and Freedom on the Internet.
653:
451:
428:
404:
320:
220:
183:
112:
57:
1196:
1185:
1052:
765:
593:
589:
564:
447:
436:
412:
309:
242:
137:
435:
for use of the work after its copyright term has expired and it has passed into the
667:
lists most limitations and exceptions available to the
European Union member states
638:
621:
548:
485:
469:
268:
237:
232:
205:
127:
87:
1028:
1003:
Geneva
Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization
600:
599:
In the U.S. in stark contrast to those copyright laws which have developed from
533:
Geneva
Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization
227:
153:
122:
552:
520:, which guarantees a limited right to make quotations from copyrighted works.
524:
432:
188:
132:
52:
614:
such as clothing designs are exempted from copyright protection under the
543:
Two important examples of limitations and exceptions to copyright are the
828:
643:
584:
544:
481:
465:
396:
264:
210:
47:
555:
countries. Other more fundamental boundaries of copyright are caused by
1177:
1056:
607:
are not subject to copyright, including edicts of foreign governments.
508:
the exclusive rights which must be provided by copyright laws, and the
488:
is an issue frequently raised by libraries, and library groups such as
443:
1168:
1089:"More Than Just a Trend: The Copyright Protection of Fashion Designs"
528:
477:
92:
1159:
395:
Copyright is typically thought of as a limited, legally sanctioned
559:, a threshold below which objects cease to be copyrightable, the
490:
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
493:
1014:
956:
WIPO Guide on the Licensing of Copyright and Related Rights
933:(2nd ed.). Carolina Academic Press. pp. 425–566.
896:
WIPO Guide on the Licensing of Copyright and Related Rights
473:
800:
985:"The Relationship Between Copyright Law and Contract Law"
713:"Supreme Court of Canada - SCC Case Information - Search"
596:, which limit the copyright holder's exclusive rights.
931:
Licensing Intellectual Property in the Information Age
571:. Even copyright maximalists might interpret these as
693:, Harry First and Diane Leenheer Zimmerman (eds.),
431:granted by law – for example, by collecting
695:Expanding the Boundaries of Intellectual Property
697:, Oxford University Press; Stavroula Karapapa,
779:"EU Transparency Register - Display Lobbyist"
687:Copyright And Freedom Of Expression In Europe
547:doctrine found in the United States, and the
286:
8:
711:Canada, Supreme Court of (1 January 2001).
83:Integrated circuit layout design protection
738:"Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly"
293:
279:
20:
1167:
1015:Consumer Project on Technology web site,
1001:Consumer Project on Technology web site,
889:
887:
885:
590:the exclusive rights in copyrighted works
439:– raise such competition concerns.
961:World Intellectual Property Organization
901:World Intellectual Property Organization
924:
922:
920:
678:
306:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
201:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
145:
23:
1070:Capcom U.S.A. Inc. v. Data East Corp.
496:– as part of the Development Agenda.
159:Artificial intelligence and copyright
7:
118:Supplementary protection certificate
1048:Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp.
659:Copyright law of the European Union
368:In May 2010 a declaration entitled
1073:1994 WL 1751482 (N.D. Cal. 1994).
620:if reproduced more than 50 times.
14:
701:(2020) Oxford University Press.
248:Outline of intellectual property
73:Indigenous intellectual property
31:
500:International legal instruments
391:Competition law / antitrust law
865:Издатели подставляют писателей
822:Masnick, Mike (23 July 2012).
1:
665:Information Society Directive
557:thresholds of originalities l
551:doctrine found in many other
874:(in Russian). Archived from
803:. YEP Foundation, C. De Cock
415:, and anti-monopoly law in
196:Idea–expression distinction
1224:
580:are also uncopyrightable.
1208:Intellectual property law
1142:Gordon, Wendy J. (1982).
1075:Analysis at Patent Arcade
1034:18 September 2006 at the
1017:Access to Knowledge (A2K)
852:to the Russian President
561:idea-expression dichotomy
308:are provisions, in local
929:Kenneth L. Port (2005).
864:
691:Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss
610:In Canada, items deemed
594:sections 107 through 122
460:to the extent possible.
370:Copyright for Creativity
350:anti-circumvention rules
1093:Ontario Bar Association
1077:accessed June 18, 2009.
450:. In January 1996, the
358:European People's Party
348:, and the enactment of
333:philosophy of copyright
108:Plant genetic resources
78:Industrial design right
68:Geographical indication
329:Canadian Supreme Court
179:Criticism of copyright
103:Plant breeders' rights
871:Chastny Korrespondent
862:Vladimir Kharitonov.
748:on 11 September 2010.
689:(2001) Published in:
685:P. Bernt Hugenholtz.
510:Berne three-step test
354:WIPO Copyright Treaty
25:Intellectual property
1087:Monastero, Alessia.
963:. 2004. p. 78.
605:edicts of government
425:price discrimination
1148:Columbia Law Review
903:. 2004. p. 7.
649:Freedom of panorama
352:in response to the
339:Changing technology
169:Copyright abolition
567:and the effect of
382:Trade Associations
380:(a.o. Google) and
261:Higher categories:
253:Outline of patents
970:978-92-805-1271-7
910:978-92-805-1271-7
878:on 25 April 2013.
717:scc-csc.lexum.com
480:, as well as the
446:, copyright, and
374:knowledge economy
325:freedom of speech
303:
302:
1215:
1189:
1171:
1154:(8): 1600–1657.
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1113:Moran, Padraig.
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1066:
1060:
1044:
1038:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1006:
998:
992:
991:
989:
981:
975:
974:
951:
945:
944:
926:
915:
914:
891:
880:
879:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
781:. European Union
775:
769:
756:
750:
749:
744:. Archived from
742:assembly.coe.int
734:
728:
727:
725:
723:
708:
702:
683:
634:Berne Convention
592:, is subject to
578:stock characters
518:Berne Convention
457:mutatis mutandis
384:as its clients.
314:Berne Convention
295:
288:
281:
164:Brand protection
98:Peasants' rights
35:
21:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1193:
1192:
1160:10.2307/1122296
1141:
1138:
1136:Further reading
1133:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1067:
1063:
1045:
1041:
1036:Wayback Machine
1027:
1023:
1013:
1009:
999:
995:
990:. October 2010.
987:
983:
982:
978:
971:
953:
952:
948:
941:
928:
927:
918:
911:
893:
892:
883:
866:
861:
854:Dmitry Medvedev
848:
844:
834:
832:
821:
820:
816:
806:
804:
799:
798:
794:
784:
782:
777:
776:
772:
764:6 July 2011 at
757:
753:
736:
735:
731:
721:
719:
710:
709:
705:
684:
680:
676:
630:
612:useful articles
569:Crown copyright
541:
502:
401:competition law
393:
341:
299:
263:
259:
174:Copyright troll
63:Farmers' rights
43:Authors' rights
17:
12:
11:
5:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1105:
1079:
1061:
1039:
1021:
1007:
993:
976:
969:
946:
939:
916:
909:
881:
850:An open letter
842:
814:
792:
770:
751:
729:
703:
677:
675:
672:
671:
670:
669:
668:
656:
654:Right to quote
651:
646:
641:
636:
629:
626:
540:
537:
501:
498:
452:European Union
429:copyright term
405:European Union
392:
389:
340:
337:
321:market failure
301:
300:
298:
297:
290:
283:
275:
272:
271:
258:
257:
256:
255:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
224:
223:
221:Right to quote
218:
213:
208:
198:
193:
192:
191:
184:Bioprospecting
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
148:
147:
146:Related topics
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
113:Related rights
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
58:Database right
55:
50:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1220:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:Copyright law
1201:
1200:
1198:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
994:
986:
980:
977:
972:
966:
962:
958:
957:
950:
947:
942:
940:0-89089-890-1
936:
932:
925:
923:
921:
917:
912:
906:
902:
898:
897:
890:
888:
886:
882:
877:
873:
872:
867:
859:
855:
851:
846:
843:
831:
830:
825:
818:
815:
802:
796:
793:
780:
774:
771:
767:
766:archive.today
763:
760:
755:
752:
747:
743:
739:
733:
730:
718:
714:
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
682:
679:
673:
666:
662:
661:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
625:
623:
619:
618:
617:Copyright Act
613:
608:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
586:
581:
579:
574:
570:
566:
565:public domain
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
539:National laws
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
513:
511:
507:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
461:
459:
458:
453:
449:
448:trade secrets
445:
440:
438:
437:public domain
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:United States
410:
409:antitrust law
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
310:copyright law
307:
296:
291:
289:
284:
282:
277:
276:
274:
273:
270:
266:
262:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
243:Public domain
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:
144:
139:
138:Utility model
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
44:
41:
40:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1151:
1147:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1082:
1068:
1064:
1046:
1042:
1024:
1016:
1010:
1002:
996:
979:
955:
949:
930:
895:
876:the original
869:
845:
833:. Retrieved
827:
817:
805:. Retrieved
795:
783:. Retrieved
773:
754:
746:the original
741:
732:
720:. Retrieved
716:
706:
698:
694:
686:
681:
639:Fair dealing
622:Fast fashion
615:
611:
609:
598:
582:
572:
549:fair dealing
542:
522:
514:
503:
486:contract law
470:fair dealing
462:
455:
441:
394:
386:
381:
377:
367:
363:
342:
318:
305:
304:
269:Property law
260:
238:Pirate Party
233:Patent troll
216:Paraphrasing
206:Fair dealing
200:
128:Trade secret
88:Moral rights
18:
1053:45 F.2d 119
835:12 February
768:5 May 2010.
601:English law
228:Orphan work
154:Abandonware
123:Trade dress
1197:Categories
1169:2144/22971
801:"N-square"
674:References
553:common law
506:harmonized
1186:151080880
1124:31 August
1119:CBC Radio
1098:31 August
525:Argentina
433:royalties
189:Biopiracy
133:Trademark
53:Copyright
1032:Archived
829:Techdirt
762:Archived
644:Fair use
628:See also
585:fair use
573:defining
545:fair use
482:fair use
466:monopoly
397:monopoly
378:Industry
265:Property
211:Fair use
48:Copyleft
1178:1122296
1057:2d Cir.
807:25 June
785:25 June
722:7 March
472:in the
444:patents
411:in the
403:in the
312:or the
1184:
1176:
1059:1930).
967:
937:
907:
858:a bill
583:While
563:, the
529:Brazil
478:Canada
417:Russia
356:. The
93:Patent
1182:S2CID
1174:JSTOR
988:(PDF)
421:Japan
346:TRIPS
1126:2023
1100:2023
965:ISBN
935:ISBN
905:ISBN
837:2013
809:2018
787:2018
724:2021
663:The
527:and
494:WIPO
476:and
419:and
267:and
1164:hdl
1156:doi
1199::
1180:.
1172:.
1162:.
1152:82
1150:.
1146:.
1117:.
1091:.
1051:,
959:.
919:^
899:.
884:^
868:.
826:.
740:.
715:.
603:,
474:UK
407:,
323:,
1188:.
1166::
1158::
1128:.
1102:.
1055:(
973:.
943:.
913:.
839:.
811:.
789:.
726:.
294:e
287:t
280:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
