342:, p. 88): "But Charles, the son of the emperor, built a bridge across the Elbe, and moved the army under his command as fast as he could across the river against the Linones and Smeldingi. These tribes had also defected to Godofrid. Charles laid waste their fields far and wide and after crossing the river again returned to Saxony with his army unimpaired."
466:, p. 93): "After peace had been made with Hemming and the general assembly held at Aachen according to custom, the emperor sent into three parts of his kingdom an equal number of armies. One went beyond the Elbe against the Linones, which ravaged their territory and restored the castle of Hohbuoki on the Elbe destroyed by the Wilzi in the preceding year."
101:
implies that they had previously recognized
Frankish suzerainty. Rather than come to the aid of their Obotrite allies directly, by attacking the Danes, the Franks launched a punitive expedition against the weaker Linones and Smeldingi, who were both more accessible and more immediately threatening as
754:
Rossignol, SĂ©bastien (2013). "Die
Linonen zwischen Tat und Wort: Die Schriftquellen über die Entwicklung an der unteren Mittelelbe unter Berücksichtigung der interdisziplinären Forschungsergebnisse". In Karl-Heinz Willroth; Hans-Jürgen Beug; Friedrich Lüth; Franz Schopper; Sebastian Messal; Jens
200:, which was produced at the court of Louis the German between 844 and 862, most likely in 845. The peoples living on the frontier of Louis's kingdom are listed from north to south. The Linones, "who have seven fortresses", come after the Wilzi and before the Bechelenzi, Smeldingi and
551:, p. 41): "Louis ... after he had discussed and dealt with many things of importance for the kingdom with his men, decided that three armies should be sent to different frontiers of his kingdom ... second under Louis, his younger son, against the Abodrites and Linones".
131:
In 811, following the annual spring assembly, Charlemagne sent another punitive expedition against the
Linones. The army also rebuilt the fortress of Höhbeck, which the Wilzi had destroyed in 810. The Linones may have been involved in that attack. According to the
496:
Misit
Karolus imperator exercitum Francorum et Saxonorum et hostem ultra Albia ad illos Sclavos, qui nominantur Lanai et Bechelenzi et vastaverunt regiones illas et aedificaverunt iterum castello in loco, qui dicitur
432:
Karolus imperator misit filium suum, Karolum regem, super
Saxonia ultra Albia ad illos Sclavos, qui vocantur Linai, et vastavit maximam partem regionis ipsius. Sed et aliqui ex nostra partem ibidem ceciderunt.
757:
Slawen an der unteren
Mittelelbe: Untersuchungen zur ländlichen Besiedlung, zum Burgenbau, zu Besiedlungsstrukturen und zum Landschaftswandel. Beiträge zum Kolloquium vom 7. bis 9. April 2010 in Frankfurt a.
93:
ravaged their lands. It is probable that the
Linones submitted to Danish authority and cooperated in the Danes' attack on the Obotrites that year, which resulted in the destruction of the emporium of
196:
324:
Charles, fils de l'empereur
Charles, traversa la rivière Elbe avec une armée franque contre les Wendes. Mais cette attaque ne fut pas un succès, et un grand nombre de Francs furent tués.
128:
confirms that
Charles suffered serious losses. The response of the Danes, who sued for peace, suggests that the Frankish expedition was nonetheless a successful show of force.
745:
Rossignol, SĂ©bastien (2011). "Aufstieg und Fall der
Linonen. Misslungene Ethnogenese an der unteren Mittelelbe". In Karl-Heinz Willroth; Jens SchneeweiĂź (eds.).
155:
demanded that the emperor transfer authority over the Obotrites to Denmark. A general uprising among the Elbean Slavs followed. The Obotrites, Wilzi, Linones,
674:
643:
535:
of the Saxon March in flames; and a combined Austrasian–Thuringian one against the rebellious Obodrites and the people called the Linones."
735:
531:, p. 47): "Two expeditions were mounted: a Saxon one against the attacks of the Sorbs and Wilzes who had recently left several
55:. They may have been a sub-group of the Wilzi and were often under Obotrite control. They may be associated with the
242:, p. 167, calls them and the Smeldingi "some lesser Slavic peoples" in comparison with the Obotrites and Wilzi.
687:
Chronicon Moissiacense Maius: A Carolingian World Chronicle From Creation until the First Years of Louis the Pious
187:
against the Obotrites and Linones. This was perhaps connected with a Danish attack on Saxony mentioned in the
788:
695:
Melleno, Daniel (2017). "Between Borders: Franks, Danes, and Abodrites in the Trans-Elben World up to 827".
165:
67:
77:
56:
124:
143:
In later records, the Linones are mentioned sporadically in association with the Obotrites. In 838,
90:
152:
103:
685:
160:
731:
670:
639:
201:
184:
723:
704:
631:
144:
593:
179:
148:
765:
Rossignol, SĂ©bastien (2019). "The Entry of Early Medieval Slavs into World History: The
717:
653:
613:
605:
782:
623:
27:
people first recorded in the early 9th century. They lived north and east of the
727:
174:
107:
771:
The Medieval Networks in East Central Europe: Commerce, Contacts, Communication
122:
suggests a serious check or reverse with heavy losses followed by retreat. The
635:
137:
32:
170:
82:
44:
618:. Translated by Bernhard Walter Scholz. University of Michigan Press. 1970.
667:
Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817–876
111:
708:
86:
48:
615:
Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories
52:
36:
156:
94:
72:
40:
24:
28:
414:, p. 485, suggests that "losses were heavy on both sides".
197:
Catalogue of Fortresses and Regions to the North of the Danube
769:". In Balázs Nagy; Felicitas Schmieder; András Vadas (eds.).
177:
against the Obotrites and Linones. In 858, according to the
660:. Translated by Peter Lewis. Harvard University Press.
163:
are said to have taken part. In 839, according to the
183:, King Louis the German sent an army under his son
194:The Linones are one of the peoples listed in the
169:, Louis the Pious dispatched an army composed of
110:'s son in person, was probably drawn mainly from
8:
491:
427:
303:
500:
223:
219:
572:
560:
512:
263:
684:Kats, J. M. J. G.; Claszen, D. (2012).
447:
383:
379:
367:
351:
291:
255:
239:
212:
548:
528:
475:
463:
435:
407:
395:
355:
339:
319:
287:
275:
259:
411:
251:
7:
608:. Manchester University Press. 1992.
596:. Manchester University Press. 1991.
258:, p. 167; and see the maps in
222:anglicizes the name as Linons and
89:and in response the Frankish king
14:
118:depicts a Frankish victory, the
102:they lived on the border of the
690:(MA thesis). Leiden University.
106:. The army, led by the Emperor
85:"defected" to the Danish king
1:
760:. Reichert. pp. 135–150.
147:rebelled against the Emperor
140:were also devastated in 811.
773:. Routledge. pp. 43–57.
749:. Wachholtz. pp. 15–38.
669:. Cornell University Press.
204:(who are grouped together).
728:10.3917/perri.minoi.2014.01
805:
665:Goldberg, Eric J. (2006).
71:classifies the Linones as
636:10.1007/978-1-349-26924-2
81:, in 808 the Linones and
716:Minois, Georges (2014).
515:, pp. 122–123, 134.
590:The Annals of St-Bertin
492:Kats & Claszen 2012
428:Kats & Claszen 2012
306:, vol. II, p. 164 n343.
304:Kats & Claszen 2012
189:Annals of Saint-Bertin
166:Annals of Saint-Bertin
97:. The language of the
697:Early Medieval Europe
494:, vol. II, p. 145): "
430:, vol. II, p. 143): "
322:, pp. 537–38): "
116:Royal Frankish Annals
78:Royal Frankish Annals
51:and northeast of the
35:in the region around
767:Chronicle of Moissac
755:Schneeweiss (eds.).
134:Chronicle of Moissac
125:Chronicle of Moissac
602:The Annals of Fulda
575:, pp. 135–136.
266:, pp. 350–351.
136:, the lands of the
91:Charles the Younger
75:. According to the
16:Slavic ethnic group
747:Slawen an der Elbe
709:10.1111/emed.12215
563:, p. 135 n73.
478:, pp. 553–54.
262:, p. 52, and
153:Horik I of Denmark
676:978-0-8014-7529-0
645:978-1-350-36252-9
290:, p. 41 n7;
278:, p. 47 n13.
226:germanizes it as
185:Louis the Younger
796:
774:
761:
750:
741:
712:
691:
680:
661:
649:
619:
609:
604:. Translated by
597:
592:. Translated by
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
542:
536:
522:
516:
510:
504:
485:
479:
473:
467:
457:
451:
445:
439:
421:
415:
405:
399:
393:
387:
377:
371:
365:
359:
349:
343:
333:
327:
313:
307:
301:
295:
285:
279:
273:
267:
249:
243:
237:
231:
217:
145:Louis the German
120:Annals of Lorsch
68:Annals of Lorsch
804:
803:
799:
798:
797:
795:
794:
793:
779:
778:
777:
764:
753:
744:
738:
715:
694:
683:
677:
664:
654:Fried, Johannes
652:
646:
622:
612:
600:
594:Janet L. Nelson
588:
584:
579:
571:
567:
559:
555:
547:, s.a. 858 (in
543:
539:
527:, s.a. 839 (in
523:
519:
511:
507:
490:, s.a. 811 (in
486:
482:
474:
470:
462:, s.a. 811 (in
458:
454:
446:
442:
426:, s.a. 808 (in
422:
418:
410:, p. 537;
406:
402:
394:
390:
382:, p. 167;
378:
374:
366:
362:
354:, p. 167;
350:
346:
338:, s.a. 808 (in
334:
330:
318:, s.a. 808 (in
314:
310:
302:
298:
286:
282:
274:
270:
254:, p. 485;
250:
246:
238:
234:
218:
214:
210:
180:Annals of Fulda
149:Louis the Pious
104:Frankish empire
47:, north of the
39:, south of the
17:
12:
11:
5:
802:
800:
792:
791:
789:Polabian Slavs
781:
780:
776:
775:
762:
751:
742:
736:
713:
703:(3): 359–385.
692:
681:
675:
662:
650:
644:
624:Collins, Roger
620:
610:
606:Timothy Reuter
598:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:
565:
553:
537:
517:
505:
501:Rossignol 2019
480:
468:
452:
450:, p. 368.
440:
438:, p. 537.
416:
400:
398:, p. 537.
388:
386:, p. 368.
372:
370:, p. 363.
360:
358:, p. 537.
344:
328:
308:
296:
294:, p. 379.
280:
268:
244:
232:
224:Rossignol 2011
220:Rossignol 2019
211:
209:
206:
31:, across from
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
801:
790:
787:
786:
784:
772:
768:
763:
759:
752:
748:
743:
739:
737:9782262044237
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
689:
688:
682:
678:
672:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
641:
637:
633:
630:. Macmillan.
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
581:
574:
573:Goldberg 2006
569:
566:
562:
561:Goldberg 2006
557:
554:
550:
546:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
518:
514:
513:Goldberg 2006
509:
506:
503:, p. 50.
502:
498:
493:
489:
484:
481:
477:
472:
469:
465:
461:
456:
453:
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293:
289:
284:
281:
277:
272:
269:
265:
264:Goldberg 2006
261:
257:
253:
248:
245:
241:
236:
233:
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221:
216:
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207:
205:
203:
199:
198:
192:
190:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
154:
151:, while King
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
129:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
63:
61:
60:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
23:were a small
22:
770:
766:
756:
746:
718:
700:
696:
686:
666:
657:
627:
614:
601:
589:
582:Bibliography
568:
556:
544:
540:
532:
524:
520:
508:
495:
487:
483:
471:
459:
455:
448:Melleno 2017
443:
431:
423:
419:
403:
391:
384:Melleno 2017
380:Collins 1998
375:
368:Melleno 2017
363:
352:Collins 1998
347:
335:
331:
323:
315:
311:
299:
292:Melleno 2017
283:
271:
256:Collins 1998
247:
240:Collins 1998
235:
227:
215:
195:
193:
188:
178:
164:
142:
133:
130:
123:
119:
115:
114:. While the
98:
76:
66:
64:
58:
20:
18:
719:Charlemagne
658:Charlemagne
628:Charlemagne
549:Reuter 1992
529:Nelson 1991
499:" See also
476:Minois 2014
464:Scholz 1970
436:Minois 2014
434:" See also
408:Minois 2014
396:Minois 2014
356:Minois 2014
340:Scholz 1970
320:Minois 2014
288:Reuter 1992
276:Nelson 1991
260:Scholz 1970
175:Thuringians
171:Austrasians
108:Charlemagne
722:. Perrin.
412:Fried 2016
252:Fried 2016
138:Bechelenzi
656:(2016) .
161:Colodices
83:Smeldingi
62:Liezizi.
57:medieval
45:Obotrites
783:Category
626:(1998).
202:Morizani
112:Neustria
497:Abochi.
228:Linonen
87:Gudfred
49:Hevelli
33:Höhbeck
21:Linones
734:
673:
642:
533:villae
99:Annals
53:Saxons
37:Lenzen
25:Slavic
208:Notes
157:Sorbs
95:Reric
73:Wends
41:Wilzi
732:ISBN
671:ISBN
640:ISBN
173:and
159:and
65:The
43:and
29:Elbe
19:The
724:doi
705:doi
632:doi
460:RFA
336:RFA
59:Gau
785::
730:.
701:25
699:.
638:.
545:AF
525:AB
488:CM
424:CM
326:"
316:AL
191:.
758:M
740:.
726::
711:.
707::
679:.
648:.
634::
230:.
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