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In
Lincoln's sparrows, male bill shape is correlated with the quality of their songs, with declining quality as the ratio of bill height to bill width decreases. This impacts reproductive success because song quality influences female mating preferences. Males that hatch later in the breeding season
649:
Their nest is a well-covered shallow open cup of grasses or sedges. Clutch size is typically 3-5 eggs which are oval in shape and colored pale green to greenish-white and spotted reddish brown. One egg is laid per day, and females begin incubating eggs before the clutch is complete, while males do
635:
including insect larvae, ants, spiders, beetles, flies, moths, caterpillars, mayflies, and others. Adults typically eat prey from higher trophic levels such as spiders, whereas they feed their chicks greater proportions of plant material and lower trophic level prey like grasshoppers. They mostly
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Adults have dark-streaked olive-brown upperparts and a light brown breast with fine streaks, a white belly, and a white throat. They have a brown cap with a grey stripe in the middle, olive-brown wings, and a narrow tail. Their face is grey with brown cheeks, a buffy mustache, and a brown line
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and leave the nest about 9–12 days after hatching, although they may be cared for by their parents for another 2–3 weeks. Fledglings are mostly flightless their first day, but their flying abilities quickly improve, and by day six they can fly more than 10 meters at a time.
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Males arrive to the breeding ground in mid to late May and begin to sing in order to attract a mate. In early June, females build their nests on the ground under dense grass or shrub cover, usually inside a low willow shrub, mountain birch, or sunken in a depression of
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genus. They produce a sweet, wrenlike, gurgling song with varied frequencies. First, there are often several rapid, high-pitched introductory notes, which then go into a trill that starts out low, rises abruptly, and then drops. Similar to the
588:, whereas the swamp sparrow has a simple, single-syllabic song. They sing most frequently in the morning and only in the beginning of the breeding season before incubation. They often sing while exposed on perches, as well as during flight.
41:
460:, and moss-dominated habitats. They prefer to be near dense shrub cover and their nests are well-concealed shallow open cups on the ground under vegetation. At lower elevations, they can also be found in mixed
487:, as well as urban and suburban habitats in the east. Their migration period starts between May 13 to 30 and lasts until August 20 to September 20. Their southern habitats over the winter include tropical
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is smaller with more yellow on dorsal feathers and broader dark shaft streaks creating greater contrasts in dorsal coloration. Its breeding habitat extends from the southern
Alaskan archipelago to central
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forage on the ground in dense vegetation and, in the winter, may occasionally use bird feeders. They catch prey with their bill while hopping on the ground and typically swallow their prey whole.
584:, Lincoln's sparrow has a relatively small song repertoire with an average of 3.7 different song types per individual. However, their complex, multisyllabic song pattern is comparable to that of a
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407:, the Montane Lincoln's sparrow, is the largest subspecies and most uniform in color with a mostly brown back and narrow shaft streaks on dorsal feathers. It lives in the central
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Lincoln's sparrow is a very secretive species; they are often not seen or heard even where they are common. Only the males are known to sing and their song is unique among the
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call is used while exposed on perches to attract attention or during antagonistic encounters. Both calls are used in nest defense. They also have a distinct, hoarse, buzzing
289:). It lives in well-covered brushy habitats, often near water. This bird is poorly documented because of its secretive nature and breeding habits solely in boreal regions.
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526:. However, the skulking behavior of this bird and their preference for densely-covered habitats makes it difficult to accurately describe the full range of this species.
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bird that often stays hidden under thick ground cover, but can be distinguished by its sweet, wrenlike song. Lincoln's sparrow is one of three species in the genus
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1020:"Comparison of optimal foraging versus life-history decisions during nestling care in Lincoln's SparrowsMelospiza lincolniithrough stable isotope analysis"
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367:, Maine. Lincoln shot the bird on an expedition with Audubon to Nova Scotia in 1834, and Audubon named it in honor of his travel companion.
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In the winter, the majority of their diet consists of small seeds of weeds and grasses, but when available they will also eat terrestrial
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tend to have bill shapes that are less suitable for producing songs that attract females, and thus, have lower reproductive success.
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bogs. They primarily use the ground and base of willows for foraging, whereas they use tall trees and willow branches for singing.
941:"Song Types and Variation in Insular Populations of Lincoln's Sparrow (Melospiza Lincolnii), and Comparisons With Other Melospiza"
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United States, although they are less common in the eastern parts of their range. They are found mainly in wet thickets, shrubby
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through the eye with a narrow eye ring. Males and females are alike in plumage. They are somewhat similar in appearance to the
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with a streaky chest and not yet buffy breast, but
Lincoln's sparrows rarely have a unicolored crown like the swamp sparrow.
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over much of the United States, except in the west. In 2010, a
Lincoln's sparrow was observed for the first time in the
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1132:"Change in offspring sex ratio over a very short season in Lincoln's Sparrows: the potential role of bill development"
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1059:"Ovulation Order Mediates a Trade-Off between Pre-Hatching and Post-Hatching Viability in an Altricial Bird"
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is generally larger with more ruddy brown or gray-brown coloring and less yellow edging on dorsal feathers.
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There are three known subspecies of
Lincoln's sparrow. However, some authors suggest that
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Ortiz, Robert; Rimmer, Christopher C.; Askansas, Hubert; Mota, Ivan (2012-12-27).
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907:"Lincoln's Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii): New record for the Dominican Republic"
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should be considered one subspecies because of their morphological similarity.
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883:. Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks
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Ammon, Elisabeth M. (2020-03-04), Poole, Alan F; Gill, Frank B (eds.),
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call sequence used for mating, during territorial disputes, and when
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not incubate. Incubation lasts for about 12–14 days. Young are born
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Its wintering range extends from the southern United States down to
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Graham, Emily B.; Caro, Samuel P.; Sockman, Keith W. (2011-02-23).
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During migration, it lives in thickets and bushes, particularly in
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call is generally used while under dense cover, whereas the
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forests, Pacific swamp forests, and arid subtropical scrub.
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This bird has two calls sounds: one is an aggressive, flat
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Cicero, Carla; Benowitz-Fredericks, Morgan (2000-01-01).
824:
Field Guide to Birds of
Eastern and Central North America
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although smaller and trimmer with finer breast streaks.
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Sockman, Keith W. (2008-03-12). Cresswell, Will (ed.).
826:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 302.
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1018:Beaulieu, Michael; Sockman, Keith W. (2014-03-17).
1668:Native birds of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
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631:. During the breeding season, they mainly feed on
701:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22721064A94697045.en
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1663:Native birds of the Northeastern United States
1182:- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
599:while the other is a soft, high-pitched buzzy
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852:All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
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1673:Native birds of the Western United States
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877:"Lincoln's Sparrow — Melospiza lincolnii"
781:"Lincoln's Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii)"
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1180:Lincoln's sparrow - Melospiza lincolnii
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436:Its breeding habitat is subalpine and
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1638:IUCN Red List least concern species
687:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
363:after his friend Thomas Lincoln of
848:"Lincoln's Sparrow Identification"
14:
1174:Lincoln's sparrow species account
464:groves, mixed shrub-willows, and
1683:Taxa named by John James Audubon
1149:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2010.00306.x
911:Journal of Caribbean Ornithology
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479:. They use lowlands such as the
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1202:Lincoln's sparrow photo gallery
1198:on the Internet Bird Collection
676:BirdLife International (2016).
411:of Canada and the mountains of
359:Lincoln's sparrow was named by
787:, Cornell Lab of Ornithology,
1:
822:Peterson, Roger Tory (2010).
315:Sacramento County, California
1204:- VIREO–(includes egg
1176:- Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1137:Journal of Field Ornithology
1084:10.1371/journal.pone.0001785
350:: 7.5-8.7 in (19–22 cm)
338:: 5.1-5.9 in (13–15 cm)
419:and breeds as far south as
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1658:Birds of the United States
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82:Scientific classification
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1196:Lincoln's sparrow videos
694:: e.T22721064A94697045.
495:forests, arid and humid
432:Habitat and distribution
273:which also includes the
1678:Birds described in 1834
311:Cosumnes River Preserve
1648:Native birds of Alaska
344:: 0.6-0.7 oz (17-19 g)
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263:. It is a less common
24:Lincoln's sparrow
1530:Paleobiology Database
793:10.2173/bow.linspa.01
309:Lincoln's sparrow at
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958:10.1093/auk/117.1.52
1560:Fringilla lincolnii
1548:Melospiza-lincolnii
1294:melospiza-lincolnii
1281:Melospiza_lincolnii
1256:Melospiza lincolnii
1226:Melospiza lincolnii
1075:2008PLoSO...3.1785S
994:"Lincoln's Sparrow"
881:Montana Field Guide
680:Melospiza lincolnii
562:Melospiza lincolnii
252:Melospiza lincolnii
191:Melospiza lincolnii
52:Conservation status
1192:) - with range map
785:Birds of the World
520:Dominican Republic
361:John James Audubon
329:Adult measurements
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1517:Open Tree of Life
1218:Taxon identifiers
1036:10.1111/ibi.12146
833:978-0-547-15246-2
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247:Lincoln's sparrow
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239: Nonbreeding
173:M. lincolnii
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283:swamp sparrow
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261:North America
258:
255:) is a small
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182:Binomial name
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149:Passerellidae
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1143:(1): 44–51.
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1000:. 2014-11-13
997:
951:(1): 52–64.
948:
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880:
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851:
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796:, retrieved
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691:
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640:Reproduction
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586:song sparrow
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450:northeastern
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300:song sparrow
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287:M. georgiana
286:
278:
275:song sparrow
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172:
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159:
18:
1478:Neotropical
1452:NatureServe
1400:iNaturalist
1250:Wikispecies
887:October 11,
707:19 November
629:vertebrates
514:; they are
485:Great Basin
365:Dennysville
293:Description
1632:Categories
1575:Q109563292
1543:Xeno-canto
1004:2020-10-12
857:2020-09-30
798:2020-10-11
663:References
633:arthropods
560:Listen to
448:, and the
421:New Mexico
413:California
371:Subspecies
281:) and the
279:M. melodia
259:native to
1643:Melospiza
1157:0273-8570
1093:1932-6203
1044:0019-1019
967:1938-4254
923:1544-4953
652:altricial
576:Melospiza
530:Behaviour
493:deciduous
489:evergreen
462:deciduous
270:Melospiza
265:passerine
167:Species:
160:Melospiza
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
1569:Wikidata
1457:2.105323
1444:22721064
1418:10589424
1369:45511187
1320:22721064
1315:BirdLife
1235:Wikidata
1111:18335056
1063:PLOS ONE
470:tamarack
355:Taxonomy
348:Wingspan
145:Family:
119:Chordata
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
1602:7858046
1496:1484480
1382:2492192
1302:Avibase
1241:Q692323
1102:2262150
1071:Bibcode
998:Audubon
945:The Auk
454:western
438:montane
425:Arizona
257:sparrow
201:, 1834)
199:Audubon
155:Genus:
135:Order:
125:Class:
70: (
1615:997958
1535:369420
1522:265550
1483:linspa
1431:179484
1389:GNAB:
1356:linspa
1343:linspa
1289:ARKive
1269:linspa
1206:clutch
1190:Canada
1186:Stamps
1155:
1109:
1099:
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965:
921:
830:
508:Mexico
446:Alaska
442:Canada
417:Oregon
342:Weight
336:Length
237:
231:
225:
219:
1589:6JQ4H
1470:44396
1413:IRMNG
1351:eBird
1340:BOW:
1333:17179
1188:(for
524:Haiti
1610:ITIS
1597:GBIF
1504:ODNR
1491:OBIS
1465:NCBI
1439:IUCN
1426:ITIS
1405:9092
1377:GBIF
1328:BOLD
1153:ISSN
1107:PMID
1089:ISSN
1040:ISSN
1024:Ibis
963:ISSN
919:ISSN
889:2020
828:ISBN
709:2021
692:2016
623:Diet
609:chip
605:zeet
601:zeet
597:chip
497:pine
491:and
483:and
458:bogs
452:and
423:and
415:and
379:and
129:Aves
1584:CoL
1364:EoL
1276:ADW
1265:ABA
1145:doi
1097:PMC
1079:doi
1032:doi
1028:156
953:doi
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696:doi
595:or
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