1041:
temperature and can be expressed in terms of current through the pyrometer lamp. With the same current setting, the pyrometer is sighted on another black-body at a higher temperature. An absorbing medium of known transmission is inserted between the pyrometer and this black-body. The temperature of the black-body is then adjusted until a match exists between its intensity and that of the pyrometer filament. The true higher temperature of the black-body is then determined from Planck's Law. The absorbing medium is then removed and the current through the filament is adjusted to match the filament intensity to that of the black-body. This establishes a second calibration point for the pyrometer. This step is repeated to carry the calibration to higher temperatures. Now, temperatures and their corresponding pyrometer filament currents are known and a curve of temperature versus current can be drawn. This curve can then be extrapolated to very high temperatures.
1049:
longer than they were wide. To form such a cavity, a hole is drilled perpendicular to the long axis at the center of a rod of the material. These rods are then heated by passing a very large current through them, and the radiation emitted from the hole is observed with an optical pyrometer. The point of melting is indicated by the darkening of the hole when the liquid phase appears, destroying the black body conditions. Today, containerless laser heating techniques, combined with fast pyrometers and spectro-pyrometers, are employed to allow for precise control of the time for which the sample is kept at extreme temperatures. Such experiments of sub-second duration address several of the challenges associated with more traditional melting point measurements made at very high temperatures, such as sample vaporization and reaction with the container.
1032:. For the highest melting materials, this may require extrapolation by several hundred degrees. The spectral radiance from an incandescent body is known to be a function of its temperature. An optical pyrometer matches the radiance of a body under study to the radiance of a source that has been previously calibrated as a function of temperature. In this way, the measurement of the absolute magnitude of the intensity of radiation is unnecessary. However, known temperatures must be used to determine the calibration of the pyrometer. For temperatures above the calibration range of the source, an extrapolation technique must be employed. This extrapolation is accomplished by using
1170:, because the solid-liquid transition represents only a small change in volume. If, as observed in most cases, a substance is more dense in the solid than in the liquid state, the melting point will increase with increases in pressure. Otherwise the reverse behavior occurs. Notably, this is the case of water, as illustrated graphically to the right, but also of Si, Ge, Ga, Bi. With extremely large changes in pressure, substantial changes to the melting point are observed. For example, the melting point of silicon at ambient pressure (0.1 MPa) is 1415 °C, but at pressures in excess of 10 GPa it decreases to 1000 °C.
152:
3289:
2980:
1058:
60:
1015:) and a simple magnifier. Several grains of a solid are placed in a thin glass tube and partially immersed in the oil bath. The oil bath is heated (and stirred) and with the aid of the magnifier (and external light source) melting of the individual crystals at a certain temperature can be observed. A metal block might be used instead of an oil bath. Some modern instruments have automatic optical detection.
4481:
3140:
2784:
1177:. The melting point of a pure substance is always higher and has a smaller range than the melting point of an impure substance or, more generally, of mixtures. The higher the quantity of other components, the lower the melting point and the broader will be the melting point range, often referred to as the "pasty range". The temperature at which melting begins for a mixture is known as the
1000:
1341:
972:
1189:. Eutectics are special types of mixtures that behave like single phases. They melt sharply at a constant temperature to form a liquid of the same composition. Alternatively, on cooling a liquid with the eutectic composition will solidify as uniformly dispersed, small (fine-grained) mixed crystals with the same composition.
1048:
of the material being measured. The containment of the high melting material in the liquid state may introduce experimental difficulties. Melting temperatures of some refractory metals have thus been measured by observing the radiation from a black body cavity in solid metal specimens that were much
1018:
The measurement can also be made continuously with an operating process. For instance, oil refineries measure the freeze point of diesel fuel "online", meaning that the sample is taken from the process and measured automatically. This allows for more frequent measurements as the sample does not have
1027:
For refractory materials (e.g. platinum, tungsten, tantalum, some carbides and nitrides, etc.) the extremely high melting point (typically considered to be above, say, 1,800 °C) may be determined by heating the material in a black body furnace and measuring the black-body temperature with an
1040:
Consider the case of using gold as the source (mp = 1,063 °C). In this technique, the current through the filament of the pyrometer is adjusted until the light intensity of the filament matches that of a black-body at the melting point of gold. This establishes the primary calibration
133:, the freezing point can easily appear to be below its actual value. When the "characteristic freezing point" of a substance is determined, in fact, the actual methodology is almost always "the principle of observing the disappearance rather than the formation of ice, that is, the
3888:
Buinevich, V.S.; Nepapushev, A.A.; Moskovskikh, D.O.; Trusov, G.V.; Kuskov, K.V.; Vadchenko, S.G.; Rogachev, A.S.; Mukasyan, A.S. (March 2020). "Fabrication of ultra-high-temperature nonstoichiometric hafnium carbonitride via combustion synthesis and spark plasma sintering".
1361:. The idea behind the theory was the observation that the average amplitude of thermal vibrations increases with increasing temperature. Melting initiates when the amplitude of vibration becomes large enough for adjacent atoms to partly occupy the same space. The
239:
compound with the highest known melting point of any substance to date and the only one confirmed to have a melting point above 4,273 K (4,000 °C; 7,232 °F) at ambient pressure. Quantum mechanical computer simulations predicted that this alloy
1100:) of the material are increasing (ΔH, ΔS > 0). Melting phenomenon happens when the Gibbs free energy of the liquid becomes lower than the solid for that material. At various pressures this happens at a specific temperature. It can also be shown that:
1036:
of radiation. The constants in this equation are not known with sufficient accuracy, causing errors in the extrapolation to become larger at higher temperatures. However, standard techniques have been developed to perform this extrapolation.
1905:
1769:
1645:
987:
is a metal strip with a temperature gradient (range from room temperature to 300 °C). Any substance can be placed on a section of the strip, revealing its thermal behaviour at the temperature at that point.
248:) would have a melting point of about 4,400 K. This prediction was later confirmed by experiment, though a precise measurement of its exact melting point has yet to be confirmed. At the other end of the scale,
226:
at about 3,700 °C (6,700 °F; 4,000 K); a liquid phase only exists above pressures of 10 MPa (99 atm) and estimated 4,030–4,430 °C (7,290–8,010 °F; 4,300–4,700 K) (see
1650:
Several other expressions for the estimated melting temperature can be obtained depending on the estimate of the average thermal energy. Another commonly used expression for the
Lindemann criterion is
1461:
1337:, or a combination of both. In highly symmetrical molecules the crystal phase is densely packed with many efficient intermolecular interactions resulting in a higher enthalpy change on melting.
1142:
1999:
1234:
has a lower freezing point than a pure solvent. This phenomenon is used in technical applications to avoid freezing, for instance by adding salt or ethylene glycol to water.
935:
Helium does not solidify at a pressure of one atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atmospheres, which corresponds to a melting point of absolute zero.
1788:
195:. The melting point of ice at 1 atmosphere of pressure is very close to 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K); this is also known as the ice point. In the presence of
4020:"J10 Heat: Change of aggregate state of substances through change of heat content: Change of aggregate state of substances and the equation of Clapeyron-Clausius"
1992:
4418:
3636:
3469:
1974:
1656:
1069:
is required to raise its temperature to the melting point. However, further heat needs to be supplied for the melting to take place: this is called the
1535:
4391:
1985:
1348:
has a very high melting point (m.p.) of 319-321 °C. It tends to sublime, so the m.p. determination requires that the sample be sealed in a tube.
4019:
4282:"The development of models to predict melting and pyrolysis point data associated with several hundred thousand compounds mined from PATENTS"
4194:
191:
melts at 85 °C (185 °F; 358 K) and solidifies from 31 °C (88 °F; 304 K); such direction dependence is known as
1044:
In determining melting points of a refractory substance by this method, it is necessary to either have black body conditions or to know the
4925:
4166:
228:
4358:
4225:
4053:
3631:
3491:
989:
146:
107:
4006:
4940:
4685:
53:
4755:
4680:
4411:
3924:
Holman, S. W.; Lawrence, R. R.; Barr, L. (1 January 1895). "Melting Points of
Aluminum, Silver, Gold, Copper, and Platinum".
3517:
3504:
1386:
1345:
199:, the freezing point of water is not always the same as the melting point. In the absence of nucleators water can exist as a
1159:
are respectively the temperature at the melting point, change of entropy of melting and the change of enthalpy of melting.
4867:
4695:
4067:
4750:
4495:
4930:
4877:
1299:
3646:
1106:
4935:
1366:
151:
4404:
1502:
1217:
99:
4902:
4801:
4431:
3481:
Values for many highly radioactive elements are not empirically confirmed, or are theoretical predictions only.
4796:
3849:"Prediction of the material with highest known melting point from ab initio molecular dynamics calculations"
966:
4556:
4821:
4811:
4561:
1962:
2128:
1377:
980:
223:
121:
When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the
3688:
4740:
4500:
4076:
3860:
3801:
3752:
3625:
3620:
2037:
2025:
1231:
1173:
Melting points are often used to characterize organic and inorganic compounds and to ascertain their
257:
232:
210:, at 3,414 °C (6,177 °F; 3,687 K); this property makes tungsten excellent for use as
187:). However, certain substances possess differing solid-liquid transition temperatures. For example,
4715:
4607:
4597:
4510:
4465:
4141:
1358:
1179:
947:
Carbon does not melt at any temperature under standard pressure, instead it sublimes around 4,100 K
211:
4862:
4791:
4625:
3941:
3906:
3791:
3651:
3543:
3537:
1494:
1257:
993:
31:
4260:
1357:
An attempt to predict the bulk melting point of crystalline materials was first made in 1910 by
1262:. Carnelley based his rule on examination of 15,000 chemical compounds. For example, for three
4892:
4887:
4857:
4816:
4705:
4657:
4642:
4535:
4505:
4354:
4313:
4221:
4190:
4049:
4023:
3817:
3708:
3615:
3551:
2879:
1918:
1900:{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {2\pi mc^{2}a^{2}\theta _{\rm {D}}^{2}k_{\rm {B}}}{h^{2}}}}
1334:
1267:
1263:
1243:
1081:
923:
846:
215:
172:
111:
4184:
4163:
4847:
4470:
4303:
4293:
4264:
4249:
4123:
4084:
3933:
3898:
3868:
3809:
3760:
3700:
2952:
2756:
2562:
2369:
2274:
2174:
2140:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2012:
1251:
1197:
292:
156:
4326:
4837:
4690:
4427:
4170:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
1926:
1775:
1518:
1295:
1205:
83:
46:
4381:
4375:
1033:
4080:
3864:
3805:
3756:
63:
Ice cubes put in water will start to melt when they reach their melting point of 0
59:
4635:
4630:
4587:
4520:
4515:
4308:
4281:
3778:
Kringle, Loni; Thornley, Wyatt A.; Kay, Bruce D.; Kimmel, Greg A. (18 September 2020).
2016:
1526:
1330:
1201:
1070:
1057:
95:
4127:
3962:
3779:
1007:
A basic melting point apparatus for the analysis of crystalline solids consists of an
4919:
4872:
4852:
4775:
4670:
4602:
4525:
4240:
Bradley, Jean-Claude; Lang, Andrew; Williams, Antony; Curtin, Evan (11 August 2011).
3910:
3780:"Reversible structural transformations in supercooled liquid water from 135 to 245 K"
3737:
The melting point of purified water has been measured as 0.002519 ± 0.000002 °C, see
3641:
3610:
2995:
1958:
1204:. Upon further heating, they gradually soften, which can be characterized by certain
1167:
919:
915:
316:
253:
115:
252:
does not freeze at all at normal pressure even at temperatures arbitrarily close to
4897:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4725:
4675:
4592:
3902:
3661:
3656:
3314:
3165:
3045:
2099:
2032:
1221:
984:
374:
359:
200:
130:
17:
1764:{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{2k_{\rm {B}}}}.}
4217:
3980:
1640:{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{k_{\rm {B}}}}.}
4806:
4700:
4612:
4480:
3414:
3394:
3384:
3101:
3061:
3053:
2094:
1950:
1471:
1074:
1012:
171:
points are approximately equal. For example, the melting and freezing points of
79:
4065:
Brown, R. J. C. & R. F. C. (2000). "Melting Point and
Molecular Symmetry".
3873:
3848:
1166:, but generally this sensitivity is orders of magnitude less than that for the
999:
4745:
4720:
4647:
4617:
4551:
4530:
4298:
3465:
3235:
3215:
3185:
3111:
3037:
3013:
2985:
2630:
2620:
2323:
1942:
1319:
1287:
1279:
1174:
1045:
236:
196:
192:
184:
4254:
4241:
3821:
3813:
3374:
3354:
3344:
3334:
3275:
3175:
3145:
3121:
3091:
3081:
2720:
2660:
2640:
2600:
2578:
2507:
2437:
2375:
2303:
2290:
2190:
2119:
2109:
2104:
1946:
1479:
1283:
1029:
588:
534:
516:
426:
203:
liquid down to −48.3 °C (−54.9 °F; 224.8 K) before freezing.
4390:
Over 250,000 freely downloadable melting point data. Also downloadable at
4317:
3712:
4396:
4882:
4710:
3424:
3294:
3205:
3195:
3071:
2958:
2929:
2919:
2889:
2859:
2819:
2809:
2789:
2710:
2568:
2526:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2397:
2343:
2248:
2222:
2146:
1957:. The Alfa Aesar and patent data have been summarized in (respectively)
1315:
1310:
hence its lower melting point but the melting point again increases with
1303:
1185:
1163:
1085:
1008:
814:
798:
782:
606:
570:
462:
390:
207:
168:
155:
Melting points (in blue) and boiling points (in pink) of the first eight
103:
42:
3945:
3704:
1080:
From a thermodynamics point of view, at the melting point the change in
4842:
4730:
4665:
4582:
4577:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3461:
3404:
3324:
3304:
3265:
3245:
3225:
3029:
3021:
3005:
2909:
2849:
2829:
2799:
2762:
2680:
2650:
2610:
2590:
2549:
2536:
2517:
2497:
2385:
2313:
2180:
2114:
1945:
released over 10,000 melting points of compounds from their catalog as
1311:
1307:
1227:
1093:
971:
882:
728:
694:
274:
180:
164:
64:
38:
4088:
3764:
4451:
3937:
3457:
3364:
3255:
3155:
2968:
2839:
2772:
2730:
2690:
2670:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2333:
2280:
2235:
2213:
2162:
1954:
1372:
Assuming that all atoms in a crystal vibrate with the same frequency
1323:
1291:
764:
746:
712:
660:
642:
552:
498:
480:
444:
408:
344:
308:
249:
219:
176:
91:
37:
For the physical processes that take place at the melting point, see
1340:
4114:
Gilman, H.; Smith, C. L. (1967). "Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane".
3796:
3739:
Feistel, R. & Wagner, W. (2006). "A New
Equation of State for H
3689:"A New Method of Freezing-Point Determination for Small Quantities"
4460:
4446:
2939:
2743:
2356:
2203:
1353:
Predicting the melting point of substances (Lindemann's criterion)
1339:
1193:
1056:
998:
970:
150:
87:
58:
1196:
do not possess a melting point; on heating they undergo a smooth
4387:
4322:
2899:
2869:
2487:
2447:
2261:
1066:
864:
830:
676:
624:
284:
188:
4400:
4456:
4144:(1910). "The calculation of molecular vibration frequencies".
3981:"Latent heat | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"
2700:
1183:
while the temperature where melting is complete is called the
1162:
The melting point is sensitive to extremely large changes in
1230:
is depressed when another compound is added, meaning that a
4280:
Tetko, Igor V; m. Lowe, Daniel; Williams, Antony J (2016).
1019:
to be manually collected and taken to a remote laboratory.
3494:, and so has no true melting point under these conditions.
2342:
2247:
2221:
2145:
2535:
3926:
Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2729:
2234:
1376:, the average thermal energy can be estimated using the
1326:
with high symmetry have relatively high melting points.
1877:
1810:
1733:
1678:
1612:
1557:
1456:{\displaystyle E=4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}~u^{2}=k_{\rm {B}}T}
1880:
1813:
1736:
1681:
1615:
1560:
4046:
1791:
1659:
1538:
1389:
1109:
992:
gives information on melting point together with its
52:"Freezing point" redirects here. For other uses, see
4830:
4784:
4656:
4570:
4544:
4488:
4439:
1365:states that melting is expected when the vibration
1899:
1763:
1639:
1455:
1136:
4384:by Thomas Carnelley (Harrison, London, 1885–1887)
4378:by Thomas Carnelley (Harrison, London, 1885–1887)
3628:, a compound with the highest known melting point
983:exist for the determination of melting points. A
4218:Defects and geometry in condensed matter physics
1011:with a transparent window (most basic design: a
3745:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
134:
1137:{\displaystyle \Delta S={\frac {\Delta H}{T}}}
256:; a pressure of more than twenty times normal
102:. The melting point of a substance depends on
4412:
4164:Point defects, lattice structure, and melting
4044:Tonkov, E. Yu. and Ponyatovsky, E. G. (2005)
1993:
8:
206:The metal with the highest melting point is
94:. At the melting point the solid and liquid
4235:
4233:
4005:The exact relationship is expressed in the
1933:range from 0.15 to 0.3 for most materials.
1061:Pressure dependence of water melting point.
4419:
4405:
4397:
3637:Melting points of the elements (data page)
3470:Melting points of the elements (data page)
2000:
1986:
1978:
1975:Melting points of the elements (data page)
1278:the melting point increases in the series
262:
129:. Because of the ability of substances to
4307:
4297:
4253:
3872:
3795:
1886:
1881:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1814:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1690:
1682:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1529:, then the melting point is estimated as
1443:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1388:
1329:A high melting point results from a high
1298:the melting point increases in the order
1119:
1108:
975:Kofler bench with samples for calibration
27:Temperature at which a solid turns liquid
4275:
4273:
4382:Melting and boiling point tables vol. 2
4376:Melting and boiling point tables vol. 1
3679:
3560:shows natural occurrence of the element
3449:
2994:
943:
941:
907:
898:
3957:
3955:
3847:Hong, Q.-J.; van de Walle, A. (2015).
3313:
3164:
3044:
1084:(ΔG) of the material is zero, but the
222:does not melt at ambient pressure but
4351:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3413:
3393:
3383:
3100:
3060:
3052:
1290:−16.4 °C (256.8 K). Likewise in
1260:is associated with high melting point
1003:Automatic digital melting point meter
7:
4186:Solid state physics: an introduction
3234:
3214:
3184:
3110:
3036:
3012:
2984:
2629:
2619:
2322:
1486:is the average vibration amplitude,
4242:"ONS Open Melting Point Collection"
4116:Journal of Organometallic Chemistry
3373:
3353:
3343:
3333:
3274:
3174:
3144:
3120:
3090:
3080:
2719:
2659:
2639:
2599:
2577:
2506:
2436:
2374:
2302:
2289:
2189:
1344:Like many high symmetry compounds,
1192:In contrast to crystalline solids,
1023:Techniques for refractory materials
922:; and χ is the standard symbol for
3533:
3516:Arsenic does not melt at STP, but
3464:(°C), rounded. For equivalents in
3423:
3293:
3204:
3194:
3070:
2957:
2928:
2918:
2888:
2858:
2818:
2808:
2788:
2709:
2567:
2525:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2396:
1937:Databases and automated prediction
1867:
1850:
1798:
1747:
1666:
1623:
1545:
1444:
1122:
1110:
25:
3632:List of elements by melting point
3507:at approximately 4000°C (4273 K).
3503:Carbon does not melt at STP, but
3403:
3323:
3303:
3264:
3244:
3224:
3028:
3020:
3004:
2908:
2878:
2848:
2828:
2798:
2761:
2679:
2649:
2609:
2589:
2548:
2516:
2496:
2384:
2312:
2179:
990:Differential scanning calorimetry
147:List of elements by melting point
4479:
4349:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011).
3363:
3287:
3254:
3154:
3138:
2978:
2967:
2951:
2838:
2782:
2771:
2755:
2689:
2669:
2561:
2476:
2466:
2456:
2368:
2332:
2279:
2273:
2212:
2173:
2161:
2139:
1318:. Many cage-like compounds like
4048:, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 98
3693:Journal of Experimental Biology
2938:
2742:
2355:
2202:
918:; C is the standard symbol for
54:Freezing point (disambiguation)
30:For the EP by Zerobaseone, see
4220:, Cambridge University Press,
3903:10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.03.158
2898:
2868:
2486:
2446:
2260:
1346:tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane
106:and is usually specified at a
1:
4868:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
4128:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)91037-4
4068:Journal of Chemical Education
2699:
1969:Melting point of the elements
914:Z is the standard symbol for
4878:Order and disorder (physics)
4353:(92nd ed.). CRC Press.
4267:retrieved 13 September 2013.
3687:Ramsay, J. A. (1 May 1949).
1774:From the expression for the
1505:. If the threshold value of
4173:, Thesis, Technion, Israel.
4101:
4007:Clausius–Clapeyron relation
3834:
3725:
1369:exceeds a threshold value.
1286:−129.8 °C (143 K) and
4957:
4926:Atmospheric thermodynamics
4286:Journal of Cheminformatics
3874:10.1103/PhysRevB.92.020104
3529:
3446:
3439:
3435:
3132:
2299:
2199:
2158:
2133:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2023:
1981:
1972:
1949:and similar data has been
1367:root mean square amplitude
1352:
1306:has a lower symmetry than
1215:
964:
961:Melting point measurements
899:
144:
51:
36:
29:
4477:
4299:10.1186/s13321-016-0113-y
4189:. Wiley-VCH. p. 67.
3573:
3286:
3137:
1300:meta, ortho and then para
1250:, established in 1882 by
1218:Freezing-point depression
1212:Freezing-point depression
266:List of common chemicals
265:
4903:Thermo-dielectric effect
4802:Enthalpy of vaporization
4496:Bose–Einstein condensate
4255:10.1038/npre.2011.6229.1
3490:Helium cannot freeze at
1226:The freezing point of a
78:) of a substance is the
4797:Enthalpy of sublimation
4329:retrieved 18 June 2016.
4216:Nelson, D. R., (2002),
4183:Philip Hofmann (2008).
3814:10.1126/science.abb7542
1963:support vector machines
1073:, and is an example of
967:Melting-point apparatus
4941:Threshold temperatures
4812:Latent internal energy
4562:Color-glass condensate
4169:5 October 2016 at the
3891:Ceramics International
3647:Simon–Glatzel equation
1901:
1765:
1641:
1457:
1349:
1138:
1062:
1004:
976:
160:
67:
4622:Magnetically ordered
1902:
1766:
1642:
1458:
1378:equipartition theorem
1343:
1282:−160 °C (113 K)
1139:
1065:For a solid to melt,
1060:
1002:
981:laboratory techniques
974:
926:on the Pauling scale.
197:nucleating substances
163:For most substances,
154:
145:Further information:
127:crystallization point
62:
4501:Fermionic condensate
4162:Sorkin, S., (2003),
3626:Hafnium carbonitride
3621:Hagedorn temperature
1789:
1657:
1536:
1503:absolute temperature
1387:
1237:
1107:
258:atmospheric pressure
233:Hafnium carbonitride
229:carbon phase diagram
212:electrical filaments
82:at which it changes
4931:Physical quantities
4716:Chemical ionization
4608:Programmable matter
4598:Quantum spin liquid
4466:Supercritical fluid
4081:2000JChEd..77..724B
4026:on 28 February 2008
3897:(10): 16068–16073.
3865:2015PhRvB..92b0104H
3806:2020Sci...369.1490K
3790:(6510): 1490–1492.
3757:2006JPCRD..35.1021F
3705:10.1242/jeb.26.1.57
2886:(−38.8290 °C)
2697:(156.5985 °C)
1879:
1860:
1812:
1735:
1680:
1614:
1559:
1363:Lindemann criterion
1359:Frederick Lindemann
18:Lindemann criterion
4863:Leidenfrost effect
4792:Enthalpy of fusion
4557:Quark–gluon plasma
3985:www.britannica.com
3652:Slip melting point
3520:at 615 °C (887 K).
3118:(350–550 °C)
3108:(364–507 °C)
2876:(1064.18 °C)
2750:(−111.75 °C)
2556:(−157.37 °C)
2504:(29.7646 °C)
2484:(1084.62 °C)
2363:(−189.34 °C)
2268:(−248.59 °C)
2258:(−219.67 °C)
2245:(−218.79 °C)
2232:(−209.86 °C)
2156:(−259.16 °C)
1941:In February 2011,
1897:
1893:
1874:
1844:
1761:
1754:
1730:
1637:
1630:
1609:
1519:Lindemann constant
1495:Boltzmann constant
1453:
1350:
1264:structural isomers
1258:molecular symmetry
1134:
1063:
1005:
994:enthalpy of fusion
977:
218:. The often-cited
216:incandescent lamps
161:
76:liquefaction point
68:
32:Melting Point (EP)
4936:Phase transitions
4911:
4910:
4893:Superheated vapor
4888:Superconductivity
4858:Equation of state
4706:Flash evaporation
4658:Phase transitions
4643:String-net liquid
4536:Photonic molecule
4506:Degenerate matter
4388:Patent mined data
4246:Nature Precedings
4196:978-3-527-40861-0
4089:10.1021/ed077p724
3765:10.1063/1.2183324
3616:Congruent melting
3601:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3331:(1132.2 °C)
2906:(327.46 °C)
2866:(1768.3 °C)
2727:(449.51 °C)
2717:(630.63 °C)
2707:(231.93 °C)
2687:(321.07 °C)
2677:(961.78 °C)
2667:(1554.9 °C)
2514:(938.25 °C)
2494:(419.53 °C)
2353:(−101.5 °C)
2340:(115.21 °C)
2310:(660.32 °C)
2287:(97.794 °C)
2187:(180.50 °C)
2131:
2029:
1919:Debye temperature
1895:
1878:
1811:
1756:
1734:
1679:
1632:
1613:
1558:
1424:
1335:entropy of fusion
1268:molecular formula
1244:organic chemistry
1132:
1082:Gibbs free energy
958:
957:
924:electronegativity
108:standard pressure
16:(Redirected from
4948:
4848:Compressed fluid
4483:
4428:States of matter
4421:
4414:
4407:
4398:
4364:
4330:
4321:
4311:
4301:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4257:
4237:
4228:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4180:
4174:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4111:
4105:
4104:, pp. 6.153–155.
4099:
4093:
4092:
4062:
4056:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4022:. Archived from
4016:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3938:10.2307/20020628
3921:
3915:
3914:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3859:(2): 020104(R).
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3799:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3751:(2): 1021–1047.
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3684:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3501:
3495:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3454:
3427:
3417:
3407:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3367:
3357:
3351:(639.4 °C)
3347:
3341:(639±3 °C)
3337:
3327:
3317:
3307:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3238:
3228:
3218:
3208:
3198:
3188:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3128:(52±15 °C)
3124:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3074:
3068:(10±11 °C)
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
2998:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2955:
2942:
2932:
2922:
2916:(271.5 °C)
2912:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2759:
2746:
2740:(113.7 °C)
2736:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2581:
2575:(39.30 °C)
2571:
2565:
2552:
2542:
2529:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2388:
2378:
2372:
2359:
2349:
2336:
2330:(44.15 °C)
2326:
2316:
2306:
2293:
2283:
2277:
2264:
2254:
2241:
2228:
2216:
2206:
2193:
2183:
2177:
2165:
2152:
2143:
2126:
2024:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1979:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1694:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1408:
1407:
1296:dichlorobenzenes
1252:Thomas Carnelley
1248:Carnelley's rule
1238:Carnelley's rule
1206:softening points
1198:glass transition
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1120:
948:
945:
936:
933:
927:
912:
892:
874:
856:
774:
756:
738:
704:
686:
652:
634:
616:
598:
580:
562:
544:
526:
508:
490:
472:
454:
436:
418:
400:
325:
323:
313:
311:
301:
299:
298:
296:
295:
290:
287:
263:
157:carboxylic acids
21:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4907:
4838:Baryonic matter
4826:
4780:
4751:Saturated fluid
4691:Crystallization
4652:
4626:Antiferromagnet
4566:
4540:
4484:
4475:
4435:
4425:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4348:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4279:
4278:
4271:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4171:Wayback Machine
4161:
4157:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3563:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3525:
3524:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3498:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3455:
3451:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3411:(1527 °C)
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:(1340 °C)
3370:
3365:
3361:(1176 °C)
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3321:(1568 °C)
3320:
3315:
3311:(1750 °C)
3310:
3305:
3301:(1227 °C)
3300:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3276:
3272:(1545 °C)
3271:
3266:
3262:(1529 °C)
3261:
3256:
3252:(1461 °C)
3251:
3246:
3242:(1407 °C)
3241:
3236:
3232:(1356 °C)
3231:
3226:
3222:(1312 °C)
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3202:(1072 °C)
3201:
3196:
3192:(1042 °C)
3191:
3186:
3182:(1024 °C)
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
3002:(2100 °C)
3001:
2996:
2992:(1627 °C)
2991:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:234.3210 K
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:(2446 °C)
2855:
2850:
2846:(3033 °C)
2845:
2840:
2836:(3186 °C)
2835:
2830:
2826:(3422 °C)
2825:
2820:
2816:(3017 °C)
2815:
2810:
2806:(2233 °C)
2805:
2800:
2796:(1652 °C)
2795:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:(28.5 °C)
2768:
2763:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:429.7485 K
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:(1964 °C)
2656:
2651:
2647:(2334 °C)
2646:
2641:
2637:(2157 °C)
2636:
2631:
2627:(2623 °C)
2626:
2621:
2617:(2477 °C)
2616:
2611:
2607:(1855 °C)
2606:
2601:
2597:(1526 °C)
2596:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2555:
2550:
2546:(−7.2 °C)
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2502:302.9146 K
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2474:(1455 °C)
2473:
2468:
2464:(1495 °C)
2463:
2458:
2454:(1538 °C)
2453:
2448:
2444:(1246 °C)
2443:
2438:
2434:(1907 °C)
2433:
2428:
2424:(1910 °C)
2423:
2418:
2414:(1668 °C)
2413:
2408:
2404:(1541 °C)
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2382:(63.5 °C)
2381:
2376:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:(1414 °C)
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:(2076 °C)
2209:
2204:
2200:
2197:(1287 °C)
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2134:
2019:
2006:
1977:
1971:
1939:
1927:Planck constant
1916:
1882:
1876:
1861:
1834:
1824:
1809:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1776:Debye frequency
1741:
1732:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1686:
1677:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1617:
1611:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1565:
1556:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1492:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1385:
1384:
1355:
1277:
1273:
1240:
1224:
1216:Main articles:
1214:
1121:
1105:
1104:
1055:
1025:
969:
963:
954:
953:
952:
951:
946:
939:
934:
930:
913:
909:
890:
872:
854:
772:
754:
736:
702:
684:
650:
632:
614:
596:
578:
560:
542:
524:
506:
488:
470:
452:
434:
416:
398:
321:
319:
307:
305:
291:
288:
283:
282:
280:
279:
277:
247:
243:
149:
143:
57:
50:
47:Crystallization
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4954:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4918:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4817:Trouton's rule
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4686:Critical point
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4588:Liquid crystal
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4521:Strange matter
4518:
4516:Rydberg matter
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4385:
4379:
4371:
4370:External links
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:978-1439855119
4359:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4269:
4229:
4209:
4195:
4175:
4155:
4133:
4122:(2): 245–253.
4106:
4094:
4057:
4037:
4011:
3998:
3972:
3951:
3916:
3880:
3839:
3827:
3770:
3740:
3730:
3718:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3564:
3534:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3509:
3496:
3483:
3474:
3456:Values are in
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:(827 °C)
3422:
3421:(827 °C)
3412:
3402:
3401:(860 °C)
3392:
3391:(900 °C)
3382:
3381:(986 °C)
3372:
3362:
3352:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3282:(824 °C)
3273:
3263:
3253:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3212:(826 °C)
3203:
3193:
3183:
3173:
3172:(935 °C)
3163:
3162:(795 °C)
3153:
3152:(920 °C)
3143:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3116:623–823 K
3109:
3106:637–780 K
3099:
3098:(400 °C)
3089:
3088:(−73 °C)
3079:
3078:(430 °C)
3069:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2976:
2975:(700 °C)
2966:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2946:(−71 °C)
2937:
2936:(302 °C)
2927:
2926:(254 °C)
2917:
2907:
2897:
2896:(304 °C)
2887:
2877:
2874:1337.33 K
2867:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2807:
2797:
2787:
2780:
2779:(727 °C)
2770:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2675:1234.93 K
2668:
2665:1828.05 K
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2585:(777 °C)
2576:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2533:(221 °C)
2524:
2515:
2512:1211.40 K
2505:
2495:
2485:
2482:1357.77 K
2475:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2392:(842 °C)
2383:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2298:
2297:(650 °C)
2288:
2285:370.944 K
2278:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2211:
2201:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2017:periodic table
2007:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1973:Main article:
1970:
1967:
1938:
1935:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1889:
1885:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1772:
1771:
1760:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1625:
1620:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1527:atomic spacing
1490:
1464:
1463:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1354:
1351:
1331:heat of fusion
1275:
1271:
1254:, states that
1239:
1236:
1213:
1210:
1202:viscous liquid
1145:
1144:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1071:heat of fusion
1054:
1053:Thermodynamics
1051:
1024:
1021:
965:Main article:
962:
959:
956:
955:
950:
949:
937:
928:
906:
905:
904:
900:
897:
896:
893:
888:
885:
879:
878:
875:
870:
867:
861:
860:
857:
852:
849:
843:
842:
839:
836:
833:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
804:
801:
795:
794:
791:
788:
785:
779:
778:
775:
770:
767:
761:
760:
757:
752:
749:
743:
742:
739:
734:
731:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
709:
708:
705:
700:
697:
691:
690:
687:
682:
679:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
657:
656:
653:
648:
645:
639:
638:
635:
630:
627:
621:
620:
617:
612:
609:
603:
602:
599:
594:
591:
585:
584:
581:
576:
573:
567:
566:
563:
558:
555:
549:
548:
545:
540:
537:
531:
530:
527:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
504:
501:
495:
494:
491:
486:
483:
477:
476:
473:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
432:
429:
423:
422:
419:
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
371:
370:
367:
364:
362:
356:
355:
353:
350:
348:
341:
340:
337:
334:
331:
327:
326:
314:
302:
272:
268:
267:
260:is necessary.
245:
241:
183:; −37.89
142:
139:
123:freezing point
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4953:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4914:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4873:Mpemba effect
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:Cooling curve
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4776:Vitrification
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:Recombination
4739:
4737:
4736:Melting point
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4681:Critical line
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:Boiling point
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:Exotic matter
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4328:
4325:published on
4324:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4263:published on
4262:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:0-521-00400-4
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4054:0-8493-3367-9
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3987:. 4 June 2024
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Phase diagram
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Boiling point
3609:
3608:
3603:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3539:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3378:
3368:
3358:
3348:
3338:
3329:1405.3 K
3328:
3318:
3308:
3298:
3285:
3279:
3269:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3219:
3209:
3199:
3189:
3179:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3136:
3131:
3126:325±15 K
3125:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3066:283±11 K
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
2999:
2989:
2977:
2972:
2965:(27 °C)
2962:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2933:
2923:
2913:
2904:600.61 K
2903:
2893:
2883:
2873:
2864:2041.4 K
2863:
2853:
2843:
2833:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2748:161.40 K
2747:
2738:386.85 K
2737:
2725:722.66 K
2724:
2715:903.78 K
2714:
2705:505.08 K
2704:
2694:
2685:594.22 K
2684:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2573:312.45 K
2572:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2554:115.78 K
2553:
2543:
2530:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2492:692.68 K
2491:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2350:
2338:388.36 K
2337:
2327:
2317:
2308:933.47 K
2307:
2294:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2255:
2242:
2229:
2217:
2207:
2194:
2185:453.65 K
2184:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2153:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:Melting point
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:random forest
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1887:
1883:
1862:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1804:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1758:
1742:
1738:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1672:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1634:
1618:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1551:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1450:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1168:boiling point
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1113:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
986:
982:
973:
968:
960:
944:
942:
938:
932:
929:
925:
921:
920:heat capacity
917:
916:atomic number
911:
908:
903:
894:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
876:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
758:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
740:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
636:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
582:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
420:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
402:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
363:
361:
358:
357:
354:
351:
349:
346:
343:
342:
338:
335:
332:
329:
328:
318:
315:
310:
303:
294:
286:
276:
273:
270:
269:
264:
261:
259:
255:
254:absolute zero
251:
238:
234:
230:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:(−38.83
178:
174:
170:
166:
158:
153:
148:
140:
138:
136:
135:melting point
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:(or, rarely,
73:
72:melting point
66:
61:
55:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4913:
4898:Superheating
4771:Vaporization
4766:Triple point
4761:Supercooling
4735:
4726:Lambda point
4676:Condensation
4593:Time crystal
4571:Other states
4511:Quantum Hall
4350:
4289:
4285:
4245:
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4185:
4178:
4158:
4149:
4145:
4142:Lindemann FA
4136:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4097:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4045:
4040:
4028:. Retrieved
4024:the original
4014:
4001:
3989:. Retrieved
3984:
3975:
3966:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3856:
3853:Phys. Rev. B
3852:
3842:
3830:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3748:
3744:
3733:
3721:
3699:(1): 57–64.
3696:
3692:
3682:
3662:Zone melting
3657:Triple point
3557:
3535:
3530:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3477:
3452:
3440:
3349:912.5 K
3339:912±3 K
2914:544.7 K
2767:301.7 K
2544:265.8 K
2380:336.7 K
2361:83.81 K
2351:171.6 K
2328:317.3 K
2266:24.56 K
2256:53.48 K
2243:54.36 K
2230:63.23 K
2154:13.99 K
2008:
1940:
1930:
1929:. Values of
1922:
1911:
1909:
1779:
1773:
1649:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1373:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1328:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1225:
1222:Supercooling
1191:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1097:
1089:
1079:
1064:
1043:
1039:
1034:Planck's law
1026:
1017:
1006:
985:Kofler bench
978:
931:
910:
901:
375:Paraffin wax
360:Cocoa butter
235:(HfCN) is a
205:
162:
126:
122:
120:
75:
71:
69:
4807:Latent heat
4756:Sublimation
4701:Evaporation
4636:Ferromagnet
4631:Ferrimagnet
4613:Dark matter
4545:High energy
4343:Works cited
4030:19 February
3932:: 218–233.
3837:, p. 4.123.
3743:O Ice Ih".
3728:, p. 4.122.
3429:1100 K
3419:1100 K
3409:1800 K
3399:1133 K
3389:1173 K
3379:1259 K
3369:1613 K
3359:1449 K
3319:1841 K
3309:2023 K
3299:1500 K
3280:1097 K
3270:1818 K
3260:1802 K
3250:1734 K
3240:1680 K
3230:1629 K
3220:1585 K
3210:1099 K
3200:1345 K
3190:1315 K
3180:1297 K
3170:1208 K
3160:1068 K
3150:1193 K
3000:2400 K
2990:1900 K
2854:2719 K
2844:3306 K
2834:3459 K
2824:3695 K
2814:3290 K
2804:2506 K
2794:1925 K
2777:1000 K
2655:2237 K
2645:2607 K
2635:2430 K
2625:2896 K
2615:2750 K
2605:2128 K
2595:1799 K
2583:1050 K
2472:1728 K
2462:1768 K
2452:1811 K
2442:1519 K
2432:2180 K
2422:2183 K
2412:1941 K
2402:1814 K
2390:1115 K
2318:1687 K
2208:2349 K
2195:1560 K
1472:atomic mass
1075:latent heat
1013:Thiele tube
201:supercooled
100:equilibrium
80:temperature
4920:Categories
4822:Volatility
4785:Quantities
4746:Regelation
4721:Ionization
4696:Deposition
4648:Superglass
4618:Antimatter
4552:QCD matter
4531:Supersolid
4526:Superfluid
4489:Low energy
4152:: 609–612.
4075:(6): 724.
3797:1912.06676
3669:References
3545:From decay
3538:Primordial
3466:Fahrenheit
3096:670 K
3086:200 K
3076:700 K
2973:973 K
2963:300 K
2944:202 K
2934:575 K
2924:527 K
2894:577 K
2531:494 K
2295:923 K
1943:Alfa Aesar
1320:adamantane
1288:neopentane
1280:isopentane
1092:) and the
1046:emissivity
395:0.00008988
347:(Pb60Sn40)
330:Water @STP
237:refractory
193:hysteresis
175:is 234.32
112:atmosphere
110:such as 1
3911:216437833
3822:0036-8075
3674:Citations
3552:Synthetic
1947:open data
1846:θ
1819:π
1701:ν
1688:π
1580:ν
1567:π
1480:frequency
1414:ν
1401:π
1316:triazines
1294:and also
1284:n-pentane
1123:Δ
1111:Δ
1030:pyrometer
589:Potassium
535:Aluminium
517:Magnesium
467:0.0012506
427:Beryllium
413:0.0001785
271:Chemical
131:supercool
98:exist in
4883:Spinodal
4831:Concepts
4711:Freezing
4392:figshare
4318:26807157
4202:13 March
4167:Archived
3963:"Carbon"
3946:20020628
3713:15406812
3604:See also
3518:sublimes
3505:sublimes
3468:°F, see
3460:(K) and
2953:⑦
2757:⑥
2563:⑤
2370:④
2275:③
2175:②
2141:①
2013:elements
1333:, a low
1304:Pyridine
1232:solution
1186:liquidus
1164:pressure
1086:enthalpy
1028:optical
1009:oil bath
838:1,337.33
815:Platinum
799:Tungsten
783:Tantalum
720:1,234.93
703:302.9146
668:1,357.77
607:Titanium
575:0.003214
571:Chlorine
485:0.001429
463:Nitrogen
391:Hydrogen
224:sublimes
208:tungsten
169:freezing
141:Examples
104:pressure
43:Freezing
4843:Binodal
4731:Melting
4666:Boiling
4583:Crystal
4578:Colloid
4337:Sources
4309:4724158
4146:Phys. Z
4077:Bibcode
3991:28 June
3967:rsc.org
3861:Bibcode
3802:Bibcode
3784:Science
3753:Bibcode
3590:p-block
3585:d-block
3580:f-block
3575:g-block
3570:s-block
3555:
3549:
3541:
3462:Celsius
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
2219:
2168:
2127:↓
2028: →
2015:in the
2011:of the
1955:patents
1925:is the
1917:is the
1525:is the
1517:is the
1501:is the
1493:is the
1478:is the
1470:is the
1312:diazine
1308:benzene
1292:xylenes
1228:solvent
1200:into a
1194:glasses
1180:solidus
1094:entropy
883:Bismuth
859:629.88
851:13.5336
847:Mercury
822:2,041.4
729:Cadmium
695:Gallium
583:239.11
565:717.87
297:
281:
275:Density
177:kelvins
173:mercury
165:melting
114:or 100
39:Melting
4471:Plasma
4452:Liquid
4357:
4316:
4306:
4265:QsarDB
4224:
4193:
4102:Haynes
4052:
3944:
3909:
3835:Haynes
3820:
3726:Haynes
3711:
3558:Border
3531:Legend
3458:Kelvin
2129:Period
1910:where
1513:where
1497:, and
1466:where
1423:
1324:cubane
1175:purity
902:Notes
895:1,837
877:2,022
873:600.61
869:11.342
855:234.43
841:3,129
835:19.282
825:4,098
809:5,828
793:5,731
787:16.654
777:457.4
773:386.85
765:Iodine
759:2,345
755:429.75
747:Indium
741:1,040
737:594.22
723:2,435
717:10.501
713:Silver
707:2,673
689:1,180
685:692.88
671:2,835
661:Copper
655:3,186
643:Nickel
637:3,134
619:3,560
601:1,032
597:336.53
561:388.36
553:Sulfur
547:2,792
543:933.47
529:1,363
511:1,156
507:370.87
499:Sodium
493:90.20
481:Oxygen
475:77.36
457:4,000
445:Carbon
439:2,742
409:Helium
403:20.28
345:Solder
250:helium
220:carbon
92:liquid
45:, and
4461:Vapor
4447:Solid
4440:State
4327:OCHEM
4323:Model
4292:: 2.
4261:Model
3942:JSTOR
3907:S2CID
3792:arXiv
3441:Notes
2026:Group
1953:from
1951:mined
1266:with
1256:high
1147:Here
979:Many
891:544.7
887:9.807
819:21.46
806:3,695
803:19.25
790:3,290
699:5.907
681:7.134
651:1,728
647:8.912
633:1,811
629:7.874
615:1,941
593:0.862
579:171.6
557:2.067
539:2.698
521:1.738
503:0.971
489:54.36
471:63.15
449:2.267
435:1,560
421:4.22
399:14.01
366:307.2
304:Melt
96:phase
88:solid
86:from
84:state
4432:list
4355:ISBN
4314:PMID
4222:ISBN
4204:2011
4191:ISBN
4050:ISBN
4032:2008
3993:2024
3818:ISSN
3709:PMID
1961:and
1921:and
1778:for
1521:and
1322:and
1314:and
1220:and
1155:and
1067:heat
865:Lead
831:Gold
769:4.93
751:7.31
733:8.69
677:Zinc
665:8.96
625:Iron
611:4.54
431:1.85
385:643
339:373
317:Boil
246:0.51
242:0.38
240:(HfN
189:agar
167:and
159:(°C)
70:The
4457:Gas
4304:PMC
4294:doi
4250:doi
4124:doi
4085:doi
3934:doi
3899:doi
3869:doi
3810:doi
3788:369
3761:doi
3701:doi
3492:STP
1509:is
1380:as
1242:In
525:923
382:310
379:0.9
352:461
336:273
231:).
214:in
137:."
125:or
116:kPa
90:to
4922::
4459:/
4312:.
4302:.
4288:.
4284:.
4272:^
4248:.
4244:.
4232:^
4150:11
4148:.
4118:.
4083:.
4073:77
4071:.
3983:.
3965:.
3954:^
3940:.
3930:31
3928:.
3905:.
3895:46
3893:.
3867:.
3857:92
3855:.
3851:.
3816:.
3808:.
3800:.
3786:.
3782:.
3759:.
3749:35
3747:.
3707:.
3697:26
3695:.
3691:.
3426:No
3416:Md
3406:Fm
3396:Es
3386:Cf
3376:Bk
3366:Cm
3356:Am
3346:Pu
3336:Np
3326:U
3316:Pa
3306:Th
3296:Ac
3277:Yb
3267:Tm
3257:Er
3247:Ho
3237:Dy
3227:Tb
3217:Gd
3207:Eu
3197:Sm
3187:Pm
3177:Nd
3167:Pr
3157:Ce
3147:La
3123:Og
3113:Ts
3103:Lv
3093:Mc
3083:Fl
3073:Nh
3063:Cn
3055:Rg
3047:Ds
3039:Mt
3031:Hs
3023:Bh
3015:Sg
3007:Db
2997:Rf
2987:Lr
2970:Ra
2960:Fr
2941:Rn
2931:At
2921:Po
2911:Bi
2901:Pb
2891:Tl
2881:Hg
2871:Au
2861:Pt
2851:Ir
2841:Os
2831:Re
2821:W
2811:Ta
2801:Hf
2791:Lu
2774:Ba
2764:Cs
2745:Xe
2722:Te
2712:Sb
2702:Sn
2692:In
2682:Cd
2672:Ag
2662:Pd
2652:Rh
2642:Ru
2632:Tc
2622:Mo
2612:Nb
2602:Zr
2592:Y
2580:Sr
2570:Rb
2551:Kr
2538:Br
2528:Se
2519:As
2509:Ge
2499:Ga
2489:Zn
2479:Cu
2469:Ni
2459:Co
2449:Fe
2439:Mn
2429:Cr
2419:V
2409:Ti
2399:Sc
2387:Ca
2377:K
2358:Ar
2345:Cl
2335:S
2325:P
2315:Si
2305:Al
2292:Mg
2282:Na
2263:Ne
2215:C
2205:B
2192:Be
2182:Li
2164:He
2120:18
2115:17
2110:16
2105:15
2100:14
2095:13
2090:12
2085:11
2080:10
1965:.
1782:,
1511:ca
1482:,
1474:,
1302:.
1276:12
1246:,
1208:.
1157:ΔH
1153:ΔS
1151:,
1077:.
996:.
940:^
369:-
293:cm
185:°F
181:°C
118:.
65:°C
41:,
4434:)
4430:(
4420:e
4413:t
4406:v
4363:.
4320:.
4296::
4290:8
4258:.
4252::
4206:.
4130:.
4126::
4120:8
4091:.
4087::
4079::
4034:.
4009:.
3995:.
3969:.
3948:.
3936::
3913:.
3901::
3877:.
3871::
3863::
3824:.
3812::
3804::
3794::
3767:.
3763::
3755::
3741:2
3715:.
3703::
3472:.
2734:2
2732:I
2540:2
2347:2
2252:2
2250:F
2239:2
2237:O
2226:2
2224:N
2150:2
2148:H
2075:9
2070:8
2065:7
2060:6
2055:5
2050:4
2045:3
2038:2
2033:1
2001:e
1994:t
1987:v
1931:c
1923:h
1915:D
1912:θ
1888:2
1884:h
1868:B
1863:k
1857:2
1851:D
1840:2
1836:a
1830:2
1826:c
1822:m
1816:2
1805:=
1799:m
1794:T
1780:ν
1759:.
1748:B
1743:k
1739:2
1725:2
1721:a
1715:2
1711:c
1705:2
1697:m
1692:2
1684:4
1673:=
1667:m
1662:T
1635:.
1624:B
1619:k
1604:2
1600:a
1594:2
1590:c
1584:2
1576:m
1571:2
1563:4
1552:=
1546:m
1541:T
1523:a
1515:c
1507:u
1499:T
1491:B
1488:k
1484:u
1476:ν
1468:m
1451:T
1445:B
1440:k
1436:=
1431:2
1427:u
1418:2
1410:m
1405:2
1397:4
1394:=
1391:E
1374:ν
1274:H
1272:5
1270:C
1149:T
1130:T
1126:H
1117:=
1114:S
1098:S
1096:(
1090:H
1088:(
453:—
417:—
333:1
324:)
322:K
320:(
312:)
309:K
306:(
300:)
289:/
285:g
278:(
244:C
56:.
49:.
34:.
20:)
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