95:
593:'s restoration plan states: existing pondberry populations should be protected from forestry and agricultural management actions and protected from grazing and browsing animals; searches for new populations should be continued; areas where pondberry has not been located but provide suitable habitat should be protected; and, new populations should be established or reestablish extirpated populations at suitable sites.
70:
50:
412:
377:, along margins of cypress ponds, and in seasonally wet, low areas among bottomland hardwoods. At present there are some 36 populations in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, and South Carolina. It has apparently been extirpated from Louisiana and possibly Florida. Most of these populations are located in Lower
31:
229:
484:
Seed germination does not appear to be a deterrent to seedling establishment. Fairly high rates of germination have been reported under both controlled and field conditions. Removal of the fruit's pulp and sowing seeds into the soil favor germination. Under field conditions, germination of sown seeds
393:
Pondberry has probably always been a rare species, and knowledge of its ecology is limited. In
Mississippi, pondberry occurs in bottomland hardwood forests. In northeastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri pondberry is found on the bottoms and edges of shallow seasonal ponds in old dune fields, but
360:
are pale to bright yellow, oblong, and 2 mm (0.08 in) long. Male flowers occur in dense clusters, with 9-12 stamens surrounded by two whorls of tepals. Female flowers are less conspicuous, with fewer flowers per cluster and a single pistil surrounded by two whorls of tepals; the outer whorl
402:
Many of the remaining populations consist only of male plants and are apparently the sprouts of a single individual. Habitat fragmentation severely affects dioecious species like pondberry because populations with plants of a single sex can only vegetatively reproduce. With significant habitat loss,
364:
Fruit: A bright red, single-seeded drupe, ellipsoid, 10–12 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long matures in late summer or fall (August to early
October). Individual fruit stalks are 9–12 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long, 2.5–3 mm (0.10–0.12 in) thick, and appear swollen at the apex. Stalks persist
558:
A large part of pondberry habitat disappeared when forests were cut for timber or for conversion to agricultural fields, and as wetlands were drained. In some cases, wetlands were permanently flooded to construct lakes. Many of the existing colonies of pondberry are small, and occupy only a portion
492:
The artificial establishment of pondberry to new areas may be needed if the species is to recover. Plants have been successfully transplanted from existing colonies to suitable locations. The transplants seem to do well in some locations although survivorship and growth has been low in others. Both
398:
topography, around the edges of sinkholes, and in
Georgia it occurs along the borders of sphagnum bogs. Sunlight at the different sites ranges from deep shade to almost full sun. Most pondberry colonies occur in light shade beneath a forest canopy, but a few grow in almost full sunlight. Pondberry
338:
Form: Pondberry occurs in dense thickets with erect or ascending shoots up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall and few branches; stems are connected underground by stolons. Thickets of female plants tend to be smaller than those of males and are sometimes absent from populations. Die-back of stems is a
342:
Foliage: The drooping, alternate leaves are oblong-elliptic to narrowly ovate, 5–16 cm (2.0–6.3 in) long, 2–6 cm (0.8–2.4 in) wide, and tend to be strongly tapered to a point at the tip. Undersides are strongly net-veined and covered with short, soft hairs. When crushed, the
431:
of pondberry have been observed at any of the known sites. The cause of this apparent lack of natural reproduction is not currently known, but the consequences are clear—it severely reduces the species' chance for long-term survival. Sexual reproduction of pondberry is critical for long-range
608:
and the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service to learn as much as they can about the biology and ecology of pondberry. Scientists are investigating the role of flooding and light availability on pondberry at a large-scale impoundment facility, and they have set up controlled
423:
is the principal way that colonies develop. Stems usually live 6 or 7 years, and when a stem dies it is usually replaced by a new stem that grows from the base of the plant. Thus, mature colonies often include some dead stems intermingled with numerous live stems.
361:
is petal-like and the inner whorl is reduced to nectar-producing scales. Flowers remain open for about 1 week making thickets conspicuous. Flowers are thought to be insect pollinated. Late season frosts occasionally damage flowers, resulting in reduced fruit set.
570:) and kills the plant by plugging the water-conducting cells of the afflicted individual, causing it to wilt and eventually die. There is no known cure for this disease, which has quickly spread through other members of the laurel family (especially redbay,
617:. An integrated approach is being used to learn more about pondberry's ecology, insect predators, fungal pathogens, physiological responses to light availability and flooding, population genetics, seed physiology, and seed dispersal.
501:
Pondberry fruit are eaten by hermit thrushes, northern cardinals, and perhaps other birds. Animals observed to consume pondberry seeds located on a cleared soil surface in a hardwood forest included: northern cardinal, brown thrasher
439:
over long distances or for creating suitable conditions for seedling establishment. Although the fruit of pondberry sinks in water after a short time, the seed with the pulp removed will float for a day or sometimes longer.
959:
Devall, Margaret S.; Schiff, Nathan M.; Skojac, Stephanie A. 2004 Outplanting of the
Endangered Pondberry Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS–71. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station:
816:
Patrick, T.S.; Allison, J.R.; Krakow, G.A..1995. Protected Plants of
Georgia, An Information Manual on Plants Designated by the State of Georgia as Endangered, Threatened, Rare or Unusual. Georgia Department of Natural
459:). Of these, the cardinals destroyed the seed by crushing and is thus considered a seed predator. However, the hermit thrush swallows the whole fruit and later regurgitates the seed, indicating that it is an important
463:. The foraging habits of the thrush suggests that most of the seeds would be dispersed with 100 m of existing female colonies. Mammals may also be potential dispersers of pondberry seeds, including the raccoon (
916:
Connor, Kristina; and others. 2006. A study of the early fruit characteristics of pondberry. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-92. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station:
365:
beyond fruit fall; their presence indicates the plant's sex and past level of fruit production. Fruit production is highly variable from year-to-year, ranging from 0 to 150 fruit per stem.
399:
appears to be able to occupy widely different habitats as long as its requirements for water are met. In open conditions, competition from other plant species may be a problem.
1079:
Glitzenstein, Jeff. Native Plant
Society and Forest Service re-invigorate endangered pondberry at Honey Hill. Journal of the South Carolina Native Plant Society. Fall 2007.
1593:
493:
transplants and seedlings do well under cultivation in a nursery setting, which has been used to provide planting stock for creating new colonies in field locations.
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1270:
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Flowers: Stems flower after two to four years of growth. Male and female flowers, each 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) across, are produced on different plants (
1309:
435:
Before modern flood control was imposed along the
Mississippi River and its tributaries, historic floods may have been an important mechanism in fruit and/or
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255:
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Characteristics of pondberry's fruit—the showy color, fleshy pulp, and its persistent on stems—suggest that animals, particularly birds, may be important
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A critical part of the restoration effort is to increase the knowledge about pondberry's ecology and reproduction. A team of researchers from the
326:. This endangered species is native to the southeastern United States, and its demise is associated with habitat loss from extensive drainage of
1348:
447:. Of 82 bird species observed in the vicinity of pondberry thickets in fruit, only two species were observed to eat the fruit—hermit thrushes (
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A vintage use of pondberry fruit in the rural South was as projectiles in toy pop guns constructed by children from hollowed-out elderberry (
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Devall, Margaret; Schiff, Nathan; Boyette, Douglas. 2001. Ecology and reproductive biology of the endangered pondberry,
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plants become ever more isolated, lessening the likelihood that pollinators will travel from male to female plants.
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in southeastern
Arkansas it occurs in low habitat along a river. In South Carolina the species occurs in areas with
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1519:
1361:
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378:
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United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service: Plant Profile. Southern Spicebush.
601:
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894:
94:
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Aleric, Katherine M; Kirkman, L. Katherine. 2005. Seed germination observations of the federally endangered
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715:
1205:
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566:). This fungal disease is introduced into host plants by a non-native insect, the redbay ambrosia beetle (
79:
356:). Flowers appear before the leaves (February to mid-March) in tight, stalkless clusters. The petal-like
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There are indications that pondberry, which is in the Laurel family, is susceptible to laurel wilt (
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535:) larvae feed on the leaves and roll themselves in a leaf making a tent. Leaf cutter bees (
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Hoyle, Zoe. Pondberry: Modest But Mysterious. Southern Research Station: Compass, Issue 6.
531:
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132:
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spp.) cut circular sections from the leaf margins, sometimes removing most of the leaf.
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614:
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USGS: Southern Wetland Flora: Field Office Guide to Plant Species: Southern Spicebush.
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NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer
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574:) from the coast of South Carolina inland towards the native habitat of pondberry.
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to study competition, seed germination, seed storage, and seed persistence in the
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for agriculture and forestry. Restoration efforts are currently being conducted.
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Smith, Carl G.; Hamel, Paul B.; Devall, Margaret S.; Schiff, Nathan M. (2004).
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949:(Walter) Blume in southeastern Missouri after 10 years. Castanea 68: 75-80.
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has been observed to occur over a number of years suggesting some form of
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US Fish and Wildlife Service / Raleigh Ecological Services Field Office
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Pondberry occurs in shallow depression ponds in wetland habitats with
1054:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Pondberry in North Carolina.
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875:"Hermit Thrush is the First Observed Dispersal Agent for Pondberry (
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Clones expand vegetatively through stolons, and this mechanism of
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Smith, Tim E. 2003. Observation on the experimental planting of
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FAO "Effect of global climate change on rare trees and shrubs"
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Despite the regular production of mature fruit, virtually no
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Devall, Margaret S.;Schiff, Nathan M. U.S. Forest Service.
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10.2179/0008-7475(2004)069<0001:HTITFO>2.0.CO;2
1074:
South Carolina Department of Natural Resources: Pondberry.
1049:
Lower Mississippi River Conservation Committee: Pondberry.
975:) seed predators. IV Congreso Forestal Latinoamericano.
526:). Swamp rabbits have been observed browsing on stems.
971:
Abilio, Fernanda Maria; and others. 2008. Pondberry (
768:
US Fish and Wildlife Service: Species Recovery Plan:
1001:
Nuyaka Creek Winery: How to make elderberry popguns.
1403:
1096:
1059:
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program: Pondberry.
841:(Walt) Blume. Natural Areas Journal. 21:250-258.
589:Pondberry was listed as endangered in 1986. The
481:) may have been important to seed dispersal.
8:
1021:"Forest Health Protection, Southern Region"
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677:Environmental Conservation Online System
1594:Flora of the Southeastern United States
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349:) in fragrance. Foliage is deciduous.
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795:
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7:
559:of the apparently suitable habitat.
343:leaves strongly resemble sassafras (
679:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
646:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe
14:
475:). Historically, the black bear (
432:dispersal and genetic diversity.
1525:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:465019-1
1367:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:465400-1
93:
236:Natural range in North America
1574:NatureServe vulnerable species
591:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
634:NatureServe (4 August 2023).
606:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
529:The spicebush swallowtail (
1615:
453:) and northern cardinals (
379:Mississippi Alluvial Plain
339:fairly common occurrence.
602:Southern Research Station
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90:Scientific classification
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66:
46:
37:
28:
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1599:Plants described in 1788
716:Flora of North America:
385:in western Mississippi.
322:, aromatic shrub in the
931:. Castanea 70: 157-160.
421:vegetative reproduction
1579:ESA endangered species
586:
520:), and gray squirrel (
416:
262:Benzoin melissaefolium
748:Benzoin melissifolium
604:are working with the
585:
456:Cardinalis cardinalis
414:
383:Delta National Forest
273:Lindera melissaefolia
251:Benzoin melissifolium
1128:Lindera melissifolia
1098:Lindera melissifolia
988:Lindera melissifolia
973:Lindera melissifolia
947:Lindera melissifolia
929:Lindera melissifolia
877:Lindera melissifolia
839:Lindera melissifolia
770:Lindera melissifolia
733:Lindera melissifolia
718:Lindera melissifolia
671:Lindera melissifolia
638:Lindera melissifolia
523:Sciurus carolinensis
517:Dasypus novemcinctus
511:Sylvilagus aquaticus
472:Didelphis virginiana
303:Lindera melissifolia
289:Laurus melissaefolia
208:Lindera melissifolia
190:L. melissifolia
1405:Laurus melissifolia
598:U.S. Forest Service
568:Xyleborus glabratus
564:Raffaelea lauricola
547:Sambucus canadensis
281:Laurus melissifolia
40:Conservation status
1006:2009-08-13 at the
587:
417:
312:southern spicebush
1589:Endangered plants
1561:
1560:
1323:Open Tree of Life
1090:Taxon identifiers
508:), swamp rabbit (
450:Catharus guttatus
415:Pondberry flowers
369:Habitat and range
346:Sassafras albidum
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1018:"Laurel Wilt",
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1512:tro-17806223
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1025:the original
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1297:NatureServe
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1122:Wikispecies
611:experiments
578:Restoration
407:Propagation
334:Description
292:Walter 1788
133:Angiosperms
58:NatureServe
54:Vulnerable
1568:Categories
1507:Plant List
1336:Plant List
1031:2009-04-27
889:(1): 1–8.
817:Resources.
746:Tropicos,
731:Tropicos,
621:References
146:Magnoliids
75:Endangered
24:Pondberry
1420:Q39099268
1211:233500748
550:) stems.
429:seedlings
354:dioecious
320:deciduous
308:pondberry
265:(Walter)
254:(Walter)
184:Species:
166:Lauraceae
103:Kingdom:
1538:17806223
1533:Tropicos
1486:10205841
1473:465019-1
1414:Wikidata
1380:17800791
1375:Tropicos
1302:2.129236
1276:11111458
1263:465400-1
1113:Q6552425
1107:Wikidata
1004:Archived
960:574-577.
917:564-568.
883:Castanea
683:5 August
650:5 August
487:dormancy
328:wetlands
242:Synonyms
162:Family:
156:Laurales
1584:Lindera
1447:3034037
1224:5371737
903:3694410
554:Threats
389:Ecology
314:, is a
177:Lindera
172:Genus:
152:Order:
107:Plantae
78: (
56: (
1499:515714
1460:320070
1349:PLANTS
1328:331546
1315:375445
1289:194910
1250:223835
1237:320069
1185:469655
1169:ECOS:
1136:AoFP:
901:
358:tepals
284:Walter
216:Walter
1481:IRMNG
1434:3SN3H
1354:LIME7
1271:IRMNG
1198:LIEML
1162:72G25
1146:APA:
899:S2CID
705:27495
396:karst
220:Blume
140:Clade
127:Clade
114:Clade
1520:POWO
1494:ITIS
1468:IPNI
1455:GRIN
1442:GBIF
1362:POWO
1310:NCBI
1284:ITIS
1258:IPNI
1232:GRIN
1219:GBIF
1193:EPPO
1172:1279
1149:2524
685:2023
652:2023
497:Uses
267:Nees
256:Nees
1546:WFO
1429:CoL
1388:WFO
1206:FNA
1180:EoL
1157:CoL
1139:798
891:doi
700:51
600:'s
310:or
80:ESA
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
