2184:
2364:
2650:) or at his or her coronation, whichever occurs first. The wording of the declaration was changed in 1910 as the previous wording was deemed to be overly anti-Catholic. Rather than denouncing Roman Catholicism, the sovereign now declares him or herself to be a Protestant and that he or she will "uphold and maintain" the Protestant succession. In addition to the Accession Declaration, the new sovereign is required by the Acts of Union 1707 to make an oath to "maintain and preserve" the Church of Scotland. This oath is normally made at the sovereign's first meeting of the Privy Council following his or her accession. According to the
2074:
33:
2390:, Western Australia, to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture—wherein succession passes to an individual's children according to birth order, regardless of sex—instead of male-preference primogeniture. They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics. The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the
2533:
viewed as "naturally dead" for the purposes of succession. The Act of
Settlement further provided that anyone who married a Roman Catholic was ineligible to succeed. The Act did not require that the spouse be Anglican; it only barred those who married Roman Catholics. The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the ban on individuals who marry Roman Catholics, though not on Roman Catholics themselves, because the monarch is Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
2254:
2453:(the "male-preference" criterion is no longer applicable, in respect of succession to the throne, to persons born after 28 October 2011), whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children, and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling. Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed. Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated, but remain ineligible to inherit.
2749:
1873:
2735:
1919:
424:
411:
398:
385:
2470:
Marriages Act was void, and the resulting offspring illegitimate and thus ineligible to succeed, though the succession of the dynast who failed to obtain consent was not itself affected. This also had the consequence that marriage to a Roman
Catholic without permission was void, so that the dynast was not disqualified from succeeding on account of being married to a Roman Catholic. Thus when the future
437:
1610:
2036:
2566:
2108:, who as James's nephew was the first person in the succession not descended from him. The two became joint Sovereigns (a unique circumstance in British history) as William III of England and Ireland (and II of Scotland) and Mary II of England, Scotland and Ireland. William had insisted on this unique provision as a condition of his military leadership against James.
2378:, each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and, to maintain that arrangement, they have agreed to continue the same line of succession; some realms do so through domestic succession laws, while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm. In February 1952, on her accession, Elizabeth II
2721:
2319:, by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign "immediately upon" his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December. The Act provided that he and his descendants, if any, were not to have any "right, title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne". Edward died childless in 1972.
2601:
Formerly, a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession. But on the death of
Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England. James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland. This precedent has been followed since. Now, the
1723:
by, respectively, Edward's first and fourth sons; Edmund was descended from Edward's third son, and so was placed ahead of Henry in the line of succession. But as Edmund was only seven at the time, and Henry's position would not have been secure with any lesser title than king, Henry took the throne
3661:
Union with
Scotland Act 1706, article XXV. "...And Lastly that after the Decease of Her Present Majesty (whom God long preserve) the Soveraign succeeding to her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time comeing at his or her accession to the Crown Swear and Subscribe
3565:
George I. remained a
Lutheran as long as he lived, and had his German chaplain; but he conformed on some occasions with the Church of England. George II. was in the same position. Though Lutherans, they exercised acts of supremacy in the Church of England; and the common opinion was, that there was
2532:
The Bill of Rights specifically excludes Roman
Catholics from being sovereign, to the extent that they "shall be excluded and be for ever uncapeable to inherit possesse or enjoy the Crowne", thus ignoring any potential conversion from Roman Catholicism to Protestantism. As such, a Roman Catholic is
2397:
Following the changes coming into effect, the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged, including
Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren, until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015. The first to be affected by the changes, on the day they came into effect
2469:
older than twenty-five years notified the Privy
Council of his or her intention to marry without the consent of the Sovereign, then he or she may have lawfully done so after one year, unless both houses of Parliament expressly disapproved of the marriage. A marriage that contravened the Royal
1789:
in London in
October that year, his first parliament, summoned to meet at Westminster in November, enacted that "the inheritance of the crown should be, rest, remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord, King Henry VII, and the heirs of his body lawfully coming."
2497:, the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign's approval before marrying. Marriage without the Sovereign's consent disqualifies the person and the person's descendants from the marriage from succeeding to the Crown, but the marriage is still legally valid.
1897:
Mary I was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth I, who broke with the precedents of many of her predecessors, and refused to name an heir. Whilst previous monarchs (including Henry VIII) had specifically been granted authority to settle uncertain successions in their wills, the
2695:
In the event that the sovereign is under 18, or is incapacitated, the first person in the line of succession who is over the age of 21 (or 18 in the case of the heir apparent) and is domiciled in the United
Kingdom becomes regent, and exercises the powers of the sovereign.
2025:, heiress of Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk, was supposed to succeed. James asserted that hereditary right was superior to statutory provision and, as King of Scotland, was powerful enough to deter any rival. He reigned as James I of England and Ireland, thus effecting the
2132:. The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants, and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages. The Act declared that they would be followed by James I & VI's granddaughter
3662:
That they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid settlement of the True Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline Right and Priviledges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in prosecution of the Claim of Right..."
2464:
to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry. (The requirement did not apply to descendants of princesses who married into foreign families, as well as, from 1936, any descendants of Edward VIII, of whom there are none.) The Act provided, however, that if a
2127:
After Mary II died in 1694, her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702. The line of succession provided for by the Bill of Rights was almost at an end; William and Mary had no children and Princess Anne's children had died. Parliament passed the
2163:. The Act provided that, upon the death of Anne, the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland, who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met. Anne originally withheld the
1880:
Edward VI succeeded Henry VIII in 1547. Edward VI attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half-sister, Mary, from inheriting the throne. He excluded both Mary and Elizabeth, settling on the Duchess of Suffolk's daughter,
2148:
2641:
Upon his or her accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths. The Bill of Rights of 1689 first required the sovereign to make a public declaration of non-belief in Roman Catholicism. This declaration, known as the
1844:
did not legitimize the daughters, but did reinsert them into the line of succession after Edward, providing further "that the King should and might give, will, limit, assign, appoint or dispose the said imperial Crown and the other premises … by
3335:
1889:
her heirs-male. Upon Edward VI's death in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen of England and Ireland. She was not universally recognised and after nine days she was overthrown by the popular Mary. As Henry VIII's will had been approved by the
1999:
in Scotland until May 1573. For the rest of the 16th century England's diplomatic relations with Scotland were characterised by a so-called "amity". Elizabeth I did not publicly name Mary's son James VI as her successor, but gave him an
2971:
This declaration was similar to what members of both Houses of Parliament were originally required to take by the Test Acts. Eventually, by the time it was changed in 1910, the monarch was the only one left required to make the
1703:
was able to take the throne for himself, under the pretext that he was a closer relative to the late king than Arthur, who was one generation removed. John bolstered his claim to the throne by having his nephew secretly killed.
2096:. James was deposed when his Protestant opponents forced him to flee from England in 1688. Parliament then deemed that James had, by fleeing the realms, abdicated the thrones and offered the Crowns not to the King's infant son
2402:—her son Tane Mahuta Lewis (born 2012) and her daughter Senna Kowhai Lewis (born 2010)—who were reversed in the order of succession, becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively (now 36th and 35th as of September 2022).
2482:
he did not disqualify himself from inheriting the throne in due course. A marriage voided by the 1772 act prior to its repeal remains void "for all purposes relating to the succession to the Crown" under the 2013 act.
320:
was abandoned, meaning that males born after 28 October 2011 no longer precede females (elder sisters) in line, and the ban on marriages to Catholics was lifted. The monarch still needs to be in communion with the
1797:. Though his father descended from the Lancastrians, Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line, as his mother Elizabeth was the daughter of Edward IV. In 1542, Henry also assumed the title
301:, which came into effect in 2015, only the first six in line of succession require the sovereign's consent before they marry; without such consent, they and their children would be disqualified from succession.
2123:
and her descendants. Finally, the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession. Only Protestants were allowed to succeed; those who married Roman Catholics were excluded.
3426:
2577:
In the Commonwealth realms, upon the death of a sovereign, the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately, with no need for confirmation or further ceremony. Nevertheless, the
333:
No official, complete version of the line of succession is maintained. The exact number, in more remote collateral lines, of the people who would be eligible is uncertain. In 2001, American genealogist
3327:
2155:
Upon William's death, Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia as Anne's heir-presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders, the
1885:. Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England. Nonetheless, the will, which originally referred to Jane's heirs-male, was amended to refer to Jane
3909:
4027:
1989:
1902:
asserted that Parliament had the right to settle disputes, and made it treason to deny parliamentary authority. Wary of threats from other possible heirs, Parliament further passed the
215:
2634:
of quality", though there have been variations in some proclamations. The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the
2513:
between England and Scotland (which was given legal force by the acts of the English and Scottish parliaments), the succession to the throne is limited to "the Heirs of body being
2788:
2140:), and her heirs. As under the Bill of Rights, non-Protestants and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded. Because Sophia was a foreign citizen, Parliament passed the
1575:
These people had been excluded through marriage to a Roman Catholic. This exclusion was repealed on 26 March 2015, restoring them to the line of succession, when the
3361:
3979:
2938:
2487:
2316:
1627:
2167:, but was forced to grant it when the estates refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the queen's army. England's Parliament responded by passing the
2553:
to "endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm". Since the
2262:
2035:
2490:, which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne. The Act is no longer applicable, because Edward died in 1972 without issue.
2119:, both passed in 1689, determined succession to the English, Scottish and Irish Thrones. First in the line were the descendants of Mary II. Next came Mary's sister
3423:
2410:
The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement (restated by the Acts of Union) still govern succession to the throne. They were amended in the United Kingdom by the
3902:
1394:
4216:
4020:
2422:
in the UK and in those realms that, by their laws, have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK. Other realms passed their own legislation.
2383:
349:. When updated in January 2011, the list included 5,753. The final person in both lists, number 4,973 and 5,753, was Karin Vogel (born 1973), a therapist from
2768:
2582:
meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation, which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places, in London,
208:
3107:
2703:. Counsellors of state perform some of the sovereign's duties in the United Kingdom while the sovereign is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated.
2654:, should the sovereign be under the age of 18, such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon attainment of that age.
4262:
4176:
2907:
2015 and 2021 list them after Lady Amelia Windsor and before Lady Helen Taylor. They were baptised as Catholics, and are not listed in line in editions of
2227:
2425:
Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were dead. That person's descendants are not also disqualified, unless they are personally ineligible.
4211:
4206:
4201:
848:
2171:, which threatened to cripple Scotland's economy by cutting off trade with them. Thus, Scotland had little choice but to unite with England to form the
1906:, which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding (the act was repealed in 1863).
2363:
4221:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
3895:
2379:
685:
4242:
4095:
4013:
2699:
The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21 (or 18 in the case of the heir), and the sovereign's consort, may be appointed
1862:
1767:
called Henry's hereditary claim "the most remote and unaccountable that was ever set up," and said that his subsequent marriage to Richard's sister
124:
2394:. The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015, after legislation was made according to each realm's constitution.
2345:
in 1949), but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states (Commonwealth realms). She was then succeeded in 2022 by her eldest son,
4247:
3194:
2783:
490:
376:
282:
201:
2414:, which was passed mainly "to make succession to the Crown not depend on gender" and "to make provision about Royal Marriages" (according to its
263:
were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible.
4135:
2951:
2709:
Princess Anne and Prince Edward were added as extra counsellors of state in 2022 by an act of Parliament, following the death of Elizabeth II.
838:
164:
1675:
until the fourteenth century, when Parliament first began to legislate on the subject. However, this was not invariably followed. The sons of
4100:
3797:
3178:
2962:
indicated this was the effect of the Act of Settlement after Benn had indicated he intended to block the next accession at the Privy Council.
2823:
2022:
1562:
372:. People named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession.
129:
2330:, his brother who was then next in the line, immediately succeeded to the throne and to its "rights, privileges, and dignities", taking the
2175:
in 1707; the crown of the new nation (along with the crown of Ireland) was subject to the rules laid down by the English Act of Settlement.
2818:
2517:." The Act of Settlement also states that "whosoever shall hereafter come to the Possession of this Crown shall join in Communion with the
1687:, even though Matilda's father had been king, and Stephen's claim was only that his mother had been William's daughter. After the death of
325:. After the necessary legislation had been enacted in accordance with each realm's constitution, the changes took effect on 26 March 2015.
368:, is given on the official website of the British monarchy; other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations and footnotes
4110:
4105:
3310:
2813:
2808:
2678:
2615:
2304:
139:
134:
4125:
4085:
4060:
2844:
2550:
2137:
1903:
1716:
1124:
951:
154:
114:
89:
2315:, of which the British Sovereign is Supreme Governor, would not authorise the marriage of divorcees. Consequently, Parliament passed
4115:
4080:
4065:
4050:
3824:
3580:
2658:
2093:
1649:
967:
144:
109:
94:
79:
3774:
3489:
3357:
2054:, was overthrown and beheaded in 1649 and the monarchy was abolished. A few years later, it was replaced by the Protectorate under
3745:
3451:
2066:. Richard was ineffective and was quickly forced from office. Shortly afterwards, the monarchy was restored, with Charles I's son
2029:, although England and Scotland remained separate sovereign states until 1707. His succession was rapidly ratified by Parliament.
4145:
4140:
4090:
4055:
3989:
3869:
2856:
2838:
2619:
2494:
2479:
2411:
2382:
as sovereign separately throughout her realms. In October 2011, the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a
2247:
1891:
1858:
1841:
1833:
1138:
941:
669:
174:
169:
119:
84:
3519:
2911:
earlier than 2012. Debrett's says their place in the line of succession will be re-assessed when they reach the age of majority.
1763:. Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field. Sir
4155:
4070:
3926:
2833:
2803:
2471:
701:
357:
184:
99:
3411:
3068:
3053:
2900:
4130:
4120:
4075:
3974:
2763:
2141:
1631:
877:
159:
149:
104:
3878:
at the BBC website, 29 June 2018. Biographies of the Queen's descendants in order of their place in the line of succession.
312:
that share the same person as monarch and the same order of succession. In 2011, the prime ministers of the then-16 realms
4252:
4150:
2955:
2203:
Anne was predeceased by Sophia, Electress Dowager of Hanover, and was therefore succeeded by the latter's son, who became
1696:
179:
4267:
2442:
2120:
2078:
2062:
rather than King. Cromwell had the right to name his successor, which he exercised on his deathbed by choosing his son,
524:
290:
2341:. By that time, the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland (which had become a
2222:
nonetheless remained undeposed, and the Crown descended in accordance with the appointed rules. In 1801, following the
2647:
2554:
2375:
2300:
2187:
2097:
2001:
1854:
1108:
1098:
576:
45:
3719:
3387:
3137:
364:, King Charles III's great-grandfather. The order of the first twenty-four numbered in the list, all descendants of
2546:
2461:
1992:
1692:
556:
335:
3091:
1620:
3278:
2850:
2522:
2521:". The definition of being "in Communion with the Church of England" has been interpreted broadly; for instance,
2505:
Rules relating to eligibility established by the Bill of Rights are retained under the Act of Settlement and the
2204:
4257:
3949:
2798:
2666:
2457:
2172:
2042:
1684:
458:
274:
3636:
1808:
Henry VIII's multiple marriages led to several complications over succession. Henry VIII was first married to
3689:
3010:
3608:
3162:
2635:
1376:
540:
294:
3964:
3860:
2475:
2434:
2129:
2105:
1821:
1553:
1332:
1316:
474:
278:
244:
41:
32:
2646:, is required to be taken either at the first meeting of parliament of his or her reign (i.e. during the
3939:
2754:
2643:
2067:
1837:
1801:; this would pass down with the monarchs of England, and later Great Britain, until the separate crowns
1700:
1676:
1186:
506:
286:
252:
236:
17:
3198:
2073:
3944:
3934:
3217:
2700:
2603:
2570:
2286:
2051:
2021:, her first cousin twice removed, even though his succession violated Henry VIII's will, under which
2018:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1850:
1825:
1760:
1752:
719:
55:
1953:(later Stuart) had ruled in Scotland since 1371. It followed strict rules of primogeniture. In 1503
4036:
3959:
3954:
3851:
3232:'Ostentatious by nature: Flemish Material Culture at the Marriage of James IV and Margaret Tudor',
2925:
2921:
2793:
2399:
2342:
2323:
2215:
2156:
2112:
2085:
2026:
1977:
1809:
1782:
1712:
1170:
1153:
1011:
240:
63:
3560:
1961:, a daughter of England's Henry VII, which one hundred years later resulted in his great-grandson
3969:
2706:
Otherwise, individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles.
2506:
2486:
The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to
2290:
2223:
2195:
2101:
1802:
1764:
1744:
428:
365:
305:
3231:
3170:
2253:
3793:
3174:
3099:
2879:
Males born on or before 28 October 2011 precede their elder sisters in the line of succession.
2670:
2662:
2579:
2518:
2438:
2391:
2312:
2133:
1899:
1813:
1768:
1748:
1733:
1558:
1244:
895:
592:
342:
322:
256:
248:
1995:, a grandson of Margaret Tudor. Mary, Queen of Scots, was deposed in June 1567 and there was
2828:
2778:
2726:
2690:
2651:
2542:
2368:
2243:
2219:
2211:
2089:
2063:
1996:
1729:
623:
441:
402:
356:
The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession, being limited to
309:
266:
1976:, which would have drawn the kingdoms closer together. This marriage plan, outlined by the
1872:
3984:
3778:
3640:
3612:
3584:
3550:
3493:
3430:
3415:
3314:
3262:
2607:
2510:
2419:
2358:
2258:
2160:
2088:, a Roman Catholic, followed his brother Charles II, despite efforts in the late 1670s to
2055:
1950:
1798:
1680:
1590:
1576:
346:
313:
298:
3812:
3577:
1589:
Excluded as Roman Catholics. This exclusion is not affected by changes subsequent to the
235:, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest
3847:
3771:
3554:
3486:
3741:
3443:
2773:
2740:
2627:
2611:
2445:, are eligible to succeed to the throne, unless otherwise disqualified. The meaning of
2308:
2270:
2168:
2116:
2059:
1958:
1882:
1866:
1846:
1777:
1540:
735:
415:
37:
3865:
1918:
4236:
3515:
2591:
2514:
2450:
2274:
1981:
1725:
1672:
1454:
389:
361:
317:
270:
2199:. Edition of 1713. Hanoverian propaganda extended to books for children's education.
1759:
in battle. Richard had been the last king of the House of York, and the last of the
3994:
3887:
3408:
3076:
3045:
2460:(repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013) further required descendants of
2338:
2327:
2164:
1985:
1829:
1410:
779:
423:
410:
397:
384:
3856:
2590:
and other cities. The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign's reign as
2147:
1536:
2214:
to restore Stuart claimants to the Throne, supported by those who recognised the
1865:). This will also excluded from the succession the descendants of Henry's sister
1781:(Parliament's recognition of his own claim) to be repealed and expunged from the
3246:
2674:
2595:
2526:
2346:
2331:
2296:
2239:
2045:
Principal members of the house of Stuart following the 1603 Union of the Crowns.
1817:
1756:
1740:
1609:
436:
2565:
2246:
made provision for a change in the line of succession had a child been born to
2144:
to make her and her descendants English and therefore eligible for the throne.
3419:
3307:
2716:
2415:
2278:
2231:
2226:, the separate crowns of Great Britain and Ireland were merged and became the
2183:
1794:
1786:
1739:
In 1485, Henry Tudor, a female-line descendant of a legitimated branch of the
1720:
1708:
1668:
247:
restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of
232:
3103:
2959:
2631:
2587:
2334:
2235:
1772:
1688:
339:
260:
2606:. Proclamations since James I's have usually been made in the name of the
2299:
became King on the death of his father, George V, in January 1936. Edward
1853:, were to be followed by the granddaughters of the King's deceased sister
1724:
for himself, with the endorsement of Parliament. Decades later, the rival
3875:
3711:
3383:
3296:
James VI, Britannic Prince: King of Scots and Elizabeth's Heir, 1566–1603
2623:
2282:
1962:
70:
4005:
3516:"Article II of the Treaty of Union in the Union With Scotland Act 1706"
2673:. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; for example,
2669:
officiates, though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the
2466:
1634: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
350:
3424:"Commencement of Succession to the Crown Act 2013: Written statement"
3069:"Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2011"
3046:"Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2001"
3633:
3556:
A History of the Book of Common Prayer and Other Books of Authority
3251:
From Tudor to Stuart: The Regime Change from Elizabeth I to James I
3092:"Last in the Line of Succession, Ms. Vogel Is Glad She Isn't Queen"
2367:
Elizabeth II at her coronation in 1953, passing to the left of the
2273:
succeeded to the throne. After a 63-year reign, often known as the
1699:, but as Arthur was still only a child, Richard's youngest brother
3681:
3002:
2892:
2564:
2387:
2362:
2252:
2182:
2146:
2072:
1871:
1523:
31:
3881:
3643:. Official website of the British monarchy. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
3615:. Official website of the British monarchy. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
3605:
2136:, Electress Dowager of Hanover (the daughter of James's daughter
2017:
In 1603 Elizabeth I of England and Ireland was succeeded by King
2583:
2281:. On his death in 1910, his second son acceded to the throne as
4009:
3891:
231:
is determined by descent, sex, legitimacy, and religion. Under
3409:
The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 (Commencement) Order 2015
2899:
as following Estella Taylor (b 2004) and eligible to succeed;
1913:
1603:
2081:
was left in the line of succession set by the Bill of Rights.
1984:
with France. A nine year long war resulted, now known as the
293:, the younger son of the King; sixth is Harry's elder child,
2092:
him in favour of Charles's illegitimate Protestant son, the
1775:, was "his best title to the crown." Henry caused Richard's
1715:, Henry also usurped another relative with a better claim,
3505:
His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, section 2
2303:
in November, but abdicated in December 1936, and was never
1679:
contested each other for the throne, and his granddaughter
2337:. He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his elder daughter,
2269:
On the death of William IV in 1837, his 18-year-old niece
2657:
After a period of mourning, the new sovereign is usually
2449:
is determined by the common law rules of male preference
1522:
Listed by the official website of the British monarchy,
1512:
Source for listing or note on exclusion from succession
277:. William's three children are next, in order of birth:
1930:
3596:
Bill of Rights, section I; Act of Settlement, preamble
2193:, a primer popular for decades and the source for the
1894:, Edward's contravening will was ignored as unlawful.
2789:
History of the English and British line of succession
2681:, yet during his short reign was the undoubted king.
2234:
was deemed unfit to rule, the Prince of Wales (later
1857:. Still excluded were Mary's still-living daughters,
1732:, seized the throne from Henry's grandson during the
2250:
after his death, but this event did not come about.
1849:
or last will in writing." Mary and Elizabeth, under
4169:
4043:
3925:
3813:"The Law of Succession to the Crown in New Zealand"
3566:
no opposition between the views of the two Churches
1968:In 1543, Henry VIII had attempted to marry his son
1691:in 1199, the throne should have gone to his nephew
2557:, the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment.
3980:His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
2939:His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
2488:His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
2317:His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
3559:. Oxford: John Henry and James Parker. p.
3141:book 1, chapter 3: "Of the King, and His Title"
2398:on 26 March of that year, were the children of
338:compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of
2891:Albert and Leopold Windsor were listed on the
2277:, she was succeeded in 1901 by her eldest son
1395:Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
4021:
3903:
3358:"Prince of Wales proclaimed King Edward VIII"
3195:"Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII"
3030:
3028:
209:
8:
4161:United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
2769:Alternative successions of the English crown
2050:James's eldest surviving son and successor,
27:Law governing who can become British monarch
3482:
3480:
3478:
2228:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1990:In July 1565, Mary, Queen of Scots, married
1728:, which was descended from Edmund's sister
1667:The line of succession was governed by the
269:has been the sovereign since 2022, and his
4028:
4014:
4006:
3910:
3896:
3888:
3876:"Royal Family tree and line of succession"
3384:"Girls equal in British throne succession"
2478:in 1785 without obtaining permission from
1719:. Richard and Henry were the grandsons of
864:Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (
849:David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon
345:, in order of succession without omitting
216:
202:
50:
1980:, was resisted by Scots who favoured the
1876:Queen Elizabeth I enthroned in Parliament
1650:Learn how and when to remove this message
686:James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex
3686:Official website of the British monarchy
3652:Accession Declaration Act 1910, schedule
3269:(East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000), pp. 6–10.
3234:International Review of Scottish Studies
3007:Official website of the British monarchy
2893:official website of the British monarchy
2569:The Accession Council normally meets in
2077:After her last child died in 1700, only
1863:Eleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland
1502:
318:Male-preference (cognatic) primogeniture
18:Line of succession to the British Throne
3772:"Chapter 3: Of The King, and His Title"
3216:. Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co. p.
2989:
2872:
2784:Family tree of the British royal family
2441:" (that is, legitimate descendants) of
2151:Electress Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714)
2058:, a de facto monarch with the title of
1539:website (as of 22 May 2024):
377:Family tree of the British royal family
69:
62:
3827:from the original on 14 September 2015
3110:from the original on 27 September 2013
2895:until 2015 and in the 2013 edition of
2474:attempted to marry the Roman Catholic
1965:inheriting the English Crown as well.
839:Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
369:
190:United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms
3805:A Thousand Years of British Monarchy.
2824:List of monarchs in the British Isles
2326:" (in the words of the Act), and the
7:
3692:from the original on 5 February 2019
3522:from the original on 16 October 2021
3390:from the original on 16 January 2021
3212:Smith, G. Barnett (19 March 2021) .
3139:Commentaries on the Laws of England,
2997:
2995:
2993:
2887:
2885:
2819:List of heirs to the Scottish throne
2602:Accession Council normally meets in
1632:adding citations to reliable sources
3783:Commentaries on the Laws of England
3364:from the original on 20 August 2017
2814:List of heirs to the English throne
2809:List of heirs to the British throne
2159:retaliated by passing the Scottish
1869:, who were the rulers of Scotland.
1793:Henry VII was followed by his son,
4263:Constitution of the United Kingdom
3790:The Monarchy and the Constitution.
3785:, Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3722:from the original on 22 April 2017
3487:"Succession to the Crown Act 2013"
3308:"Succession to the Crown Act 1603"
2845:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013
1904:Safety of the Queen, etc. Act 1584
1840:, did the same for Elizabeth. The
1812:, by whom he had a daughter named
1125:George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews
952:Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
316:to amend the rules of succession.
25:
3748:from the original on 29 July 2023
3454:from the original on 8 March 2023
3214:History of the English Parliament
3143:(1765-69), Sir William Blackstone
3056:from the original on 9 June 2005.
1683:was passed over for his grandson
968:Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster
304:The United Kingdom is one of the
3990:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
3919:Succession to the British throne
3870:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
3360:. London: UPI. 21 January 1936.
3338:from the original on 3 June 2020
3013:from the original on 13 May 2016
2857:Succession to the Crown Act 2015
2839:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
2747:
2733:
2719:
2495:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
2412:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
2034:
1917:
1892:Succession to the Crown Act 1543
1859:Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk
1836:declared Mary illegitimate; the
1834:Succession to the Crown Act 1533
1608:
1139:Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick
942:Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
670:Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh
435:
422:
409:
396:
383:
229:Succession to the British throne
4243:Succession to the British crown
3742:"Counsellors of State Act 2022"
2834:Royal Succession Bills and Acts
2804:List of descendants of George V
2100:but to his Protestant daughter
1820:, resulted in a daughter named
1751:, assumed the English crown as
1619:needs additional citations for
1055:Lady Rose Gilman (née Windsor;
702:Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor
4248:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
3975:Accession Declaration Act 1910
3671:Regency Act 1937, section 1(2)
2928:changed the Law of Succession.
2764:Accession Declaration Act 1910
2573:to proclaim the new sovereign.
2307:. Edward had desired to marry
2230:. Between 1811 and 1820, when
2142:Sophia Naturalization Act 1705
1755:, after defeating and killing
1695:, the son of his next brother
1526:, retrieved 9 June 2023.
1439:Flora Vesterberg (née Ogilvy;
878:Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones
36:The Sovereign's Throne in the
1:
3386:. BBC News. 28 October 2011.
3285:(Pimlico, 1991), pp. 221–222.
3090:Sonne, Paul (27 April 2011).
2956:Lord President of the Council
2008:After the union of the crowns
3770:Blackstone, William (1765).
3624:Bogdanor (1995), p. 45.
3540:Act of Settlement, section 3
2443:Sophia, Electress of Hanover
2418:), thereby implementing the
1583:
1569:
1546:
1530:
1516:
1485:
1472:
1459:
1441:
1428:
1415:
1399:
1381:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1321:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1262:
1249:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1175:
1159:
1144:
1129:
1113:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1042:
1029:
1016:
998:
985:
983:Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden (
972:
956:
926:
913:
900:
882:
866:
853:
823:
810:
797:
784:
766:
753:
740:
724:
706:
690:
674:
654:
641:
628:
610:
597:
581:
561:
545:
529:
525:Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
511:
495:
479:
463:
447:
291:Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
3496:. UK Parliament. Section 3.
3169:. Yale University. p.
2648:State Opening of Parliament
2555:Crime and Disorder Act 1998
2376:Statute of Westminster 1931
2322:Edward's abdication was "a
1109:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
1099:Prince George, Duke of Kent
577:Prince Andrew, Duke of York
491:Princess Charlotte of Wales
46:State Opening of Parliament
4284:
3882:British line of succession
3298:(Routledge, 2024), p. 110.
2688:
2547:Treason (Ireland) Act 1703
2509:. Under Article II of the
2437:provides that Protestant "
2356:
2210:Attempts were made in the
1993:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
1816:. His second marriage, to
557:Princess Lilibet of Sussex
374:
336:William Addams Reitwiesner
329:Current line of succession
3884:on any date back to 1820.
3792:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3788:Bogdanor, Vernon (1995).
3764:General and cited sources
2851:Royal Succession Act 2013
1557:2021, Oxford: Rebellion,
3950:Coronation Oath Act 1688
3744:. The National Archive.
2799:List of British monarchs
2667:Archbishop of Canterbury
2458:Royal Marriages Act 1772
2242:. Some years later, the
2212:risings of 1715 and 1745
2179:Hanoverians and Windsors
2173:Kingdom of Great Britain
1824:. Henry VIII had a son,
1541:"The Line of Succession"
459:William, Prince of Wales
275:William, Prince of Wales
3777:3 February 2014 at the
3283:Scotland, A New History
3034:Bogdanor (1995), p. 55.
2659:consecrated and crowned
2598:in the United Kingdom.
1711:was deposed in 1399 by
1377:Lady Gabriella Kingston
541:Prince Archie of Sussex
358:descendants of the sons
3965:Act of Settlement 1701
3861:Act of Settlement 1701
3712:"Counsellors of State"
3583:26 August 2021 at the
3253:(Oxford, 2024), p. 13.
3236:, 46 (2021), pp. 27–54
2574:
2435:Act of Settlement 1701
2371:
2311:, a divorcee, but the
2266:
2200:
2152:
2130:Act of Settlement 1701
2082:
1877:
1333:Lord Frederick Windsor
1317:Prince Michael of Kent
898:(née Armstrong-Jones;
608:Sienna Mapelli Mozzi (
475:Prince George of Wales
245:Act of Settlement 1701
48:
2755:United Kingdom portal
2644:Accession Declaration
2630:and "other principal
2568:
2366:
2357:Further information:
2256:
2186:
2150:
2076:
1875:
1828:, by his third wife,
1717:Edmund, Earl of March
1677:William the Conqueror
1187:Lord Nicholas Windsor
996:Lady Cosima Windsor (
507:Prince Louis of Wales
35:
4253:British royal family
4037:Orders of succession
3985:Perth Agreement 2011
3639:1 April 2022 at the
3444:"Line of Succession"
3418:legislation.gov.uk;
3294:Alexander Courtney,
2701:counsellors of state
2626:and citizens of the
2374:By the terms of the
2287:Prince Albert Victor
2285:(Edward's first son
2257:George VI receiving
2019:James VI of Scotland
1974:Mary, Queen of Scots
1628:improve this article
720:Anne, Princess Royal
64:Orders of succession
44:is delivered at the
4268:Lines of succession
3960:Claim of Right 1689
3955:Bill of Rights 1689
3945:Succession Act 1543
3940:Succession Act 1536
3935:Succession Act 1533
3852:Bill of Rights 1689
3803:Bryant, A. (1975).
3611:5 June 2016 at the
3492:9 July 2015 at the
3429:5 July 2016 at the
3414:29 May 2021 at the
3313:5 June 2016 at the
3096:Wall Street Journal
3044:Reitwiesner, W. A.
2926:Legitimacy Act 1959
2922:Legitimacy Act 1926
2905:Whitaker's Almanack
2897:Whitaker's Almanack
2794:Jacobite succession
2400:Lady Davina Windsor
2353:Commonwealth realms
2324:demise of the Crown
2216:Jacobite succession
2157:Estates of Scotland
2104:and to her husband
2027:Union of the Crowns
2002:annual cash subsidy
1978:Treaty of Greenwich
1810:Catherine of Aragon
1783:Rolls of Parliament
1761:Plantagenet dynasty
1554:Whitaker's Almanack
1505:
1171:Lady Amelia Windsor
1154:Lady Marina Windsor
1012:Lady Davina Windsor
751:Savannah Phillips (
652:Ernest Brooksbank (
639:August Brooksbank (
306:Commonwealth realms
289:. Fifth in line is
241:Bill of Rights 1689
4192:Dominican Republic
3817:Waikato Law Review
3811:Cox, Noel (1999).
3472:Blackstone (1765).
2594:, including royal
2575:
2507:Acts of Union 1707
2372:
2291:influenza pandemic
2267:
2224:Acts of Union 1800
2201:
2196:New England Primer
2153:
2117:Claim of Right Act
2083:
1929:. You can help by
1878:
1838:Second Act in 1536
1771:, the daughter of
1765:William Blackstone
1579:came into effect.
1504:Notes and sources
1503:
1470:Christian Mowatt (
1426:Alexander Ogilvy (
1361:Isabella Windsor (
429:Queen Elizabeth II
366:Queen Elizabeth II
314:agreed unanimously
283:Princess Charlotte
273:is his elder son,
49:
4230:
4229:
4003:
4002:
3970:Act of Union 1706
3798:978-0-1982-9334-7
3422:(26 March 2015).
3332:www.parliament.uk
3328:"Princess Sophia"
3267:The Rough Wooings
3180:978-0-3000-7883-1
2867:Explanatory notes
2671:Church of England
2663:Westminster Abbey
2604:St James's Palace
2580:Accession Council
2571:St James's Palace
2519:Church of England
2476:Maria Fitzherbert
2439:heirs of the body
2392:Church of England
2313:Church of England
2301:opened Parliament
2188:Benjamin Harris's
2115:and the Scottish
2023:Lady Anne Stanley
1947:
1946:
1900:Treasons Act 1571
1851:Henry VIII's will
1842:Third Act in 1543
1769:Elizabeth of York
1749:House of Beaufort
1734:Wars of the Roses
1660:
1659:
1652:
1597:
1596:
1563:978-1-7810-8978-1
1483:Zenouska Mowatt (
1260:Columbus Taylor (
1245:Lady Helen Taylor
1216:Leopold Windsor (
896:Lady Sarah Chatto
593:Princess Beatrice
343:Sophia of Hanover
323:Church of England
257:Church of England
249:Sophia of Hanover
226:
225:
16:(Redirected from
4275:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4007:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3889:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3807:London: Collins.
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3716:The Royal Family
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3551:Lathbury, Thomas
3547:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3484:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3440:
3434:
3433:. UK Parliament.
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
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3373:
3371:
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3299:
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3276:
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3260:
3254:
3244:
3238:
3230:Morvern French,
3228:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3201:on 6 March 2016.
3197:. Archived from
3191:
3185:
3184:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3135:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3075:. Archived from
3064:
3058:
3057:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2999:
2973:
2969:
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2948:
2942:
2935:
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2918:
2912:
2889:
2880:
2877:
2841:(United Kingdom)
2829:Posthumous birth
2779:British princess
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2727:Biography portal
2724:
2723:
2722:
2691:Regency Act 1937
2685:Regency Act 1937
2665:. Normally, the
2652:Regency Act 1937
2543:Treason Act 1702
2447:heir of the body
2369:Coronation Chair
2244:Regency Act 1830
2220:House of Hanover
2191:Protestant Tutor
2138:Elizabeth Stuart
2094:Duke of Monmouth
2086:James II and VII
2064:Richard Cromwell
2038:
1951:House of Stewart
1942:
1939:
1921:
1914:
1785:. After Henry's
1730:Anne de Mortimer
1655:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1612:
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1299:Estella Taylor (
1292:
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1273:Cassius Taylor (
1266:
1264:
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1251:
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1207:
1203:Albert Windsor (
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624:Princess Eugenie
614:
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531:
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465:
451:
449:
442:King Charles III
439:
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403:King Edward VIII
400:
387:
310:sovereign states
267:King Charles III
218:
211:
204:
51:
21:
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4282:
4278:
4277:
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4273:
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4258:British royalty
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3779:Wayback Machine
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3315:Wayback Machine
3306:
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3263:Marcus Merriman
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3152:7 Hen. IV. c. 2
3151:
3147:
3136:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3079:on 17 May 2011.
3066:
3065:
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3000:
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2355:
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2238:) acted as his
2181:
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2056:Oliver Cromwell
2048:
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2015:
2010:
1943:
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809:
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782:(née Phillips;
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2451:primogeniture
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2406:Current rules
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1982:Auld Alliance
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1960:
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1955:King James IV
1952:
1941:
1932:
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1925:This section
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1673:primogeniture
1670:
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1617:This section
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1611:
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1565:, p. 26
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1027:Senna Lewis (
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40:, from which
39:
34:
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19:
4160:
4136:Saudi Arabia
3995:Regency Acts
3918:
3829:. Retrieved
3820:
3816:
3804:
3789:
3782:
3750:. Retrieved
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3715:
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3685:
3682:"Coronation"
3676:
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3657:
3648:
3629:
3620:
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3592:
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1967:
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1931:adding to it
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4121:Netherlands
3927:Legislation
3606:"Accession"
3420:Clegg, Nick
3247:Susan Doran
2952:Tony Newton
2859:(Australia)
2675:Edward VIII
2596:gun salutes
2515:Protestants
2347:Charles III
2332:regnal name
2297:Edward VIII
1818:Anne Boleyn
1757:Richard III
1741:royal house
1488: 1990
1475: 1993
1462: 1966
1444: 1994
1431: 1996
1418: 1964
1402: 1936
1384: 1981
1366: 2016
1353: 2013
1340: 1979
1324: 1942
1304: 2004
1291: 2003
1278: 1996
1265: 1994
1252: 1964
1234: 2014
1221: 2009
1208: 2007
1195: 1970
1178: 1995
1162: 1992
1147: 1988
1132: 1962
1116: 1935
1101:(1902–1942)
1086: 2012
1073: 2010
1060: 1980
1045: 2012
1032: 2010
1019: 1977
1001: 2010
988: 2007
975: 1974
959: 1944
944:(1900–1974)
929: 1999
916: 1996
903: 1964
885: 2002
869: 1999
856: 1961
841:(1930–2002)
826: 2021
813: 2018
800: 2014
787: 1981
769: 2012
756: 2010
743: 1977
727: 1950
709: 2003
693: 2007
677: 1964
657: 2023
644: 2021
631: 1990
613: 2021
600: 1988
584: 1960
564: 2021
548: 2019
532: 1984
514: 2018
498: 2015
482: 2013
466: 1982
450: 1948
431:(1926–2022)
418:(1895–1952)
405:(1894–1972)
392:(1865–1936)
353:, Germany.
150:Netherlands
4237:Categories
4101:Luxembourg
4044:Monarchies
3831:7 February
3526:16 October
2980:References
2909:Whitaker's
2620:Lord Mayor
2541:Under the
2493:Under the
2480:George III
2416:long title
2293:in 1892).
2279:Edward VII
2263:coronation
2248:William IV
2232:George III
2068:Charles II
1938:April 2024
1795:Henry VIII
1787:coronation
1721:Edward III
1709:Richard II
1669:common law
375:See also:
233:common law
130:Luxembourg
71:Monarchies
42:the speech
4212:Sri Lanka
4177:Argentina
4170:Republics
3866:Full text
3823:: 49–72.
3752:5 January
3587:section I
3448:Debrett's
3368:20 August
3167:Henry VII
3104:0099-9660
3073:wargs.com
3050:wargs.com
2985:Citations
2960:Tony Benn
2632:Gentlemen
2588:Edinburgh
2561:Accession
2472:George IV
2462:George II
2429:Marriages
2335:George VI
2236:George IV
2207:in 1714.
2070:as King.
2052:Charles I
1997:civil war
1822:Elizabeth
1773:Edward IV
1753:Henry VII
1745:Lancaster
1689:Richard I
1537:Debrett's
340:Electress
261:Catholics
255:with the
253:communion
4207:Portugal
4197:Pakistan
4187:Colombia
4151:Thailand
4106:Malaysia
4076:Eswatini
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3775:Archived
3746:Archived
3720:Archived
3690:Archived
3637:Archived
3609:Archived
3581:Archived
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3520:Archived
3490:Archived
3452:Archived
3427:Archived
3412:Archived
3388:Archived
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3311:Archived
3165:(1999).
3108:Archived
3054:Archived
3011:Archived
2937:Per the
2924:nor the
2901:MSN News
2847:(Canada)
2713:See also
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2612:Temporal
2549:, it is
2545:and the
2527:Lutheran
2501:Religion
2386:held in
2343:republic
2283:George V
2271:Victoria
2205:George I
1963:James VI
1957:married
1910:Scotland
1867:Margaret
1713:Henry IV
1697:Geoffrey
1671:rule of
1640:May 2015
243:and the
180:Thailand
135:Malaysia
105:Eswatini
56:a series
54:Part of
4222:Uruguay
4116:Morocco
4091:Lesotho
4071:Denmark
4056:Belgium
4051:Bahrain
3868:of the
3859:of the
3850:of the
3726:13 June
3458:8 March
3394:21 June
3114:11 July
2551:treason
2537:Treason
2384:meeting
2305:crowned
2265:in 1937
2261:at his
2106:William
2090:exclude
2013:Stuarts
1681:Matilda
1663:England
1600:History
351:Rostock
145:Morocco
120:Lesotho
100:Denmark
85:Belgium
80:Bahrain
4182:Brazil
4146:Sweden
4126:Norway
4111:Monaco
4086:Jordan
4066:Brunei
4061:Bhutan
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3342:3 June
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2618:, the
2614:, the
2467:dynast
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1970:Edward
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1747:, the
1693:Arthur
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285:, and
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175:Sweden
155:Norway
140:Monaco
115:Jordan
95:Brunei
90:Bhutan
4156:Tonga
4141:Spain
4081:Japan
3696:7 May
2388:Perth
2098:James
1707:When
1509:Mark
370:below
185:Tonga
170:Spain
110:Japan
4131:Oman
3857:Text
3848:Text
3833:2012
3794:ISBN
3754:2024
3728:2023
3698:2016
3528:2021
3460:2023
3396:2018
3370:2017
3344:2020
3175:ISBN
3116:2022
3100:ISSN
3019:2022
2677:was
2610:and
2584:York
2525:was
2456:The
2433:The
2102:Mary
1949:The
1861:and
1855:Mary
1814:Mary
1701:John
1559:ISBN
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