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When baseball was first invented there were no marks on the field; foul lines were marked by using a plough to dig along the line. As the game progressed, the ploughed lines would become indistinct from repeated foot traffic, making calls difficult and causing disputes.
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Proprietary marking solutions, sometimes mixed with chalk or whiting, are considered semi-permanent on turf. Proprietary dry line materials consist of a binder compound combined with a dry aggregate, can be applied to wet or dry surfaces, and are semi-permanent.
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By 1994, both hydrated lime and creosote were no longer recommended due to safety concerns. Sawdust was being used only occasionally by 1994. Chalk or whiting was also losing popularity by 1994, as it did not last well and encouraged weed growth.
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Some of the earliest line marking machines were built on a small scale so they could be used by a child, as the "gardener's boy" who was in charge of marking tennis courts on estates in the late 19th century might have been nine or ten years old.
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courts on grass, but later also became used in many other sports with outdoor pitches. The marked lines are often white, but may be any color. A variety of devices have been used, some of them now being
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groundskeeper. In 1860 the foul lines, from home plate to first and third bases but not extending beyond, were the first lines marked with whitewash or chalk so as to be clearly seen by the umpire.
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Lines are marked by applying a very light or very dark material which will stand out against green turf, dirt, clay, or flooring. Materials used to mark lines include or have in the past included
94:. Later developments used professionally include pressure pump systems. Major League Baseball recommends a line marker as essential equipment for maintaining baseball and softball fields.
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were available by the late 1800s. They were originally developed for use on lawn tennis courts. One of the first such machines, a wheel-to-wheel paint transfer device, was developed by
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286:"Lines of Baseball Diamond: When the game first started there was not a mark of any kind on the field". Cincinnati Enquirer. December 4, 1915.
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input to navigate, intended to eliminate the need for a human to operate the machine or direct the location of the lines being laid.
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Tape and paints are primarily used on hard surfaces. Proprietary marking solutions can also be used on hard surfaces.
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Devices for marking lines include types using wheel-to-wheel transfer, wheel-and-gravity feed, belt feed, and
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and "would be instantly recognizable by users of many of today's machines, which work on the same principle".
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302:"Cincinnati Man Who Devised the Foul Strike Line is Dead". Cincinnati Enquirer. July 26, 1905.
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Winter Games
Pitches: The Construction and Maintenance of Natural Turf Pitches for Team Games
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175:(sometimes referred to as whiting), tape, paint, and various proprietary materials.
340:"Field Maintenance: A Basic Guide for Baseball & Softball Fields of All Levels"
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In the 2010s, companies began developing completely robotic line markers which use
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is a device or machine with which lines or markings are drawn on a sports field or
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The use of whitewashed or chalked lines was developed by
William Wing, a
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369:"Robots on the gridiron: Bots are painting lines on sports fields"
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R. D. C. Evans; Sports Turf
Research Institute (1994).
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206:Professional Grounds Management Society
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113:Line marker with lines needing repair
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367:Nichols, Greg (March 11, 2019).
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54:Basic line marking machines for
211:Sports Turf Research Institute
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315:"Striping Athletic Fields"
25:Transfer wheel line marker
80:Cincinnati Red Stockings
260:. STRI. pp. 126–.
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347:Major League Baseball
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313:Montgomery, Boyd.
137:Line marker in use
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267:978-1-873431-03-0
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192:On hard surfaces
149:Dry line markers
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350:. Retrieved
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92:gravity feed
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46:controlled.
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70:In baseball
44:robotically
31:line marker
386:Categories
217:References
60:F.H. Ayres
155:Materials
200:See also
169:creosote
352:May 21,
324:May 23,
179:On turf
161:sawdust
86:Devices
50:History
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39:tennis
373:ZDNet
343:(PDF)
173:chalk
35:pitch
354:2019
326:2019
262:ISBN
56:turf
99:GPS
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29:A
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