History of the Spanish language

1573: 70: 2437:, is arguably another form of lexical borrowing through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the early modern period, most literate Spanish-speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Spanish. The form of Latin that Spaniards spoke and the loanwords came from was 2268:: turning labiodental to bilabial , and ultimately deleting labiodental . Others negate or downplay Basque phonological influence, claiming that these changes occurred in the affected dialects wholly as a result of factors internal to the language, not outside influence. It is also possible that the two forces, internal and external, worked in concert and reinforced each other. 6469:, as well as in much of Latin America, where it similarly tends to be confined to lower-class and rural speech. The distribution of this pronunciation throughout so much of western Spain suggests that its spread was due in large part to the role of eastern Asturians in the reconquest of these zones. At least in Latin America, the Canaries, Andalusia, and Extremadura, this 1767:. After the wars of independence fought by these colonies in the 19th century, the new ruling elites extended their Spanish to the whole population, including the Amerindian majority, to strengthen national unity, and nowadays it is the first and official language of the resulting republics, except in very isolated parts of the former Spanish colonies. 2381:, such as alcalde "mayor", álgebra "algebra", aceite "oil", zanahoria "carrot", alquiler "rent", achacar "to blame", adelfa "oleander", barrio "neighbourhood", chaleco "vest", to name just a few; making up 8% of the Spanish dictionary—the second largest lexical influence on Spanish after Latin. It is thought that the bilingualism of the 4278:

It is commonly thought that the reflexes of stressed short E and O of Latin were realised, after the loss of phonemic quantity, as the low-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ respectively in the Western Romance languages, contrasting with close-mid /e/ and /o/, which would have originated from the mergers between

6069:

in certain environments, as the fricative also occurred as an allophone of /b/ between vowels, after a vowel, and after certain consonants in Old Spanish. The similarity between the stop and fricative resulted in their complete merger by the end of the Old Spanish period (16th century). In Modern

1748:

Beginning in the late fifteenth century, the discovery and colonization of the Americas by Spanish colonizers brought the language across the Atlantic and to Mexico, Central America, and western and southern South America. Under the Spanish Crown, the language was used as a tool for colonization by

1976:

declared Spanish as the only official language in Spain, and to this day it is the most widely used language in government, business, public education, the workplace, cultural arts, and the media. But in the 1960s and 1970s, the Spanish parliament agreed to allow provinces to use, speak, and print

5262:. A syllable-final position cannot be more than one consonant (one of n, r, l, s or z) in most (or all) dialects in colloquial speech, reflecting Vulgar Latin background. Realizations like , , , , , , and are very common, and in many cases, they are considered acceptable even in formal speech. 1810:

immigration, Spanish and non-Spanish, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. There, the countries' large (or sizable minority) population groups of second- and third-generation descendants adopted the Spanish language as part of their governments' official assimilation policies to include

4295:

does not occur at all. As a result, Spanish phonology exhibits a five-vowel system, not the seven-vowel system that is typical of many other Western Romance languages. The stressed short and reappeared in Spanish through learned words from Classical Latin and also evolved from short vowels

6728:'H' is originally pronounced in Classical Latin, but became silent in Vulgar Latin. Thus, words were spelled without any such consonant in Old Spanish; in Modern Spanish, from the 16th century onward, it attempts to mimic the Latin spelling rather than continue Old Spanish orthography. 609:, which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans after their occupation of the peninsula that started in the late 3rd century BC. Today it is the world's 4th most widely spoken language, after English, Mandarin Chinese and Hindi. Influenced by the peninsular hegemony of 6113:

In Modern Spanish, from the 16th century onward, the choice of orthographic ⟨b⟩ or ⟨v⟩ depends mainly on the etymology of the word. The orthography attempts to mimic the Latin spelling, rather than to keep the pronunciation-based spelling of Old Spanish. Thus, Old Spanish

8953:

in Spain is demonstrated by an often-cited pun in Latin, "Beati Hispani quibus vivere bibere est" , with variants such as "Beati Hispani, dum bibere dicunt vivere". The saying seems to be not really from Roman times but from the Middle Ages or even the Renaissance. See

8993: 1555:

Accents—used in Modern Spanish to mark the vowel of the stressed syllable in words where stress is not predictable from rules—came into use sporadically in the 15th century, and massively in the 16th century. Their use began to be standardized with the advent of the

1584:

in its original variant, and in order to distinguish it from other languages native to parts of Spain, such as Galician, Catalan, Basque, etc. In its earliest documented form, and up through approximately the 15th century, the language is customarily called

2480:

in the history of Spanish refers to the loss of an unstressed vowel from the syllable immediately preceding or following the stressed syllable. Early in its history, Spanish lost such vowels where they preceded or followed R or L, and between S and T.

4279:

long E and short I and between long O and short U, respectively; this change would explain the similarity of the vowel systems in modern Romance languages such as Portuguese, Catalan and Italian. These low-mid vowels subsequently would have undergone

650:

for the rest of the middle ages, owing to the political prestige achieved by the Kingdom of Castile in the peninsular context and to the lesser literary development of their vernacular norms. From the 1560s onward the standard written form followed

7870:(spelled ⟨ll⟩). The distinction is maintained in spelling, but in most dialects of Modern Spanish, the two have merged into the same, non-lateral palatal sound. Thus, for example, most Spanish-speakers have the same pronunciation for 6167:

was almost always initial in Latin words, and in Spanish most phonemes /f/ followed by a simple vowel passed through a stage in which the consonant eventually developed to and then was lost phonologically. Spelling conventions have

1901:

in 1959, and followed by other Latin American groups; the local majority is now Spanish-speaking). Spanish is now treated as the country's "second language," and over 5 percent of the U.S. population are Spanish-speaking, but most

5657:

The term "vocalization" refers to the change from a consonant to the vowel-like sound of a glide. Some syllable-final consonants, regardless of whether they were already syllable-final in Latin or brought into that position by

9016: 629:

romance varieties in the conquered territories, even though the resulting speech also assimilated features from the latter in the process. The first standard written norm of Spanish was brought forward in the 13th century by

1675:. These are "glosses" (translations of isolated words and phrases in a form more like Hispanic Romance than Latin) added between the lines of a manuscript that was written earlier in Latin. Nowadays the language of the 1729: 6241:(hence the modern spelling), and it was then lost altogether in most varieties; ⟨h⟩ is assumed to have been "silent" in Vulgar Latin. The first written evidence of the process dates from 863, when the Latin name 2408:—contributed greatly to the Spanish lexicon throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era. Borrowing from Italian occurred most frequently in the 16th and 17th centuries, due largely to the influence of the 6074:

in phonemic transcription), which is generally realized as the fricative except when utterance-initial or after a nasal consonant, when it is realized as the stop . The same situation prevails in

8069: 3473:

reappeared in Spanish through learned words from Classical Latin and also appeared in Spanish through consonant cluster simplification from Vulgar Latin (see below), and Latin voiced stops—

686:(the largest city of the Crown in the 16th century and the port linking to the Americas) was more pervasive, even though in other regards the influence from the latter norm (associated to 2271:

Some words of Greek origin were already present in the spoken Latin that became Spanish. Additionally, many Greek words formed part of the language of the Church. Spanish also borrowed

1714:, who is said to have had an early appreciation of the usefulness of the language as a tool of hegemony, as if anticipating the empire that was about to be founded with the voyages of 699: 695: 1576:

With the Reconquista in Iberia, various Vulgar Latin language groups ended up mixing (along with Basques). The largest such group was the Castilians, whose language became Spanish.

4183:

A word-final unstressed /e/ is lost when following a dental or alveolar consonant other than /t/ and preceded by a vowel. This happened after the voicing described above, as e.g.

2430:

Borrowing from English has become especially strong, beginning in the 20th century, with words borrowed from many fields of activity, including sports, technology, and commerce.

7057:

During the colonization of the Americas, most settlers came from the south of Spain; that is the cause, according to almost all scholars, for nearly all Spanish speakers in the

1721:

Because Old Spanish resembles the modern written language to a relatively high degree, a reader of Modern Spanish can learn to read medieval documents without much difficulty.

8035:, during the second half of the twentieth century came to characterize the speech of "most younger residents of Buenos Aires" and continues to spread throughout Argentina. 6854: 554: 417: 1589:. From approximately the 16th century on, it is called Modern Spanish. Spanish of the 16th and 17th centuries is sometimes called "classical" Spanish, referring to the 1627:, this northern dialect spread to the south, where it almost entirely replaced or absorbed the local Romance dialects, at the same time as it borrowed many words from 3389:

as P, T, and C (including Q) respectively—where they occurred in an "intervocalic" environment (qualified below), underwent one, two, or three successive stages of

3517:, but appeared in Spanish also through learned words from Classical Latin and also appeared in Spanish through consonant cluster simplification from Vulgar Latin. 5159:, with their demand that all consonants of a word be pronounced, steadily drove most simplified forms from existence. Many of the simplified forms were used in 6159: 51: 9462:

Walsh, Thomas J. (1991), "The Demise of Lenition as a Productive Phonological Process in Hispano-Romance", in Harris-Northall, Ray; Cravens, Thomas D. (eds.),

6253:

in a document from 927.) The replacement of ⟨f⟩ by ⟨h⟩ in spelling is not frequent before the 16th century, but that is thought not to reflect preservation of

4496:

Learned words—that is, "bookish" words transmitted partly through writing and thus affected by their Latin form—became increasingly frequent with the works of

9477: 1889:. Spanish continues to be used by millions of citizens and immigrants to the United States from Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas (for example, many 1698:. He assembled scribes at his court and supervised their writing, in Castilian, of extensive works on history, astronomy, law, and other fields of knowledge. 9540: 47: 1941:

language, called Ladino, developed along its own lines and continues to be spoken by a dwindling number of speakers, mainly in Israel, Turkey, and Greece.

2033:

of northwestern Catalonia), Basque, Catalan/Valencian, and Galician—have gained co-official status in their respective geographical areas. Others—such as

9767: 5175:), but have since been relegated mostly to popular and uneducated speech. Occasionally, both forms exist in Modern Spanish with different meanings or in 6975:, . As a result, the sound system then contained two sibilant fricative phonemes whose contrast depended entirely on a subtle distinction between their 1885:) and later Mexican immigrants, kept the Spanish language alive before, during and after the American appropriation of those territories following the 8372: 7901:, among others. Since more than half of the early settlers of Spanish America came from Andalusia, most Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas have 1737: 10136: 6296:, and Basque once had but no , it is often suggested that the change was caused by Basque influence. However, this is contested by many linguists. 2291: 703: 1732:

in six volumes over the period 1726–1739, and its first grammar in 1771, and it continues to produce new editions of both from time to time. (The

8079: 509: 8958: 4093:

Stressed vowels were raised when followed by in the same or next syllable (except when the had fused with earlier preceding /t/ or /k/, e.g.

1749:

Spanish soldiers, missionaries, conquistadors, and entrepreneurs. In the coming centuries, their descendants continued to spread the language.

547: 2322:), after the contact with Atlantic sailors. These words did not exist in Spanish prior to the 15th century. Instead, "north" and "south" were 9433: 8392: 6138:

in Old Spanish (the spelling that prevailed in English until the 20th century), now reflects the spelling used by the city's Roman founders,

5298:

with intervocalic /b/, /d/, /g/ that issued from voicing of Latin /p/, /t/, /k/, so that all are subject to the same phonetic realization as

2233:

lineage. Iberian and Celtiberian likewise are thought to have contributed place names to Spain. Words of everyday use that are attributed to

2085: 1998: 2424: 2191: 1973: 1549: 691: 42: 1706: 1350:(form classes) is reduced to three in Spanish. The Latin infinitives with the endings -ĀRE, -ĒRE, and -ĪRE become Spanish infinitives in 49: 7050:", in a few parts of Andalusia). In general, coastal regions of Andalusia preferred , and more inland regions preferred (see the map at 7034:. The sound is represented in modern spelling by ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ and by ⟨z⟩ elsewhere. In the south of Spain, the deaffrication of 10079: 8576:: "El léxico español de procedencia árabe es muy abundante: se ha señalado que constituye, aproximadamente, un 8% del vocabulario total" 8074: 1581: 362: 112: 7076:(spelled with ⟨j⟩ in some words and in others with ⟨g⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩), was moved backward in all dialects, to become (depending on 9949: 9753: 9717: 8064: 8022: 7936: 7865: 2141: 1843: 140: 1811:

Europeans. In some countries, they had to be Catholics and agreed to take an oath of allegiance to their chosen nation's government.

9860: 9743: 9604: 9453: 9412: 9390: 9368: 9347: 9318: 9300: 9282: 7975:, which is common among non-native Spanish speakers as well. The current pronunciation varies greatly depending on the geographical 540: 44: 10063: 10031: 9850: 9825: 9691: 9671: 9533: 8030: 6925: 1651: 1501:, to get dark out), it is ungrammatical to include a subject. Compared to other Romance languages, Spanish has a somewhat freer 10084: 10003: 9897: 9855: 9809: 9763: 9738: 9712: 6210: 2018: 638:, i.e. Spanish, along with Latin as languages of the administration), probably drawing from the speech of the upper classes of 593: 575: 41: 9483: 9933: 9892: 9876: 9804: 9773: 8521: 8089: 7976: 7077: 1736:

is now accessible on the Internet.) Today, each of the Spanish-speaking countries has an analogous language academy, and an

819: 485: 223: 3861:, in its various conjugated forms, exemplifies different phonetic changes, depending on whether the letter <c> (Latin 1658:)—and by the narrative poems about them that were recited in Castilian even outside the original territory of that dialect. 7080:) velar , uvular (in parts of Spain) or glottal (in Andalusia, Canary Islands, and parts of the Americas, especially the 9982: 9977: 9748: 9640: 9635: 9609: 9584: 9508: 8006: 7986: 7970: 7959: 6882: 5702: 1903: 1189: 168: 3444:, respectively. Although it was once speculated that this change came about as a transfer of phonological features from 1646:

The prestige of Castile and its language was propagated partly by the exploits of Castilian heroes in the battles of the

6917: 6909: 6225: 7905:, but there are pockets in which the sounds are still distinguished. Native-speakers of neighboring languages, such as 2117: 10013: 9526: 6236: 1438: 670:). Besides the Caribbean, the colonial administration in the new territories had its main centres of power located in 2642:

Later, after the time of intervocalic voicing, unstressed vowels were lost between other combinations of consonants:

1922:

dates from the late 18th century, and it was adopted as the official language when independence was granted in 1968.

1668: 48: 2334:

respectively (both virtually obsolete in Modern Spanish as nouns, unlike their not uncommon adjectival counterparts

9758: 7029: 6031:

between vowels or from the Latin phoneme corresponding to the letter ⟨v⟩ (pronounced in Classical Latin but later

1680: 823: 4548:-. Most of the simplified forms have since reverted to the learned forms or are now considered to be uneducated. 642:. Features associated with the Castilian patterns of Hispano-Romance also spread west and east to the kingdoms of 8059: 6874: 6866: 6060: 5308: 5156: 3496: 3423: 3363: 3041: 1725: 1557: 1458: 786: 614: 180: 9356: 5198:

Most words with consonant clusters in syllable-final position are loanwords from Classical Latin, examples are:

2453:

Spanish shares with other Romance languages most of the phonological and grammatical changes that characterized

2275:

vocabulary in the areas of medical, technical, and scientific language, beginning as early as the 13th century.

1886: 1834:) descent—retained its inherited Spanish language as a mother tongue, in co-existence with the American-imposed 1819: 43: 9665: 8049: 8014: 7951: 7887: 7857: 7854:

Documents from as early as the 15th century show occasional evidence of sporadic confusion between the phoneme

7103:

have sometimes replaced each other in words derived from Latin, French and other sources. For example, Spanish

7008: 1391: 1234: 267: 8538: 6299:

Most current instances of /f/ are either learned words (those influenced by their written Latin form, such as

2105: 2101: 678:, which retained more features from the central peninsular norm than other more peripheral territories of the 3520:

The phonological environment of these changes is not only between vowels but also after a vowel and before a

1728:

was founded in 1713, largely with the purpose of standardizing the language. The Academy published its first

8564: 8104: 7910: 5316: 3504: 3431: 3049: 2155: 1182: 490: 212: 185: 1572: 10110: 10105: 10008: 9549: 8950: 8946: 7714: 7166: 7116: 7112: 7100: 7096: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7039: 7035: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6964: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6442: 6434: 6344: 6277: 6273: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6091: 6087: 6071: 6040: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 5986: 5982: 5324: 5287: 5280: 5273: 4301: 4297: 4106: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4064: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4037: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4008: 3997: 3992: 3986: 3981: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3898: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3525: 3512: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3439: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3057: 3027: 3023: 3019: 2995: 2975: 2971: 2951: 2947: 1807: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1266: 1242: 1238: 1197: 1193: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1012: 939: 935: 927: 861: 589: 585: 571: 46: 6445:

in lower-class, predominantly rural speech in a number of western regions of Spain, specifically western

9799: 9686: 7145: 7019: 6976: 6454: 6363: 6315:), loanwords of Arabic and Greek origin, or words whose initial ⟨f⟩ in Old Spanish is followed by a non- 6205: 6044: 6004: 3833: 3445: 2265: 1711: 1517: 523: 302: 690:) came to be preponderant in the entire Americas. Spanish varieties henceforth borrowed influence from 8955: 5147:. In Old Spanish, the simplified forms were acceptable forms which were in coexistence (and sometimes 10100: 9599: 9574: 8099: 8028: 8020: 8012: 8004: 7984: 7968: 7957: 7949: 7934: 7863: 7855: 7508: 7027: 6923: 6915: 6907: 6888: 6880: 6872: 6864: 6748: 6505: 6234: 6223: 6208: 6058: 5758: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5144: 4571: 4497: 3904: 3902: 3510: 3502: 3494: 3437: 3429: 3421: 3055: 3047: 3039: 2167: 1715: 1691: 1586: 1529: 647: 369: 197: 135: 7061:

still speaking a language variety derived mainly from the Western Andalusian and Canarian dialects.

694:, primarily coming from the Caribbean, the Central-Andean and Mesoamerican regions. Today it is the 10141: 9733: 7992: 7598: 6972: 6961: 6462: 6083: 6075: 6055: 6036: 6008: 5709: 5698: 5659: 5295: 2647: 2486: 2477: 2409: 2393: 2295: 2211: 2171: 2121: 1990: 1839: 1683:

than to Spanish proper. Estimates of their date vary from the late 10th to the early 11th century.

1663: 1561: 1533: 723: 659: 528: 374: 327: 282: 207: 158: 107: 9489: 9918: 9783: 9676: 9656: 9614: 9589: 9553: 7918: 7898: 6860: 6220: 6099: 6052: 5993: 5266: 5152: 3521: 2427:, especially vocabulary dealing with flora, fauna, and cultural concepts unique to the Americas. 2370: 2279: 2179: 2129: 2113: 2034: 2022: 1701: 1632: 1590: 1395: 687: 631: 626: 622: 399: 384: 357: 347: 342: 337: 332: 307: 297: 232: 192: 9262: 6192:

intact), but in terms of both structure and pronunciation, the initial consonant has been lost:

3461:), it is now widely recognized that such change is a natural internal development. Intervocalic 643: 6249:, which might have been pronounced with initial but certainly not . (The same name appears as 10047: 9987: 9970: 9902: 9661: 9594: 9579: 9518: 9449: 9429: 9408: 9386: 9364: 9343: 9314: 9296: 9278: 9008: 8517: 8388: 8094: 8084: 8044: 7906: 7445: 7093: 7015: 6988: 6348: 6285: 6231: 6131: 6107: 6079: 6000: 5990: 5706: 5291: 4557: 4501: 3406: 3394: 2927: 2639:. As also "fábula" from "fabulam", although this last one has a different meaning in Spanish. 2442: 2433:

The incorporation into Spanish of learned, or "bookish" words from its own ancestor language,

2187: 2093: 2089: 2058: 2038: 2006: 1962: 1919: 1882: 1778:

encouraged more immigrants from Spain, and similarly other Spanish-speaking countries such as

1687: 1628: 1617:

in several areas of northern and central Spain. Eventually, the variety spoken in the city of

1474: 1462: 1399: 1363: 1347: 719: 715: 394: 292: 277: 262: 242: 100: 95: 77: 45: 9236:Índice geobiográfico de cuarenta mil pobladores españoles de América en el siglo XVI (Vol. I) 8511: 8384: 17: 9965: 9928: 9830: 9778: 9681: 9619: 9275:

The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application (with Special Reference to American English)

8380: 8054: 7926: 7922: 7644: 6980: 6753: 6510: 6103: 6095: 5763: 5667: 5349: 4576: 4309: 4292: 4280: 3576: 3553: 3448: 3264: 3086: 2664: 2405: 2397: 2389: 2378: 2319: 2234: 2195: 2163: 2097: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2042: 2030: 2026: 2014: 1986: 1978: 1898: 1835: 1672: 1537: 1513: 1430: 1411: 727: 602: 389: 352: 312: 257: 252: 247: 175: 61: 6999:. The distinction between the sounds grew in the dialects of northern and central Spain by 6269:

from Classical Latin). Then, it became necessary to distinguish both phonemes in spelling.

9512: 8962: 8686: 8682: 8345: 7914: 7703: 7258: 6293: 5691: 3452: 2438: 2401: 2374: 2366: 2183: 2159: 2078: 2070: 2010: 1994: 1890: 1643:(Ladino). These languages had vanished in the Iberian Peninsula by the late 16th century. 1545: 1541: 1525: 1442: 1262: 857: 738: 618: 379: 322: 317: 272: 149: 2264:

Influence of Basque phonology is credited by some researchers with softening the Spanish

1269:) (also in Galician, Northern European Portuguese and some Catalan and Occitan varieties) 9478:

An explanation of the development of Medieval Spanish sibilants in Castile and Andalusia

9254:

Comparative Historical Dialectology: Italo-Romance clues to Hispano-Romance sound change

7944:

A related trait that has also been documented sporadically for several hundred years is

2358:). These older words for "east" and "west" continue to have some use in Modern Spanish. 9401: 8109: 7323: 7136: 6968: 6289: 5996: 3489:

as B, D, and G respectively—and also occurred in intervocalic positions also underwent

3370: 3034:

as B, D, and G respectively—and also occurred in intervocalic positions also underwent

2434: 2416: 2175: 2054: 1938: 1926: 1894: 1757: 1640: 1594: 910: 734: 679: 667: 465: 237: 69: 9263:"Languages of Spain Not Limited to Spanish: Spanish is one of four official languages" 4504:

which, in oral transmission, had been reduced to simpler consonant clusters or single

4283:

in many of the Western Romance languages. In Spanish this change occurs regardless of

2204: 1181:

The following features are characteristic of Spanish phonology and also of some other

10130: 8119: 7000: 2466: 2272: 2230: 2017:, Spain has become a multi-party democracy and decentralized country, constituted in 1958: 1695: 1618: 1598: 1415: 639: 446: 287: 202: 163: 9484:

A recording of the sibilants, as they would have been pronounced in medieval Spanish

7682: 9379: 8685:

forms of their Latin source words; thus words that appear in dictionaries in their

8114: 7699: 7269: 6292:, but nowhere else nearby. Since much of this area was historically bilingual with 2462: 2458: 2454: 2109: 1614: 1610: 931: 606: 408: 7284: 2225:

also are prominent throughout Spain, because many Castilians who took part in the

2209:"left". Basque is perhaps most evident in some common Spanish surnames, including 1601:, it is not customary to speak of a "middle" stage in the development of Spanish. 9443: 9423: 9337: 2930:

intervocalic consonants regularly became voiced, many voiced intervocalic stops (

1661:

The "first written Spanish" was traditionally considered to have appeared in the

7490: 7404: 7337: 6954: 6450: 6281: 6070:

Spanish, the letters ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ represent the same phoneme (usually treated as

6048: 5687: 5683: 5168: 5164: 5148: 4517: 3866: 3486: 3386: 3210: 3031: 2226: 2222: 2125: 1953:, but is no longer spoken there by any significant number of people. As part of 1950: 1874: 1815: 1775: 1623: 1482: 1478: 1454: 671: 625:, Hispano-Romance norms associated to this polity displaced both Arabic and the 470: 130: 29:"History of Spanish" redirects here. For the history of the Spanish people, see 9505: 6051:, which still distinguished /b/ and /v/, the latter was probably realized as a 2201:

The most frequently used word that entered Spanish from (or through) Basque is

864:

in most contexts, marked in modern spelling by the silent ⟨h⟩ of words such as

7793: 7789: 7184: 5302: 5160: 4304:

from Vulgar Latin, and was retained from long vowels and from Vulgar Latin.

3894: 3457: 3417: 2217: 1858: 1850: 1822:, its population—almost entirely of Spanish and mixed Afro-Caribbean/Spanish ( 1636: 1506: 1419: 610: 500: 9012: 7042:, as both were homorganic, and the new phoneme became either laminodental (" 3455:

languages, which were in geographical proximity to Iberian Vulgar Latin (see

1485:). In some cases, such as with impersonal verbs referring to meteorological ( 9923: 7996: 7980: 7965: 7743: 7590: 7494: 7359: 7220: 7154: 7081: 7058: 7023: 7004: 6903: 6737: 6494: 6458: 6446: 6324: 6320: 6266: 6032: 5663: 5338: 4505: 4101:

with diphthongization). This blocked the later process of diphthongization.

3565: 3367: 3253: 3075: 2420: 2283: 2151: 1982: 1803: 1779: 1733: 1621:

around the 13th century became the basis for the written standard. With the

782: 778: 518: 495: 475: 30: 7891: 7849: 6098:

in eastern Catalonia, but the distinction is retained in most varieties of

3062:, but appeared in Spanish also through learned words from Classical Latin. 437: 432: 422: 35: 9363:(21st ed.), Madrid: Concejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 7817: 7733: 7411: 7348: 9001:

Lletres asturianes: Boletín Oficial de l'Academia de la Llingua Asturiana

7833: 7630: 7162: 7014:

The dissimilation in the northern and central dialects occurred with the

6466: 6437:

was not lost in all varieties. As of the late 20th century, word-initial

6216: 6169: 5981:

Most Romance languages have maintained the distinction between a phoneme

5976: 5172: 4513: 4417: 4345: 4320: 4313: 4288: 4284: 3557: 3490: 3410: 3398: 3390: 3202: 3035: 2382: 2147: 2057:

organization was founded in 1945, Spanish was designated one of its five

1907: 1791: 1764: 1753: 1521: 1481:

can often stand alone without the use of a subject pronoun (or a subject

1272: 663: 581: 480: 7667: 7431: 7421: 7308: 6019:(unless between vowels), or they could result from the voicing of Latin 2146:

The mention of "influences" on the Spanish language refers primarily to

1929:, which was a protectorate/colony of Spain from the 1880s to the 1970s. 8681:

Most Spanish nouns and adjectives are thought to have evolved from the

8000: 7605: 7560: 7546: 7526: 7519: 7382: 7237: 6949: 6066: 4509: 4196: 3402: 3067: 2943: 2385:

facilitated the large transfer of vocabulary from Arabic to Castilian.

2287: 2002: 1878: 1870: 1854: 1830: 1824: 1783: 1342:) (also in Galician, European Portuguese, Catalan and parts of Occitan) 822:

of Spain, including the prestige varieties of Madrid, Toledo, etc.—the

683: 455: 7615: 7536: 7298: 4516:, words, especially when the words extended into popular usage in the 3405:(deletion). In Spanish these three consonants generally undergo both 7580: 7244: 7132: 5299: 3414: 1799: 1795: 1655: 1502: 1426: 652: 460: 9342:, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society (Memoirs, Vol. 173), 7678: 7657: 7180: 6265:

reappeared in the language (around the 16th century, as a result of

8994:"El origen asturleonés de algunos fenómenos andaluces y americanos" 8542: 6713:

is translated as "make stories", opposed to its Spanish derivative

3917:). This also is the pattern of a few other Spanish verbs ending in 9466:, Madison: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, pp. 149–163 8539:"(DOC) Impact of Arabic on Spanish | Hamid Hussain - Academia.edu" 8138: 7803: 7764: 7722: 7640: 7504: 7319: 7294: 7215: 7051: 7047: 7043: 6742: 6499: 6316: 5752: 5343: 5176: 5140: 5139:

Most of these words have modern forms which more closely resemble

4562: 4287:, in contrast to French and Italian, where it takes place only in 3570: 3258: 3080: 2658: 2362: 2311: 2303: 1954: 1862: 1849:

A similar situation occurred in the American Southwest, including

1787: 1571: 1366:—infinitives ending in -ĔRE—are redistributed between the Spanish 682:, where adoption of patterns from the southern peninsular norm of 427: 7092:

One unusual feature of Spanish etymology is the way in which the

2294:

are common in all varieties of Spanish. The modern words for the

1818:

became a possession of the United States as a consequence of the

7774: 7570: 7471: 7441: 7254: 7227: 7205: 7195: 6943: 6027:

phoneme was generally derived either from an allophone of Latin

4500:

in the mid-to-late 13th century. Many of these words contained

2315: 2307: 1771: 1694:, known as Alfonso el Sabio (Alfonso the Wise), in his court in 675: 9522: 7991:, especially, stigmatized except at the beginning of a word). 10115: 9515:

Check the historic evolution of Latin words to modern Spanish.

7753: 2942:) were dropped from words altogether through a process called 1287:→ , and —not only from original Latin B, D, and G (as in Sp. 40: 5283:. The simplified Spanish outcomes of the Latin voiced series 1949:

In the Marianas, the Spanish language was retained until the

9497: 6804:

avié; aver; ove; oy; omne, omre, ombre; onrar; ostal; ombro

3247:

hiatuses in Old Spanish that would result from dropping it.

2261:: gallego "Galician" are also attributed to Celtic sources. 1690:

of written Castilian were taken in the 13th century by King

9498:

Tesoro de los diccionarios históricos de la lengua española

5724:

are documented in Old Spanish; but the hypothetical forms *

3909:

and, in the modern language, realized as a spirant (as in

2302:), for example, are all taken from Germanic words (compare 8373:"The Spanish Language in Latin America since Independence" 8070:

List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin

5265:

Another type of consonant cluster simplification involves

1505:

with relatively fewer restrictions on subject-verb-object

8565:"Enseñanza del acervo léxico árabe de la lengua española" 7111:. More rarely, this process has involved consonants like 6902:, respectively) lost their voicing and merged with their 2229:

and repopulation of Moorish Iberia by Christians were of

1910:

Americans are bilingual or also regularly speak English.

1838:

as co-official. In the 20th century, more than a million

1261:

phonetically equivalent (in all contexts except those of

2445:, the form of Latin used in original works of the time. 1770:

In the late 19th century, the still-Spanish colonies of

8516:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 93. 7158:

is a learned form, i.e.: loanword from Classical Latin)

4520:

period. Some of the consonant clusters affected were -

2369:. For about eight hundred years, until the fall of the 2286:

development, but rather is found mainly in the Spanish

1609:

Castilian Spanish originated (after the decline of the

1445:

with indirect objects, in which a "redundant" pronoun (

1091:, subsequently disappearing in an unstressed syllable ( 9494:(sample from the second edition, 2002), by Ralph Penny 8377:

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History

7344:

is a learned form; i.e. loanword from Classical Latin)

4512:. This same process affected many of these new, more 9245:

Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana

6957:

but has been replaced by ⟨z⟩ in the modern language.

1937:

In 1492 Spain expelled its Jewish population. Their

9381:

Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World

8027:. A further development, the unvoiced pronunciation 6465:, and in the Asturian language as spoken in eastern 6039:

in Vulgar Latin). In most Romance-speaking regions,

1402:

ones in spoken French and (partly) Italian (cf. Sp.

975: 580:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 10093: 10072: 10056: 10040: 10024: 9996: 9958: 9942: 9911: 9885: 9869: 9843: 9818: 9792: 9726: 9705: 9649: 9628: 9567: 9560: 4291:, and in greater contrast to Portuguese where this 9400: 9378: 7933:in their Spanish since those languages retain the 6855:Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives 5740:by the time Castilian became a written language.) 5686:glide (which was in turn absorbed by a preceding 4492:Learned words and consonant cluster simplification 1311:), but also from Latin *V, P, T, and C (as in Sp. 1011:development of initial PL-, CL-, FL- into palatal 621:. Upon the southward territorial expansion of the 8697:, etc.) are shown here with the accusative final 7046:", in the Americas and parts of Andalusia) or (" 6343:. That, along with the effect of preservation of 6257:. Rather, ⟨f⟩ was consistently used to represent 2373:(1492), Spanish borrowed thousands of words from 2329: 2323: 1473:.) With regard to subject pronouns, Spanish is a 75: 7862:(generally spelled ⟨y⟩) and the palatal lateral 6102:and in some areas in southern Catalonia, in the 2994:). In modern times the two phonemes merged into 1957:since 1888, Spanish is spoken by most people in 1756:was continued by descendants of the Spaniards: 1172: 1061: 991: 781:and further development of the medieval Spanish 762: 594:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 9277:, Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Press, 7368:cimbrar, "shake (a stick), sway, swish", Latin 6849:Modern development of the Old Spanish sibilants 6015:phoneme could be inherited directly from Latin 3223:An exemption to the rule: The retention of the 2150:. Throughout its history, Spanish has accepted 2045:—have been recognized by regional governments. 8003:) is particularly known for the pronunciation 5705:a following and be absorbed by the resulting 2088:includes eleven authors who wrote in Spanish ( 1453:) appears even in the presence of an explicit 658:The Spanish language expanded overseas in the 9534: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8236: 7948:(literally "whizzing"), the pronunciation of 7127:). Here is an incomplete list of such words: 6126:, respectively, following the Latin spelling 5333:Simplification of double plosives in Spanish 5183:is a 'fondness (of)' or 'taste (for)', while 4274:Diphthongization in open and closed syllables 1977:official documents in three other languages: 1580:The standard Spanish language is also called 1166: 1153: 1141: 1128: 1113: 1098: 1067: 1052: 1046: 1037: 1031: 1022: 1016: 981: 965: 949: 883: 874: 865: 846: 836: 827: 810: 800: 790: 752: 742: 548: 8: 9448:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 8232: 8230: 6991:, in the case of the new fricative sibilant 6374:(inherited) (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), 6065:. The contrast between the two phonemes was 2635:, is a learned word; cf. the alternate form 2361:In 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by 1635:(the Romance speech of Christians living in 1185:, but not the Romance languages as a whole: 1079:(from J-, DJ-, G(E)-, G(I)-) remains before 914: 718:is distinguished from those of other nearby 662:in the wake of the Spanish conquests in the 617:varieties borrowed substantial lexicon from 9183: 2904:capitālem, computāre, hospitālem, recitāre, 1159: 1147: 1134: 1122: 1107: 1092: 959: 943: 904: 898: 892: 9564: 9541: 9527: 9519: 8563:Quintana, Lucía; Mora, Juan Pablo (2002). 8075:List of Spanish words of Philippine origin 6859:During the 16th century, the three voiced 2388:The neighboring Romance languages—such as 1174:jaz, gesso, janeiro, jeitar, gelar, joelho 555: 541: 57: 9428:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 8450: 7072:(spelled ⟨x⟩ in Old Spanish) with voiced 6204:. It is thought that ⟨f⟩ represented the 2888:mascar/masticar, portazgo, trigo, rienda 2457:, such as the abandonment of distinctive 1738:Association of Spanish Language Academies 8462: 7894:, based on one name for the letter ⟨y⟩. 7068:, the result of the merger of voiceless 6730: 6487: 6086:maintain the distinction. The merger of 5742: 5331: 4550: 4306: 4193: 4103: 3927: 3550: 3249: 3064: 2644: 2483: 9313:, Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta, 9148: 9040: 8909: 8861: 8777: 8742: 8718: 8645: 8346:"The Spanish Language | Rosetta Stone®" 8130: 8080:List of English words of Spanish origin 6995:, which was derived from the affricate 6489:Examples of Latin 'f-' to Spanish 'h-' 5151:) with the learned forms. The Spanish 1493:, to snow) or other natural phenomena ( 508: 445: 407: 222: 148: 120: 87: 60: 9464:Linguistic Studies in Medieval Spanish 9218: 9206: 9100: 8897: 8438: 8414: 8385:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.371 8332: 8320: 8308: 8284: 8260: 7088:Interchange of the liquids /l/ and /r/ 7064:Meanwhile, the alveopalatal fricative 6453:, the Canary Islands, part of western 6215:in Latin, which underwent a series of 3893:, etc.), but in other forms, before a 1441:for the general phenomenon), and uses 934:-LJ-, -CL-, -GL-), first into palatal 9261:Erichsen, Gerald (January 27, 2018), 9194: 9171: 9159: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9088: 9076: 9064: 9052: 8974: 8933: 8921: 8885: 8873: 8849: 8837: 8825: 8813: 8801: 8789: 8766: 8754: 8730: 8669: 8657: 8633: 8621: 8609: 8597: 8585: 8497: 8485: 8473: 8426: 8296: 8272: 8248: 8221: 8209: 8197: 8185: 8173: 8161: 2086:list of Nobel laureates in Literature 2013:. Since 1975, following the death of 698:, as well as an official language of 7: 7375:corcel, "steed, fast horse", French 6971:component, to become a laminodental 3014:), realized as between vowels (see 2896:capital, computar, hospital, recitar 2425:indigenous languages of the Americas 1974:Language politics in Francoist Spain 1704:wrote the first grammar of Spanish, 1550:indigenous languages of the Americas 700:numerous international organizations 584:. For the distinction between , 9442:Spaulding, Robert Kilburn (1971) , 7707: 7262: 7107:, "miracle", is derived from Latin 3877:when followed by the front vowels ( 2533:abrir, hombro, letra, obra, honrar 1842:migrated to the mainland U.S. (see 1457:. (Neither feature occurs in other 860:and eventual loss of Latin initial 737:of Latin stressed short E and O in 8065:Influences on the Spanish language 7826:templar, "temper, warm up", Latin 7022:place of articulation, losing its 6717:which means "speak" or "to talk". 6390:(both Spanish for "boredom"), and 6280:occurred in the Romance speech of 6160:Phonetic change "f → h" in Spanish 5271:-pp-, -tt-, -cc-, -bb-, -dd-, -gg- 5191:is '(attitude of) respect', while 2950:between vowels usually changed to 2142:Influences on the Spanish language 1844:Puerto Ricans in the United States 1679:is considered to be closer to the 1516:with other languages, the Spanish 1469:< PER corresponding to Spanish 25: 9491:A History of the Spanish language 9425:A History of the Spanish Language 9238:, Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo 9091:, pp. 121–122, 130, 162–163. 7038:resulted in a direct merger with 6011:, respectively. Instances of the 5269:plosives that reduced to single: 3145:comer, ver, hoy, caer, pie, cómo 1707:Gramática de la lengua castellana 926:early fricativization of palatal 696:official language of 20 countries 9361:Manual de pronunciación española 9295:(9th ed.), Madrid: Gredos, 6410:("to make") is the root word of 4552:Reduction of consonant clusters 3231:is due to the invalidity of the 1710:, and presented it, in 1492, to 1429:provides overt marking for some 1394:continues the use of some Latin 1245:, making, for example, the noun 68: 10137:History of the Spanish language 9403:Variation and Change in Spanish 7018:fricative moving forward to an 5171:(sometimes intentionally as an 4285:syllable shape (open or closed) 3179:cuidar, dedo, leer, liar, leal 576:International Phonetic Alphabet 38: 9407:. Cambridge University Press. 9293:Historia de la lengua española 8090:Spanish dialects and varieties 7152:, "judgment, decision, will" ( 6942:respectively). The character ⟨ 6362:'liver'), accounts for modern 5187:is 'illness'; Modern Spanish 3873:changes ultimately to Spanish 2912:caudal, contar, hostal, rezar, 2423:led to lexical borrowing from 1560:in the 18th century. See also 1: 8139:"History of Spanish language" 6418:("made") is the root word of 3536:)—but not the reverse (Latin 3015: 2859:cascar, rascar, asno, fresno 2257:: mujeriego "womanizer" and - 915: 18:Linguistic history of Spanish 8371:Stavans, Ilan (2017-04-26). 7372:, "sprout, shoot (of plant)" 6477:, which comes from medieval 5744:Syllable-final vocalization 5278:-p-, -t-, -c-, -b-, -d-, -g- 1925:Spanish is widely spoken in 1398:forms that were replaced by 1192:of Latin -NN- and -LL- into 710:Main distinguishing features 601:The language known today as 9486:(archived 28 February 2009) 9480:(archived 29 December 2009) 9385:, New York: HarperCollins, 9309:Lathrop, Thomas A. (2003), 9273:Hammond, Robert M. (2001), 9256:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins 9252:Cravens, Thomas D. (2002), 9234:Boyd-Bowman, Peter (1964), 7315:(cf. English "incarcerate") 6473:is merged with the phoneme 3205:); cf. the alternate forms 2583:aguja, habla, isla, pueblo 2465:for nouns, and the loss of 1918:The presence of Spanish in 1752:Use of the language in the 1654:and Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar ( 1461:, but both are features of 1439:differential object marking 10158: 8510:Macpherson, I. R. (1980). 7847: 7718: 7459:estiércol, "dung", Latin, 7170: 7001:paradigmatic dissimilation 6852: 6172:⟨h⟩ used in words such as 6157: 5974: 3358:Voicing and spirantization 2805:domingo, bondad, comenzar 2253:"beer". Suffixes such as - 2139: 2021:. Under this system, some 1681:Navarro-Aragonese language 938:and ultimately into velar 613:in the early middle ages, 28: 9377:Ostler, Nicholas (2005), 8060:Iberian Romance languages 7929:, usually do not feature 7897:Yeismo is a trait of the 7785:, "pit for storing grain" 7695:(cf. English "cremation") 7691:quemar, "to burn", Latin 7622:, "little balance", from 6461:, a northeastern area in 6219:to become, successively, 6184:'liver' (compare Italian 5732:had already given way to 4432: 4381: 4371: 4360: 4314:open and closed syllables 3941: 3930: 3925:, as in the table below: 3364:Western Romance languages 2192:Native American languages 1786:, and to a lesser extent 1459:Western Romance languages 1433:(the so-called "personal 1362:respectively. The Latin 1346:The Latin system of four 828: 9327:Lipski, John M. (1994), 9311:The Evolution of Spanish 9291:Lapesa, Rafael (1981) , 9243:Corominas, Joan (1973), 8050:Hispano-Celtic languages 7956:as a sibilant fricative 6130:. The Spanish placename 6094:also occurs in Standard 5195:means 'with regard to'. 3850:and its learned doublet 3485:, which are represented 3385:, which are represented 3030:, which are represented 2631:, which is derived from 2292:Words of Germanic origin 2049:International projection 1865:, where Spaniards, then 1669:San Millán de la Cogolla 1593:of that period. Unlike 1591:literary accomplishments 31:Spaniards § History 9506:Linguistic Time Machine 9336:Lloyd, Paul M. (1987), 8945:The confusion of Latin 8105:Paleohispanic languages 2902:are learned words; cf. 2830:caudal, contar, hostal 2780:anzuelo, hombre, conde 2330: 2324: 2300:norte, este, sur, oeste 1686:The first steps toward 1613:) as a continuation of 1183:Ibero-Romance languages 730:) by several features: 572:phonetic transcriptions 76: 9329:Latin American Spanish 7272:" (cf. medieval Latin 7148:, whim, fancy", Latin 6977:places of articulation 6879:, and palato-alveolar 5157:Real Academia Española 3939:(before front vowels) 3018:). Latin voiced stops— 2203: 2118:Gabriel García Márquez 2081:, was added in 1973). 2019:autonomous communities 1631:and was influenced by 1577: 1267:spelling pronunciation 1173: 1167: 1161: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1129: 1123: 1114: 1108: 1099: 1093: 1068: 1062: 1053: 1047: 1038: 1032: 1023: 1017: 992: 982: 976: 966: 960: 950: 944: 909:respectively. Also in 905: 899: 893: 884: 875: 866: 847: 837: 811: 801: 791: 763: 753: 743: 569:This article contains 501:Palenquero or Palenque 496:Chavacano or Chabacano 9422:Penny, Ralph (2002), 9399:Penny, Ralph (2000). 9339:From Latin to Spanish 8992:Penny, Ralph (1991). 7674:(cf. English "peril") 6983:, in the case of the 6441:was pronounced as an 6406:means "deep"). Also, 6186:fumo, formica, fegato 6047:articulation, but in 3950:(before back vowels) 3362:In virtually all the 3216:and its Latin origin 3201:, are learned words ( 2954:in Old Spanish (e.g. 2365:, who brought in the 2106:Miguel Ángel Asturias 1897:, beginning with the 1806:, attracted waves of 1740:was created in 1951. 1726:Spanish Royal Academy 1575: 1558:Spanish Royal Academy 1075:Vulgar Latin initial 1069:plorar, clamar, flama 1063:chorar, chamar, chama 1015:in many words, e.g., 9357:Navarro Tomás, Tomás 8956:Nihil Novum sub Sole 8237:Navarro Tomás (1982) 8100:Old Spanish language 7395:Cristóbal, Germanic 7078:geographical variety 6433:As mentioned above, 6414:("to satisfy"), and 6023:between vowels. The 3865:) was followed by a 2910:and alternate forms 2717:diezmo, azor, rezar 2415:The creation of the 2342:), while "east" was 2077:; a sixth language, 1887:Mexican–American War 1877:, etc.) followed by 1820:Spanish–American War 1734:Academy's dictionary 1692:Alfonso X of Castile 1497:, to get light out; 1216:) (also in Catalan: 785:, producing (1) the 692:Amerindian languages 74:A manuscript of the 9079:, pp. 162–163. 7993:Rioplatense Spanish 7218:", Hispanic Arabic 6733: 6490: 6422:("satisfied") (cf. 6402:means "bottom" and 6084:Portuguese dialects 6076:Northern Portuguese 6037:fricative consonant 6035:to the status of a 5745: 5334: 5274:/pː,tː,kː,bː,dː,gː/ 5267:"double" (geminate) 5179:usage: for example 4577:Modern Spanish form 4553: 4316: 4204: 4110: 4068:faciat > *facat 3561: 3401:to, in some cases, 3071: 2938:, and occasionally 2651: 2490: 2410:Italian Renaissance 2394:Galician/Portuguese 2296:cardinal directions 2186:, from neighboring 2156:pre-Roman languages 1677:Glosas Emilianenses 1664:Glosas Emilianenses 1562:Spanish orthography 1477:, meaning that the 1414:maintains separate 1410:), and the Spanish 714:The development of 660:Early Modern period 529:Instituto Cervantes 9511:2011-12-03 at the 9184:Boyd-Bowman (1964) 8961:2020-02-19 at the 8600::272–275, 279–281) 7899:Andalusian dialect 7003:, but dialects in 6960:Additionally, the 6731: 6488: 6319:(⟨r⟩, ⟨l⟩, or the 6261:until the phoneme 5793:none for baptistam 5743: 5332: 5153:educational system 4551: 4502:consonant clusters 4307: 4194: 4137:vitreum, vindēmia 4104: 4033:It does, it makes 3977:It says, it tells 3869:or not. The Latin 3551: 3522:sonorant consonant 3065: 2692:codo, deuda, duda 2645: 2484: 2461:, the loss of the 2371:Emirate of Granada 2350:), and "west" was 2282:is very little on 2280:Germanic languages 2180:Germanic languages 2174:), and later from 2130:Mario Vargas Llosa 2114:Vicente Aleixandre 2102:Juan Ramón Jiménez 2059:official languages 2023:languages of Spain 1702:Antonio de Nebrija 1578: 1528:, Hispano-Celtic ( 1390:). Spanish verbal 818:, and (2)—in many 688:Andalusian Spanish 632:Alfonso X the Wise 623:Kingdom of Castile 10124: 10123: 9839: 9838: 9554:world's languages 9435:978-0-521-01184-6 9331:, London: Longman 8572:ASELE. Actas XIII 8513:Spanish phonology 8394:978-0-19-936643-9 8352:. 10 October 2020 8095:Spanish phonology 8085:Romance languages 8045:Cantar de Mio Cid 7549:", older Spanish 7007:and the Americas 6871:, apico-alveolar 6846: 6845: 6708: 6707: 6439:⟨h⟩ 6122:"to live" become 5968: 5967: 5759:Intermediate form 5650: 5649: 5137: 5136: 4558:Consonant cluster 4489: 4488: 4271: 4270: 4173: 4172: 4157:bāsium, praemium 4140:vidrio, vendimia 4086: 4085: 4063:faciō > *facō 3993:/deˈθiɾ/,/deˈsiɾ/ 3822: 3821: 3355: 3354: 3183: 3182: 2892: 2891: 2625: 2624: 2443:Renaissance Latin 2278:The influence of 2188:Romance languages 2148:lexical borrowing 2094:Jacinto Benavente 1963:Rapa Nui language 1920:Equatorial Guinea 1883:Mexican Americans 1637:Moorish territory 1512:Due to prolonged 1475:pro-drop language 1364:third conjugation 1348:verb conjugations 1060:; cf. Portuguese 990:; cf. Portuguese 826:in words such as 789:in words such as 741:as well as open ( 720:Romance languages 716:Spanish phonology 565: 564: 78:Cantar de mio Cid 56: 55: 16:(Redirected from 10149: 10014:Standard Chinese 9565: 9543: 9536: 9529: 9520: 9502: 9467: 9458: 9445:How Spanish Grew 9438: 9418: 9406: 9395: 9384: 9373: 9352: 9332: 9323: 9305: 9287: 9269: 9257: 9248: 9247:, Madrid: Gredos 9239: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9021: 9015:. Archived from 8998: 8989: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8817: 8811: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8575: 8569: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8541:. Archived from 8537:Hussain, Hamid. 8534: 8528: 8527: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8135: 8055:Iberian language 8034: 8026: 8018: 8010: 7990: 7974: 7963: 7955: 7940: 7869: 7861: 7720: 7709: 7633:, scent", Latin 7332:Catalina, Latin 7264: 7172: 7118: 7114: 7102: 7098: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7041: 7037: 7033: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6966: 6953:, originated in 6929: 6921: 6913: 6886: 6878: 6870: 6863:phonemes—dental 6749:Old Spanish form 6734: 6506:Old Spanish form 6491: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6346: 6279: 6275: 6272:The change from 6264: 6260: 6256: 6240: 6229: 6214: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6134:, often spelled 6106:, as well as in 6104:Balearic dialect 6093: 6089: 6082:, but the other 6073: 6064: 6042: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 5988: 5984: 5746: 5697:() produced the 5335: 5329:, respectively. 5328: 5320: 5312: 5289: 5285:-bb-, -dd-, -gg- 5282: 5275: 5155:, and later the 4572:Old Spanish form 4554: 4317: 4310:diphthongization 4303: 4299: 4293:diphthongization 4281:diphthongization 4205: 4111: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4066: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4039: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4010: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3983: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3908: 3900: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3832:and its learned 3562: 3527: 3516: 3508: 3500: 3487:orthographically 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3443: 3435: 3427: 3387:orthographically 3384: 3380: 3376: 3250: 3207:liar, leal, dedo 3193:preserved, e.g. 3185:Many forms with 3072: 3061: 3053: 3045: 3032:orthographically 3029: 3025: 3021: 2997: 2977: 2973: 2953: 2949: 2652: 2621:puesto, costura 2491: 2449:Internal history 2390:Andalusi Romance 2379:Andalusi Romance 2333: 2327: 2237:sources include 2122:Camilo José Cela 2098:Gabriela Mistral 2031:Occitan language 1999:Basque provinces 1987:Balearic Islands 1899:Cuban Revolution 1568:External history 1514:language contact 1412:subjunctive mood 1286: 1282: 1278: 1244: 1240: 1199: 1195: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1111: 1105: 1096: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1050: 1044: 1035: 1029: 1020: 1014: 1007: 989: 979: 973: 963: 957: 947: 941: 937: 929: 918: 908: 902: 896: 890: 881: 872: 863: 854: 844: 834: 817: 808: 798: 774: 760: 750: 739:closed syllables 735:diphthongization 702:, including the 666:(as well as the 605:is derived from 591: 587: 557: 550: 543: 268:Central American 81: 72: 62:Spanish language 58: 36: 21: 10157: 10156: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10120: 10089: 10068: 10052: 10036: 10020: 9992: 9954: 9938: 9907: 9881: 9865: 9835: 9814: 9788: 9722: 9701: 9645: 9624: 9556: 9547: 9513:Wayback Machine 9500: 9474: 9461: 9456: 9441: 9436: 9421: 9415: 9398: 9393: 9376: 9371: 9355: 9350: 9335: 9326: 9321: 9308: 9303: 9290: 9285: 9272: 9260: 9251: 9242: 9233: 9230: 9225: 9217: 9213: 9205: 9201: 9193: 9189: 9182: 9178: 9170: 9166: 9158: 9154: 9147: 9143: 9135: 9131: 9123: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9087: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9051: 9047: 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9022:on 22 June 2013 9019: 8996: 8991: 8990: 8981: 8973: 8969: 8963:Wayback Machine 8944: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8920: 8916: 8908: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8884: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8860: 8856: 8848: 8844: 8836: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8812: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8788: 8784: 8776: 8772: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8717: 8713: 8683:accusative-case 8680: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8608: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8584: 8580: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8548: 8546: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8524: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8472: 8468: 8463:Erichsen (2018) 8461: 8457: 8451:Corominas (1973 8449: 8445: 8437: 8433: 8425: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8331: 8327: 8319: 8315: 8307: 8303: 8295: 8291: 8283: 8279: 8271: 8267: 8259: 8255: 8247: 8243: 8235: 8228: 8220: 8216: 8208: 8204: 8196: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8172: 8168: 8160: 8156: 8147: 8145: 8143:Language Throne 8137: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8041: 7888:phonemic merger 7874:(from the verb 7852: 7846: 7725:" (cf. Italian 7573:, iris", Latin 7563:(bird)", Latin 7389:, from Italian 7090: 6857: 6851: 6726: 6688: 6667: 6628: 6607: 6568: 6547: 6438: 6382:(both "iron"), 6378:(regional) and 6245:was written as 6162: 6156: 5979: 5973: 5712:). (The forms 5655: 5296:phonemic merger 4947: 4930: 4913: 4866: 4845: 4824: 4803: 4494: 4276: 4181: 4091: 4078: 4067: 4059: 4051: 4049:/aˈθeɾ/,/aˈseɾ/ 4040: 4032: 4022: 4011: 4003: 3998:/ˈdiθe/,/ˈdise/ 3995: 3984: 3976: 3975:To say, to tell 3801: 3768: 3728: 3691: 3639: 3606: 3413:, resulting in 3360: 2970:), while Latin 2924: 2475: 2451: 2439:Classical Latin 2375:Andalusi Arabic 2367:Arabic language 2144: 2138: 2051: 1971: 1947: 1935: 1916: 1746: 1688:standardization 1652:Fernán González 1639:) and medieval 1629:Andalusi Arabic 1607: 1570: 1443:clitic doubling 1263:hypercorrection 1235:phonemic merger 1171:vs. Portuguese 858:debuccalization 787:velar fricative 761:vs. Portuguese 712: 615:Hispano-Romance 599: 598: 597: 561: 491:Roquetas Pidgin 213:irregular verbs 83: 52: 50: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10155: 10153: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10129: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10097: 10095: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10011: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9974: 9973: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9889: 9887: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9873: 9871: 9870:Other European 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9833: 9828: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9796: 9794: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9730: 9728: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9715: 9709: 9707: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9659: 9653: 9651: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9632: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9571: 9569: 9562: 9558: 9557: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9538: 9531: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9503: 9495: 9487: 9481: 9473: 9472:External links 9470: 9469: 9468: 9459: 9454: 9439: 9434: 9419: 9413: 9396: 9391: 9374: 9369: 9353: 9348: 9333: 9324: 9319: 9306: 9301: 9288: 9283: 9270: 9258: 9249: 9240: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9223: 9211: 9199: 9187: 9176: 9164: 9152: 9149:Hammond (2001) 9141: 9129: 9117: 9105: 9093: 9081: 9069: 9057: 9045: 9033: 9003:(in Spanish). 8979: 8967: 8938: 8926: 8914: 8902: 8890: 8878: 8866: 8854: 8842: 8830: 8818: 8806: 8794: 8782: 8770: 8759: 8747: 8735: 8723: 8711: 8674: 8662: 8650: 8638: 8626: 8614: 8602: 8590: 8578: 8555: 8529: 8522: 8502: 8490: 8478: 8466: 8455: 8443: 8431: 8419: 8407: 8393: 8363: 8337: 8325: 8313: 8301: 8289: 8277: 8265: 8253: 8241: 8226: 8214: 8202: 8190: 8178: 8166: 8154: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8110:Middle Spanish 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8040: 8037: 7848:Main article: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7832:tiniebla(s), " 7830: 7824: 7814: 7800: 7786: 7771: 7761: 7750: 7746:", Late Latin 7740: 7730: 7696: 7689: 7675: 7664: 7654: 7637: 7627: 7612: 7602: 7587: 7577: 7567: 7557: 7543: 7533: 7523: 7501: 7487: 7474:", from Latin 7468: 7457: 7438: 7428: 7424:", Old French 7418: 7408: 7393: 7379: 7373: 7366: 7356: 7345: 7330: 7324:electric shock 7316: 7305: 7291: 7281: 7251: 7241: 7234: 7224: 7212: 7202: 7192: 7177: 7159: 7142: 7089: 7086: 6906:counterparts: 6853:Main article: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6805: 6802: 6768: 6758: 6757: 6754:Modern Spanish 6751: 6746: 6740: 6725: 6719: 6706: 6705: 6645: 6585: 6525: 6515: 6514: 6511:Modern Spanish 6508: 6503: 6497: 6370:(learned) and 6155: 6144: 6128:bibere, vīvere 5985:and a phoneme 5972: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5954: 5943: 5932: 5922: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5890: 5889: 5878: 5867: 5856: 5844: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5812: 5811: 5800: 5789: 5778: 5768: 5767: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5682:) yielded the 5654: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5620: 5593: 5583: 5582: 5547: 5512: 5502: 5501: 5478: 5455: 5445: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5420: 5419: 5404: 5389: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5354: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5193:con respecto a 5135: 5134: 5123: 5112: 5101: 5090: 5080: 5079: 5068: 5057: 5046: 5035: 5025: 5024: 5009: 4994: 4979: 4964: 4954: 4953: 4936: 4919: 4902: 4887: 4877: 4876: 4855: 4834: 4813: 4792: 4782: 4781: 4762: 4747: 4732: 4717: 4703: 4702: 4671: 4644: 4617: 4590: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4566: 4560: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4475: 4464: 4453: 4442: 4431: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4402: 4391: 4380: 4370: 4359: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4321:Syllable shape 4289:open syllables 4275: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4072: 4061: 4056: 4045: 4034: 4031:To do, to make 4028: 4027: 4016: 4005: 4000: 3989: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3940: 3846:produced both 3828:produced both 3820: 3819: 3786: 3753: 3743: 3742: 3705: 3668: 3658: 3657: 3624: 3591: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3558:spirantization 3411:spirantization 3399:spirantization 3359: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3333: 3314: 3307: 3306: 3291: 3276: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3195:ligar, legal, 3181: 3180: 3177: 3154: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3116: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3078: 2923: 2920: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2500:Spanish words 2498: 2495: 2474: 2471: 2467:deponent verbs 2450: 2447: 2417:Spanish Empire 2320:Modern English 2140:Main article: 2137: 2134: 2090:José Echegaray 2055:United Nations 2050: 2047: 1970: 1967: 1946: 1945:In the Pacific 1943: 1939:Judaeo-Spanish 1934: 1933:Judaeo-Spanish 1931: 1927:Western Sahara 1915: 1912: 1895:Miami, Florida 1745: 1742: 1712:Queen Isabella 1641:Judaeo-Spanish 1606: 1603: 1569: 1566: 1431:direct objects 1374:classes (e.g. 1344: 1343: 1273:spirantization 1270: 1231: 1190:palatalization 1179: 1178: 1073: 1009: 924: 855: 776: 711: 708: 704:United Nations 680:Spanish Empire 668:Canary Islands 592:⟩, see 568: 567: 566: 563: 562: 560: 559: 552: 545: 537: 534: 533: 532: 531: 526: 521: 513: 512: 506: 505: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 466:Judaeo-Spanish 463: 458: 450: 449: 447:Interlanguages 443: 442: 441: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 412: 411: 405: 404: 403: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 366: 365: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 227: 226: 220: 219: 218: 217: 216: 215: 210: 200: 195: 190: 189: 188: 183: 173: 172: 171: 161: 153: 152: 146: 145: 144: 143: 138: 133: 125: 124: 118: 117: 116: 115: 110: 105: 104: 103: 90: 89: 85: 84: 82:, 13th century 73: 65: 64: 54: 53: 39: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10154: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10023: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9957: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943:Austroasiatic 9941: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9704: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9563: 9561:Indo-European 9559: 9555: 9551: 9544: 9539: 9537: 9532: 9530: 9525: 9524: 9521: 9514: 9510: 9507: 9504: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9460: 9457: 9455:0-520-01193-7 9451: 9447: 9446: 9440: 9437: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9420: 9416: 9414:0-521-78045-4 9410: 9405: 9404: 9397: 9394: 9392:0-06-621086-0 9388: 9383: 9382: 9375: 9372: 9370:84-00-03462-7 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9349:0-87169-173-6 9345: 9341: 9340: 9334: 9330: 9325: 9322: 9320:1-58977-014-5 9316: 9312: 9307: 9304: 9302:84-249-0072-3 9298: 9294: 9289: 9286: 9284:1-57473-018-5 9280: 9276: 9271: 9268: 9264: 9259: 9255: 9250: 9246: 9241: 9237: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9153: 9150: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9133: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9109: 9106: 9102: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9073: 9070: 9066: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9041:Lathrop (2003 9037: 9034: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8930: 8927: 8924::253 and 347) 8923: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8910:Lathrop (2003 8906: 8903: 8899: 8894: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8870: 8867: 8863: 8862:Lathrop (2003 8858: 8855: 8851: 8846: 8843: 8839: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8822: 8819: 8815: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8778:Cravens (2002 8774: 8771: 8768: 8763: 8760: 8756: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8743:Lathrop (2003 8739: 8736: 8732: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8719:Lathrop (2003 8715: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8663: 8659: 8654: 8651: 8647: 8646:Lathrop (2003 8642: 8639: 8635: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8618: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8594: 8591: 8587: 8582: 8579: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8556: 8545:on 2022-08-30 8544: 8540: 8533: 8530: 8525: 8519: 8515: 8514: 8506: 8503: 8499: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8482: 8479: 8475: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8411: 8408: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8364: 8351: 8350:Rosetta Stone 8347: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8326: 8322: 8317: 8314: 8310: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8179: 8175: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8158: 8155: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8131: 8125: 8121: 8120:Rafael Lapesa 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8024: 8019:and original 8016: 8008: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7967: 7961: 7953: 7947: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7911:Astur-Leonese 7908: 7904: 7900: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7859: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7742:regaliz(a), " 7741: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7716: 7715:Ancient Greek 7713:"carat" < 7712: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7559:golondrina, " 7558: 7556: 7553:, cf. French 7552: 7548: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7514:, from Latin 7513: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7478:(cf. Italian 7477: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7401:Christopherus 7399:, from Latin 7398: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7283:blandir, "to 7282: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7168: 7167:Ancient Greek 7164: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7123:, from Latin 7122: 7110: 7106: 7095: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7062: 7060: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7031: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7012: 7011:both sounds. 7010: 7006: 7002: 6990: 6982: 6981:apicoalveolar 6978: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6919: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6884: 6876: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6848: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6729: 6724: 6721:Silent Latin 6720: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6486: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6323:element of a 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6270: 6268: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6207: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6068: 6062: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5978: 5970: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701:(which could 5700: 5699:palatal glide 5696: 5693: 5690:), while the 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5652: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5281:/p,t,k,b,d,g/ 5279: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5163:works in the 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568:Learned form 4567: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4273: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4160:beso, premio 4159: 4156: 4154:/a, ɛ/ → /e/ 4153: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4089:Vowel raising 4088: 4073: 4062: 4057: 4054:/ˈaθe/,/ˈase/ 4046: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4017: 4006: 4002:I say, I tell 4001: 3990: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3901:is voiced to 3896: 3892: 3888: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3540:> Spanish 3539: 3535: 3532:> Spanish 3531: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3433: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3043: 3037: 3033: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2969: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2761:m_c, m_n, m_t 2759: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2738:once, vengar 2737: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2698:c_m, c_p, c_t 2696: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2554:yermo, verde 2553: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336:septentrional 2332: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2273:Ancient Greek 2269: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2154:, first from 2153: 2149: 2143: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1959:Easter Island 1956: 1952: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1840:Puerto Ricans 1837: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1574: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1253:and the verb 1252: 1250: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1131: 1125: 1119: 1117: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1095: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1056: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1034: 1028: 1026: 1019: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 986: 978: 972: 970: 962: 956: 954: 946: 933: 925: 922: 917: 912: 907: 901: 895: 889: 887: 880: 878: 871: 869: 859: 856: 853: 851: 843: 841: 833: 831: 825: 821: 816: 814: 807: 805: 797: 795: 788: 784: 780: 777: 773: 771: 767: 759: 757: 749: 747: 740: 736: 733: 732: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 709: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 595: 583: 579: 577: 573: 558: 553: 551: 546: 544: 539: 538: 536: 535: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 516: 515: 514: 511: 507: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 452: 451: 448: 444: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 414: 413: 410: 406: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 364: 361: 360: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 303:Equatoguinean 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 230: 229: 228: 225: 221: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 170: 167: 166: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 151: 147: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 128: 127: 126: 123: 119: 114: 111: 109: 106: 102: 99: 98: 97: 96:Pronunciation 94: 93: 92: 91: 86: 80: 79: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 37: 32: 27: 19: 9997:Sino–Tibetan 9959:Austronesian 9793:Indo-Iranian 9696: 9501:(in Spanish) 9490: 9463: 9444: 9424: 9402: 9380: 9360: 9338: 9328: 9310: 9292: 9274: 9266: 9253: 9244: 9235: 9219:Lipski (1994 9214: 9207:Lapesa (1981 9202: 9190: 9179: 9167: 9155: 9144: 9132: 9120: 9108: 9101:Lapesa (1981 9096: 9089:Penny (2000) 9084: 9077:Penny (2000) 9072: 9060: 9048: 9036: 9024:. Retrieved 9017:the original 9004: 9000: 8970: 8941: 8929: 8917: 8905: 8898:Lapesa (1981 8893: 8881: 8869: 8857: 8845: 8833: 8821: 8809: 8797: 8785: 8773: 8767:Walsh (1991) 8762: 8750: 8738: 8726: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8581: 8571: 8558: 8547:. Retrieved 8543:the original 8532: 8512: 8505: 8493: 8481: 8469: 8458: 8446: 8439:Lapesa (1981 8434: 8422: 8415:Ostler (2005 8410: 8398:. Retrieved 8376: 8366: 8354:. Retrieved 8349: 8340: 8333:Lapesa (1981 8328: 8321:Lapesa (1981 8316: 8309:Lapesa (1981 8304: 8292: 8285:Lapesa (1981 8280: 8268: 8261:Ostler (2005 8256: 8244: 8217: 8205: 8193: 8181: 8169: 8157: 8146:. Retrieved 8142: 8133: 8115:Vulgar Latin 7946:rehilamiento 7945: 7943: 7930: 7902: 7896: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7853: 7837: 7827: 7821: 7811: 7810:< Celtic 7807: 7797: 7782: 7778: 7768: 7757: 7747: 7737: 7726: 7710: 7692: 7686: 7683:conversation 7671: 7661: 7651: 7647: 7634: 7623: 7619: 7609: 7594: 7589:miércoles, " 7584: 7574: 7564: 7554: 7550: 7545:guirnalda, " 7540: 7539:", Germanic 7530: 7515: 7511: 7498: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7452:(cf. French 7449: 7435: 7425: 7415: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7369: 7363: 7352: 7341: 7333: 7327: 7312: 7302: 7288: 7277: 7273: 7270:lapis lazuli 7265: 7248: 7231: 7219: 7209: 7199: 7188: 7173: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7124: 7120: 7108: 7104: 7091: 7063: 7056: 7016:laminodental 7013: 6989:laminodental 6959: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6858: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6727: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347:regionally ( 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6298: 6271: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6151: 6147: 6139: 6135: 6127: 6124:beber, vivir 6123: 6119: 6118:"to drink", 6115: 6112: 5980: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5694: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5656: 5653:Vocalization 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5433: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5209: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4727:iōnem, perfe 4724: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4508:in previous 4495: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4423: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4351: 4277: 4200: 4195:Examples of 4188: 4184: 4182: 4177: 4105:Examples of 4098: 4094: 4092: 4060:May it make 4058:I do, I make 4004:May it tell 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3890: 3886: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3584: 3552:Examples of 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3456: 3366:, the Latin 3361: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3101: 3094: 3066:Examples of 3009: 3007: 3001: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2965: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873:cāre, portat 2870: 2864: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2749: 2743: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2655:Environment 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2594: 2588: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2497:Latin words 2494:Environment 2476: 2459:vowel length 2455:Vulgar Latin 2452: 2432: 2429: 2414: 2387: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2299: 2284:phonological 2277: 2270: 2266:labiodentals 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249:"hive", and 2246: 2242: 2238: 2216: 2210: 2202: 2200: 2145: 2110:Pablo Neruda 2083: 2061:(along with 2052: 1972: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1917: 1866: 1848: 1829: 1823: 1813: 1769: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1723: 1720: 1705: 1700: 1685: 1676: 1662: 1660: 1650:—among them 1647: 1645: 1622: 1615:spoken Latin 1611:Roman Empire 1608: 1579: 1554: 1540:, Germanic ( 1511: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1470: 1466: 1450: 1446: 1434: 1424: 1407: 1403: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1256: 1254: 1248: 1246: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1180: 1115: 1100: 1054: 1039: 1024: 1002: 998: 994: 984: 968: 952: 932:Vulgar Latin 920: 891:(from Latin 885: 876: 867: 849: 839: 829: 812: 803: 793: 769: 765: 755: 745: 713: 657: 635: 607:spoken Latin 600: 588:and ⟨ 570: 409:Dialectology 370:Puerto Rican 198:Prepositions 121: 26: 10111:Interlingue 10106:Interlingua 10094:constructed 10009:Gan Chinese 9886:Afroasiatic 9195:Penny (2002 9172:Penny (2002 9160:Lloyd (1987 9137:Penny (2002 9125:Lloyd (1987 9113:Penny (2002 9065:Penny (2002 9053:Lloyd (1987 9026:20 November 8975:Lloyd (1987 8936::61 and 78) 8934:Penny (2002 8922:Lloyd (1987 8912::85 and 94) 8886:Penny (2002 8874:Lloyd (1987 8850:Penny (2002 8838:Penny (2002 8826:Penny (2002 8814:Penny (2002 8802:Penny (2002 8790:Penny (2002 8755:Penny (2002 8731:Lloyd (1987 8670:Penny (2002 8658:Lloyd (1987 8634:Penny (2002 8622:Penny (2002 8610:Penny (2002 8598:Penny (2002 8586:Penny (2002 8498:Penny (2002 8486:Penny (2002 8474:Penny (2002 8427:Penny (2002 8297:Penny (2002 8273:Penny (2002 8249:Penny (2002 8222:Penny (2002 8210:Penny (2002 8198:Penny (2002 8186:Penny (2002 8174:Penny (2002 8162:Penny (2002 7964:or even an 7781:from Greek 7626:, "balance" 7470:estrella, " 7434:", Italian 7405:proper name 7397:Christoffer 7358:cilantro, " 7338:proper name 7318:calambre, " 7214:altramuz, " 7191:, "animals" 7183:", almaje " 7144:albedrío, " 7020:interdental 6955:Old Spanish 6889:Old Spanish 6797:ospitālem, 6451:Extremadura 6282:Old Castile 6206:labiodental 6150:to Spanish 6120:bivir/vivir 6067:neutralized 6049:Old Spanish 6045:labiodental 6005:labiodental 5688:round vowel 5542:RIBUERE, RA 5294:, inducing 5169:Renaissance 5165:Middle Ages 5149:competition 5145:Old Spanish 4974:itātem, alū 4518:Old Spanish 4337:Portuguese 4203:in Spanish 4176:Apocope of 4109:in Spanish 3942:Forms with 3931:Forms with 3867:front vowel 3560:in Spanish 3324:ustus, plā 3211:Old Spanish 3070:in Spanish 2819:tālem, comp 2798:tāte, cumin 2769:ceolum, hom 2650:in Spanish 2489:in Spanish 2463:case system 2441:, but also 2325:septentrion 2227:Reconquista 2223:place names 2194:, and from 2168:Celtiberian 2158:(including 2126:Octavio Paz 1961:along with 1951:Pacific War 1893:arrived in 1875:Californios 1816:Puerto Rico 1776:Puerto Rico 1667:located in 1648:Reconquista 1624:Reconquista 1587:Old Spanish 1530:Celtiberian 1489:, to rain; 1483:noun phrase 1479:verb phrase 1455:noun phrase 824:interdental 672:Mexico City 375:Rioplatense 328:New Mexican 283:Costa Rican 208:conjugation 159:Determiners 108:Orthography 10142:Sound laws 10131:Categories 9950:Vietnamese 9800:Hindustani 9768:in Ukraine 9754:Macedonian 9734:Belarusian 9718:Lithuanian 9687:Portuguese 8687:nominative 8549:2020-11-17 8523:0719007887 8239:, §§90-91. 8148:2023-03-19 8126:References 7890:is called 7816:temblar, " 7802:taladro, " 7767:", France 7760:, "strong" 7748:liquiritia 7736:", French 7732:recluta, " 7723:carob seed 7698:quilate, " 7677:plática, " 7666:peligro, " 7656:palabra, " 7604:milagro, " 7529:", French 7525:franela, " 7497:", French 7440:espuela, " 7430:escolta, " 7414:", French 7410:cuartel, " 7391:colonnello 7385:", French 7381:coronel, " 7364:coriandrum 7351:", French 7347:chaflán, " 7326:", French 7287:", French 7236:Argelia, " 7204:alondra, " 7179:alimaña, " 7161:algalia, " 7026:to become 6946:⟩, called 6738:Consonants 6538:aciendam, 6495:Consonants 6457:, part of 6420:satisfecho 6412:satisfacer 6284:, eastern 6158:See also: 6003:, usually 5975:See also: 5784:tistam, ca 5703:palatalize 5615:URRERE, BU 5473:ORTĀRE, SU 5303:fricatives 5288:/bː,dː,gː/ 4897:īficum, si 4776:ión, perfe 4757:ión, perfe 4742:ión, perfe 4608:um, dīstrī 4506:consonants 4163:/ɔ/ → /o/ 4143:/o/ → /u/ 4134:/e/ → /i/ 3982:/ˈdiːkere/ 3895:back vowel 3597:erīre, coo 3566:Consonants 3458:Sprachbund 3418:fricatives 2844:cāre, rass 2823:tāre, hosp 2755:averiguar 2710:ptōre, rec 2633:sōlitārium 2340:meridional 2218:Echeverría 2172:Gallaecian 2136:Influences 1859:New Mexico 1851:California 1730:dictionary 1534:Gallaecian 1507:word order 1420:past-tense 1392:morphology 1066:, Catalan 724:Portuguese 634:(who used 611:Al-Andalus 400:Venezuelan 385:Salvadoran 358:Philippine 348:Peninsular 343:Panamanian 333:Nicaraguan 308:Guatemalan 298:Ecuadorian 233:Andalusian 193:Adjectives 141:Influences 10101:Esperanto 10057:Iroquoian 9983:Sundanese 9924:Malayalam 9912:Dravidian 9861:Hungarian 9784:Ukrainian 9744:Bulgarian 9605:Norwegian 9600:Icelandic 9575:Afrikaans 9550:Histories 9359:(1982) , 9267:ThoughtCo 9209::565–566) 9162::344–347) 9127::328–344) 9055::212–223) 9013:0212-0534 9007:: 33–40. 8733::232–237) 8636::277–279) 8624::275–277) 8612::281–284) 8500::260–262) 8441::524–534) 8417::335–347) 8335::419–420) 8323::288–290) 8311::235–248) 8263::331–334) 7997:Argentina 7981:sociolect 7966:affricate 7941:phoneme. 7919:Aragonese 7878:) as for 7836:", Latin 7822:tremulāre 7806:", Latin 7796:", Latin 7777:", Latin 7756:", Latin 7744:liquorice 7685:", Latin 7672:periculum 7670:", Latin 7660:", Latin 7618:", Latin 7610:miraculum 7608:", Latin 7593:", Latin 7591:Wednesday 7583:", Latin 7579:mármol, " 7555:guirlande 7551:guirlanda 7535:frasco, " 7509:Provençal 7503:fraile, " 7482:, French 7420:dintel, " 7362:", Latin 7360:coriander 7353:chanfrein 7334:Catharina 7311:", Latin 7307:cárcel, " 7301:", Latin 7276:, French 7240:(nation)" 7230:", Latin 7221:at-tarmūs 7208:", Latin 7198:", Latin 7187:", Latin 7185:livestock 7176:, "tools" 7150:arbitrium 7109:miraculum 7084:region). 7082:Caribbean 7059:New World 7024:sibilance 7005:Andalusia 6973:fricative 6967:lost its 6962:affricate 6904:voiceless 6838:ospital, 6793:onorāre, 6732:Examples 6658:acienda, 6598:azienda, 6572:ōrmōsum, 6530:abulāri, 6459:Cantabria 6455:Salamanca 6447:Andalusia 6428:fechorías 6424:malhechor 6354:'smoke', 6327:), as in 6325:diphthong 6267:loanwords 6243:Forticius 6230:and then 6217:lenitions 6198:/orˈmiɡa/ 6176:'smoke', 6108:Algherese 6100:Valencian 6056:fricative 6033:fortified 6009:fricative 5806:tista, ca 5710:affricate 5662:, became 5642:urrir, bo 5577:rever, ra 5538:RAHERE, A 5534:ENDĒRE, A 5496:ortar, su 5339:Consonant 5177:idiomatic 5096:us, distī 5019:idad, alu 5004:idad, alu 4989:idad, alu 4723:iōnem, le 4693:o, distri 4662:o, distri 4635:o, distri 4600:um, respe 4596:um, perfe 4510:centuries 4498:Alfonso X 4228:mercēdem 4222:parietem 4038:/ˈfakere/ 4014:/ˈdiːkat/ 4009:/ˈdiːkoː/ 3987:/ˈdiːkit/ 3857:The verb 3601:erīre, lu 3446:substrate 3368:voiceless 3343:osto, lla 3254:Consonant 3203:Latinisms 3160:itāre, di 3138:e, quō mo 3076:Consonant 2928:voiceless 2908:vindicāre 2877:cum, trīt 2852:num, frax 2731:cim, vind 2629:Solitario 2614:tum, cons 2518:rum, litt 2514:rīre, hum 2421:New World 2352:occidente 2221:. Basque 2205:izquierda 2152:loanwords 2053:When the 2035:Aragonese 2025:—such as 1983:Catalonia 1804:Venezuela 1780:Argentina 1633:Mozarabic 1582:Castilian 1522:loanwords 1520:contains 1499:anochecer 1408:il a lavé 1396:synthetic 1124:ienuārius 977:coag'lare 783:sibilants 779:devoicing 636:Castilian 627:Mozarabic 519:Hispanism 476:Spanglish 395:Uruguayan 293:Dominican 278:Colombian 263:Caribbean 243:Argentine 10064:Cherokee 10041:Koreanic 10032:Japanese 9971:Filipino 9851:Estonian 9826:Albanian 9692:Romanian 9672:Galician 9568:Germanic 9509:Archived 8959:Archived 8707:litteram 8164::17–290) 8039:See also 8011:of both 7907:Galician 7838:tenebrae 7834:darkness 7820:, Latin 7818:tremble" 7812:tarātron 7808:tarātrum 7788:surco, " 7763:sable, " 7752:roble, " 7719:κεράτιον 7687:practica 7662:parabola 7650:, Latin 7639:papel, " 7620:libellum 7614:nivel, " 7595:Mercuri 7569:lirio, " 7531:flanelle 7489:flete, " 7465:stercor- 7416:quartier 7342:Catarina 7293:bolsa, " 7285:brandish 7266:lāzaward 7247:, Latin 7243:azufre, 7226:árbol, " 7210:alaudula 7189:animalĭa 7174:ergaleía 7171:ἐργαλεία 7163:catheter 7155:arbitrio 7131:ancla, " 6861:sibilant 6789:ominem, 6773:abēbat, 6711:Fabulāri 6692:ermoso, 6632:ormoso, 6559:īcatum, 6555:ēminam, 6551:arīnam, 6546:aminem, 6467:Asturias 6384:fastidio 6372:Hernando 6368:Fernando 6366:such as 6364:doublets 6349:Asturian 6286:Asturian 6221:bilabial 6202:/ˈiɡado/ 6170:grapheme 6080:Galician 6053:bilabial 5994:bilabial 5977:Betacism 5971:Betacism 5611:ŪSĀRE, O 5569:ender, a 5403:ICTIŌNEM 5399:ICTUS, A 5185:afección 5173:archaism 5161:literary 5129:o, disti 5118:o, disti 5107:o, disti 4970:am, sole 4681:o, respe 4677:o, perfe 4654:o, respe 4650:o, perfe 4627:o, respe 4623:o, perfe 4604:um, aspe 4544:-, and - 4514:academic 4340:Catalan 4334:Italian 4328:Spanish 4308:Spanish 4250:fidēlem 4217:Spanish 4211:Spanish 4185:parietem 4146:lucta * 4129:Spanish 4120:Spanish 4070:/ˈfakat/ 4065:/ˈfakoː/ 4043:/ˈfakit/ 3970:Spanish 3964:English 3961:Spanish 3955:English 3826:superāre 3810:rado , a 3777:rātum, a 3733:o , esta 3678:em, cubi 3644:ra , pue 3634:rir , lo 3630:rir , cu 3615:ulum, ca 3611:eram, po 3524:such as 3491:lenition 3391:lenition 3164:itum, le 3036:lenition 3016:Betacism 2946:. Latin 2900:vindicar 2881:cum, ret 2865:t_c, t_n 2848:cāre, as 2836:s_c, s_n 2794:cum, bon 2786:n_c, n_t 2773:nem, com 2706:mum, acc 2685:tam, dūb 2681:tum, dēb 2600:soltero 2576:lam, pop 2572:lam, ins 2568:lam, fab 2547:mum, vir 2526:ram, hon 2383:Mozarabs 2356:poniente 2331:meridion 2245:"cart", 2241:"road", 2039:Asturian 2007:Galician 1997:for the 1991:Valencia 1908:Hispanic 1879:Chicanos 1867:criollos 1808:European 1792:Colombia 1765:Mestizos 1760:criollos 1758:Spanish 1754:Americas 1716:Columbus 1673:La Rioja 1495:amanecer 1463:Romanian 1425:Spanish 1400:analytic 1162:genuclum 942:, e.g., 894:fabulare 820:dialects 664:Americas 586:/ / 582:Help:IPA 510:Teaching 481:Castrapo 471:Portuñol 390:Standard 353:Peruvian 338:Paraguay 313:Honduran 258:Canarian 253:Bolivian 248:Belizean 224:Dialects 181:personal 176:Pronouns 88:Overview 10085:Turkish 10025:Japonic 10004:Chinese 9988:Cebuano 9966:Tagalog 9919:Kannada 9898:Aramaic 9856:Finnish 9810:Persian 9779:Slovene 9764:Russian 9739:Bosnian 9713:Latvian 9697:Spanish 9677:Italian 9657:Catalan 9620:Yiddish 9615:Swedish 9590:English 9552:of the 9228:Sources 9197::25–26) 9139::86–90) 9043::78–79) 8864::61–63) 8780::17–27) 8757::67–71) 8745::82–85) 8721::85–87) 8709:, etc.) 8703:humerum 8695:littera 8691:humerus 8689:forms ( 8672::50–51) 8488::91–92) 8429::21–24) 8299::15–16) 8251::11–15) 8212::22–26) 8200::20–21) 8188::19–20) 8176::19–22) 8001:Uruguay 7977:dialect 7927:Catalan 7923:Occitan 7886:). The 7828:temperō 7773:silo, " 7738:recrute 7734:recruit 7693:cremare 7652:papyrus 7645:Catalan 7629:olor, " 7606:miracle 7599:Mercury 7565:hirundo 7561:swallow 7547:garland 7527:flannel 7520:brother 7491:freight 7461:stercus 7412:quarter 7387:colonel 7383:colonel 7377:corsier 7349:chamfer 7289:brandir 7253:azul, " 7249:sulphur 7238:Algeria 7194:alma, " 7119:(as in 7105:milagro 7094:liquids 6950:cedilla 6930:(as in 6887:(as in 6830:onrar, 6826:ombre, 6801:umerum 6777:abēre, 6764:→ ∅ → 6679:ígado, 6675:embra, 6671:arina, 6666:ambre, 6650:ablar, 6619:ígado, 6615:embra, 6611:arina, 6606:ambre, 6590:ablar, 6580:ungum, 6563:īlium, 6542:actum, 6534:acere, 6358:'ant', 6356:formiga 6251:Hortiço 6232:glottal 6188:, with 6180:'ant', 6178:hormiga 6154:to null 6140:Corduba 6136:Cordova 6132:Córdoba 6096:Catalan 6078:and in 5862:itum, d 5764:Spanish 5749:Change 5707:palatal 5684:rounded 5668:Labials 5660:syncope 5638:usar, o 5630:ar, se 5603:ĀRE, SI 5573:raer, a 5530:ERAM, A 5526:UOR, LI 5522:AM, QUA 5418:icción 5414:icto, a 5350:Spanish 5290:remain 5252:pectiva 5189:respeto 5181:afición 5041:um, exe 5015:a, sole 5000:a, sole 4985:a, sole 4952:ificar 4946:ífico, 4929:ífigo, 4912:ífico, 4901:īficāre 4861:ar, bau 4840:ar, bau 4802:ismum, 4798:āre, ba 4772:ión, le 4768:ión/afe 4753:ión, li 4738:ión, le 4689:o, aspe 4685:o/respe 4658:o, aspe 4631:o, aspe 4354:tram, f 4331:French 4256:mēnsem 4231:merced 4197:apocope 4166:octō * 4123:Change 4114:Change 4107:raising 4036:facere 4025:/ˈdiɡa/ 4020:/ˈdiɡo/ 3980:dīcere 3937:/θ/,/s/ 3891:decimos 3837:superar 3834:doublet 3814:ua , lo 3806:ar , sa 3796:o , lue 3773:āre, sa 3737:o , pie 3696:um, stā 3652:ra , so 3648:lo , ca 3619:ram, su 3577:Spanish 3554:voicing 3544:, not * 3528:(Latin 3407:voicing 3403:elision 3395:voicing 3393:, from 3335:espárra 3265:Spanish 3199:, crudo 3172:āre, lē 3168:ere, li 3134:ēre, pe 3126:ēre, ho 3122:ere, vi 3107:vendía 3087:Spanish 3068:elision 2974:became 2944:elision 2922:Elision 2748:advērif 2665:Spanish 2648:syncope 2637:soltero 2522:ram, op 2487:syncope 2478:Syncope 2473:Syncope 2419:in the 2406:Occitan 2398:Catalan 2348:levante 2344:oriente 2288:lexicon 2251:cerveza 2247:colmena 2196:English 2190:, from 2182:, from 2178:, from 2164:Iberian 2075:Russian 2067:English 2063:Chinese 2043:Leonese 2027:Aranese 2011:Galicia 2003:Navarre 1979:Catalan 1871:Tejanos 1855:Arizona 1836:English 1831:mestizo 1825:mulatto 1784:Uruguay 1744:America 1605:Origins 1595:English 1538:Iberian 1518:lexicon 1465:, with 1437:", see 1422:forms. 1416:present 1137:iectāre 1033:clamare 1018:plorare 728:Catalan 684:Seville 603:Spanish 574:in the 486:Creoles 456:Llanito 380:Saharan 323:Murcian 318:Mexican 273:Chilean 150:Grammar 122:History 10073:Turkic 10048:Korean 9934:Telugu 9903:Hebrew 9893:Arabic 9877:Basque 9844:Uralic 9805:Nepali 9774:Slovak 9759:Polish 9727:Slavic 9706:Baltic 9666:Quebec 9662:French 9650:Italic 9629:Celtic 9595:German 9580:Danish 9452: 9432: 9411: 9389: 9367: 9346: 9317: 9299: 9281: 9011: 8574:: 705. 8520: 8400:2 June 8391: 8356:2 June 7983:(with 7931:yeísmo 7915:Basque 7903:yeísmo 7892:yeísmo 7884:hallar 7882:(from 7850:Yeísmo 7844:Yeísmo 7798:sulcus 7794:furrow 7790:groove 7727:carato 7704:Arabic 7668:danger 7585:marmor 7581:marble 7575:lilium 7541:flasko 7516:frater 7512:fraire 7484:étoile 7480:stella 7476:stella 7463:(stem 7454:éperon 7450:spaúra 7446:Gothic 7436:scorta 7432:escort 7426:lintel 7422:lintel 7370:cymula 7328:crampe 7313:carcer 7309:prison 7263:لازورد 7259:Arabic 7245:sulfur 7140:ancora 7133:anchor 7009:merged 6987:, and 6938:, and 6936:passar 6922:, and 6898:, and 6842:ombro 6834:ostal/ 6814:aber, 6810:abía, 6785:odiē, 6781:abuī, 6715:hablar 6700:ongo, 6662:echo, 6654:acer, 6640:ongo, 6602:eito, 6594:azer, 6576:ūmum, 6567:olia, 6388:hastío 6380:hierro 6376:fierro 6360:fégadu 6341:fuerte 6337:fiesta 6329:frente 6294:Basque 6290:Gascon 6288:, and 6247:Ortiço 6194:/ˈumo/ 6182:hígado 6146:Latin 6001:voiced 5999:and a 5991:voiced 5949:o, *no 5906:itātem 5788:itālem 5722:dubdar 5720:, and 5664:glides 5599:AM, PE 5561:ro, le 5557:a, cua 5518:UM, GU 5488:o, gua 5465:US, VA 5461:AM, CI 5443:ravar 5436:RAVARE 5395:ERE, A 5391:IN + A 5321:, and 5300:voiced 5292:voiced 5074:o, exe 5063:o, exe 5052:o, exe 4935:ifigar 4918:ificar 4893:um, ma 4865:ismo, 4844:ismo, 4823:ismo, 4819:ar, ba 4808:um, ra 4612:us, se 4481:sta, p 4470:sta, p 4459:sta, p 4437:sta, p 4426:sta, p 4418:Closed 4408:dra, f 4397:dra, f 4386:tra, f 4376:rre, f 4365:dra, f 4325:Latin 4264:pācem 4236:pānem 4225:pared 4214:Latin 4208:Latin 4149:lucha 4126:Latin 4117:Latin 4099:fuerza 4095:fortia 4081:/ˈaɡa/ 4076:/ˈaɡo/ 4047:hacer 4041:facit 4012:dīcat 3991:decir 3985:dīcit 3967:Latin 3958:Latin 3885:—thus 3844:lucrum 3842:Latin 3830:sobrar 3824:Latin 3792:o , la 3781:ua, lu 3763:um, lo 3759:um, la 3723:o , mu 3719:o , la 3700:us, pe 3686:um, mū 3682:um, la 3538:partem 3530:patrem 3509:, and 3481:, and 3469:, and 3453:Basque 3449:Celtic 3436:, and 3415:voiced 3381:, and 3286:um, mo 3282:us, va 3218:crūdus 3197:dígito 3130:ie, ca 3054:, and 3026:, and 2926:While 2916:vengar 2894:Words 2667:words 2661:words 2646:Later 2597:tārium 2485:Early 2404:, and 2402:French 2239:camino 2235:Celtic 2231:Basque 2212:García 2184:Arabic 2160:Basque 2128:, and 2079:Arabic 2073:, and 2071:French 2015:Franco 2005:, and 1995:Basque 1914:Africa 1904:Latino 1891:Cubans 1800:Panama 1796:Mexico 1696:Toledo 1656:El Cid 1619:Toledo 1599:French 1546:Arabic 1542:Gothic 1526:Basque 1503:syntax 1487:llover 1427:syntax 1406:, Fr. 1384:dicere 1376:facere 1358:, and 1283:, and 1168:hinojo 1149:gelāre 1109:gypsum 1048:flamma 1001:o, coa 945:filius 930:(from 921:huelha 911:Gascon 903:, and 845:, and 768:mpo, p 722:(e.g. 653:Madrid 648:Aragón 640:Toledo 619:Arabic 590: 461:Jopara 438:Loísmo 433:Leísmo 423:Yeísmo 363:status 238:Andean 186:object 169:gender 136:Middle 101:stress 10080:Azeri 9978:Malay 9929:Tamil 9831:Greek 9819:other 9749:Czech 9682:Latin 9641:Welsh 9636:Irish 9610:Scots 9585:Dutch 9221::170) 9103::163) 9020:(PDF) 8997:(PDF) 8977::239) 8900::390) 8876::122) 8660::113) 8588::271) 8568:(PDF) 8476::256) 8453::340) 8287::162) 8033:] 8029:[ 8009:] 8005:[ 7989:] 7985:[ 7973:] 7969:[ 7962:] 7958:[ 7880:halla 7876:haber 7804:drill 7783:siros 7779:sirus 7769:sabre 7765:sabre 7758:robur 7711:qīrāṭ 7708:قيراط 7700:carat 7648:paper 7641:paper 7631:smell 7624:libra 7616:level 7537:flask 7505:friar 7495:cargo 7320:cramp 7303:bursa 7299:purse 7278:azure 7274:azura 7232:arbor 7216:lupin 7200:anima 7137:Latin 7125:anima 7052:ceceo 7048:ceceo 7044:seseo 7036:/t͡s/ 7032:] 7028:[ 6997:/t͡s/ 6965:/t͡s/ 6940:baxar 6932:caçar 6892:fazer 6818:ube, 6756:word 6745:word 6743:Latin 6704:orca 6696:umo, 6687:oja, 6683:ijo, 6636:umo, 6627:oja, 6623:ijo, 6584:urcam 6513:word 6502:word 6500:Latin 6475:/x~h/ 6416:hecho 6408:hacer 6404:hondo 6400:fondo 6396:hondo 6392:fondo 6321:glide 6317:vowel 6313:feria 6305:falso 6301:forma 6239:] 6235:[ 6228:] 6224:[ 6213:] 6209:[ 6116:bever 6090:and 6063:] 6059:[ 5960:o, no 5938:ō, nō 5884:do, d 5873:do, d 5866:itāre 5795:), ca 5766:word 5755:word 5753:Latin 5738:noche 5730:noite 5728:and * 5718:cobdo 5714:debda 5692:velar 5626:a, pe 5607:US, A 5565:ra, a 5553:o, go 5500:oner 5492:o, so 5484:a, ce 5477:ŌNĒRE 5469:A, SU 5410:ir, a 5352:word 5346:word 5344:Latin 5327:] 5323:[ 5319:] 5315:[ 5311:] 5307:[ 5276:> 5244:truir 5236:tante 5228:tante 5220:talar 5212:mitir 5204:porte 5143:than 5141:Latin 4942:o, ma 4925:o, ma 4908:o, ma 4871:o, ra 4867:conce 4850:o, ra 4846:conce 4829:o, ra 4825:conce 4804:conce 4731:iōnem 4697:o, se 4666:o, se 4639:o, se 4565:form 4563:Latin 4448:te, p 4253:fiel 4242:mare 4189:pared 4169:ocho 4079:haga 4074:hago 4052:hace 4023:diga 4018:digo 4007:dīcō 3996:dice 3859:decir 3852:lucro 3848:logro 3727:ar , 3690:āre, 3656:rar 3623:erāre 3579:word 3573:word 3571:Latin 3546:parde 3542:parte 3534:padre 3515:] 3511:[ 3507:] 3503:[ 3499:] 3495:[ 3442:] 3438:[ 3434:] 3430:[ 3426:] 3422:[ 3371:stops 3347:a, ma 3328:a, ma 3320:us, a 3316:spara 3301:o, mo 3297:o, va 3267:word 3261:word 3259:Latin 3100:vendē 3089:word 3083:word 3081:Latin 3060:] 3056:[ 3052:] 3048:[ 3044:] 3040:[ 2986:> 2962:> 2840:quass 2827:tālem 2802:tiāre 2790:domin 2659:Latin 2618:tūram 2435:Latin 2363:Moors 2312:south 2304:north 2243:carro 2176:Greek 1969:Spain 1955:Chile 1863:Texas 1814:When 1788:Chile 1524:from 1491:nevar 1388:decir 1380:hacer 1309:umbre 1160:* 1155:helar 1143:echar 1135:* 1130:enero 1094:iaceō 961:oc'lu 906:folia 900:filum 870:ablar 578:(IPA) 428:Voseo 418:Seseo 288:Cuban 203:Verbs 164:Nouns 113:Names 9450:ISBN 9430:ISBN 9409:ISBN 9387:ISBN 9365:ISBN 9344:ISBN 9315:ISBN 9297:ISBN 9279:ISBN 9174::93) 9115::86) 9067::90) 9028:2022 9009:ISSN 8949:and 8888::44) 8852::58) 8840::58) 8828::58) 8816::49) 8804::50) 8792::47) 8648::10) 8518:ISBN 8402:2021 8389:ISBN 8358:2021 8275::15) 8224::23) 7999:and 7995:(of 7979:and 7925:and 7872:haya 7775:silo 7679:chat 7658:word 7635:odor 7601:'s " 7571:lily 7499:fret 7472:star 7442:spur 7255:blue 7228:tree 7206:lark 7196:soul 7181:pest 7146:will 7121:alma 7115:and 7099:and 6993:/s̪/ 6969:stop 6948:⟨c⟩ 6896:casa 6822:oy, 6644:orca 6481:and 6463:León 6449:and 6426:and 6394:and 6386:and 6352:fumu 6333:flor 6309:fama 6174:humo 6043:had 5997:stop 5989:: a 5920:dad 5888:dar 5828:itam 5810:dal 5736:and 5734:ocho 5726:oito 5634:o, a 5370:ĀTEM 5167:and 5011:colu 4996:colu 4981:colu 4966:colu 4794:acce 4780:ión 4734:affe 4719:affe 4592:effe 4540:-, - 4536:-, - 4532:-, - 4528:-, - 4524:-, - 4485:rta 4346:Open 4300:and 4267:paz 4259:mes 4245:mar 4239:pan 3923:-cir 3919:-cer 3915:diga 3911:digo 3887:dice 3818:ro 3800:o , 3767:um, 3741:ra 3729:escu 3715:, co 3670:cīvi 3638:o , 3605:um, 3556:and 3451:and 3409:and 3339:o, a 3243:and 3241:-oo, 3227:and 3214:cruo 3209:and 3189:and 3118:come 2914:and 2906:and 2898:and 2869:mast 2752:cāre 2735:cāre 2714:tāre 2564:acūc 2530:rāre 2377:and 2354:(or 2346:(or 2338:and 2328:and 2316:west 2314:and 2308:east 2255:iego 2215:and 2170:and 2084:The 2041:and 2029:(an 2009:for 2001:and 1989:and 1981:for 1861:and 1828:and 1802:and 1774:and 1772:Cuba 1763:and 1724:The 1597:and 1548:and 1532:and 1418:and 1404:lavó 1370:and 1241:and 1233:the 1225:cava 1210:caba 1196:and 1087:and 1042:amar 1027:orar 997:o, o 916:hilh 832:inco 815:ente 676:Lima 674:and 655:'s. 646:and 644:León 10116:Ido 8951:/v/ 8947:/b/ 8381:doi 7754:oak 7702:", 7643:", 7597:, " 7518:, " 7507:", 7444:", 7295:bag 7257:", 7165:", 7135:", 7117:/n/ 7113:/d/ 7101:/l/ 7097:/r/ 7074:/ʒ/ 7070:/ʃ/ 7066:/ʃ/ 7054:). 7040:/s/ 6985:/s/ 6910:t͡s 6900:ojo 6867:d͡z 6483:/ʒ/ 6479:/ʃ/ 6471:/h/ 6443:/h/ 6435:/h/ 6430:). 6345:/f/ 6278:/h/ 6276:to 6274:/f/ 6263:/f/ 6259:/h/ 6255:/f/ 6190:/f/ 6092:/v/ 6088:/b/ 6072:/b/ 6041:/v/ 6029:/b/ 6025:/v/ 6021:/p/ 6017:/b/ 6013:/b/ 5987:/v/ 5983:/b/ 5913:dad 5877:dar 5855:→ Ø 5847:(u) 5842:da 5799:dal 5666:. 5406:aña 5377:ad 5208:tra 5200:tra 5109:nct 5105:nct 5098:nct 5094:nct 5084:nct 5070:pro 5059:pro 5054:mpt 5050:mpt 5048:pro 5043:mpt 5039:mpt 5037:pro 5029:mpt 4857:ace 4836:ace 4815:ace 4764:afi 4761:ión 4749:afi 4746:ión 4673:efe 4646:efe 4619:efe 4546:nct 4542:mpt 4474:rta 4463:rta 4452:rte 4441:rta 4430:rta 4358:cus 4312:in 4302:/u/ 4298:/i/ 4199:of 3948:/ɡ/ 3944:/k/ 3933:/k/ 3921:or 3899:/k/ 3883:/e/ 3881:or 3879:/i/ 3875:/θ/ 3871:/k/ 3863:/k/ 3788:fue 3785:rum 3707:ciu 3704:ram 3692:scū 3548:). 3526:/r/ 3483:/ɡ/ 3479:/d/ 3475:/b/ 3471:/k/ 3467:/t/ 3463:/p/ 3397:to 3383:/k/ 3379:/t/ 3375:/p/ 3293:gra 3278:gra 3245:-oa 3237:-aa 3233:-ao 3176:āle 3153:→ ∅ 3115:→ ∅ 3097:→ ∅ 3028:/ɡ/ 3024:/d/ 3020:/b/ 2996:/b/ 2984:ere 2976:/b/ 2972:/p/ 2960:ēre 2952:/v/ 2948:/b/ 2885:nam 2856:num 2815:cap 2811:p_t 2777:tem 2765:hām 2744:f_c 2727:und 2723:d_c 2702:dec 2689:tam 2677:cub 2673:b_t 2610:pos 2606:s_t 2593:sōl 2580:lum 2551:dem 2318:in 2259:ego 2132:). 1846:). 1782:, 1544:), 1536:), 1451:les 1372:-ir 1368:-er 1360:-ir 1356:-er 1352:-ar 1289:pro 1285:/ɡ/ 1281:/d/ 1277:/b/ 1275:of 1265:or 1243:/v/ 1239:/b/ 1237:of 1198:/ʎ/ 1194:/ɲ/ 1118:eso 1103:ace 1089:/i/ 1085:/e/ 1081:/a/ 1077:/j/ 1057:ama 1051:→ 1013:/ʎ/ 983:cua 974:, * 964:→ 958:, * 940:/x/ 936:/ʒ/ 928:/ʎ/ 888:oja 879:ilo 862:/f/ 772:rta 758:rta 748:mpo 524:RAE 131:Old 10133:: 9265:, 9005:39 8999:. 8982:^ 8705:, 8699:-m 8693:, 8570:. 8387:. 8379:. 8375:. 8348:. 8229:^ 8141:. 7987:dʒ 7971:dʒ 7921:, 7917:, 7913:, 7909:, 7792:, 7717:: 7706:: 7681:, 7493:, 7340:; 7322:, 7297:, 7261:: 7169:: 6979:: 6934:, 6914:, 6894:, 6766:h- 6762:h- 6723:h- 6523:h- 6521:→ 6519:f- 6485:. 6339:, 6335:, 6331:, 6311:, 6307:, 6303:, 6200:, 6196:, 6152:h- 6148:f- 6142:. 6110:. 6007:, 5964:e 5962:ch 5958:ch 5951:it 5947:it 5945:*o 5942:em 5940:ct 5936:ct 5930:ch 5928:→ 5926:ct 5916:ci 5909:ci 5902:cī 5896:→ 5875:ub 5871:ob 5864:ub 5860:ub 5851:→ 5838:de 5835:da 5831:de 5824:dē 5818:→ 5802:ba 5780:ba 5774:→ 5716:, 5678:, 5674:, 5646:a 5622:va 5619:AM 5617:CC 5613:CC 5609:CC 5605:CC 5601:CC 5597:CC 5595:VA 5589:→ 5587:cc 5581:a 5549:ga 5546:US 5544:TT 5540:TT 5536:TT 5532:TT 5528:TT 5524:TT 5520:TT 5516:TT 5514:CA 5508:→ 5506:tt 5480:co 5475:PP 5471:PP 5467:PP 5463:PP 5459:PP 5457:CU 5451:→ 5449:pp 5434:GG 5426:→ 5424:gg 5401:DD 5397:DD 5393:DD 5385:→ 5383:dd 5368:BB 5360:→ 5358:bb 5313:, 5305:: 5260:mo 5258:st 5254:, 5250:rs 5248:pe 5246:, 5242:bs 5238:, 5234:bs 5230:, 5226:ns 5224:co 5222:, 5218:ns 5214:, 5210:ns 5206:, 5202:ns 5133:o 5131:nt 5127:nt 5125:sa 5120:nt 5116:nt 5114:sa 5103:sa 5100:um 5092:sa 5088:nt 5086:→ 5078:o 5076:nt 5072:nt 5065:nt 5061:nt 5045:um 5033:nt 5031:→ 5023:o 5021:mn 5017:mn 5013:mn 4991:mn 4987:mn 4983:mn 4978:us 4976:mn 4972:mn 4968:mn 4960:→ 4958:mn 4950:gn 4948:si 4944:gn 4940:gn 4938:di 4931:si 4921:di 4916:gn 4914:si 4910:gn 4906:gn 4904:di 4899:gn 4895:gn 4891:gn 4889:dī 4883:→ 4881:gn 4875:o 4869:pt 4859:pt 4831:pt 4827:pt 4821:pt 4817:pt 4812:us 4810:pt 4806:pt 4800:pt 4796:pt 4788:→ 4786:pt 4778:cc 4774:cc 4770:cc 4744:cc 4740:cc 4736:cc 4729:ct 4725:ct 4721:ct 4713:→ 4711:cc 4709:→ 4707:ct 4701:a 4699:ct 4691:ct 4687:ct 4679:ct 4675:ct 4641:ct 4637:ct 4633:ct 4629:ct 4625:ct 4621:ct 4616:am 4614:ct 4610:ct 4606:ct 4602:ct 4598:ct 4594:ct 4586:→ 4584:ct 4538:mn 4534:gn 4530:pt 4526:ct 4522:ct 4439:ue 4435:ie 4412:c 4401:go 4390:co 4388:uo 4384:ie 4378:eu 4374:ie 4369:go 4367:ue 4363:ie 4201:-e 4191:. 4187:→ 4178:-e 4097:→ 3946:→ 3935:→ 3913:, 3897:, 3889:, 3854:. 3839:. 3802:pa 3769:pa 3755:fo 3749:→ 3664:→ 3587:→ 3501:, 3493:: 3477:, 3465:, 3428:, 3420:: 3377:, 3351:o 3332:us 3313:→ 3305:o 3290:us 3275:→ 3239:, 3235:, 3220:. 3156:cō 3104:at 3046:, 3038:: 3022:, 3012:er 3008:sa 3006:, 3004:er 3000:ha 2992:er 2988:sa 2980:sa 2968:er 2956:ha 2934:, 2918:. 2589:l_ 2560:_l 2543:er 2539:r_ 2510:ap 2506:_r 2469:. 2412:. 2400:, 2396:, 2392:, 2310:, 2306:, 2290:. 2198:. 2166:, 2162:, 2124:, 2120:, 2116:, 2112:, 2108:, 2104:, 2100:, 2096:, 2092:, 2069:, 2065:, 2037:, 1993:; 1985:, 1965:. 1873:, 1857:, 1853:, 1798:, 1794:, 1790:, 1718:. 1671:, 1564:. 1552:. 1509:. 1467:pe 1449:, 1447:le 1386:→ 1382:, 1378:→ 1354:, 1336:la 1334:, 1328:vi 1326:, 1320:sa 1317:o, 1313:tu 1305:le 1303:, 1301:ar 1297:su 1295:, 1293:ar 1279:, 1255:tu 1247:tu 1230:). 1227:ll 1223:, 1220:ny 1212:ll 1208:, 1158:, 1146:, 1133:, 1121:, 1106:, 1083:, 1055:ll 1045:, 1040:ll 1036:→ 1030:, 1025:ll 1021:→ 1005:ar 1003:lh 999:lh 995:lh 993:fi 987:ar 980:→ 951:hi 919:, 913:: 897:, 882:, 873:, 848:la 842:er 838:ha 835:, 809:, 802:hi 799:, 792:ca 756:ue 751:, 746:ie 726:, 706:. 9770:) 9766:( 9668:) 9664:( 9542:e 9535:t 9528:v 9417:. 9030:. 8965:. 8701:( 8552:. 8526:. 8404:. 8383:: 8360:. 8151:. 8031:ʃ 8025:/ 8023:ʎ 8021:/ 8017:/ 8015:ʝ 8013:/ 8007:ʒ 7960:ʒ 7954:/ 7952:ʝ 7950:/ 7939:/ 7937:ʎ 7935:/ 7868:/ 7866:ʎ 7864:/ 7860:/ 7858:ʝ 7856:/ 7729:) 7721:" 7522:" 7486:) 7467:) 7456:) 7448:* 7407:) 7403:( 7355:. 7336:( 7280:) 7268:" 7030:θ 6944:ç 6928:/ 6926:ʃ 6924:/ 6920:/ 6918:s 6916:/ 6912:/ 6908:/ 6885:/ 6883:ʒ 6881:/ 6877:/ 6875:z 6873:/ 6869:/ 6865:/ 6840:h 6836:h 6832:h 6828:h 6824:h 6820:h 6816:h 6812:h 6808:h 6799:h 6795:h 6791:h 6787:h 6783:h 6779:h 6775:h 6771:h 6702:h 6698:h 6694:h 6690:h 6685:h 6681:h 6677:h 6673:h 6669:h 6664:h 6660:h 6656:h 6652:h 6648:h 6642:f 6638:f 6634:f 6630:f 6625:f 6621:f 6617:f 6613:f 6609:f 6604:f 6600:f 6596:f 6592:f 6588:f 6582:f 6578:f 6574:f 6570:f 6565:f 6561:f 6557:f 6553:f 6549:f 6544:f 6540:f 6536:f 6532:f 6528:f 6398:( 6237:h 6226:ɸ 6211:f 6165:F 6061:β 5956:o 5953:e 5934:o 5918:u 5911:b 5904:v 5898:w 5894:v 5886:u 5882:o 5880:c 5869:c 5858:c 5853:w 5849:b 5840:u 5833:b 5826:b 5820:w 5816:b 5808:u 5804:u 5797:b 5791:( 5786:p 5782:p 5776:w 5772:p 5695:c 5680:v 5676:p 5672:b 5670:( 5644:c 5640:c 5636:c 5632:c 5628:c 5624:c 5591:c 5579:t 5575:t 5571:t 5567:t 5563:t 5559:t 5555:t 5551:t 5510:t 5498:p 5494:p 5490:p 5486:p 5482:p 5453:p 5441:g 5439:a 5432:A 5428:g 5416:d 5412:d 5408:d 5387:d 5375:b 5373:a 5366:A 5362:b 5325:ɣ 5317:ð 5309:β 5256:i 5240:o 5232:o 5216:i 5122:o 5111:o 5067:o 5056:o 5008:o 5006:n 5002:n 4998:n 4993:o 4962:n 4933:n 4927:n 4923:n 4885:n 4873:t 4863:t 4854:o 4852:t 4848:t 4842:t 4838:t 4833:o 4790:t 4766:c 4759:c 4755:c 4751:c 4715:c 4695:t 4683:t 4670:a 4668:t 4664:t 4660:t 4656:t 4652:t 4648:t 4643:a 4588:t 4483:o 4479:e 4477:f 4472:o 4468:e 4466:f 4461:o 4457:e 4455:f 4450:o 4446:ê 4444:f 4433:f 4428:o 4424:e 4422:f 4410:o 4406:e 4404:p 4399:o 4395:e 4393:p 4382:p 4372:p 4361:p 4356:o 4352:e 4350:p 3907:/ 3905:ɡ 3903:/ 3816:g 3812:g 3808:g 3804:g 3798:g 3794:g 3790:g 3783:c 3779:q 3775:c 3771:c 3765:c 3761:c 3757:c 3751:g 3747:c 3739:d 3735:d 3731:d 3725:d 3721:d 3717:d 3713:d 3711:a 3709:d 3702:t 3698:t 3694:t 3688:t 3684:t 3680:t 3676:t 3674:ā 3672:t 3666:d 3662:t 3654:b 3650:b 3646:b 3642:b 3640:o 3636:b 3632:b 3628:b 3626:a 3621:p 3617:p 3613:p 3609:p 3607:o 3603:p 3599:p 3595:p 3593:a 3589:b 3585:p 3513:ɣ 3505:ð 3497:β 3440:ɣ 3432:ð 3424:β 3373:— 3349:g 3345:g 3341:g 3337:g 3330:g 3326:g 3322:g 3318:g 3311:g 3303:d 3299:d 3295:d 3288:d 3284:d 3280:d 3273:d 3229:g 3225:d 3191:g 3187:d 3174:g 3170:g 3166:g 3162:g 3158:g 3151:g 3142:ō 3140:d 3136:d 3132:d 3128:d 3124:d 3120:d 3113:d 3102:b 3095:b 3058:ɣ 3050:ð 3042:β 3010:b 3002:b 2998:( 2990:b 2982:p 2978:( 2966:v 2964:a 2958:b 2940:b 2936:g 2932:d 2883:i 2879:i 2875:i 2871:i 2854:i 2850:i 2846:i 2842:i 2825:i 2821:u 2817:i 2800:i 2796:i 2792:i 2775:i 2771:i 2767:i 2750:i 2733:i 2729:e 2712:i 2708:e 2704:i 2687:i 2683:i 2679:i 2627:* 2616:ū 2612:i 2595:i 2578:u 2574:u 2570:u 2566:u 2549:i 2545:e 2528:o 2524:e 2520:e 2516:e 2512:e 2298:( 1906:/ 1881:( 1869:( 1471:a 1435:a 1340:o 1338:g 1332:a 1330:d 1324:e 1322:b 1315:v 1307:g 1299:d 1291:b 1259:o 1257:v 1251:o 1249:b 1218:a 1214:o 1206:o 1204:ñ 1202:a 1200:( 1177:) 1165:→ 1152:→ 1140:→ 1127:→ 1116:y 1112:→ 1101:y 1097:→ 1072:) 1008:) 985:j 971:o 969:j 967:o 955:o 953:j 948:→ 923:) 886:h 877:h 868:h 852:o 850:z 840:c 830:c 813:g 806:o 804:j 796:a 794:j 775:) 770:o 766:e 764:t 754:p 744:t 596:. 556:e 549:t 542:v 33:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

History of the Spanish language

Index