257:
44:
445:
551:
505:
be a debtor. In 23 states, Chapter 9 authorization laws are either unclear or otherwise prohibited for municipalities. Three states (Colorado, Illinois, and Oregon) grant a very limited authorization to file for bankruptcy. Illinois, for example, only grants
Chapter 9 authorization to the Illinois Power Agency.
504:
Section 109(c) of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code provides that a municipality may be a debtor in a
Chapter 9 bankruptcy case only if the municipality is specifically authorized to be a debtor by State law, or by a governmental officer or organization empowered by State law to authorize the municipality to
1410:
in 2010, as Rhode Island does not generally permit
Chapter 9 filings. The state appointed receiver or overseer assumed all financial responsibilities from the mayor. Rhode Island's receivership law was rewritten to allow the receiver the ability to file a petition for Chapter 9 federal bankruptcy
390:
The first municipal bankruptcy legislation was enacted in 1934 during the Great
Depression. Although Congress attempted to draft the legislation so as not to interfere with the sovereign powers of the states guaranteed by the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, the Supreme Court held the 1934 Act
427:
In 1988, Chapter 9 was amended by
Congress to provide statutory protection from § 552(a) lien stripping provisions to revenue bonds issued by municipalities. This was addressed with the classification of these bonds as "special revenues" under the newly minted § 928(a) and § 922(d) exemption of
704:
After the
District filed its petition, the state loaned the District funds to bridge its budget gap, and also appointed an administrator to take over management of the District. The administrator requested that the bankruptcy court dismiss the petition, and this was granted.
394:
From 1937 to 2008 there were fewer than 600 municipal bankruptcies. As of June 2012, the total was around 640. In 2012 there were twenty chapter 9 bankruptcies in the United States, and nine petitions have been filed in 2013. Since 2010, 81 petitions have been filed.
415:
However, a revised act remedying the constitutional deficiencies was passed again by
Congress in 1937 and codified as Chapter X of the Bankruptcy Act (later redesignated as Chapter IX). This revised act was upheld as constitutional by the Supreme Court in
239:, in 1994, are also notable examples. The term 'municipality' denotes "a political subdivision or public agency or instrumentality of a State," but does not include a state itself. States are therefore unable to file for bankruptcy even though they have
1353:
In
December 2010, Washington Park briefly emerged from bankruptcy and then filed a new petition for bankruptcy which was rejected by the judge, who stated there was no Illinois state law enabling a municipality to file a Chapter 9 bankruptcy petition.
3006:
2979:
2049:
An Act to Amend the
Bankruptcy Law to Provide for Special Revenue Bonds and for Other Purposes, PUB. L. NO. 100-597 (1988); Municipal Bankruptcy Amendments, Pub L. No 100597 (1988); 4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 902.01A, 902-3 (15th ed.
1326:
requested permission from the
Governor under Michigan's authorizing law to file a petition for Chapter 9 Bankruptcy, but was denied. Instead of bankruptcy, the treasury advised that Hamtramck be offered a selection of loan options.
391:
unconstitutional as an improper interference with the sovereignty of the states. Congress enacted a revised Municipal Bankruptcy Act in 1937, which was upheld by the Supreme Court. The law has been amended several times since 1937.
431:
To prevent overlap with Chapter 11, § 101(41) of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (11 U.S.C. § 101(41)) defines the term "person" to exclude many "governmental units" as defined in § 101(27), and "municipality" as defined in § 101(40).
3524:
423:
Chapter 9 was largely unchanged until it was amended in 1976 in response to New York City's financial crisis. The changes made in 1976 were adopted nearly identically in the modern 1978 Bankruptcy Code as Chapter 9.
2044:
Steven Lessard & Richard Ngo, Riding the Juice Train to Bankruptcy: Ch. 9 Eligibility After In re Las Vegas Monorail Company, NORTON JOURNAL OF BANKRUPTCY LAW & PRACTICE, Vol. 20, No.3, Article 4 (2011);
533:
Certain politicians and scholars have argued that the law should be amended to allow states to file for bankruptcy. Proponents say that an orderly bankruptcy is a better solution than the two alternatives: (1)
3607:
3061:
Steven Lessard & Richard Ngo, Riding the Juice Train to Bankruptcy: Chapter 9 Eligibility After In Re Las Vegas Monorail Company, NORTON ANNUAL SURVEY OF BANKRUPTCY LAW, Vol. 20, No.3, Article 4 (2011).
1786:
Note: Population refers to the population served at the time of the bankruptcy and may not be the same as its current population. Dollar values are as reported at the time and do not reflect current value.
735:, was denied. The case was dismissed because the bankruptcy court concluded that Bridgeport, although financially distressed, was not insolvent within the meaning of the eligibility criteria of Chapter 9.
495:
is much greater than in a corporate Chapter 11 bankruptcy and can trump state labor protections, allowing cities to renegotiate unsustainable pension or other benefits packages negotiated in flush times.
1936:
3003:
2983:
2418:
3521:
479:), Chapter 9 has a number of unique characteristics. Because municipalities are entities of State governments, the power of the bankruptcy court is limited to some extent by the
1543:. The bankruptcy judge dismissed the bankruptcy petition on the grounds that not all necessary branches of the municipal government had authorized the filing of the petition.
508:
A total of 12 states authorize Chapter 9 upon conditions met and further action of state, officials or other entity; and the remainder (12) specifically authorize bankruptcy.
3032:
2916:
3046:
3183:
3234:
3107:
2679:
The City of Desert Hot Springs filed Chapter 9 bankruptcy papers in late December, making it the first California city in at least 25 years to seek bankruptcy protection
480:
1513:. The bankruptcy petition was dismissed by the judge after concluding the municipality had “sufficient surplus moneys” to satisfy the judgment and continue operations.
3159:
538:, which are violations of debt obligations outside of the bankruptcy process), and (2) bailouts by the federal government. Opponents, including representatives of the
3252:
398:
Previous to the creation of Chapter 9 bankruptcy, the only remedy when a municipality was unable to pay its creditors was for the creditors to pursue an action of
3300:
522:
Neither Chapter 9 nor any other part of U.S. bankruptcy law allows a state to file for bankruptcy, although states have defaulted on their obligations. The last
3617:
60:
3587:
406:, this approach proved impossible, so in 1934, the Bankruptcy Act was amended to extend to municipalities. The 1934 Amendment was declared unconstitutional in
3419:
2800:
3622:
2422:
3612:
2758:
1889:
1251:
3274:
3129:
2615:
2555:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
3074:
2059:
Chapter 9 incorporates the provisions of numerous sections from other chapters of the Bankruptcy Code. See Title 11, United States Code, Section 901.
1906:
1814:
476:
131:
126:
121:
116:
2030:
An Act to Amend Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Act to Provide by Voluntary Reorganization Procedures for the Adjustment of the Debts of Municipalities
3542:
3497:
407:
106:
3560:
628:
The agency over-invested in nuclear power, attempting to building five such plants at one time, while new conservation measures reduced demand
203:
2678:
2070:
612:
90:
2590:
2967:
2220:
983:
523:
517:
240:
2156:
1839:
1479:
1121:
85:
2516:
2360:
1277:
2280:
2079:
1862:
3409:
Case no. 13-53846-swr, U.S. Bankr. Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (Detroit Div.). Exited bankruptcy December 11, 2014.
3383:
3043:
2575:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
1642:
The city lost a $ 43 million lawsuit, but its bankruptcy case was voluntarily dismissed after Mammoth Lakes reached a settlement.
2200:
2020:
304 U.S. 27 (1938)(holding the Municipal Corporation Bankruptcy Act constitutional under both the Fifth and the Tenth Amendments)
1983:
1035:
588:
492:
3328:
1380:
The monorail company was ruled to be a private company and not a municipality, so it does not qualify for Chapter 9 bankruptcy.
3566:
Michigan Public Act 72 of 1990, Local Government Fiscal Responsibility Act, and the Appointment of Emergency Financial Managers
3196:
1173:
220:
65:
51:
33:
3224:
2870:
3472:
2913:
1095:
902:
539:
75:
3446:
3021:
542:, say that amending the law to allow states to seek bankruptcy protection could create doubts in the municipal bond market.
2934:
2667:
3574:
3163:
1070:
70:
2843:
2582:
2562:
1293:
770:
3577:
2173:
1390:
162:
2827:
3099:
2980:"Letter requesting permission from the Governor of Michigan for [[Hamtramck]] to declare bankruptcy"
2886:
2804:
2775:
1578:
1364:
196:
80:
17:
3592:
3078:
1626:
1421:
1337:
1148:
820:
236:
232:
2755:
1886:
3278:
3248:
1523:
1469:
795:
3588:
AN EXAMINATION OF MUNICIPAL FINANCE REFORM REGARDING MUNICIPAL BANKRUPTCIES IN THE UNITED STATES - Kerem Deal
3333:
3229:
732:
715:
664:
3570:
3357:
2306:
1215:
The city was unable to pay pensions. The city has already declared bankruptcy for the same reason in 1999.
2116:
1981:
Public Law Research Institute: Municipal Bankruptcy: State Authorization Under the federal Bankruptcy Code
1800:
1226:
264:
Parts of this article (those related to the number of Chapter 9 bankruptcies filed since 2011) need to be
3555:
2952:
2704:
1761:
1010:
638:
189:
157:
43:
2744:
1266:
After being unable to pay its debts due to mismanagement, the public corporation was dissolved in 2010
3565:
3582:
1553:
177:
152:
2524:
2083:
1493:
1323:
1306:
167:
3388:
3201:
1737:
1712:
1670:
1652:
1447:
1439:
1296:, a portion of Interstate 185, and went bankrupt after toll collections were less than expected.
228:
2573:
2553:
2248:
2718:
2689:
2314:
2256:
1540:
1199:
1066:
956:
876:
851:
745:
535:
2339:
999:
This sewer district in Los Osos, California was unable to pay debt for a wastewater facility
2801:"Hospitals file for Chapter 9 bankruptcy : North County Times - Californian 12-14-2007"
2569:
2549:
2528:
1510:
403:
3528:
3050:
3010:
2956:
2938:
2920:
2891:
2874:
2831:
2762:
2731:
2204:
2197:
1987:
1893:
1820:
1796:
2646:
2490:
2467:
2444:
2394:
2373:
270:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3545:
3522:
Three Decades After Cleveland Defaulted on Its Debts, Cities Face Recession Budget Woes
3305:
3139:
2625:
1926:
USAtoday, July 22, 2013, Page B1, "Detroit woes rattle muni bond market" by Matt Krantz
1473:
1462:
1458:
147:
2135:
1980:
1887:
MuniNetGuide: Vallejo Bankruptcy Filing Garners Attention in Municipal Finance Circles
1051:
The state revoked the town's ability to issue traffic tickets as it had operated as a
444:
3601:
3593:
Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts Bankruptcy Basics -- Municipality Bankruptcy
3134:
2620:
1688:
1465:
1241:
The sewer district faced decreased housing development and less revenue as a result.
838:
3550:
3498:"City of Chester, Pa., files for bankruptcy mainly over 3 underfunded pension plans"
2867:
1674:
1443:
1407:
892:
Due to inability to pay pensions. The city would again declare bankruptcy in 2009.
224:
1111:
The town spent money that should have been withheld to pay employee income taxes.
550:
2198:
Municipal Bankruptcy: State Authorization Under the Federal Bankruptcy Code, PLRI
2160:
1843:
231:
in the history of the United States to file for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection.
2931:
2668:
Analysis of Factors Associated with the Municipal Bankruptcy of Pichard, Alabama
2009:
An Act to Establish a Uniform System of Bankruptcy Throughout the United States,
2788:
2847:
1052:
943:
172:
2318:
2260:
681:
The District was unable to pay back bonds intended to fund a housing project
475:
While in many ways similar to other forms of bankruptcy reorganization (esp.
3130:"Jefferson County's Journey From Sewer-Bond Scandal to Settlement: Timeline"
2072:
Municipal Bankruptcy: Avoiding and Using Chapter 9 in Times of Fiscal Stress
3551:
Number of Ch. 9 filings by year data from the American Bankruptcy Institute
227:
and assisting them in the restructuring of their debt. On July 18, 2013,
2824:
1539:
The city was approximately $ 400 million in debt, due in part to a failed
2136:"In a First, Bankruptcy Judge Rules Calif. City Can Void Union Contracts"
1454:
1406:
The city was unable to pay its obligations and petitioned to be put into
527:
399:
3561:
Municipal Bankruptcy in Perspective, A Joint Publication of PAR and BGR
2395:
HAMILTON CREEK METROPOLITAN DISTRICT v. BONDHOLDERS COLORADO BONDSHARES
1480:
Jefferson County, Alabama: Sewer construction and bond swap controversy
1450:
2705:
https://www.bizjournals.com/birmingham/stories/2002/06/03/daily20.html
2614:
Church, Steven; Selway, William; McCarty, Dawn (November 9, 2011).
3556:
Ohio Local Government Fiscal Emergency/Fiscal Watch Law Fact Sheet
2776:"Doctors Medical Center files for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection"
1438:
Over $ 4 billion in debt (largest Chapter 9 bankruptcy until 2013
3044:
Las Vegas Monorail Determined Ineligible for Chapter 9 Bankruptcy
2032:, Pub. L. No. 94-260, 94th Cong., 2d Sess., 90 Stat. 315 (1976).
1857:
1855:
1853:
2949:
2011:, Pub. L. No. 302, 75th Cong., 1st Sess., 50 Stat. 653 (1937).
1677:, and other factors, leading it unable to pay its obligations
1163:
The housing authority was unable to pay mold-related lawsuits
439:
428:
special revenues from the automatic stay provisions of § 362.
250:
3546:
Accounting and Financial Reporting for Chapter 9 Bankruptcies
3420:"Chapter 9 Bankruptcy Hits Hardeman County Hospital in Texas"
1791:
Notable defaults that did not result in Chapter 9 bankruptcy
3358:"Detroit Files Biggest U.S. Municipal Bankruptcy - WSJ.com"
3004:
CORRECT: Michigan Forbids City To Seek Municipal Bankruptcy
841:
made risky investments, leading to the county's bankruptcy
1971:
Pub. L. No. 251, 73d Cong., 2d Sess., 48 Stat. 798 (1934).
3608:
Government units that have filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy
3197:"City Council in Harrisburg Files Petition of Bankruptcy"
2421:. Business-finance-restructuring.weil.com. Archived from
2361:
SAN JOSE SCHOOLS CAN CUT PAY, U.S. BANKRUPTCY COURT RULES
402:, and compel the municipality to raise taxes. During the
2887:"Westfall, Pennsylvania Files For Bankruptcy Protection"
942:
The agency was unable to pay the construction bonds for
2609:
2607:
2517:"Alabama county files for largest municipal bankruptcy"
1673:
for a long time, due to the closure of auto factories,
456:
3301:"California Health Care District Files for Bankruptcy"
2868:
Pierce County's low-cost housing filing for bankruptcy
2106:
In re City of Vallejo, 08-26813-A-9 (E. Dist. Calif.).
3382:
Davey, Monica; Walsh, Mary Williams (July 18, 2013).
2968:
Connector 2000 Association Files Chapter 9 Bankruptcy
2844:"Vallejo's path to bankruptcy - Vallejo Times Herald"
2515:
Van Anglen, Jim; Condon, Bernard (November 9, 2011).
3277:. City of San Bernardino, California. Archived from
2756:
After 6 years, Los Osos CSD bankruptcy plan approved
3384:"Billions in Debt, Detroit Tumbles Into Insolvency"
3329:"The Daily Docket: Mammoth Lakes Enters Bankruptcy"
3100:"Rhode Island's Central Falls files for bankruptcy"
3075:"Rhode Island city overseer starts by firing mayor"
1998:
298 U.S. 513, 56 S. Ct. 892, 80 L. Ed. 1309 (1936).
1907:"Stockton bankruptcy is hard hit for city retirees"
929:West Jefferson Amusement and Public Park Authority
18:
List of Chapter 9 bankruptcies of the United States
500:Authorization for filing of municipal bankruptcies
2950:New York City Off-Track Betting Corporation Facts
2221:"Why Mitch McConnell Wants States to Go Bankrupt"
1962:, 298 U.S. 513, 534 (1936) (Cardozo, J., dissent)
1799:, 1978, dispute with city creditors over sale of
1137:The city was unable to meet pension obligations.
973:The city lost tax revenue after a factory closed
481:Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1960:Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improvement Dist.
3447:"Bankrupt Kentucky City Reaches Repayment Deal"
3022:Judge throws out Ill. village's bankruptcy case
2825:Bankruptcy filed, tiny town hopes to rise again
2690:California City files for bankruptcy protection
2510:
2508:
1937:"Chapter 9 municipality bankruptcies U.S. 2022"
919:The city lost a housing discrimination lawsuit
3471:Faulk, Kent; Koplowitz, Howard (19 May 2020).
3184:Judge rejects Boise County’s bankruptcy filing
2914:Prichard files for bankruptcy protection again
2307:"A Bankruptcy Law—Not Bailouts—for the States"
1509:The County lost a judgement for violating the
1225:Sarpy County Sanitation Improvement District,
731:In 1991, the petition for relief filed by the
3033:Judge denies Washington Park's bankruptcy bid
2134:Pamela A. MacLean All Articles (2009-03-17).
197:
8:
3583:Municipal Bankruptcy in Alabama - Kerem Deal
2408:, 133 B.R. 221, 224 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 1991)
27:Chapter of the United States Bankruptcy Code
3249:"Stockton, California files for bankruptcy"
2616:"Jefferson County Alabama Files Bankruptcy"
2419:"Bridgeport – Distressed but not Insolvent"
1252:New York City Off-Track Betting Corporation
3225:"Judge Rejects Harrisburg Bankruptcy Move"
556:
204:
190:
29:
1815:Financially Distressed Municipalities Act
229:Detroit, Michigan became the largest city
3473:"City of Fairfield files for bankruptcy"
2645:Bishop-Henchman, Joseph (23 July 2013).
2489:Bishop-Henchman, Joseph (23 July 2013).
2466:Bishop-Henchman, Joseph (23 July 2013).
2443:Bishop-Henchman, Joseph (23 July 2013).
2372:Bishop-Henchman, Joseph (23 July 2013).
2117:"Contracts Now Seen as Being Rewritable"
549:
286:
3571:Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code
2789:Oklahoma: Speed Trap Town Goes Bankrupt
2591:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1831:
1009:West Contra Costa Healthcare District,
409:Ashton v. Cameron County Water District
217:Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code
139:
98:
50:
32:
3195:Tavernise, Sabrina (12 October 2011).
3128:Selway, William (September 16, 2011).
2727:
2716:
2242:
2240:
2214:
2212:
663:Hamilton Creek Metropolitan District (
3069:
3067:
2932:Sarpy County SID Files For Bankruptcy
2589:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
2082:, LLP. pp. 21–22. Archived from
1476:being declared unlawful in Alabama. (
613:Washington Public Power Supply System
7:
3618:United States bankruptcy legislation
3255:from the original on October 6, 2015
2069:John Knox; Marc A. Levinson (2009).
1604:Mendocino Coast Healthcare District
984:Los Osos Community Services District
491:Municipalities' ability to re-write
3623:Municipalities in the United States
3160:"Boise County files for bankruptcy"
2647:"Municipal Bankruptcies Since 1988"
2491:"Municipal Bankruptcies Since 1988"
2468:"Municipal Bankruptcies Since 1988"
2445:"Municipal Bankruptcies Since 1988"
2374:"Municipal Bankruptcies Since 1988"
1687:Hardeman County Memorial Hospital,
518:State defaults in the United States
3613:Title 11 of the United States Code
2080:Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe
25:
2406:In re Richmond Unified Sch. Dist.
2174:"Municipal Bankruptcy State Laws"
1411:and Central Falls has done that.
1278:Greenville County, South Carolina
1147:Pierce County Housing Authority,
691:Richmond Unified School District
3237:from the original on 2018-12-30.
3223:Stech, Katy (23 November 2011).
2007:An Act to Amend an Act Entitled
1669:The City of Detroit had been in
1065:Valley Health Systems District,
589:San Jose Unified School District
512:Inclusion of states in Chapter 9
493:collective bargaining agreements
443:
255:
42:
3356:Dolan, Matthew (19 July 2013).
3110:from the original on 2015-06-26
1905:Wozniacka, Gosia (2012-06-27).
1863:"Chapter 9 - Bankruptcy Basics"
1817:, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
1680:Completed, under investigation
1292:The road district operated the
1174:Westfall Township, Pennsylvania
733:city of Bridgeport, Connecticut
288:Recent Chapter 9 filing counts
52:Bankruptcy in the United States
903:Desert Hot Springs, California
546:Notable Chapter 9 bankruptcies
540:National Governors Association
1:
3575:Cornell University Law School
3445:Stech, Katy (30 March 2016).
221:United States Bankruptcy Code
2803:. 2009-02-06. Archived from
2774:Rauber, Chris (2006-10-02).
2583:American Antiquarian Society
2563:American Antiquarian Society
2247:Davey, Monica (2011-01-22).
1276:Connector 2000 Association,
771:North Bonneville, Washington
3578:Legal Information Institute
2305:Skeel, David (2011-01-18).
1468:collapse in the late-2000s
1391:Central Falls, Rhode Island
223:, available exclusively to
163:Chief restructuring officer
3639:
3502:Pensions & Investments
3251:. Reuters. June 28, 2012.
3009:November 20, 2010, at the
2745:Millport making a comeback
2249:"The State That Went Bust"
2219:Frum, David (2020-04-25).
1645:Withdrawn by municipality
1579:San Bernardino, California
1365:Las Vegas Monorail Company
708:Withdrawn by municipality
515:
1627:Mammoth Lakes, California
1422:Jefferson County, Alabama
1338:Washington Park, Illinois
1189:The city lost a lawsuit.
1149:Pierce County, Washington
821:Orange County, California
526:took place in 1933, when
237:Orange County, California
233:Jefferson County, Alabama
140:Aspects of bankruptcy law
3424:Becker's Hospital Review
1892:January 6, 2009, at the
1524:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
1470:subprime mortgage crisis
1457:and county commissioner
796:North Courtland, Alabama
530:defaulted on its bonds.
3334:The Wall Street Journal
3230:The Wall Street Journal
2311:The Wall Street Journal
716:Bridgeport, Connecticut
418:United States v. Bekins
3275:"Chapter 9 Bankruptcy"
2340:"States of Bankruptcy"
1227:Sarpy County, Nebraska
670:Municipal corporation
554:
243:in their obligations.
2338:Skeel, David (2012).
2281:"Better off bankrupt"
1762:Chester, Pennsylvania
1322:In 2010, the city of
1011:San Pablo, California
639:Copperhill, Tennessee
553:
487:Collective bargaining
436:Features of Chapter 9
1867:United States Courts
1554:Stockton, California
1442:filing,) from sewer
1071:Sun City, California
219:is a chapter of the
3451:Wall Street Journal
3362:Wall Street Journal
2702:www.bizjournals.com
2525:Montgomery, Alabama
1494:Boise County, Idaho
1324:Hamtramck, Michigan
1307:Hamtramck, Michigan
1122:Vallejo, California
558:
289:
3527:2008-12-17 at the
3389:The New York Times
3309:. 13 November 2012
3281:on 19 October 2013
3202:The New York Times
3049:2010-05-31 at the
2955:2009-12-07 at the
2937:2010-12-26 at the
2919:2009-11-02 at the
2873:2008-10-12 at the
2830:2009-02-06 at the
2761:2011-09-27 at the
2253:The New York Times
2203:2008-12-12 at the
2121:The New York Times
1986:2008-12-12 at the
1813:Community Act 47,
1738:Fairfield, Alabama
1713:Hillview, Kentucky
1693:Hospital District
1607:Hospital District
1472:, followed by the
1448:interest rate swap
1440:Detroit bankruptcy
1294:Southern Connector
1256:Gambling District
1075:Hospital District
1015:Hospital District
877:Pritchard, Alabama
617:Electric district
557:
555:
524:U.S. state default
455:. You can help by
287:
158:Bankruptcy trustee
3138:. New York City:
2726:Missing or empty
2624:. New York City:
2285:Los Angeles Times
2180:. 25 January 2013
2178:www.governing.com
1784:
1783:
1666:$ 18,000,000,000
1653:Detroit, Michigan
1546:Denied by courts
1541:trash incinerator
1516:Denied by courts
1383:Denied by courts
1357:Denied by courts
1330:Denied by courts
1200:Prichard, Alabama
1153:Housing District
1036:Moffett, Oklahoma
957:Millport, Alabama
852:Kinlock, Missouri
837:County treasurer
746:Lipscomb, Alabama
738:Denied by courts
665:Summit County, CO
473:
472:
388:
387:
285:
284:
214:
213:
34:Bankruptcy in the
16:(Redirected from
3630:
3531:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:. Online.wsj.com
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3192:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3162:. Archived from
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3077:. Archived from
3071:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3041:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2982:. Archived from
2976:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2947:
2941:
2929:
2923:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2883:
2877:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2846:. Archived from
2840:
2834:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2797:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2771:
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2742:
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2729:
2724:
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2714:
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2711:
2698:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2649:. Tax Foundation
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2586:
2580:
2566:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2529:Associated Press
2512:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2493:. Tax Foundation
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2470:. Tax Foundation
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2447:. Tax Foundation
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2376:. Tax Foundation
2369:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2216:
2207:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1896:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1859:
1848:
1846:
1836:
1592:$ 1,000,000,000
1511:Fair Housing Act
1435:$ 4,000,000,000
1370:Private company
946:amusement park.
834:$ 1,700,000,000
694:School District
625:$ 2,250,000,000
593:School District
559:
468:
465:
447:
440:
404:Great Depression
290:
280:
277:
271:
259:
258:
251:
206:
199:
192:
46:
30:
21:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3598:
3597:
3539:
3534:
3529:Wayback Machine
3520:
3516:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3426:. 27 March 2013
3418:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3367:
3365:
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3338:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3178:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3106:. August 2011.
3098:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3051:Wayback Machine
3042:
3038:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3016:
3011:Wayback Machine
3002:
2998:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2962:
2957:Wayback Machine
2948:
2944:
2939:Wayback Machine
2930:
2926:
2921:Wayback Machine
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2892:Huffington Post
2885:
2884:
2880:
2875:Wayback Machine
2866:
2862:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2832:Wayback Machine
2823:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2763:Wayback Machine
2754:
2750:
2743:
2739:
2725:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2700:
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2684:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2662:
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2644:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2570:McCusker, J. J.
2568:
2558:
2550:McCusker, J. J.
2548:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2465:
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2460:
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2437:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2355:
2337:
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2332:
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2321:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2205:Wayback Machine
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
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2167:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:Wayback Machine
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1894:Wayback Machine
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1821:Super Chapter 9
1810:
1797:Cleveland, Ohio
1793:
1231:Sewer District
1096:Gould, Arkansas
988:Sewer District
932:Parks District
548:
520:
514:
502:
489:
469:
463:
460:
453:needs expansion
438:
281:
275:
272:
269:
260:
256:
249:
235:, in 2011, and
210:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3636:
3634:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
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3596:
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3590:
3585:
3580:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3538:
3537:External links
3535:
3533:
3532:
3514:
3489:
3463:
3437:
3411:
3402:
3374:
3348:
3320:
3306:The Bond Buyer
3292:
3266:
3240:
3215:
3187:
3176:
3151:
3140:Bloomberg L.P.
3120:
3091:
3063:
3054:
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3025:
3014:
2996:
2971:
2960:
2942:
2924:
2906:
2895:. 16 June 2009
2878:
2860:
2835:
2817:
2792:
2781:
2766:
2748:
2737:
2693:
2682:
2671:
2660:
2637:
2626:Bloomberg L.P.
2603:
2587:1800–present:
2540:
2504:
2481:
2458:
2435:
2410:
2398:
2387:
2364:
2353:
2344:U. Chi. L. Rev
2330:
2297:
2272:
2236:
2208:
2190:
2165:
2157:11 U.S.C.
2148:
2126:
2108:
2099:
2061:
2052:
2034:
2022:
2013:
2000:
1991:
1973:
1964:
1952:
1928:
1919:
1897:
1879:
1849:
1844:§ 101(40)
1830:
1828:
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1502:
1499:
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1474:occupation tax
1463:bond insurance
1459:Larry Langford
1446:tainted by an
1436:
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1430:
1427:
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1282:Road District
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1208:
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1190:
1187:
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1164:
1161:
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1112:
1109:
1107:
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1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:$ 100,000,000
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1032:
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1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1000:
997:
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992:
989:
986:
980:
979:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
953:
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947:
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938:
936:
933:
930:
926:
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911:
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905:
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742:
741:
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729:
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712:
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709:
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569:
566:
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516:Main article:
513:
510:
501:
498:
488:
485:
471:
470:
450:
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434:
386:
385:
382:
378:
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362:
361:
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354:
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329:
326:
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313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
283:
282:
263:
261:
254:
248:
245:
225:municipalities
212:
211:
209:
208:
201:
194:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
148:Automatic stay
142:
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137:
136:
135:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
101:
100:
96:
95:
94:
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68:
63:
55:
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39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3464:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3337:. 5 July 2012
3336:
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3324:
3321:
3308:
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3293:
3280:
3276:
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3254:
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3244:
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3232:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3166:on 2011-03-11
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3135:Bloomberg.com
3131:
3124:
3121:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3081:on 2014-12-02
3080:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2986:on 2014-12-01
2985:
2981:
2975:
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2969:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
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2928:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2861:
2850:on 2009-02-07
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2807:on 2009-02-06
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
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2746:
2741:
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2733:
2720:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2621:Bloomberg.com
2617:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2592:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2551:
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2541:
2530:
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2522:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2425:on 2013-04-08
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2375:
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2301:
2298:
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2276:
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2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2123:. 2009-03-31.
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2089:on 2014-08-23
2085:
2081:
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2056:
2053:
2048:
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2023:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
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1835:
1832:
1826:
1822:
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1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1795:
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1790:
1788:
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1778:
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36:United States
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3504:. 2022-11-14
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2596:February 29,
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2310:
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2289:. Retrieved
2287:. 2011-01-27
2284:
2275:
2264:. Retrieved
2252:
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2225:The Atlantic
2224:
2193:
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2008:
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1959:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:
1931:
1922:
1911:. Retrieved
1909:. Boston.com
1900:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:
1834:
1785:
1675:white flight
1477:
1408:receivership
1367:, Las Vegas
970:$ 3,500,000
916:$ 6,000,000
678:$ 2,000,000
577:Description
532:
521:
507:
503:
490:
474:
461:
457:adding to it
452:
430:
426:
422:
417:
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215:
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71:U.S. Trustee
2567:1700–1799:
2547:1634–1699:
1872:14 November
571:Population
276:August 2016
3602:Categories
3508:2022-12-14
3368:2013-07-20
3208:16 October
3170:2018-07-18
3145:2011-11-10
3143:Retrieved
3114:2017-06-30
3085:2018-07-18
2990:2019-04-27
2854:2008-05-13
2811:2021-10-19
2710:2021-10-19
2653:3 February
2631:2011-11-10
2629:Retrieved
2534:2011-11-10
2497:3 February
2474:3 February
2451:3 February
2429:2013-07-20
2380:3 February
2324:2020-05-02
2291:2020-05-02
2266:2020-05-02
2230:2020-05-02
2184:2017-06-12
2161:§ 109
2142:2013-07-20
2093:2013-07-21
1946:2024-09-08
1913:2013-07-20
1827:References
1730:Completed
1705:Completed
1619:Completed
1597:Completed
1571:Completed
1486:Completed
1414:Completed
1299:Completed
1269:Completed
1244:Completed
1218:Completed
1192:Completed
1166:Completed
1140:Completed
1114:Completed
1088:Completed
1058:Completed
1053:speed trap
1028:Completed
1002:Completed
976:Completed
949:Completed
944:Visionland
922:Completed
895:Completed
869:Completed
844:Completed
831:2,500,000
813:Completed
788:Completed
763:Completed
684:Completed
656:Completed
631:Completed
605:Completed
477:Chapter 11
464:April 2009
173:Means test
132:Chapter 15
127:Chapter 13
122:Chapter 12
117:Chapter 11
3430:8 October
3341:8 October
3313:8 October
3285:8 October
2899:8 October
2319:0099-9660
2261:0362-4331
2138:. Law.com
1840:11 U.S.C.
1801:a utility
1178:Township
241:defaulted
153:Discharge
112:Chapter 9
107:Chapter 7
61:Authority
3525:Archived
3482:23 April
3456:23 April
3395:July 19,
3259:June 30,
3253:Archived
3235:Archived
3108:Archived
3047:Archived
3007:Archived
2953:Archived
2935:Archived
2917:Archived
2871:Archived
2828:Archived
2759:Archived
2719:cite web
2572:(1992).
2552:(1997).
2521:CBS News
2201:Archived
2047:see also
1984:Archived
1941:Statista
1890:Archived
1808:See also
1663:700,000
1589:209,900
1564:291,700
1455:JPMorgan
1432:658,400
1132:115,900
726:141,600
583:Sources
536:defaults
528:Arkansas
400:mandamus
296:Filings
99:Chapters
3573:at the
3104:Reuters
1772:32,535
1748:10,000
1671:decline
1534:49,000
1498:County
1451:bribery
1426:County
1401:19,300
1317:22,400
1210:22,600
994:16,500
913:16,500
887:28,600
825:County
580:Status
266:updated
247:History
66:History
3477:al.com
2350:: 677.
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2259:
2159:
1842:
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1637:8,200
1504:7,000
1461:, and
1348:4,200
1184:2,300
967:1,100
862:2,700
756:2,800
574:Value
2579:(PDF)
2559:(PDF)
2087:(PDF)
2076:(PDF)
2050:1996)
1769:2022
1766:City
1745:2020
1742:City
1720:2015
1717:City
1696:2013
1660:2013
1657:City
1634:2012
1631:City
1610:2012
1586:2012
1583:City
1561:2012
1558:City
1531:2011
1528:City
1501:2011
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1398:2011
1395:City
1373:2010
1345:2010
1342:City
1314:2010
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1234:2009
1207:2009
1204:City
1181:2009
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1129:2008
1126:City
1103:2008
1100:City
1078:2007
1067:Hemet
1043:2007
1040:City
1018:2006
991:2006
964:2005
961:City
935:2002
910:2001
907:City
884:1999
881:City
859:1994
856:City
828:1994
803:1992
800:City
778:1991
775:City
753:1991
750:City
723:1991
720:City
697:1991
673:1989
646:1988
643:City
620:1983
596:1983
568:Year
565:Type
381:2022
373:2021
365:2020
357:2019
168:Claim
76:Court
3543:GASB
3484:2022
3458:2022
3432:2013
3397:2013
3343:2013
3315:2013
3287:2013
3261:2017
3210:2011
2901:2013
2732:help
2655:2018
2598:2024
2499:2018
2476:2018
2453:2018
2382:2018
2315:ISSN
2257:ISSN
2155:See
1874:2019
1478:see
1106:830
1069:and
1046:120
806:970
781:400
649:360
349:2018
341:2017
333:2016
325:2015
317:2014
309:2013
301:2012
293:Year
91:FRBP
86:Code
2042:See
459:.
320:12
304:20
178:DIP
81:BAP
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