1714:. University of Oxford. p.293-294. "‘Armenians’ were present in large numbers in the empire before the start of our period and became increasingly prominent over the centuries, a fact that is wellattested and well-studied. However, much of the literature regarding them tends to essentialise the ethnic identity presented in the sources by accepting at face-value the label ‘Armenian’ without questioning whether this was a mutable quality. This is the “Armenian fallacy” in Kaldellis’ formulation, whereby Roman and Armenian are placed on the same conceptual level, such that an individual is either one or the other, or ‘mixed’. Fitting Armenians into our framework of Roman groupness raises interesting results. We are almost never given any reason as to why certain individuals are classified as ‘Armenian’.13 Are they Armenians on the basis of their religious doctrine, their language, their place of birth, or, more nebulously, their customs? Did they picture themselves as ‘Armenian’ and identify as such in distinction to being Roman? In the vast majority of cases we cannot know: they are simply ‘Armenian’. One may surmise that the intended reader of such texts may have inherently ‘known’ what was meant by the appellation, but the cases are simply too numerous and diverse for that to be possible in all instances. Should we, therefore, see these people as Armenians and not Romans? The answer must be ‘no’, or, at least, a qualified ‘no’. The picture is far too complex for any easy solution.
564:
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in most cases they should not be called that at all without good reason. There is every indication that they or their immediate descendents were fully assimilated to the customs, language, religion, and social consensus that maintained—and, in fact, constituted—the (Byzantine) Roman nation. It makes as much sense to call the emperors
Herakleios or Basileios I “Armenians” as it does to call president Bill Clinton an “Englishman” or Barack Obama a “Kenyan”—even less so, in fact, as the former ethnic attributions are mostly conjectural on our part. There is no evidence that these emperors spoke their supposed “ancestral languages” or knew much about the customs of their supposed ancestor. Yet since Roman national claims have never been taken seriously, Byzantinists have filled the gap with modern ones. It is also no coincidence that modern historians will label a Byzantine as an “Armenian” (or the like) overwhelmingly in cases when a modern nation corresponding to that label still exists and presses its ethnic claims to the past. Peoples who have since lost their lobbying power—for example, Goths, Pechenegs, and many others—have curiously lost their right to similarly colonize the Byzantine “assimilated” subject. This discrepancy reveals the modern dynamic behind this ethnicizing discourse.
65:
37:
817:." Kaldellis calls the Arsacid connection "propaganda", aimed to confer legitimacy upon Basil's alleged "royal" and "biblical" origins and additionally meant to give "diplomatic leverage in his dealings with the empire’s Armenian neighbors". He wrote: "The Romans generally called Basileios a Macedonian, from his provincial origin, rather than an Armenian, and some Arabic texts call him a Slav. A fierce debate has, predictably, raged among scholars over the issue, as if there could be a single “truth” about his ancestry (the entire debate is premised on the idea of racial purity)."
263:
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405:, a general who had replaced Heraclius the Elder, wrote to him "to leave the army and return to his own city in Armenia". Kaldellis interprets it as the command headquarters of Heraclius the Elder, and not his home town, since "t would make no sense in the context of the narrative for Philippikos to send Herakleios “home.”". According to historian Benjamin Anderson, Kaldellis "effectively debunks the
416:
343:
1042:"Leo V, known as the Armenian, occupied the throne from 813 to 820. He is referred to in one of the sources as digenes, 'twyborn', i. e., born of two races, and these two races are given as Assyrian and Armenian (56). The thorough and careful investigation of all the sources, however, has shown that there is no truth in the tradition (57). Leo was an Armenian..."
928:." Kaldellis is skeptical, calling the grounds for his Armenian origin "extremely weak", noting that "Tzimiskes" was a nickname given to him by Armenian soldiers serving under him, referring to his short statute, and not a family name. Evaluating the evidence, he concludes that "No ethnicity or even distant ancestry can be proposed based on such evidence".
1743:
amusing is the subchapter "'Armenian' Emperors", in that it effectively exposes the fallacy's line of (often racial) thought in assuming such descent for some of the Roman monarchs. The chapter is not to deny the
Armenian origins of many Romans but to expose the field's outdated tendency to "dig up" ethnic Armenians among perfectly Roman elites.
1124:"The Phocades then, if not entirely Armenian in origin were at least partially so. That means, of course, that Nicephorus Phocas, one of the three emperors of the tenth century who were not legitimate members of the Macedonian dynasty, but were associated with it, was also at least partially Armenian in origin."
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888:
According to some scholars he was of at least partial
Armenian descent. Kaldellis notes that recent scholarship has correctly removed his family's name from the list of Byzantine families of "Armenian" origin, writing that it had been placed there originally for "flimsy (i.e., nonexistent) reasons".
218:
Here our scholarship creates confusion by calling these people, in obedience to the needs of modern nationalism, “Armenians,” “Bulgarians,” “Arabs,” and so on. In the vast majority of cases, however, what they should be called are Romans of
Armenian descent (or Slavic, or whatever it might be), and
164:
Charanis suggested that "every emperor who sat on the
Byzantine throne from the accession of Basil I to the death of Basil II (867—1025) was of Armenian or partially Armenian origin." However, he noted that "in Byzantium the ethnic origins of a person was of not significance, provided he integrated
1645:
Kaldellis debunks the notion that high-ranking dignitaries and even emperors built their careers on the grounds of
Armenian family background and loyalties as an "Armenian fallacy" introduced by nationalist trends, and demonstrates how tenuous the evidence of an individual's Armenian descent is in
223:
Kaldellis' criticisms of the "Armenian fallacy" have been subsequently praised and supported by historians such as
Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, Alexander Beihammer, Marek Klatý, and C.J. Meynell, among others. Toby Bromige wrote that Kaldellis "may at times seem dismissive of the depth and influence
1742:
Following the same pattern, in the fifth chapter he deals in particular with "The
Armenian Fallacy" (pp. 155–195), that is the pervasive absurd claim that many Romans, just because they had (some) Armenian descent, had not been assimilated and acted as an Armenian power group within Romanía. Most
590:
Scholars agree that he was at least partly of
Armenian origin. According to Jenkins, was certainly of Armenian stock on one side. He is said to have been 'Assyrian', that is, Syrian, on the other: but this is perhaps attached to him owing to his heretical and iconoclastic beliefs, and to the fact
387:
notes that
Heraclius was presumably "bilingual (Armenian and Greek) from an early age, but even this is uncertain." Kaldellis argues that "he Armenian ethnic origin of the emperor Herakleios (610–641) takes the prize for fiction masquerading as history" and that statements regarding his ancestry
1614:
Most recently, Kaldellis, Romanland, pp. 155–195, has (legitimately) discussed what he calls the "Armenian fallacy", that is the tendency in scholarship to identify individual member of the Byzantine elite as "Armenian" even several generations after the immigration of their ancestors and their
1015:(1961) he wrote that it is "extremely doubtful" that Maurice may have been of Armenian descent. However, in the 1965 article "A Note on the Ethnic Origin of the Emperor Maurice" he wrote that "Maurice must be accepted, therefore, as the first Byzantine emperor to have been of Armenian origin."
563:
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counted "no fewer than sixteen emperors and eleven empresses" of Byzantium of Armenian origin and suggested that Armenians ruled "for almost a third of history." He conceded, however, that "ost of these Armenians, of course, were thoroughly hellenized, membership in the Greek Church being the
856:
Romanos "seem to have been Armenian." According to Kaldellis, Romanos is discussed in many Byzantine sources, "but none of them calls him an Armenian," but because his father came from humble origin he was assumed to have been Armenian. "His alleged ethnicity has been repeated so often in the
140:
who "made the search for Armenians in Byzantium into a more scholarly and less romantic nationalist process." However, he is critical of Adontz as he saw "Armenians everywhere and injected them into as many important events as he could." According to Kaldellis it was later endorsed by
1698:
The author aptly calls this the 'Armenian fallacy' of the scholarly community. Because such an interpretation of ethnicity is based on biological and false cultural continuity and does not consider the formation of identity based on the principle of cultural integration and
495:
Considered Armenian by mainstream scholarship. Kaldellis disputes this view, pointing to his anti-Armenian policies such as his decision to expel all Armenians from the empire, forcing them to seek refuge among the Arabs, (though this wasn't fully enforced) and his later
864:
1803:Բյուզանդական կայսր Մորիկը Ըստ հայ մատենագիրների տեղեկությունների՝ նա ծագումով հայ է։ Այս մասին տեղեկություններ կան Շապուհի, Ստեփանոս Տարոնեցու, Կիրակոս Գանձակեցու և այլ պատմիչների մոտ։ Նորագույն ուսումնասիրողներից ոմանք ժխտում են նրա հայկական ծագումը։
599:(a biblical ethnonym), whatever exactly those terms may have meant in a late eighth-century context." He also writes that "we have no evidence for how Leon V acknowledged, tried to hide or counter, or ameliorated his “ethnic” background as emperor".
1060:"Theodora, the wife of Theophilus, son and successor of Michael II, was a native of Ebissa in Paphlagonia, but she was of Armenian descent at least from her father's side. Thus Michael III who succeeded his father Theophilus was partly Armenian.
1051:"Theodora, the wife of Theophilus, son and successor of Michael II, was a native of Ebissa in Paphlagonia, but she was of Armenian descent at least from her father's side. Thus Michael III who succeeded his father Theophilus was partly Armenian.
3637:...in 1295 , he married a sister of the King of Armenia called Rita or Maria . She gave him two sons and two daughters . The elder of the sons was named , in the Byzantine custom , after his grandfather and became the Emperor Andronikos III...
64:
591:
that he modelled himself on the great iconoclast conqueror Leo III, to whom Syrian descent was more certainly attributed. He is the only emperor to be nicknamed "Armenian" by Byzantine historians. Armenian chronicles claimed he was an
392:
that says that Herakleios was an Armenian" and, moreover, "none of the names in his extended family are Armenian, and this in an age when Armenian generals in Roman service kept their native names and did not always switch to
3683:
327:
argues that his Armenian ancestry is "largely unknown to historians who study his reign" and that "no contemporary source—and there are many— mentions it." He considers the medieval Armenian chronicles to be "Armenian
3177:....the later Macedonian dynasty, according to most Byzantinists, was of Armenian origin as well. Ironically, it was this same Armenian dynasty which was chiefly responsible for the breakup of the Bagratuni kingdom.
2791:
Emperor Leo V (813-20), previously a soldier and by race an Armenian. The emperor Basil I (867-86) is presumed to have descended from the kingly house of the Arsacids the Armenian John I Tzimiskes (969-76)...
675:, is considered by some scholars to have been, at least partly, of Armenian origin. Kaldellis argues that "As the restorer of icons in 843, many texts discuss her, yet none refers to her Armenian ethnicity."
92:
or of partially Armenian heritage. The following list includes the Byzantine emperors to whom sources attribute Armenian origin. Speculation of Armenian ancestry in emperors remains a wide topic of debate.
2520:
In 710 an insurrection broke out against Justinian 11 and the Armenian Bardanes (711-13) appeared with a fleet off Constantinople; Justinian was deposed and killed and Bardanes was proclaimed emperor.
1133:"Thus, Tzimiskes, one of the truly great soldier-emperors of Byzantium, belonged by birth to a distinguished Armenian family which had established itself among the military aristocracy of Byzantium."
504:. According to Kaldellis, this "shows that despite his ancestry he was not, and did not consider himself to be, 'an Armenian,' as some modern historians call him" and speculated that he may have been
2212:
The Byzantine aristocracy that emerged during the Dark Ages was to a considerable extent Armenian; and several Armenians mounted the imperial throne, beginning with the great Heraclius himself.15
1615:
integration into the Eastern Roman polity with regard to language, religion and identity. For a similar case regarding the Abbasid Caliphate see now Preiser-Kapeller, "ʻAlī ibn Yaḥyā al-Armanī".
224:
that Armenians had within Byzantium, especially the strength of ancestral descent in certain individuals, but he correctly identifies a lack of relevant historical investigation and precision."
1111:
Nevertheless, the Arabic term Ṣaqlabī, used to define Basil, and adopted by some modern scholars to describe him as partly Slavic, also described the inhabitants between Constantinople and the
1299:
2926:
In 813, Leon V, known in history as "The Armenian," was enthroned by the army, which had just inflicted a severe defeat upon the Bulgarians. The Armenian chroniclers call him Leon Ardzruni.
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1660:"KALDELLIS, Anthony. Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium. Cambridge; Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019. xv + 373 pp. ISBN 978-0-674-98651-0"
2650:
On the contrary, Leo II's iconodule son-in-law, Artavasdos, still kept the traditional name, which identified unmistakably his descent from the Armenian Mamikonean house...
1794:
1069:"That Basil I, the founder of the most brilliant dynasty of the Byzantine empire, was indeed Armenian and Armenian on both sides, can be regarded as an established fact."
136:
suggested that Der-Sahagian extended "western European modes of racial and nationalist historiography to the history of medieval Armenia." Kaldellis believes that it was
1399:Армяне в составе господствующего класса Византийской империи в XI - XII вв. [Armenians in the Ruling Class of the Byzantine Empire in the XI-XII Centuries]
2603:
2352:
This exception is Mjej Gnouni (Graece Mizizios), an Armenian immigrant of the first generation. Mjej succeeded in 668 in assassinating his master Constans II...
733:
2750:...a number of important military leaders and civil administrators were Armenian, including emperors Leo V, Basil I, Romanos I Lekapenos, and John I Tzimiskes.
1580:"Aristocrats, Mercenaries, Clergymen and Refugees: Deliberate and Forced Mobility of Armenians in the Early Medieval Mediterranean (6th to 11th Century a.d.)"
3431:
380:
362:
282:
2046:
p. 305 "...the Armenian origins of Heraclius..."; p. 308 "...the house of Heraclius, the Armenian provenance of whose founder has been generally accepted."
3503:
701:
662:
2176:
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literature that it has acquired the status of a known fact, even though it is based on the most tenuous of indirect connections," wrote Kaldellis.
3746:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
1757:"Anthony Kaldellis, Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019. Pp. xv, 373"
2635:
740:
and Mack Chahin. Zachary Chitwood suggests the term Macedonian dynasty is "something of a misnomer" because of the (alleged) Armenian origin of
2868:
Leo V. was not the first Armenian who occupied the Imperial throne. = On one side his parentage was "Assyrian," which presumably means Syrian.
2843:
Four emperors — Leo V, Basil I, Romanos I and John Tzimiskes — seem to have been Armenian, as well as the empress Theodora, Theophilos' wife...
501:
2735:
1599:
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The consensual mass hallucination that is the Armenian fallacy has populated Byzantine history with a series of alleged “Armenian” emperors.
3883:
3405:
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2114:
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The Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (r. 610-640) was the son of an Armenian... In 867 Basil I (r. 867-886), whose father was also Armenian...
2073:
852:
According to some scholars. Charanis wrote that Romanos Lekapenos was "definitely known to have been of Armenian origin." According to
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3259:, p. 455: "Though of Armenian stock, Basil was called the Macedonian because he had been born in the Theme of Macedonia...."
2398:
2146:
1856:
1988:
3787:"Les portraits de Grégoire l'Illuminateur dans l'art byzantin [Portraits of Gregory the Illuminator in Byzantine Art]"
2921:
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2129:
Some of the greatest Byzantine emperors — Nicephorus Phocas, John Tzimisces and probably Heraclius — were of Armenian descent.
713:. Considered by some scholars to have been, at least partly, of Armenian origin. Kaldellis wrote that no source (Byzantine or
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2942:
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2443:
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1827:
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His father is considered by many to be of Armenian origin. The Armenian descent of his mother is debated. Her name, which is
3654:
557:
house. Kaldellis believes that we "do not know enough about the first to have an interesting discussion of his ethnicity."
3046:: History, Hagiography, and Religious Apologetics in Mar Saba Monastery in Early Abbasid Times". In Patrich, Joseph (ed.).
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However, Leo V (813-20) is the only emperor who has been officially recognized as an Armenian by the Byzantine historians.
688:
668:
308:
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Another Armenian emperor was John Tzimiskes (969–976), one of the most brilliant conquerors ever to sit on the throne...
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158:
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979:
57:
2769:
The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins, 1080-1393
1219:
2600:...usurper (742–43).An Armenian (Toumanoff, "Caucasia" 135), Artabasdos was appointed strategos of the Armeniakon...
1832:
Some Armenian chronicles write that the Emperor Maurice had Armenian roots. Generally this is regarded as a legend.
3888:
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2369:
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1984:
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814:
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The Emperor Theophilos and the East, 829–842: Court and Frontier in Byzantium during the Last Phase of Iconoclasm
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The Emperor Theophilos and the East, 829–842: Court and Frontier in Byzantium during the Last Phase of Iconoclasm
2697:
1318:Տեղի բնակչությունը համարում է գերեզմանաքարը Մորիկ կայսեր մոր, որն ըստ ավանդության հայ է եղել և ծնունդով օշականցի։
3345:Ο Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδών θεωρεῖται ἀρμενικῆς καταγωγῆς , ἡ μήτηρ του ὅμως ἐλέγετο Παγκαλὼ καὶ ἦτο ἑπομένως Ελληνίς.
2373:
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810:
199:
129:
3651:
Between Constantinople and Rome: An Illuminated Byzantine Gospel Book (Paris gr. 54) and the Union of Churches
3499:
2455:
2378:...the Armenian general Mzez Gnouni, or Mizizios, as he is called in the Greek sources was acclaimed emperor.
1820:
Armenia Christiana: Armenian Religious Identity and the Churches of Constantinople and Rome (4th–15th Century)
486:
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3698:...Rita-Maria, an Armenian princess who had married Michael IX and who was the mother of Andronikos III...
1537:"From Rome to New Rome, from Empire to Nation-State: Reopening the Question of Byzantium's Roman Identity"
1308:
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371:, who is generally recognized by scholars as an Armenian. According to the 7th century Armenian historian
1711:
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A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A. D. 802-867)
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ones". He writes that this assertion about Heraclius' ancestry is based on an erroneous reading of
368:
292:
1554:
1273:"7-րդ դարի կոթողներ Գեղամա լեռներում [Seventh century Monuments in the Geghama Mountains]"
681:
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Romanness and Islam: Collective Roman Identity in Byzantium from the Seventh to the Tenth Century
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Adontz, L'Age et l'origine de I'empereur Basile I, Byzantion 8 (1933) 475-550; 9 (1934) 223-260.
3015:
Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2008). "Women and Power at the Byzantine Court". In Walthall, Anne (ed.).
823:
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claim Maurice to be of Armenian origin. Modern scholarship, however, does not have a consensus.
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between 867 and 1056, has been called the "Armenian dynasty" by some Armenian scholars such as
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Considered Armenian by mainstream scholarship. According to the medieval Armenian chronicler
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A stone obelisk marking his home is shown to visitors in the Armenian village of Oshakan...
925:
32:). Leo V is the only Byzantine emperor to be nicknamed "Armenian" by Byzantine chroniclers.
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Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Zielke, Beate; Pratsch, Thomas (2013). "Pankalo."
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Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
2015:
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1259:Թեև գյուղացոց մեջ ընդհանուր համոզում կամ ավանդություն է թե Մորիկ կայսեր մոր գերեզմանն է։
1216:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
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2003:
The preponderance of evidence points to an Armenian origin for Heraclius the Elder...
1726:"ByzRev 02.2020.002: Anthony Kaldellis, Romanland. Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium"
1693:
1609:
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802:
109:
several Byzantine emperors of Armenian origin, including Maurice and John Tzimiskes.
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595:. Kaldellis notes that his "ancestry is said to have been Armenian, Assyrian, and
3841:"The Mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul. The Church Fathers in the North Tympanum"
3758:
3334:
3049:
The Sabaite Heritage in the Orthodox Church from the Fifth Century to the Present
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most cases...his analysis of the Armenian fallacy problem is superbly persuasive
965:
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342:
155:
Armenians in the Ruling Class of the Byzantine Empire in the 11th-12th Centuries
125:
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Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Zielke, Beate; Pratsch, Thomas (2013).
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being "of royal Arsacid origin." Redgate considers his Armenian origin likely.
336:
is also skeptical; as the "counter-arguments, in his case, seem overwhelming."
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1737:
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521:
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2858:(1912). "Leo V (The Armenian) and the Revival of Iconoclasm (A.D. 813-820)".
2161:
Most contemporary historians agree that Heraclius was of Armenian background.
2143:
Will, Action and Freedom: Christological Controversies in the Seventh Century
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1847:(1934). "Les légendes de Maurice et de Constantin V, empereurs de Byzance".
1540:
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Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes
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Tzimiskes was from the region of Khozan, from the area which is now called
3120:
He was also born of and married to Armenian women (Thekla and Theodora)...
2985:
He was also born of and married to Armenian women (Thekla and Theodora)...
299:
writes that it is generally regarded as a legend. It has been accepted by
3744:
2018:(1972). "The Iranian Factor in Byzantium during the Reign of Heraclius".
592:
505:
421:
332:" and notes that "one of the names in his extended family are Armenian".
329:
124:), was authored by Fr. Garabed Der-Sahagian and published in 1905 by the
3802:
3786:
2407:
Once they had buried him, they named Mizizios — an Armenian — Emperor...
1775:
1756:
1453:
1334:
3866:
3840:
2577:...the Armenian general Artavasdos. Because Artavasdos was Armenian...
2041:
1849:
Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves
1287:...Օշականում Մորիկ կայսեր կամ նրա մորը վերագրվող 7-րդ դարի հուշասյան...
1095:
775:
741:
540:
439:
73:
69:
53:
52:, may had been created in support of the myth of the Arsacid origin of
813:. He is also "presumed to have descended from the kingly house of the
798:
497:
372:
3858:
2033:
1303:
1272:
1253:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences Press. p.
1011:
Charanis changed his views on the ethnic origin of Maurice. In his
1091:
449:
63:
35:
17:
2366:
Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture
717:) refers to her as an Armenian, or as being of Armenian descent.
3343:] (in Greek). Οργανισμός Εκδ Σχολικών Βιβλίων. p. 436.
2395:
The Chronicle of Theophanes: Anni Mundi 6095-6305 (A.D. 602-813)
1584:
Migration Histories of the Medieval Afroeurasian Transition Zone
1367:Հայ կայսերք Բիւզանդիոնի [Armenian Emperors of Byzantium]
448:
Considered Armenian by mainstream scholarship. He came from the
3211:
Byzantine Legal Culture and the Roman Legal Tradition, 867-1056
2276:
2274:
1078:
Excluding the Arsacids, Basil claimed links to figures such as
3580:. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Hayastan Publishing, 1973, pp. 12–13.
2179:: "Heraclius ...his family were Armenians from Cappadocia..."
1436:(1965). "A Note on the Ethnic Origin of the Emperor Maurice".
182:
is highly critical of what he calls the "Armenian fallacy" in
3680:
Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204
2618:(1998). "Armenian Integration into the Byzantine Empire". In
1370:(in Armenian). San Lazzaro, Venice: Mekhitarist Congregation.
1033:"The Armenian Bardanes occupied the throne from 711 to 713."
2892:. Medieval Academy of America, University of Toronto Press.
210:
Even earlier, in 2008, Kaldellis wrote in a publication for
2662:
2660:
2658:
1304:"Տաթևի երերացող սյունը [Swinging Obelisk of Tatev]"
3743:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
1402:(in Russian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences Press.
3307:
3305:
3303:
2679:
2677:
2675:
1411:
1409:
112:
The first work on Byzantine emperors of Armenian origin,
3021:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 78.
2920:. Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. p.
2628:
Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire
1914:...another emperor of probable Armenian origin, Maurice.
76:, Armenia is attributed by a local tradition to emperor
3018:
Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History
500:
ordering all Armenians to accept the authority of the
84:
According to medieval and modern sources, a number of
2065:
Armenia: Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages
1546:
Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity
3368:
Seine Mutter Pankalo (# 5679) ist wohl griechischer
3274:
History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453, Volume 1
3154:
1428:
1426:
1424:
388:"have been woven out of thin air". He notes that "
2495:Bardanes Philippicus, Armenian Emperor of 711-713
2470:...the Armenian Vardan or Philippicus (711-13)...
190:) and a sub-chapter specifically about emperors (
323:described him as "of probable Armenian origin."
3899:Lists of office-holders in the Byzantine Empire
3236:
3234:
1024:"...Heraclius, himself of Armenian descent..."
549:Considered Armenian by mainstream scholarship.
216:
204:
2889:Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610–1071
2100:
2098:
2096:
1182:
801:origin for her. Medieval Armenian historians
8:
3815:Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium
3760:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
2916:(1958). "The Armenians Outside of Armenia".
2762:
2760:
2758:
1194:
196:Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium
3749:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
1487:. University of Chicago Press. p. 92.
3619:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2062:(2018). "Armenians and Their Middle Age".
1936:
1934:
1902:. Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
809:claimed that he hailed from the region of
231:
186:to which he dedicated a separate chapter (
22:A miniature depicting the proclamation of
3601:
3589:
3496:John was a general of Armenian origin....
3477:
3465:
3418:
3391:
3379:
3276:. University of Wisconsin Press. p.
3256:
3137:
3079:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Volume III
3002:
2944:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Volume III
2726:Rosser, John Hutchins (2012). "Armenia".
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2666:
2537:
2512:Constantinople from Byzantium to Istanbul
2448:History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453
2334:Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World
2292:
2280:
2247:History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453
2172:
1925:
1900:Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests
1801:. Yerevan: Sovetakan grogh. p. 332.
1774:
1675:
1555:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199739400.003.0017
1519:
1507:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1380:
176:for advancement in the Byzantine world."
3550:
3311:
3192:. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2001, p. 232
3157:A Concise History of the Armenian People
2683:
2430:
2418:
2229:
2054:
2052:
1971:
1969:
1869:
1549:. Oxford University Press. p. 392.
1415:
1210:(1983). "Iran, Armenia and Georgia". In
1153:
1151:
3341:History of the Byzantine State: 395-867
3336:Ιστορία του Βυζαντινού Κράτους: 395-867
2696:Chirat, H. "Leo V, Byzantine Emperor".
1147:
1004:
149:and "has spread widely in the field of
3621:. Cambridge University Press. p.
3448:
3437:
3333:Άμαντος, Κωνσταντίνος Ιωάννου (1953).
3213:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1218:. Cambridge University Press. p.
287:Medieval Armenian chroniclers such as
3720:The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire
2886:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1987).
1251:Հայկական ճարտարապետություն Volume II
1013:The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire
7:
3570:Մատթեոս Ուռհայեցի`Ժամանակնագրություն
3406:Prosopography of the Byzantine World
3363:Prosopography of the Byzantine World
2305:Anderson, Benjamin (1 August 2021).
390:there is not a single primary source
1578:Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes (2020).
3574:The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa
3492:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2728:Historical Dictionary of Byzantium
2196:. Milan: Electa Editrice. p.
1762:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
315:, but rejected by others, such as
14:
3576:). Translation and commentary by
3190:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
3084:...she was of Armenian descent...
3042:Griffith, Sidney H. (2001). "The
2949:...she was of Armenian descent...
2821:The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025
1799:Անանիա Շիրակացի․ Մատենագրություն
553:suggests that he hailed from the
165:himself into its cultural life."
56:, likely fabricated by Patriarch
3839:; Hawkins, Ernest J. W. (1972).
3240:
3052:. Leuven: Peeters. p. 155.
2399:University of Pennsylvania Press
1098:, as well as to prophets of the
942:
894:
862:
822:
767:
680:
641:
604:
562:
513:
457:
414:
341:
261:
2487:Armenia: Cradle of Civilization
1981:Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium
1629:"20.04.28 Kaldellis, Romanland"
1163:Armenia: Cradle of Civilization
375:, Heraclius was related to the
48:of Constantinople, next to the
3653:. Ashgate Publishing. p.
2825:University of California Press
2595:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1724:Dimitriadis, Stefanos (2020).
1364:Der-Sahagian, Garabed (1905).
1339:Journal of the Society of Arts
114:Armenian Emperors of Byzantium
1:
3490:"John I Tzimiskes (969–76)".
3096:Codoñer, Juan Signes (2016).
2961:Codoñer, Juan Signes (2016).
2452:University of Wisconsin Press
2251:University of Wisconsin Press
2105:Geanakoplos, Deno J. (1984).
1857:Université libre de Bruxelles
1824:Jagiellonian University Press
1677:10.31577/histcaso.2021.69.5.6
1627:Beihammer, Alexander (2020).
44:, Armenia's patron saint, in
3725:Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian
3161:. Mazda Publishers. p.
2767:Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000).
2704:Leo was of Armenian descent.
2592:, ed. (1991). "Artabasdos".
1885:, I. Paris, 1951, pp. 34-41.
1755:Bromige, Toby (April 2021).
1586:. Brill. pp. 328, n.3.
159:Armenian Academy of Sciences
3884:Armenian Byzantine emperors
2111:University of Chicago Press
1485:Armenia: A Historical Atlas
502:Patriarch of Constantinople
58:Photios I of Constantinople
3915:
3649:Maxwell, Kathleen (2014).
3209:Chitwood, Zachary (2017).
3044:Life of Theodora of Edessa
2559:Princeton University Press
2370:Cambridge University Press
2070:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1985:Cambridge University Press
409:" on Heraclius's origins.
377:Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
3765:Stanford University Press
2699:New Catholic Encyclopedia
1738:10.17879/BYZREV-2020-2637
1592:10.1163/9789004425613_013
1271:Shahinyan, A. N. (1974).
932:
744:, the dynasty's founder.
721:
251:
121:
3894:Lists of medieval people
3819:Harvard University Press
3783:Der Nersessian, Sirarpie
3763:. Stanford, California:
2551:Beckwith, Christopher I.
1335:"Armenia and Its People"
1300:Ghalpakhchian, Hovhannes
1195:Mango & Hawkins 1972
200:Harvard University Press
130:San Lazzaro degli Armeni
40:This now-lost mosaic of
3678:Garland, Lynda (2002).
3140:, p. 170-172, 192.
2338:Oxford University Press
2307:"Anderson on Kaldellis"
2141:Hovorun, Cyril (2008).
1710:Meynell, C. J. (2023).
1543:; Kelly, Gavin (eds.).
709:during the minority of
379:. Hewsen talked of the
212:Oxford University Press
122:Հայ կայսերք Բիւզանդիոնի
42:Gregory the Illuminator
3521:Walker, Christopher J.
3447:Cite journal requires
2444:Vasiliev, Alexander A.
2364:Haldon, J. F. (1990).
2243:Vasiliev, Alexander A.
2194:Byzantine Architecture
1113:First Bulgarian Empire
974:, was the daughter of
221:
208:
81:
61:
33:
3846:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
3741:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
3682:. Routledge. p.
3529:Minority Rights Group
3432:"Romanos I Lekapenos"
2315:The Classical Journal
2021:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1883:Byzance avant I'Islam
1795:Petrosian, Garegin B.
1658:Klatý, Marek (2021).
1347:Royal Society of Arts
1084:Constantine the Great
487:Twenty Years' Anarchy
399:Theophylact Simocatta
157:was published by the
107:Royal Society of Arts
97:History and criticism
67:
39:
26:as emperor (from the
21:
3517:Lang, David Marshall
2918:A History of Armenia
2483:Lang, David Marshall
1950:Blackwell Publishing
1791:Abrahamian, Ashot G.
1730:The Byzantine Review
1159:Lang, David Marshall
161:in Russian in 1975.
3468:, pp. 174–175.
3270:Vasiliev, Alexander
3151:Bournoutian, George
3076:(ed.). "Theodora".
2941:(ed.). "Theodora".
1928:, pp. 181–182.
1776:10.1017/byz.2020.30
1633:The Medieval Review
1510:, pp. 155–195.
1331:Telfer, John Buchan
1183:Der Nersessian 1966
1080:Alexander the Great
762:Comments and notes
369:Heraclius the Elder
293:Kirakos Gandzaketsi
247:Comments and notes
194:) in his 2019 book
192:'Armenian' emperors
3811:Kaldellis, Anthony
3727:Armenian Library.
3382:, p. 192-193.
3074:Kazhdan, Alexander
2939:Kazhdan, Alexander
2914:Kurkjian, Vahan M.
2856:Bury, John Bagnell
2624:Laiou, Angeliki E.
2590:Kazhdan, Alexander
2540:, p. 185-186.
2508:Rice, David Talbot
2330:Toynbee, Arnold J.
2283:, p. 182-183.
1664:Historický časopis
1533:Kaldellis, Anthony
1446:Peeters Publishers
1394:Kazhdan, Alexander
1345:(2, 010). London:
807:Stepanos Taronetsi
738:George Bournoutian
730:Macedonian dynasty
724:Macedonian dynasty
634:Leo V the Armenian
289:Stepanos Taronetsi
153:." Kazhdan's book
103:John Buchan Telfer
86:Byzantine emperors
82:
62:
34:
24:Leo V the Armenian
3889:Lists of monarchs
3755:Treadgold, Warren
3566:Matthew of Edessa
2620:Ahrweiler, Helene
2421:, pp. 21–22.
2391:Turtledove, Harry
2368:(Rev. ed.).
2145:. BRILL. p.
1816:Stopka, Krzysztof
1601:978-90-04-42561-3
1564:978-0-19-024108-7
1481:Hewsen, Robert H.
1247:Toramanian, Toros
1167:Allen & Unwin
990:
989:
962:
922:Matthew of Edessa
914:
882:
842:
785:
715:Medieval Armenian
698:
659:
620:
580:
545:
531:
491:
477:
444:
430:
359:
325:Anthony Kaldellis
279:
184:Byzantine studies
180:Anthony Kaldellis
151:Byzantine Studies
147:Alexander Kazhdan
134:Anthony Kaldellis
68:This 7th century
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3087:
3086:
3082:. p. 2037.
3070:
3064:
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3039:
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3032:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2987:
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2947:. p. 2037.
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2871:
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2773:Psychology Press
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2090:
2056:
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2045:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1977:Kaegi, Walter E.
1973:
1964:
1963:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1892:
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1845:Adontz, Nicholas
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982:, and sister of
980:Armenian Cilicia
960:
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826:
783:
771:
734:ruled the empire
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313:Robert H. Hewsen
297:Krzysztof Stopka
277:
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232:
188:Armenian fallacy
167:Robert H. Hewsen
128:congregation of
123:
105:reported to the
29:Madrid Skylitzes
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2732:Scarecrow Press
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2491:Allen and Unwin
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2157:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2084:
2060:Evans, Helen C.
2058:
2057:
2050:
2034:10.2307/1291324
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1952:. p. 237.
1940:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1602:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1479:
1478:
1461:
1434:Charanis, Peter
1432:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1333:(29 May 1891).
1329:
1328:
1324:
1312:(in Armenian).
1298:
1297:
1293:
1281:(in Armenian).
1270:
1269:
1265:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:. p. 185.
1157:
1156:
1149:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1088:Cyrus the Great
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1006:
995:
959:
953:
937:
935:Post-Macedonian
911:
905:
879:
873:
846:
839:
833:
782:
726:
707:Empress regnant
695:
656:
629:
625:
617:
587:
577:
546:
536:
528:
492:
482:
474:
468:
445:
435:
427:
407:received wisdom
401:. In a letter,
356:
301:Nicholas Adontz
276:
256:
230:
220:
207:
198:, published by
138:Nicholas Adontz
99:
88:were allegedly
12:
11:
5:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3833:
3827:
3807:
3797:(2): 386–395.
3779:
3773:
3751:
3737:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3670:
3663:
3641:
3631:
3606:
3604:, p. 185.
3602:Kaldellis 2019
3594:
3592:, p. 184.
3590:Kaldellis 2019
3582:
3555:
3543:
3537:
3508:
3482:
3480:, p. 174.
3478:Kaldellis 2019
3470:
3466:Kaldellis 2019
3458:
3449:|journal=
3423:
3421:, p. 192.
3419:Kaldellis 2019
3411:
3396:
3394:, p. 193.
3392:Kaldellis 2019
3384:
3380:Kaldellis 2019
3372:
3366:. De Gruyter.
3359:"Basileios I."
3349:
3325:
3316:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3261:
3257:Treadgold 1997
3249:
3230:
3223:
3201:
3188:Chahin, Mack.
3181:
3171:
3142:
3138:Kaldellis 2019
3130:
3124:
3114:
3088:
3065:
3058:
3034:
3028:978-0520254435
3027:
3007:
3005:, p. 172.
3003:Kaldellis 2019
2995:
2989:
2979:
2953:
2930:
2905:
2899:978-0802066671
2898:
2878:
2872:
2847:
2837:
2795:
2785:
2754:
2744:
2711:
2688:
2671:
2669:, p. 186.
2667:Kaldellis 2019
2654:
2644:
2632:Dumbarton Oaks
2616:Garsoïan, Nina
2607:
2581:
2571:
2542:
2538:Kaldellis 2019
2530:
2524:
2518:. p. 79.
2499:
2493:. p. 14.
2474:
2464:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2382:
2356:
2346:
2340:. p. 80.
2321:
2297:
2295:, p. 183.
2293:Kaldellis 2019
2285:
2281:Kaldellis 2019
2270:
2263:
2234:
2222:
2216:
2206:
2181:
2173:Treadgold 1997
2165:
2155:
2133:
2123:
2092:
2082:
2048:
2007:
1997:
1965:
1958:
1942:Redgate, A. E.
1930:
1926:Kaldellis 2019
1918:
1908:
1887:
1874:
1862:
1836:
1807:
1782:
1769:(1): 131–133.
1747:
1732:: 5–8 Seiten.
1716:
1703:
1670:(5): 941–948.
1650:
1619:
1600:
1570:
1563:
1524:
1522:, p. 180.
1520:Kaldellis 2019
1512:
1508:Kaldellis 2019
1500:
1493:
1459:
1420:
1405:
1385:
1383:, p. 157.
1381:Kaldellis 2019
1373:
1356:
1322:
1291:
1263:
1238:
1228:
1208:Lang, David M.
1199:
1187:
1185:, p. 389.
1175:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1104:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
991:
988:
987:
968:
963:
956:
951:Andronikos III
947:
939:
938:
936:
933:
930:
929:
918:
915:
908:
899:
891:
890:
886:
883:
876:
867:
859:
858:
850:
843:
836:
827:
819:
818:
797:, points to a
791:
786:
779:
772:
764:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
747:
746:
725:
722:
719:
718:
704:
699:
692:
685:
677:
676:
671:, the wife of
665:
660:
653:
646:
638:
637:
630:
623:
621:
614:
609:
601:
600:
588:
583:
581:
574:
567:
559:
558:
547:
534:
532:
525:
518:
510:
509:
493:
480:
478:
471:
462:
454:
453:
446:
433:
431:
424:
419:
411:
410:
365:
360:
353:
346:
338:
337:
309:Henri Grégoire
305:Peter Charanis
285:
280:
273:
266:
258:
257:
255:
254:Pre-Macedonian
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
229:
226:
217:
205:
143:Peter Charanis
98:
95:
80:or his mother.
50:Church Fathers
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3911:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3828:9780674986510
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3793:(in French).
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3774:0-8047-2630-2
3770:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3693:9781134756391
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3664:9781409457442
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3632:9780521439916
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:Nicol, Donald
3610:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:(in Armenian)
3559:
3556:
3553:, p. 37.
3552:
3551:Charanis 1963
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:. p. 7.
3530:
3526:
3525:The Armenians
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3441:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3314:, p. 35.
3313:
3312:Charanis 1963
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3287:9780299809256
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3224:9781107182561
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3198:0-7007-1452-9
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3172:9781568591414
3168:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3115:9781317034278
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3059:90-429-0976-5
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2980:9781317034278
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:9780520204966
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:Whittow, Mark
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2786:9780700714186
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2745:9780810875678
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2689:
2686:, p. 23.
2685:
2684:Charanis 1963
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2645:9780884022473
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2572:9780691135892
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2516:Stein and Day
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2465:9780299809256
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2433:, p. 22.
2432:
2431:Charanis 1963
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:Charanis 1963
2415:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2347:9780192152534
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:9780299809256
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2232:, p. 18.
2231:
2230:Charanis 1963
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2207:0-8478-0615-4
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2156:9789047442639
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2124:9780226284606
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2083:9781588396600
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2016:Shahîd, Irfan
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1998:9780521814591
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:9780631220374
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:The Armenians
1943:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1909:9780521484558
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:Kaegi, Walter
1891:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1872:, p. 14.
1871:
1870:Charanis 1963
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1851:(in French).
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:assimilation.
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1494:0-226-33228-4
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1418:, p. 39.
1417:
1416:Charanis 1963
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1229:9780521200929
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1197:, p. 38.
1196:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:Old Testament
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
997:
996:
992:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
967:
964:
957:
955:
952:
948:
945:
941:
940:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
909:
907:
904:
900:
897:
893:
892:
887:
884:
877:
875:
872:
871:Nikephoros II
868:
865:
861:
860:
855:
851:
849:
844:
837:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:Samuel Anetsi
800:
796:
792:
790:
787:
780:
778:
777:
773:
770:
766:
765:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
705:
703:
700:
693:
691:
690:
686:
683:
679:
678:
674:
670:
666:
664:
661:
654:
652:
651:
647:
644:
640:
639:
635:
631:
628:
622:
615:
613:
610:
607:
603:
602:
598:
594:
589:
586:
582:
575:
573:
572:
568:
565:
561:
560:
556:
552:
551:Nina Garsoïan
548:
543:
542:
533:
526:
524:
523:
519:
516:
512:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
489:
488:
479:
472:
470:
467:
463:
460:
456:
455:
451:
447:
442:
441:
432:
425:
423:
420:
417:
413:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
364:
361:
354:
352:
351:
347:
344:
340:
339:
335:
334:A. E. Redgate
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
284:
281:
274:
272:
271:
267:
264:
260:
259:
253:
250:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
227:
225:
215:
213:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
174:
168:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
96:
94:
91:
87:
79:
75:
71:
66:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
30:
25:
20:
16:
3850:
3844:
3837:Mango, Cyril
3814:
3794:
3790:
3759:
3745:
3719:
3708:Bibliography
3697:
3679:
3673:
3650:
3644:
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667:His mother,
648:
627:non-dynastic
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585:non-dynastic
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321:Walter Kaegi
317:Paul Goubert
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46:Hagia Sophia
27:
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2775:. pp.
2028:: 293–320.
1309:Etchmiadzin
1285:(7–8): 76.
1278:Etchmiadzin
966:Palaiologos
954:Palaiologos
917:Macedonian
885:Macedonian
845:Macedonian/
711:Michael III
650:Michael III
632:The son of
612:Constantine
466:Philippicus
367:The son of
132:in Venice.
126:Mekhitarist
3878:Categories
3723:. Lisbon:
3104:. p.
2969:. p.
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2113:. p.
2072:. p.
1987:. p.
1948:. Oxford:
1826:. p.
1541:Grig, Lucy
993:References
978:, King of
972:Rita-Maria
961:(13 years)
841:(24 years)
789:Macedonian
784:(19 years)
697:(14 years)
673:Theophilos
658:(25 years)
624:co-emperor
555:Mamikonian
522:Artabasdos
358:(31 years)
278:(20 years)
3791:Byzantion
3102:Routledge
2967:Routledge
2192:(1985) .
1694:246451714
1686:2585-9099
1641:1096-746X
1610:218992750
1438:Byzantion
1142:Citations
984:Hethum II
958:1328–1341
913:(8 years)
906:Tzimiskes
881:(9 years)
848:Lekapenos
834:Lekapenos
831:Romanos I
750:Portrait
619:(7 years)
597:Amalekite
579:(7 years)
530:(2 years)
476:(2 years)
381:Heraclids
363:Heraclian
350:Heraclius
330:folktales
283:Justinian
235:Portrait
3853:: 1–41.
3813:(2019).
3803:44169213
3785:(1966).
3757:(1997).
3733:17186882
3717:(1963).
3617:(1993).
3523:(1976).
3504:archived
3272:(1964).
3153:(2002).
2819:(1996).
2626:(eds.).
2553:(2009).
2510:(1965).
2485:(1970).
2446:(1958).
2393:(1982).
2332:(1973).
2245:(1958).
1979:(2003).
1944:(2000).
1898:(1995).
1818:(2016).
1797:(1979).
1535:(2015).
1483:(2001).
1454:44170146
1396:(1975).
1302:(1962).
1249:(1948).
1161:(1970).
815:Arsacids
759:Dynasty
732:, which
689:Theodora
669:Theodora
593:Artsruni
469:Bardanes
452:family.
429:(1 year)
422:Mizizios
244:Dynasty
118:Armenian
101:In 1891
90:Armenian
3867:1291315
2042:1291324
1859:: 1–12.
1448:: 417.
1214:(ed.).
1096:Solomon
910:969–976
878:963–969
838:920–944
781:867–886
776:Basil I
742:Basil I
702:Amorian
694:842–856
663:Amorian
655:842–867
616:813–820
576:813–820
541:usurper
527:741–743
506:Persian
473:711–713
440:usurper
426:668–669
403:Priscus
355:610–641
275:582–602
270:Maurice
78:Maurice
74:Oshakan
70:obelisk
54:Basil I
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1956:
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976:Leo II
903:John I
874:Phokas
756:Reign
498:decree
373:Sebeos
241:Reign
3863:JSTOR
3799:JSTOR
3339:[
2777:40-41
2310:(PDF)
2038:JSTOR
1690:S2CID
1606:S2CID
1539:. In
1450:JSTOR
1444:(2).
1343:XXXIX
1092:David
998:Notes
811:Taron
799:Greek
795:Greek
753:Name
571:Leo V
450:Gnuni
238:Name
3823:ISBN
3769:ISBN
3729:OCLC
3688:ISBN
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3453:help
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