35:(such as "beef," a prepared food). In contrast, common unfinished equivalents continued to use the native English term (such as "cow," a living animal). This replacement can be explained by the fact that meat was an expensive product at the time and that the lord and nobleman of Norman origin were eating it more often than the commoners, who were raising the livestock. This duality is also mirrored in French, where "beef" is
3449:
3140:
2967:
3084:
3093:
3509:
2982:
3548:
3553:
3351:
3454:
3396:
3466:
3242:
3191:
3077:
93:(from French). Words taken directly from Latin and Ancient Greek are generally perceived as colder, more technical, and more medical or scientific – compare
69:
than words of Old
English origin, and they are considered by some to be more posh, elaborate, sophisticated, or pretentious. However, there are exceptions:
3526:
3478:
3231:
3204:
3408:
3403:
3336:
3313:
3298:
3186:
3116:
3520:
3515:
3483:
3258:
3210:
3196:
3070:
3488:
3461:
3423:
3418:
3341:
3308:
3293:
3268:
3225:
3169:
3101:
3439:
3288:
3275:
3237:
3215:
3180:
3174:
3157:
2972:
3473:
3444:
3413:
3391:
3372:
3356:
3346:
3283:
3263:
3220:
3318:
3121:
3377:
3382:
3110:
2977:
2987:
66:
24:
3162:
402:
203:
160:
51:
32:
3033:
55:
102:
44:
3542:
3054:
21:
2652:
Usage persists to a greater degree in "Ruthless" and to a lesser degree "Ruthful".
2430:
3062:
3011:
2900:
1729:
1423:
420:
388:
375:
330:
313:
281:
249:
236:
189:
146:
133:
28:
2916:
2426:
2360:
2356:
2351:
Survives with a changed meaning, today meaning a short record or explanation.
843:
434:
357:
344:
295:
263:
214:
171:
2947:
2700:
2550:
2212:
2208:
1841:
1271:
831:
561:
31:) words describing finished products were replaced with words borrowed from
2842:
2255:
2240:
62:
but in other cases, such as calf/veal, they come from distinct PIE roots.
2857:
2285:
958:
819:
624:
2872:
2827:
2812:
2758:
2715:
2670:
2612:
2438:
2414:
2270:
2193:
3034:
Transactions and proceedings of the New
Zealand Institute, Volume 34
2932:
2730:
2628:
2531:
2340:
2005:
1923:
896:
726:
2797:
2685:
2575:
109:
List of
English words with dual Old English/Old French variations
18:
list of
English words with dual French and Old English variations
47:
wordstock, and were eventually passed into the modern language.
20:
lists various
English words with redundant loanwords. After the
3066:
2580:
with the meaning of physician. The former is still used today.
2623:
Today found mostly in "Reaver", meaning robber or highwayman.
2968:
Lists of
English loanwords by country or language of origin
81:(from Old English) occupy a slightly higher register than
65:
Generally, words coming from French often retain a higher
2542:
Glim was an 18th century back-formation from "Glimmer",
2983:
List of
Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
3501:
3432:
3365:
3329:
3251:
3150:
3132:
3100:
2322:Survives in the names of certain plants and fungi.
3055:http://www.translationdirectory.com/article991.htm
2927:Calque of a German translation of the French term
2911:Calque of a German translation of the French term
50:In some cases, these dual variations are distant
43:. These dual words later formed the basis of the
3078:
8:
3037:, (New Zealand Institute., 1902) pp. 135–145
3053:Anglo-Saxon and Latinate Words by M. Birch
1031:wish, will, yearning, longing, want (verb)
3326:
3085:
3071:
3063:
2136:
456:
27:in 1066 many of the more refined English (
2133:Words now obsolete, archaic or dialectal:
3549:Lists of English words of foreign origin
117:
3554:Lists of English words of French origin
3006:Stephan Gramley, Kurt-Michael Pätzold,
2999:
2145:
465:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2973:List of English words of French origin
2425:Survives in many place names, such as
105:– a modern coinage from Greek roots).
2146:Obsolete, archaic or dialectal words
7:
3141:Indigenous languages of the Americas
14:
2978:Changes to Old English vocabulary
3094:English words of foreign origin
2544:and doesn't predate "Candle".
1221:wholesome, healthy, healthful
1:
2988:Linguistic purism in English
54:, as in cow/beef, both from
3450:with Anglo-Saxon variations
2576:small bloodsucking creature
1575:outspoken, straightforward
3570:
3008:A survey of modern English
2140:Old English origin words
460:Old English origin words
121:Old English origin words
2143:Old French origin words
463:Old French origin words
124:Old French origin words
1034:desire (verb and noun)
666:help, bestand, bestead
2802:calmness, tranquility
1438:comply, obey, observe
1171:awesome, unbelievable
3510:Australian aboriginal
2368:bookstaff, bookstave
1744:egress, exit, depart
1508:to lament, to regret
1224:salutary, salubrious
1151:forebear, forefather
1061:drink (noun + verb)
2574:The meaning of the
2220:atheling, drighten
1669:live, abide, dwell
1435:abide, acknowledge
921:prudence, sagacity
623:uphold, undergird,
97:(Old English) with
56:Proto-Indo-European
25:invasion of England
3010:(Routledge, 2003)
2521:asylum, sanctuary
971:folk, lede (leod)
669:aid, abet, assist
603:fair, fair-haired
471:thinking, mindful
103:classical compound
52:etymological twins
3536:
3535:
3497:
3496:
2959:
2958:
2555:contract, pledge
2130:
2129:
1293:unwilling, loath
1241:daring, boldness
1064:beverage, imbibe
450:
449:
3561:
3327:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3038:
3030:
3013:
3004:
2173:hosen, britches
2167:hosen, britches
2137:
1495:woodland, woods
1343:angry, wrathful
1021:drought, dearth
858:reply, response
802:consider, judge
616:phantom, spirit
457:
439:
438:
425:
424:
407:
406:
393:
392:
380:
379:
362:
361:
349:
348:
335:
334:
318:
317:
300:
299:
286:
285:
268:
267:
254:
253:
241:
240:
219:
218:
208:
207:
194:
193:
176:
175:
165:
164:
151:
150:
138:
137:
118:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3493:
3428:
3361:
3352:Scottish Gaelic
3325:
3247:
3146:
3128:
3096:
3091:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3041:
3031:
3016:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2964:
2114:fort, fortress
1406:lethal, mortal
1104:frail, fragile
809:harbour, haven
436:
435:
422:
421:
404:
403:
390:
389:
386:
377:
376:
359:
358:
355:
346:
345:
332:
331:
328:
315:
314:
297:
296:
283:
282:
265:
264:
251:
250:
247:
238:
237:
216:
215:
205:
204:
191:
190:
173:
172:
162:
161:
148:
147:
144:
135:
134:
111:
39:, but "cow" is
12:
11:
5:
3567:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3039:
3014:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:arm, wantsome
2661:
2658:
2657:arm, wantsome
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:steven, reard
2379:
2376:
2375:steven, reard
2372:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:venom, poison
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:honest, frank
1576:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:feeble, faint
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
995:
992:
988:
987:
985:
982:
978:
977:
975:
972:
968:
967:
965:
962:
955:
954:
952:
949:
945:
944:
942:
939:
935:
934:
932:
929:
925:
924:
922:
919:
915:
914:
912:
909:
905:
904:
902:
899:
892:
891:
889:
886:
882:
881:
879:
876:
875:fall, harvest
872:
871:
869:
866:
862:
861:
859:
856:
852:
851:
849:
846:
840:
839:
837:
834:
828:
827:
825:
822:
816:
815:
813:
810:
806:
805:
803:
800:
796:
795:
793:
790:
786:
785:
783:
782:serf, captive
780:
776:
775:
773:
770:
766:
765:
763:
760:
756:
755:
753:
750:
746:
745:
743:
740:
736:
735:
733:
732:reason, cause
730:
723:
722:
720:
717:
713:
712:
710:
707:
703:
702:
700:
697:
693:
692:
690:
687:
683:
682:
680:
677:
673:
672:
670:
667:
663:
662:
660:
657:
653:
652:
650:
647:
643:
642:
640:
637:
636:smell, stench
633:
632:
630:
627:
620:
619:
617:
614:
610:
609:
607:
604:
600:
599:
597:
594:
590:
589:
587:
584:
580:
579:
577:
574:
570:
569:
567:
564:
558:
557:
555:
552:
548:
547:
545:
542:
538:
537:
535:
532:
528:
527:
525:
522:
518:
517:
515:
512:
508:
507:
505:
502:
498:
497:
495:
492:
488:
487:
485:
482:
478:
477:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
461:
448:
447:
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431:
416:
415:
413:
399:
371:
370:
368:
341:
309:
308:
306:
292:
277:
276:
274:
260:
232:
231:
229:
200:
185:
184:
182:
157:
129:
128:
125:
122:
110:
107:
45:Middle English
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3566:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
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3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3467:musical terms
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3455:pseudo-French
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3397:pseudo-German
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
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3345:
3343:
3340:
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3334:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
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3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
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3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:
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3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
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3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
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3198:
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3190:
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3185:
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3149:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:South African
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3056:
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3036:
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3029:
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3019:
3015:
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3009:
3003:
3000:
2993:
2989:
2986:
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2966:
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2899:
2898:
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2879:
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2799:
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2778:
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2740:
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2729:
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2722:
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2717:
2714:
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2710:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
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2692:
2689:
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2684:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2672:
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2665:
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2648:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
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2627:
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2622:
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2614:
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2601:
2598:
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2577:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
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2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
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2530:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
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2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
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2428:
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2421:
2418:
2416:
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2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
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2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:use, utility
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:vein, artery
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
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1878:
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1852:
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1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:requirements
1803:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:
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1728:
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1724:
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1718:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
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1691:
1688:
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1684:
1681:
1678:
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1671:
1668:
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1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
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1644:
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1634:
1631:
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1624:
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1614:
1613:
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1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:warmongering
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:bloodthirsty
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:anger, wrath
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:lovely, fair
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1261:to withstand
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:hopelessness
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:homesickness
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
976:
973:
970:
969:
966:
963:
961:, belongings
960:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
933:
930:
928:weird, fremd
927:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
906:
903:
900:
898:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
883:
880:
877:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
863:
860:
857:
854:
853:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
784:
781:
778:
777:
774:
771:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:
711:
708:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:
671:
668:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
654:
651:
648:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
631:
628:
626:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
549:
546:
543:
541:ask, beseech
540:
539:
536:
533:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
519:
516:
513:
510:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
486:
483:
480:
479:
476:
473:
470:
469:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
446:
443:
440:
432:
429:
426:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
400:
397:
394:
384:
381:
373:
372:
369:
366:
363:
353:
350:
342:
339:
336:
326:
322:
319:
311:
310:
307:
304:
301:
293:
290:
287:
279:
278:
275:
272:
269:
261:
258:
255:
245:
242:
234:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
212:
209:
201:
198:
195:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
169:
166:
158:
155:
152:
142:
139:
131:
130:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
23:
19:
3525:
3508:
3230:
3203:
3179:
3139:
3109:
3032:
3007:
3002:
2579:
2543:
2431:Lincolnshire
2132:
2131:
2098:
1853:forbearance
1831:forbid, ban
1626:
1528:remorseless
1475:downtrodden
1396:belligerent
1081:everlasting
583:amaze, stun
573:bring, bear
453:Other words:
452:
451:
441:
427:
409:
395:
382:
364:
351:
337:
324:
320:
302:
288:
270:
256:
243:
225:
221:
210:
196:
178:
167:
153:
140:
113:
112:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
64:
59:
49:
40:
36:
33:Anglo-Norman
17:
15:
3445:expressions
3378:place names
3232:Philippines
2908:waterstuff
2847:oesophagus
2433:, England.
2306:wanderstar
2300:wanderstar
2111:stronghold
2087:maidenhood
1824:decapitate
1784:ridiculous
1774:comprehend
1771:understand
1761:upbringing
1734:preference
1719:foreshadow
1692:literature
1615:clattering
1356:sanguinary
1316:accustomed
1306:deliberate
1174:incredible
1054:somersault
1014:to abandon
1011:to forsake
888:permission
596:dictionary
494:omnipotent
29:Old English
3543:Categories
3527:Polynesian
3479:Portuguese
3163:star names
2994:References
2924:sourstuff
2901:waterstuff
2862:residence
2817:beautiful
2705:surrender
2578:coexisted
2568:physician
2485:forthfare
2482:departure
2479:forthfare
2472:forthgang
2466:forthgang
2427:Scunthorpe
2260:concubine
2090:virginity
2010:attention
1968:suffocate
1791:foreguess
1781:laughable
1730:forechoice
1689:bookcraft
1659:offspring
1565:graveyard
1518:regretful
1478:oppressed
1424:forespeech
1416:indulgent
1413:forgiving
1376:carpentry
1336:ire, rage
1326:beautiful
1296:reluctant
1264:to resist
1204:nostalgia
1194:difficult
1181:erstwhile
1131:betrothal
994:favourite
938:behaviour
772:to escape
749:knowledge
739:weep, sob
646:hue, blee
504:fraternal
501:brotherly
419:dove (
3409:Old Norse
3404:Norwegian
3383:Australia
3337:Brittonic
3314:Hungarian
3299:Ukrainian
3269:morphemes
3205:Indonesia
3187:Dravidian
3117:Afrikaans
2955:yeartide
2917:sourstuff
2905:hydrogen
2877:creature
2735:complain
2708:overgive
2558:handfast
2469:progress
2391:mountain
2361:bookstave
2357:bookstaff
2245:innocent
2047:handbook
2040:corporal
1928:mutilate
1913:flawless
1903:withtake
1896:marriage
1873:thoughts
1856:patience
1834:prohibit
1709:foretell
1682:conceive
1568:cemetery
1525:ruthless
1468:amicable
1465:friendly
1386:surround
1373:woodwork
1363:windpipe
1244:audacity
1184:previous
1164:intrepid
1161:reckless
1154:ancestor
1144:monarchy
1141:kingship
1134:proposal
1044:distance
1004:valuable
964:property
844:evennight
836:solstice
762:attorney
729:, ground
719:identity
716:selfhood
699:engender
679:purchase
606:blond(e)
593:wordbook
586:astonish
531:sisterly
524:paternal
521:fatherly
514:maternal
511:motherly
491:almighty
401:venison (
374:deer (
352:pouletrie
343:poultry (
329:chicken (
294:mutton (
262:pork (
202:veal (
3516:Hawaiian
3484:Romanian
3366:Germanic
3259:Etruscan
3211:Japanese
3197:Sanskrit
3133:Americas
2962:See also
2948:yeartide
2893:wayfare
2890:journey
2887:wayfare
2850:weasand
2787:declare
2720:reality
2701:overgive
2675:poverty
2551:handfast
2459:forhold
2453:forhold
2419:village
2407:dwimmer
2401:dwimmer
2263:chevese
2248:bilewit
2230:appoint
2213:drighten
2209:atheling
2104:victory
2030:pendant
2027:hanging
1965:smother
1948:chamber
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1842:forelook
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1588:verdant
1428:preface
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1366:trachea
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1234:painful
1214:despair
1101:brittle
1094:liberty
1091:freedom
1084:eternal
991:darling
981:forgive
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931:strange
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848:equinox
832:sunstead
792:cordial
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752:science
656:blossom
629:support
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562:lovesome
544:enquire
534:sororal
474:pensive
433:pigeon (
410:venesoun
356:pullet (
312:hen (
280:sheep (
235:swine (
188:calf (
159:beef (
132:cow (
67:register
3502:Oceania
3489:Spanish
3462:Italian
3424:Yiddish
3419:Swedish
3342:Gaulish
3309:Finnish
3305:Uralic
3294:Russian
3280:Slavic
3226:Persian
3170:Chinese
2952:season
2937:around
2921:oxygen
2865:woning
2843:weasand
2790:quethe
2784:quethe
2763:honour
2633:number
2602:relief
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1998:spleen
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1649:nought
1548:gentle
1535:weapon
1515:rueful
1505:to rue
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709:ponder
706:wonder
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649:colour
481:kingly
99:biology
3440:French
3433:Italic
3392:German
3330:Celtic
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3276:Romani
3252:Europe
3238:Turkic
3216:Korean
3175:Hebrew
3158:Arabic
3102:Africa
2880:wight
2858:woning
2835:shild
2832:fault
2820:sheen
2776:uncle
2766:mensk
2751:firen
2748:crime
2745:firen
2723:sooth
2690:point
2678:armth
2620:reave
2571:leech
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2518:grith
2511:gavel
2505:gavel
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2180:atter
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2149:Notes
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22:Norman
3521:Māori
3474:Latin
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3373:Dutch
3357:Welsh
3347:Irish
3284:Czech
3264:Greek
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338:cicen
303:moton
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41:vache
16:This
3319:Sami
3243:Urdu
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2933:umbe
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77:and
71:weep
37:bœuf
2798:roo
2686:ord
2429:in
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58:*
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