539:
Menander's Tyrian king list also described the period from
Ithobaal III through Hiram III. Tyre regained independence with Assyria's demise, although Egypt controlled Tyre during some of the time afterwards. Eventually, Tyre fell under the control of the
61:
I. 116–127. Josephus asserts that
Menander had drawn his list from the chronicles of Tyre itself. Menander-Josephus also contains a list of 9 kings and judges, with reigns dated to 591–532 BC in Against Apion I. 154–160.
603:. According to Josephus, Hiram's reign extended to the fourteenth year of Cyrus', ascension to power in Babylon. Cyrus took control of Babylon on October 29, 539, therefore Hiram III's rule spanned from 551 to 532 BC.
178:
are established in three places by three independent sources: a
Biblical synchronism (Hiram's assistance to Solomon in building the Temple, from 967 BC onwards), an Assyrian record (tribute of
790:
764:
1003:
820:
572:
This is the king mentioned in
Ezekiel 28:2 at the time of the fall of Jerusalem. Carthage became independent of Tyre in 574 BC.
860:
962:
198:
flight from her brother
Pygmalion in the latter's seventh year of reign, in 825 BC, 72 years before the founding of Rome).
993:
745:
389:
195:
660:
127:
692:
998:
187:
583:
In the 560s the monarchy was overthrown, and an oligarchic government established, headed by "judges" or
855:
806:
541:
109:
775:
673:
450:
427:
established its control over the area and ruled through vassals who are named in
Assyrian records.
424:
48:
506:
114:
44:
618:
612:
476:
944:
816:
736:
681:
397:
175:
104:
654:
936:
677:
641:
600:
370:
183:
911:
NIV Archaeological Study Bible, An
Illustrated walk through Biblical History and Culture.
589:(cf. Carthage). The monarchy was restored with the ascension of Hiram III to the throne.
43:. The traditional list of 12 kings, with reigns dated to 990–785 BC, is derived from the
709:
685:
599:(Book I, §21), and which last judge (Hiram III) is said to have been contemporary with
160:
32:
987:
812:
725:
714:
595:
174:
The dates for the reconstruction of
Menander's Tyrian king list from Abibaal through
118:
100:
57:
17:
966:
644:. He united Cyprus under his rule and achieved independence from the Persian Empire.
740:
561:
356:
286:
179:
117:(499–449 BC) that Agenor had lived either 1000 or 1600 years prior to his visit to
434:
253:
235:
637:
446:
335:
948:
850:
802:
302:
150:
96:
88:
36:
828:
590:
490:
461:
409:
379:
269:
191:
84:
52:
924:
719:
624:
585:
347:
318:
220:
205:
92:
40:
836:
832:
730:
696:
520:
74:
940:
811:. Translated by de Sélincourt, Aubrey (Reprint ed.). New York:
663:
c.340–332 BC. He was king during the siege by
Alexander the Great.
888:(Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994) 266.
839:, to the present day is a period of about 1000 years only; ...
684:(Egyptian Greek) rule. Phoenicia came under the rule of the
135:
Son of Agenor. He is the alleged eponym of the
Phoenicians.
873:
Studies in the Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel
170:
Kings of the Sidonians (with Tyre as capital), 990–785 BC
886:
The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria
722:, for a discussion of the date of Carthage's foundation
676:
conquered Tyre in 332 BC, the city alternated between
739:, for inscriptional evidence regarding Pygmalion and
925:"Tyre in the Early Persian Period (539-486 B.C.E.)"
280:Killed predecessor. First of 4 brothers to reign.
66:Ancient Tyrian rulers based on Hellenic mythology
419:Assyrian ascendancy: 8th and 7th centuries BC
159:Mayor/Ruler of Tyre during the period of the
8:
632:Under control of Cypriot Salamis 411–374 BC
627:c.420–411 BC. He ruled Salamis, in Cyprus.
913:Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2005 p.1350.
470:Also paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III
546:
429:
200:
145:
69:
875:(Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991), p. 31.
757:
728:, a legendary king of Tyre in Vergil's
346:Killed predecessor. Father of Biblical
593:mentions these judges in his treatise
455:Gave tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III.
408:Dido fled from Pygmalion and founded
7:
899:Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III
214:His beginning date is conjectural.
186:in 841 BC), and a Roman historian (
229:Contemporary of David and Solomon
25:
805:(2003) . Marincola, John (ed.).
649:Under Persian control 374–332 BC
607:Under Persian control 539–411 BC
923:Katzenstein, H. Jacob (1979).
163:correspondence (1350–1335 BC)
1:
791:Against Apion Book I. 154–160
765:Against Apion Book I. 116–127
190:, who placed the founding of
668:Under the Greeks and Romans
1020:
929:The Biblical Archaeologist
113:written at the end of the
1004:Heads of state of Lebanon
695:(c. 42 BC) was the Roman
99:(c. 484–425 BC), born in
388:Father of Pygmalion and
688:in the 1st century BC.
329:Last of the 4 brothers
827:But from the birth of
142:Late Bronze Age rulers
542:Neo-Babylonian Empire
18:List of Kings of Tyre
535:Post-Assyrian period
39:city in what is now
871:William H. Barnes,
777:Jewish Encyclopedia
680:(Syrian Greek) and
674:Alexander the Great
451:Tiglath-Pileser III
445:Name found only on
425:Neo-Assyrian Empire
107:, estimated in the
49:Menander of Ephesus
412:during his reign.
115:Greco-Persian Wars
994:Lists of monarchs
737:Pygmalion of Tyre
576:
575:
532:
531:
416:
415:
182:/Balazeros II to
167:
166:
139:
138:
105:Achaemenid Empire
31:was the ruler of
16:(Redirected from
1011:
978:
977:
975:
974:
965:. Archived from
959:
953:
952:
920:
914:
908:
902:
895:
889:
882:
876:
869:
863:
848:
842:
841:
799:
793:
788:
782:
773:
767:
762:
746:Dido of Carthage
547:
430:
369:Paid tribute to
291:(Dalay-‘Ashtart)
201:
146:
70:
21:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1008:
984:
983:
982:
981:
972:
970:
961:
960:
956:
941:10.2307/3209545
922:
921:
917:
909:
905:
896:
892:
883:
879:
870:
866:
849:
845:
823:
815:. p. 155.
801:
800:
796:
789:
785:
774:
770:
763:
759:
754:
706:
670:
651:
642:Salamis, Cyprus
634:
609:
601:Cyrus the Great
581:
579:Shoftim of Tyre
564:
537:
494:
454:
438:
421:
401:
371:Shalmaneser III
362:Ba‘l-mazzer II)
361:
359:
338:
321:
305:
289:
273:
257:
241:
239:
188:Pompeius Trogus
184:Shalmaneser III
172:
156:c. 1350–1335 BC
144:
80:c. 2050–1450 BC
68:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
986:
985:
980:
979:
954:
915:
903:
890:
884:Hayim Tadmor,
877:
864:
843:
835:, daughter of
822:978-0140449082
821:
794:
783:
768:
756:
755:
753:
750:
749:
748:
743:
734:
723:
717:
712:
710:King of Byblos
705:
702:
701:
700:
686:Roman Republic
669:
666:
665:
664:
658:
650:
647:
646:
645:
633:
630:
629:
628:
622:
616:
615:fl. c. 490–480
608:
605:
580:
577:
574:
573:
570:
567:
557:
556:
554:
551:
536:
533:
530:
529:
527:
524:
516:
515:
513:
510:
502:
501:
499:
496:
486:
485:
483:
480:
472:
471:
468:
465:
457:
456:
443:
440:
420:
417:
414:
413:
406:
403:
393:
392:
386:
383:
375:
374:
367:
364:
360:(Balazeros II,
352:
351:
344:
341:
331:
330:
327:
324:
314:
313:
311:
308:
298:
297:
295:
292:
282:
281:
278:
275:
265:
264:
262:
259:
258:(‘Abd-‘Astart)
249:
248:
246:
243:
242:Ba‘l-mazzer I)
231:
230:
227:
224:
216:
215:
212:
209:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:Amarna letters
157:
154:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
131:
123:
122:
81:
78:
67:
64:
35:, the ancient
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1016:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:Kings of Tyre
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
969:on 2008-05-09
968:
964:
958:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
916:
912:
907:
904:
900:
894:
891:
887:
881:
878:
874:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
852:
847:
844:
840:
838:
834:
831:, the son of
830:
824:
818:
814:
813:Penguin Books
810:
809:
804:
798:
795:
792:
787:
784:
780:
778:
772:
769:
766:
761:
758:
751:
747:
744:
742:
738:
735:
733:
732:
727:
726:Belus of Tyre
724:
721:
718:
716:
715:King of Sidon
713:
711:
708:
707:
703:
698:
694:
691:
690:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
662:
659:
656:
653:
652:
648:
643:
639:
636:
635:
631:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
604:
602:
598:
597:
596:Against Apion
592:
588:
587:
578:
571:
568:
566:
565:(Ethbaal III)
563:
559:
558:
555:
552:
549:
548:
545:
543:
534:
528:
525:
523:
522:
518:
517:
514:
511:
509:
508:
504:
503:
500:
497:
493:
492:
488:
487:
484:
481:
479:
478:
474:
473:
469:
466:
464:
463:
459:
458:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
436:
432:
431:
428:
426:
418:
411:
407:
404:
400:
399:
395:
394:
391:
387:
384:
382:
381:
377:
376:
372:
368:
365:
363:
358:
354:
353:
349:
345:
342:
339:
337:
333:
332:
328:
325:
322:
320:
316:
315:
312:
309:
307:(‘Ashtar-rom)
306:
304:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
288:
284:
283:
279:
276:
272:
271:
267:
266:
263:
260:
256:
255:
251:
250:
247:
244:
240:(Balazeros I,
238:
237:
233:
232:
228:
225:
223:
222:
218:
217:
213:
210:
208:
207:
203:
202:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
169:
162:
158:
155:
153:
152:
148:
147:
141:
134:
132:
130:
129:
125:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:Halicarnassus
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
77:
76:
72:
71:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:Against Apion
54:
51:as quoted by
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
971:. Retrieved
967:the original
957:
932:
928:
918:
910:
906:
898:
893:
885:
880:
872:
867:
854:
846:
826:
807:
797:
786:
779:: "Phenicia"
776:
771:
760:
741:Baal-Eser II
729:
671:
594:
584:
582:
562:Ithobaal III
560:
538:
519:
505:
489:
475:
460:
433:
422:
396:
378:
357:Baal-Eser II
355:
334:
317:
301:
287:Deleastartus
285:
268:
252:
234:
219:
204:
180:Baal-Eser II
173:
149:
126:
108:
73:
56:
45:lost history
29:King of Tyre
28:
26:
507:Abd Melqart
435:Ithobaal II
340:(Ethbaal I)
254:Abdastartus
236:Baal-Eser I
121:in 450 BC.
93:Doric Greek
988:Categories
973:2013-05-01
752:References
621:fl. c. 450
619:Boulomenus
569:591–573 BC
526:680–660 BC
512:694–680 BC
498:729–694 BC
482:730–729 BC
467:739–730 BC
447:Iran Stele
442:750–739 BC
405:831–785 BC
385:840–832 BC
373:in 841 BC
366:846–841 BC
343:878–847 BC
336:Ithobaal I
310:888–880 BC
294:900–889 BC
277:920–901 BC
274:(‘Ashtart)
261:929–921 BC
245:946–930 BC
226:980–947 BC
211:993–981 BC
103:under the
95:historian
37:Phoenician
963:"Lebanon"
949:0006-0895
935:(1): 25.
856:Histories
851:Herodotus
808:Histories
803:Herodotus
682:Ptolemaic
661:Azemilcus
613:Mattan IV
477:Mattan II
439:(Tuba‘il)
398:Pygmalion
303:Astarymus
176:Pygmalion
151:Abi-Milku
110:Histories
97:Herodotus
897:Tadmor,
829:Dionysus
704:See also
699:of Tyre.
678:Seleucid
657:fl. 340s
638:Evagoras
591:Josephus
491:Elulaios
462:Hiram II
410:Carthage
402:(Pummay)
380:Mattan I
323:(Pilles)
270:Astartus
192:Carthage
85:Poseidon
53:Josephus
861:2.145.1
720:Hiram I
655:Eugoras
625:Abdemon
586:shoftim
553:–592 BC
550:missing
348:Jezebel
319:Phelles
221:Hiram I
206:Abibaal
128:Phoenix
83:Son of
41:Lebanon
947:
859:
837:Cadmus
833:Semele
819:
731:Aeneid
697:tyrant
693:Marion
672:After
521:Baal I
495:(Luli)
326:879 BC
196:Dido's
87:or of
75:Agenor
901:, 69.
89:Belus
945:ISSN
817:ISBN
423:The
390:Dido
119:Tyre
33:Tyre
27:The
937:doi
640:of
449:of
194:or
55:in
47:of
990::
943:.
933:42
931:.
927:.
853:,
825:.
544:.
350:.
91:.
976:.
951:.
939::
781:.
453:.
20:)
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