101:(the highest cost of living of the 50 most populous MSAs). An income of $ 0.88 in Birmingham equals an income of $ 1.27 in San Jose with the U.S as a whole having an average PCPI of $ 1.00. To put it another way, the purchasing power of a dollar compared to the U.S. average is $ 1.13 in Birmingham and $ 0.79 in San Jose. The net impact of accounting for differences in the purchasing power of a dollar in different MSAs is to narrow the gap in the standard of living between rich and poor cities.
1400:
84:
A more valid accounting of the differences in the standard of living of residents in different citizens requires recognition that prices vary from state to state and city to city. In general, a dollar has more purchasing power in the poorer cities than it does in the richer cities. The difference in
41:
Personal income is the income received by, or on behalf of, all persons from all sources: from participation as laborers in production, from owning a home or business, from the ownership of financial assets, and from government and business in the form of transfers. It includes income from domestic
42:
sources as well as the rest of world. It does not include realized or unrealized capital gains or losses. Personal income is estimated before the deduction of personal income taxes and other personal taxes and is reported in current dollars (no adjustment is made for price changes).
36:
The BEA defines regional price parities as an estimate of "the differences in price levels across states and metropolitan areas for a given year and are expressed as a percentage of the overall national price level." The BEA defines personal income as follows:
111:
an MSA which includes not only the population within the legal boundaries of a city but also the population of the jurisdictions in its suburbs and in the surrounding counties which are influenced by the central
756:
1538:
33:. The effect of adjusting the per capita personal income by the cost of living is to narrow the difference in the standard of living between most high-income cities and most low-income cities.
29:(MSA). A MSA is defined as a central city or cities and their surrounding area of influence. The PCPI is adjusted by differences in the cost of living, called "regional price parities" by the
1513:
963:
85:
housing costs from city to city is especially important. The Bureau of
Economic Analysis has calculated that the regional price parity in 2019 of the 50 largest MSAs ranges from 88.3 in
1518:
1543:
319:
22:
986:
1533:
296:
503:
1239:
71:
342:
81:
calculated a per capita income of the United States as 34,103 dollars. The U.S. Bureau of
Economic Analysis calculated the PCPI as 56,490 dollars.
1262:
710:
549:
940:
526:
411:
135:
94:
641:
104:
The statistical analysis is complicated by the various definitions of what constitutes a "city." There are three commonly used definitions:
46:
Per Capita
Personal Income (PCPI) is a more inclusive estimate of the average standard of living of residents in the U.S. than measures of
894:
802:
779:
733:
687:
664:
618:
227:
1523:
55:
572:
26:
123:
The population and per capita personal income estimates of metropolitan statistical areas are used in the following table.
1009:
365:
1344:
1528:
1482:
1193:
1170:
825:
273:
30:
1032:
158:
1285:
480:
204:
116:
86:
917:
77:
The difference in estimates of per capita income and per capita personal income is large. In 2019, the U.S.
1216:
848:
1124:
1078:
59:
1425:
1055:
595:
181:
1372:
1453:
1101:
47:
1147:
871:
51:
250:
388:
63:
1507:
1308:
457:
434:
78:
50:. PCPI "includes wages, benefits, proprietor income, dividends, interest, rent, and
127:
Standard
Metropolitan statistical areas by PCPI, adjusted by regional price parity
1483:"Arkansas, Mississippi are among the states where a dollar has the highest value"
93:(which has the lowest cost of living of the 50 most populous MSAs) to 126.7 in
98:
90:
67:
1454:"Press Release: Real Personal Income by State and Metro Area in 2019"
108:
the population within the legal limits of an incorporated city;
19:
List of U.S. cities by adjusted per capita personal income
1401:"What is the difference between GDP and personal Income?"
1373:"Personal Income by County and Metropolitan Area, 2019"
1367:
1365:
149:
PCPI after adjustments for purchasing power of dollar
1539:
Metropolitan statistical areas of the United States
1448:
1446:
119:which combines the population of two or more MSAs.
1514:Core-based statistical areas of the United States
1345:"Regional Price Parities by State and Metro Area"
964:Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN MSA
274:Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA
320:Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA
987:Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA
159:New York City-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA MSA
297:Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL MSA
8:
389:Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT CSA
757:Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton, PA-OH-WV CSA
504:Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI MSA
1519:Economy of the United States-related lists
1426:"Quick Facts: United States Census Bureau"
130:
1240:Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT MSA
435:Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA MSA
343:Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA MSA
251:Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX MSA
140:Per Capita Personal Income (PCPI) (2019)
1481:Sauter, Michael B. (25 November 2020).
1336:
711:Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA MSA
550:Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA
1544:United States demography-related lists
1194:Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA
941:San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA
527:San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA MSA
412:San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA MSA
205:Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI MSA
182:Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA MSA
25:(PCPI) of residents of United States'
642:Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC MSA
7:
1534:Lists of cities in the United States
895:Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN MSA
803:Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown, TX MSA
780:Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV MSA
1405:Montana.gov: Official State Website
734:Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA MSA
228:Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA
14:
688:San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX MSA
665:Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA
619:Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD MSA
146:Purchasing power of $ 1.00 (2019)
481:Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA MSA
458:Detroit–Warren–Dearborn, MI MSA
573:Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO MSA
152:Rank in PCPI after adjustment
143:Rank in PCPI before adjustment
27:Metropolitan statistical areas
1:
1263:Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY MSA
1010:Providence-Warwick, RI-MA MSA
366:Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ MSA
1171:New Orleans-Metairie, LA MSA
1461:Bureau of Economic Analysis
1430:United States Census Bureau
1380:Bureau of Economic Analysis
1349:Bureau of Economic Analysis
31:Bureau of Economic Analysis
1560:
1033:Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI MSA
23:per capita personal income
1286:Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
133:
117:Combined Statistical Area
918:Cleveland-Elyria, OH MSA
826:Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN MSA
1524:Gross domestic product
1217:Salt Lake City, UT MSA
849:Kansas City, MO-KS MSA
44:
1125:Memphis, TN-MS-AR MSA
1079:Oklahoma City, OK MSA
39:
1102:Raleigh-Cary, NC MSA
1056:Jacksonville, FL MSA
596:St. Louis, MO-IL MSA
1529:Income distribution
136:metropolitan areas
60:veteran's benefits
1328:
1327:
52:transfer payments
48:per capita income
1551:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1487:USA Today: Money
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1341:
1148:Richmond, VA MSA
872:Columbus, OH MSA
131:
1559:
1558:
1554:
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56:Social Security
12:
11:
5:
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64:farm subsidies
21:estimates the
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10:
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4:
3:
2:
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1309:United States
1306:
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1128:
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1019:
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984:
983:
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927:
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921:
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914:
910:
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904:
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898:
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891:
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878:
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873:
869:
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835:
832:
829:
827:
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772:
769:
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749:
746:
743:
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731:
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723:
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697:
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654:
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648:
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634:
631:
628:
625:
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620:
616:
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611:
608:
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588:
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582:
579:
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569:
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427:
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401:
398:
395:
392:
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386:
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381:
378:
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369:
367:
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316:
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309:
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280:
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275:
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266:
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126:
124:
118:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
80:
79:Census Bureau
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
34:
32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1307:
122:
103:
83:
76:
45:
40:
35:
18:
17:
15:
134:50 largest
72:food stamps
1508:Categories
1492:24 January
1466:24 January
1435:24 January
1410:24 January
1385:24 January
1354:25 January
1331:References
99:California
87:Birmingham
54:" such as
945:$ 114,080
931:$ 61, 551
554:$ 48, 908
416:$ 104,291
1322:$ 56,490
1314:$ 56,490
1299:$ 60,313
1290:$ 53,374
1276:$ 55,471
1267:$ 52,331
1253:$ 63,849
1244:$ 65,152
1230:$ 54,995
1221:$ 54,450
1207:$ 58,390
1198:$ 52,134
1184:$ 58,275
1175:$ 54,463
1161:$ 60,973
1152:$ 58,628
1138:$ 53,743
1129:$ 47,985
1115:$ 60,165
1106:$ 57,851
1092:$ 54,235
1083:$ 48,860
1069:$ 53,992
1060:$ 51,421
1046:$ 62,060
1037:$ 58,457
1023:$ 56,138
1014:$ 56,138
1000:$ 54,091
991:$ 52,011
977:$ 64,321
968:$ 60,680
954:$ 90,123
922:$ 55,451
908:$ 61,966
899:$ 56,360
885:$ 57,200
876:$ 52,477
862:$ 59,406
853:$ 55,009
839:$ 61,636
830:$ 56,033
816:$ 62,597
807:$ 61,977
793:$ 50,270
784:$ 48,806
770:$ 60,829
761:$ 60,227
747:$ 55,901
738:$ 58,843
724:$ 56,925
715:$ 59,921
701:$ 52,106
692:$ 48,694
678:$ 45,608
669:$ 45,156
655:$ 57,151
646:$ 53,916
632:$ 60,789
623:$ 63,988
609:$ 63,185
600:$ 56,293
586:$ 64,547
577:$ 67,236
563:$ 49,397
540:$ 54,167
531:$ 63,726
517:$ 62,298
508:$ 64,225
494:$ 67,924
485:$ 78,073
471:$ 56,339
462:$ 54,172
448:$ 39,285
439:$ 42,242
425:$ 77,175
402:$ 70,903
393:$ 81,498
379:$ 48,546
370:$ 48,065
356:$ 55,648
347:$ 54,557
333:$ 63,226
324:$ 66,596
310:$ 54,869
301:$ 60,966
287:$ 63,227
278:$ 74,385
264:$ 57,712
255:$ 58,890
241:$ 58,138
232:$ 58,725
218:$ 61,595
209:$ 63,500
195:$ 56,015
186:$ 66,684
172:$ 63,875
163:$ 79,844
95:San Jose
91:Alabama
68:welfare
1319:$ 1.00
1296:$ 1.13
1273:$ 1.06
1250:$ 0.98
1227:$ 1.01
1204:$ 1.12
1181:$ 1.07
1158:$ 1.04
1135:$ 1.12
1112:$ 1.04
1089:$ 1.11
1066:$ 1.05
1043:$ 1.06
1020:$ 1.00
997:$ 1.04
974:$ 1.06
951:$ 0.79
928:$ 1.11
905:$ 1.10
882:$ 1.09
859:$ 1.08
836:$ 1.10
813:$ 1.01
790:$ 1.03
767:$ 1.01
744:$ 0.95
721:$ 0.95
698:$ 1.07
675:$ 1.01
652:$ 1.06
629:$ 0.95
606:$ 1.11
583:$ 0.96
560:$ 1.01
537:$ 0.85
514:$ 0.97
491:$ 0.87
468:$ 1.04
445:$ 0.93
422:$ 0.74
399:$ 0.87
376:$ 1.01
353:$ 1.02
330:$ 0.95
307:$ 0.90
284:$ 0.85
261:$ 0.98
238:$ 0.99
215:$ 0.97
192:$ 0.84
169:$ 0.80
70:, and
1457:(PDF)
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