145:
397:
559:
325:
829:
577:
127:
505:
847:
469:
919:
685:
487:
793:
775:
307:
865:
721:
613:
433:
415:
901:
883:
811:
739:
667:
649:
631:
595:
541:
523:
379:
253:
199:
163:
757:
289:
703:
343:
451:
271:
217:
361:
235:
181:
36:. There are a few types of bentonites and their names depend on the dominant elements, such as potassium, sodium, calcium, and aluminium. As noted in several places in the geologic literature, there are some nomenclatorial problems with the classification of bentonite clays.
43:, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, have been used for clay beds of uncertain origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite.
949:
Indian
Minerals Yearbook 2013 (Part–III: Mineral Reviews), 52nd Edition. Bentonite. Government of India, Ministry of Mines, Indian Bureau of Mines. Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines, NAGPUR – 440 001. January,
1384:
1367:
1351:
1000:
1463:
991:
1028:
1087:
1412:
1379:
1359:
1372:
1004:
564:
1189:
1159:
1154:
1023:
1326:
1321:
1308:
1259:
1194:
1139:
1094:
1336:
1269:
1164:
1149:
1062:
1057:
1407:
1219:
1179:
1082:
1274:
1224:
54:, completely devitrified (weathered volcanic glass) ash-fall beds are commonly referred to as K-bentonites when the dominant clay species is
1341:
1286:
1119:
984:
834:
582:
510:
474:
977:
948:
924:
690:
492:
1431:
1007:
798:
312:
870:
726:
618:
906:
888:
744:
654:
636:
600:
546:
456:
276:
222:
204:
969:
762:
240:
186:
150:
708:
348:
1417:
62:. Kaolinite dominated clays are commonly referred to as tonsteins and are typically associated with
964:
1458:
816:
25:
1436:
79:
51:
33:
330:
1452:
1402:
132:
47:
40:
852:
1169:
1114:
1099:
1015:
58:. Other common clay species, and sometimes dominant, are montmorillonite and
1296:
1291:
1239:
1229:
1209:
1174:
780:
402:
75:
59:
22:
1264:
1234:
1214:
1204:
1109:
1045:
1040:
438:
420:
1281:
1249:
1244:
1199:
1184:
1134:
1124:
1072:
1067:
672:
528:
294:
1331:
1129:
1104:
1077:
1052:
384:
258:
168:
55:
366:
1144:
63:
29:
973:
1254:
1395:
1350:
1307:
1014:
965:British Geological Survey World Mineral Statistics
100:Bentonite production (tonnes) per country in 2006
985:
8:
78:production (tonnes) in 2006 mostly based on
94:"Natural resources of COUNTRY or TERRITORY"
39:Bentonite usually forms from weathering of
992:
978:
970:
98:
1464:Lists of countries by mineral production
941:
103:
7:
1001:Lists of countries and territories
14:
917:
899:
881:
863:
845:
827:
809:
791:
773:
755:
737:
719:
701:
683:
665:
647:
629:
611:
593:
575:
557:
539:
521:
503:
485:
467:
449:
431:
413:
395:
377:
359:
341:
323:
305:
287:
269:
251:
233:
215:
197:
179:
161:
143:
125:
74:This is a list of countries by
1432:List of international rankings
1:
70:List of producing countries
1480:
1426:
80:British Geological Survey
565:Bosnia and Herzegovina *
82:accessed in June 2008.
32:consisting mostly of
101:
99:
1446:
1445:
1005:industrial output
933:
932:
583:North Macedonia *
105:Country (or area)
28:generally impure
1471:
1437:Lists by country
994:
987:
980:
971:
952:
946:
922:
921:
920:
904:
903:
902:
886:
885:
884:
868:
867:
866:
850:
849:
848:
832:
831:
830:
814:
813:
812:
796:
795:
794:
778:
777:
776:
760:
759:
758:
742:
741:
740:
724:
723:
722:
706:
705:
704:
688:
687:
686:
670:
669:
668:
652:
651:
650:
634:
633:
632:
616:
615:
614:
598:
597:
596:
580:
579:
578:
562:
561:
560:
544:
543:
542:
526:
525:
524:
508:
507:
506:
490:
489:
488:
472:
471:
470:
454:
453:
452:
436:
435:
434:
418:
417:
416:
400:
399:
398:
382:
381:
380:
364:
363:
362:
346:
345:
344:
328:
327:
326:
310:
309:
308:
292:
291:
290:
274:
273:
272:
256:
255:
254:
238:
237:
236:
220:
219:
218:
202:
201:
200:
184:
183:
182:
166:
165:
164:
148:
147:
146:
130:
129:
128:
115:
102:
52:tephrochronology
21:is an absorbent
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1422:
1391:
1373:per unit of GDP
1363:
1346:
1303:
1036:
1032:
1010:
998:
961:
956:
955:
947:
943:
938:
918:
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898:
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844:
828:
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772:
756:
754:
738:
736:
720:
718:
702:
700:
684:
682:
666:
664:
648:
646:
630:
628:
612:
610:
594:
592:
576:
574:
558:
556:
540:
538:
522:
520:
504:
502:
486:
484:
468:
466:
450:
448:
432:
430:
414:
412:
396:
394:
378:
376:
360:
358:
342:
340:
324:
322:
306:
304:
288:
286:
270:
268:
252:
250:
234:
232:
216:
214:
198:
196:
180:
178:
162:
160:
144:
142:
126:
124:
113:
91:
90:
72:
34:montmorillonite
12:
11:
5:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1413:Motor vehicles
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1380:Greenhouse gas
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
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959:External links
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511:South Africa *
499:
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463:
462:
459:
445:
444:
441:
427:
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331:Czech Republic
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26:phyllosilicate
13:
10:
9:
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4:
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2:
1476:
1465:
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1425:
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1403:Manufacturing
1401:
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1039:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
995:
990:
988:
983:
981:
976:
975:
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962:
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945:
942:
935:
928:
926:
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890:
879:
878:
874:
872:
861:
860:
856:
854:
843:
842:
838:
836:
835:Philippines *
825:
824:
820:
818:
807:
806:
802:
800:
789:
788:
784:
782:
771:
770:
766:
764:
753:
752:
748:
746:
735:
734:
730:
728:
717:
716:
712:
710:
699:
698:
694:
692:
681:
680:
676:
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663:
662:
658:
656:
645:
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638:
627:
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609:
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586:
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572:
568:
566:
555:
554:
550:
548:
537:
536:
532:
530:
519:
518:
514:
512:
501:
500:
496:
494:
483:
482:
478:
476:
475:South Korea *
465:
464:
460:
458:
447:
446:
442:
440:
429:
428:
424:
422:
411:
410:
406:
404:
393:
392:
388:
386:
375:
374:
370:
368:
357:
356:
352:
350:
339:
338:
334:
332:
321:
320:
316:
314:
303:
302:
298:
296:
285:
284:
280:
278:
267:
266:
262:
260:
249:
248:
244:
242:
231:
230:
226:
224:
213:
212:
208:
206:
195:
194:
190:
188:
177:
176:
172:
170:
159:
158:
154:
152:
141:
140:
136:
134:
133:United States
123:
122:
118:
112:
111:
107:
104:
97:
95:
89:
83:
81:
77:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
42:
37:
35:
31:
27:
24:
20:
16:
1316:
944:
925:Mozambique *
691:Uzbekistan *
493:Azerbaijan *
93:
87:
84:
73:
48:stratigraphy
45:
41:volcanic ash
38:
18:
17:
15:
853:New Zealand
799:Indonesia *
313:Argentina *
119:14,600,000
108:Production
1453:Categories
1385:per capita
1368:per capita
1170:Molybdenum
1115:Gadolinium
1100:Dysprosium
1016:Metallurgy
936:References
871:Thailand *
727:Colombia *
619:Pakistan *
191:1,081,000
173:1,100,000
155:3,200,000
137:4,620,000
92:indicates
1459:Bentonite
1352:Emissions
1317:Bentonite
1292:Zirconium
1240:Tellurium
1230:Strontium
1210:Ruthenium
1190:Palladium
1175:Neodymium
1160:Manganese
1155:Magnesium
1024:Aluminium
907:Armenia *
781:Nicaragua
745:Hungary *
655:Denmark *
637:Vietnam *
601:Romania *
547:Ukraine *
403:Australia
76:bentonite
60:kaolinite
23:aluminium
19:Bentonite
1327:Fluorite
1322:Feldspar
1275:reserves
1265:Tungsten
1260:Titanium
1235:Tantalum
1215:Samarium
1205:Rubidium
1195:Platinum
1140:Iron ore
1110:Europium
1095:Chromium
1041:Antimony
1008:rankings
457:Poland *
439:Slovakia
425:134,500
421:Bulgaria
407:135,000
389:150,620
371:160,000
353:186,323
335:220,000
317:256,165
299:363,998
281:419,214
277:Brazil *
263:435,273
245:470,000
227:500,000
223:Russia *
209:600,000
205:Turkey *
1337:Silicon
1309:Mineral
1297:reserve
1282:Yttrium
1270:Uranium
1250:Thulium
1245:Terbium
1200:Rhodium
1185:Niobium
1165:Mercury
1150:Lithium
1135:Iridium
1125:Holmium
1088:smelter
1073:Cadmium
1068:Caesium
1063:Bismuth
1058:Bauxite
1046:reserve
889:Burma *
817:Georgia
763:Egypt *
713:14,590
695:15,000
677:16,410
673:Croatia
659:19,011
641:20,000
623:20,000
605:20,229
587:20,353
569:24,050
551:25,000
533:27,110
529:Algeria
515:32,878
497:40,600
479:61,137
461:93,880
443:95,700
295:Germany
241:Italy *
187:India *
151:China *
96:links.
1408:Cement
1396:Others
1332:Iodine
1220:Silver
1180:Nickel
1130:Indium
1105:Erbium
1083:Copper
1078:Cobalt
1053:Barium
923:
905:
887:
875:1,200
869:
857:3,028
851:
839:3,600
833:
821:4,487
815:
803:5,000
797:
785:6,300
779:
767:6,300
761:
749:6,635
743:
731:8,500
725:
709:Peru *
707:
689:
671:
653:
635:
617:
599:
581:
563:
545:
527:
509:
491:
473:
455:
437:
419:
401:
385:Cyprus
383:
365:
349:Iran *
347:
329:
311:
293:
275:
259:Mexico
257:
239:
221:
203:
185:
169:Greece
167:
149:
131:
114:
56:illite
1418:Paper
1225:Steel
950:2015.
367:Spain
116:World
1342:Salt
1287:Zinc
1145:Lead
1120:Gold
929:610
911:720
893:800
64:coal
50:and
30:clay
1255:Tin
1003:by
46:In
1455::
1360:CO
1029:Al
66:.
1362:2
1035:3
1033:O
1031:2
993:e
986:t
979:v
88:*
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.