Universal health care by country

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irrespective of age, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, religion, or belief; that access to NHS services is based on clinical need and not an individual's ability to pay; and that care is never refused on unreasonable grounds. Patient choice in terms of doctor, care, treatments, and place of treatment is an important aspect of the NHS's ambition, and in some cases patients can elect for treatment in other European countries at the NHS's expense. Waiting times are low, with most people able to see their primary care doctor on the same day or the following day. Only 36.1% of hospital admissions are from a waiting list, with the remainder being either emergencies admitted immediately or else pre-booked admissions or the like (e.g., child birth). One of the main goals of care management is to ensure that patients do not experience a delay of more than 18 weeks from initial hospital referral to final treatment, inclusive of time for all associated investigative tests and consultations. In 2009, two-thirds of patients were treated in under 12 weeks.

1809:. All treatment is taxpayer-funded with the exception of certain charges for prescriptions, dentistry and ophthalmology (which themselves are free to children, certain students in full-time education, the elderly, the unemployed and those on low incomes). Around 89 percent of NHS prescriptions are obtained free of charge, mostly for children, pensioners, and pregnant women. Others pay a flat rate of £9.00, and others may cap their annual charges by purchasing an NHS Prescription Prepayment Certificate. Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance. Private insurance accounts for only 4 percent of health expenditure and covers little more than a tenth of the population. Private insurers in the UK only cover acute care from specialists. They do not cover generalist consultations, pre-existing conditions, medical emergencies, organ transplants, chronic conditions such as diabetes, or conditions such as pregnancy or HIV. 860:, in line with the small co-payment charged for treatment. People joining the scheme receive a gold card that they use to access services in their health district, and, if necessary, get referrals for specialist treatment elsewhere. The bulk of finance comes from public revenues, with funding allocated to Contracting Units for Primary Care annually on a population basis. According to the WHO, 65% of Thailand's health care expenditure in 2004 came from the government, and 35% was from private sources. Although the reforms have received a good deal of critical comment, they have proved popular with poorer Thais, especially in rural areas, and survived the change of government after the 2006 military coup. The then Public Health Minister, Mongkol Na Songkhla, abolished the 30 baht co-payment and made the UC scheme free. It is not yet clear whether the scheme will be modified further under the coalition government that came to power in January 2008. 554:

criticisms is that the "basket" may not provide enough coverage. To partly address this, the health funds began offering "supplementary" insurance to cover certain additional services not in the basket. However, since this insurance is optional (though rather modestly priced, costing the equivalent of about US$ 10 to $ 35 a month depending on age and coverage for an adult in 2019), critics argue that it goes against the spirit of the new law, which stressed equality of healthcare for all citizens. Another criticism is that, to provide universal coverage to all, the tax income base amount (the maximum amount of yearly earnings that are subject to the tax) was set rather high, causing many high-income taxpayers to see the amount they pay for their health premiums (now health tax) skyrocket. Finally, some complain about the constantly rising costs of

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convened an annual commission, composed of representatives of business, labor, physicians, hospitals, and insurance and pharmaceutical industries. The commission takes into account government policies and makes recommendations to regional associations with respect to overall expenditure targets. In 1986 expenditure caps were implemented and were tied to the age of the local population as well as the overall wage increases. Although reimbursement of providers is on a fee-for-service basis, the amount to be reimbursed for each service is determined retrospectively to ensure that spending targets are not exceeded. Capitated care, such as that provided by U.S. health maintenance organizations, has been considered as a cost containment mechanism but would require consent of regional medical associations, and has not materialized.

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1961 to 1975, a series of expansions extended coverage for primary care and outpatient and inpatient specialized services to people in rural areas, the low-income population, and certain vulnerable populations. Further expansions during the late 1970s extended insurance coverage to farmers, peasants, and independent contract workers. Additionally, CCSS mandates free health service provision to mothers, children, indigenous people, the elderly, and people living with disabilities, regardless of insurance coverage. By 2000, 82 percent of the population was eligible for CCSS, which has continued to expand in the ensuing period. By covering all population groups through the same system, Costa Rica has avoided social insurance stratification and inequity common in many other countries in the region.

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basis of relative claims made by policy holders. Thus insurers with high payouts receive more from the regulator than those with low payouts. Insurance companies have no incentive to deter high-cost individuals from taking insurance and are compensated if they have to pay out more than might be expected. Insurance companies compete with each other on price for the 45% direct premium part of the funding and try to negotiate deals with hospitals to keep costs low. The competition regulator is charged with checking for abuse of dominant market positions and the creation of cartels that act against consumer interests. An insurance regulator ensures that all basic policies have identical coverage rules so that no person is medically disadvantaged by his or her choice of insurer.

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hospitals are either municipally owned (funded from local taxes) or run by the medical teaching universities (funded jointly by the municipalities and the national government). According to a survey published by the European Commission in 2000, Finland's is in the top 4 of EU countries in terms of satisfaction with their hospital care system: 88% of Finnish respondents were satisfied compared with the EU average of 41.3%. Finnish health care expenditures are below the European average. The private medical sector accounts for about 14 percent of total health care spending. Only 8% of doctors choose to work in private practice, and some of these also choose to do some work in the public sector.

1179:'s Sickness Insurance Law of 1883. The system is decentralized with private practice physicians providing ambulatory care, and independent, mostly non-profit hospitals providing the majority of inpatient care. Employers pay for half of their employees' health insurance contributions, while self-employed workers pay the entire contribution themselves. Approximately 90% of the population is covered by a statutory health insurance plan, which provides a standardized level of coverage through any one of approximately 100 public sickness funds. The rest are covered by private health insurance. Private health insurance is only accessible to self-employed workers, high-income employees and 1557:

has deteriorated on virtually every measure. The resulting system is overly complex and very inefficient. It has little in common with the model envisaged by the reformers. Although there are more than 300 private insurers and numerous public ones in the market, real competition for patients is rare leaving most patients with little or no effective choice of insurer, and in many places, no choice of health care provider either. The insurance companies have failed to develop as active, informed purchasers of health care services. Most are passive intermediaries, making money by simply channelling funds from regional OMS funds to healthcare providers.

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is worth mentioning that Russian citizens never pay taxes for themselves and often don't even know how much taxes they pay, because tax payment process is maintained by companies they are working on. Introduction in 1993 reform of new free market providers in addition to the state-run institutions intended to promote both efficiency and patient choice. A purchaser-provider split helps facilitate the restructuring of care, as resources would migrate to where there was greatest demand, reduce the excess capacity in the hospital sector and stimulate the development of primary care. Russian Prime Minister

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financial administration of CCSS. In 1973, the Ministry of Health decided to move away from direct service provision and adopt a steering role. Responsibility for the provision of most care was transferred to the CCSS, although the Ministry retained responsibility for disease control, food and drug regulation, environmental sanitation, child nutrition, and primary care for the poor. Through the CCSS, health care is now essentially free to nearly all Costa Ricans. Private health care is also widely available and INS offers private health insurance plans to supplement CCSS insurance.

756:. Singapore's system uses a combination of compulsory savings from payroll deductions (funded by both employers and workers) a nationalized health insurance plan, and government subsidies, as well as "actively regulating the supply and prices of healthcare services in the country" to keep costs in check; the specific features have been described as potentially a "very difficult system to replicate in many other countries." Many Singaporeans also have supplemental private health insurance (often provided by employers) for services not covered by the government's programs. 335:" plan. The New Rural Co-operative Medical Care System (NRCMCS) from 2005, aimed at the rural poor, sets the annual cost of medical coverage at 50 yuan (US$ 7) per person. As of September 2007, around 80% of the whole rural population of China had signed up (about 685 million people). For patients who go to a small hospital or clinic in their local town, the scheme covers from 70 to 80% of their bill; patients at a county provider get 60% of their cost covered; and in a large modern city hospital, the scheme covers about 30% of the bill. 490: 1093:

national insurance system (nationally funded), and by private finance (either employer-funded or met by patients themselves). Private inpatient care forms about 3–4% of all inpatient care. In 1999 only 17 per cent of total funding for health care came from insurance, comprising 14.9% statutory (government) insurance and 2.1% private health insurance. Eyeglasses are not publicly subsidized at all, although dentistry is available as a municipal service or can be obtained privately with partial reimbursement from the state.

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insurance tax. Coverage includes medical diagnosis and treatment, preventive medicine, hospitalization (general, maternity, psychiatric and chronic), surgery and transplants, preventive dental care for children, first aid and transportation to a hospital or clinic, medical services at the workplace, treatment for drug abuse and alcoholism, medical equipment and appliances, obstetrics and fertility treatment, medication, treatment of chronic diseases and paramedical services such as physiotherapy and occupational therapy.

520:, which examined restructuring the health care system in Israel in the late 1980s. Prior to the law's passage, over 90% of the population was already covered by voluntarily belonging to one of four nationwide, not-for-profit sickness funds. These operated some of their own medical facilities, funded in part by employers and the government, and in part by the insured via levies that varied according to income. However, there were three problems associated with this arrangement. First, membership in the largest fund, 2138:(Institute of Health for Welfare, INSABI), includes free consultations with family doctors and specialists, free medications, free surgeries, free dental and vision . As of 2020, public health care is provided to all Mexican citizens as guaranteed via Article 4 of the Constitution . Public care is now fully subsidized by the federal government . All Mexican citizens are eligible for subsidized health care regardless of their work status via a system of health care facilities operating under the federal 1861: 1503:, the state is obligated "to guarantee the protection of healthcare". Romania has a fully universal healthcare system, which covers medical check-ups, surgical interventions, and any postoperative medical care, as well as free or subsidized medicine for a range of diseases. The state is also obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. Dental care is not funded by the state, although there are public dental clinics in some hospitals, which treat patients free of charge. 2153:(ISSSTE) (English: Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers), which attends to the health and social care needs of government employees. This includes local, state, and federal government employees. The government of the states in Mexico also provide health services independently of those services provided by the federal government programs. In most states, the state government has established free or subsidized healthcare for all their citizens. 1157: 1615:

the patient's insurer. If actually unable to pay, it is covered by Social Security on humanitarian grounds unless the patient purposely traveled to Spain to get free healthcare. Obvious unexpected emergencies such as accidental injuries or sudden illness are customarily covered, but those that could be reasonably expected (e.g., arising from a chronic condition or from avoidable risk-taking) are studied on a case-per-case basis.

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insurers to refuse an application for health insurance, to impose special conditions (e.g., exclusions, deductibles, co-pays etc.), or refuse to fund treatments that a doctor has determined are medically necessary. The system is 50% financed from payroll taxes paid by employers to a fund controlled by the Health regulator. The government contributes an additional 5% to the regulator's fund. The remaining 45% is collected as

460:, which covers a range of treatments from public providers as well as private providers that opt to participate. The scheme is funded by premiums from the employed. The formally employed pay a premium worth 5% of their salary, with 1% paid by the employee and 4% paid by the employer, while informal workers and the self-employed must pay a fixed monthly premium. As of April 2018, 75% of the population was covered by JKN. 4730: 44:, is a broad concept that has been implemented in several ways. The common denominator for all such programs is some form of government action aimed at broadly extending access to health care and setting minimum standards. Most implement universal health care through legislation, regulation, and taxation. Legislation and regulation direct what care must be provided, to whom, and on what basis. 410:

Indians are covered by insurance bought from one of the public or private insurance companies by their employers as group or individual plans. Unemployed people without coverage are covered by the various state insurance schemes if they do not have the means to pay for it. In 2019, the total net government spending on healthcare was $ 36 billion or 1.23% of its GDP. An outpatient card at

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are exempt from this payment but medications are expensive and pensioners have to pay). Workers who choose not to join an Isapre, are automatically covered by Fonasa. Fonasa also covers unemployed people receiving unemployment benefits, uninsured pregnant women, insured worker's dependant family, people with mental or physical disabilities and people who are considered poor or indigent.

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of hospital days as opposed to procedures or the patient's diagnosis. Drug costs have increased substantially, rising nearly 60% from 1991 through 2005. Despite attempts to contain costs, overall health care expenditures rose to 10.7% of GDP in 2005, comparable to other western European nations, but substantially less than that spent in the U.S. (nearly 16% of GDP).

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the government if they cannot afford these payments. Children under 18 are insured by the system at no additional cost to them or their families because the insurance company receives the cost of this from the regulator's fund. There is a fixed yearly deductible of €385 for each adult person, excluding first visits for diagnosis to general physicians.

1549:. Initially successful at combating infectious diseases, the effectiveness of the socialized model declined with underinvestment. Despite a doubling in the number of hospital beds and doctors per capita between 1950 and 1980, the quality of care began to decline by the early 1980s and medical care and health outcomes were below western standards. 998:. In 2012, annual compulsory healthcare related expenditures reached 21.0 billion kunas (c. 2.8 billion euro). There are hundreds of healthcare institutions in Croatia, including 79 hospitals and clinics with 25,285 beds, caring for more than 760 thousand patients per year, 5,792 private practice offices and 79 emergency medical service units. 1142:

government-sponsored medical care of the population and improving access to health care services. Responsibility for purchasing publicly financed health services lies with the Social Service Agency (SSA). However, according to the UN, due to the high out-of-pocket costs that patients incur, Georgia has not yet achieved universal healthcare.

1650:, as Swedish media and public health researchers pointed out that Swedish citizens of other ethnicities than Swedish, and people living in working class areas, were dying from COVID-19 at a significantly higher rate than the rest of the population, due to the fact that they were not provided with the same quality of health care. 841:, home nurse visits and many more. Since NHI, the previously uninsured have increased their usage of medical services. Most preventive services are free such as annual checkups and maternal and child care. Regular office visits have co-payments as low as US$ 5 per visit. Co-payments are fixed and unvaried by the person's income. 68:, both these realities may exist at the same time. The government may provide universal health insurance in the form of a social insurance plan that is affordable by all citizens, such as in the case of Germany and Taiwan, although private insurance may provide supplemental coverage to the public health plan. In twenty-five 339:

as four key areas for government investment. It also promised to tighten government control over medical fees in public hospitals and to set up a "basic medicine system" to cover drug costs. China's "Law on Promotion of Basic Medical and Health Care", effective June 2020, asserts that Chinese citizens have a

2149:(IMSS) (English: Mexican Social Security Institute). The IMSS health care program is a tripartite system funded equally by the employee, its private employer, and the federal government. The IMSS does not provide service to employees of the public sector. Employees in the public sector are serviced by the 1995:

The Bahamas approved the National Health Insurance Act in August 2016. The legislation establishes a universal health coverage system that begins with universal coverage of primary health care services, and later expands to include a wide set of benefits that includes all specialized care. The system

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that provides public healthcare to all UK permanent residents that was originally designed to be free at the point of need and paid for from general taxation; but changes included introducing charging for prescription medicines and dentistry (those below 16 and those on certain benefits may still get

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Article 41 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation confirms a citizen's right to state healthcare and medical assistance free of charge. This is achieved through state compulsory medical insurance (OMS), which is funded by an obligatory medical insurance payroll tax and government subsidies. It

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Insurance companies must offer a core universal insurance package for universal primary, curative care, including the cost of all prescription medicines. They must do this at a fixed price for all. People pay the same premium whether young or old, healthy or sick. It is illegal in The Netherlands for

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Singapore has a universal health care system where government ensures affordability, largely through compulsory savings and price controls, while the private sector provides most care. Overall spending on health care amounts to only 3% of annual GDP. Of that, 66% comes from private sources. Singapore

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of Maldives was formed under the National Social Health Insurance Act on August 27, 2008. It is mandated to administer the National Social Health Insurance Scheme and by an executive order under the same act mandated to conduct social protection programs identified by the government of Maldives. NSPA

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that all funds must provide as a minimum to all members. Achieving this level of equality guaranteed basic healthcare regardless of fund affiliation, which was one of the principal aims of the law. An appeals process handles rejection of treatments and procedures by the funds and evaluates cases that

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At the end of 2008, the government published its reform plan clarifying government's responsibility by saying that it would play a dominant role in providing public health and basic medical service. The plan listed public health, rural areas, city community health services and basic medical insurance

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The UEBMI is funded by 6-12% by employers and 2% by employees; the URBMI entirely by local governments, and it covers students, the unemployed, and the retired; and the NCMS by the central government. In 2016, the government announced plans to merge NCMS with URBMI. China also has five private health

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established a free healthcare system that operates a system of public medical centers, with 98% of health facilities in the country run by the government. All citizens are entitled to be treated in taxpayer funded facilities, though a nominal fee of ~70 BWP (~US$ 6.60) is typically charged for public

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The universal health care system was adopted in Brazil in 1988 after the end of the military dictatorship. However, universal health care was available many years before, in some cities, once the 27th amendment to the 1969 Constitution imposed the duty of applying 6% of their income in healthcare on

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Health care is provided through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (Obras Sociales), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and through private health insurance plans. It costs almost 10% of GDP and is available to anyone regardless of ideology, beliefs, race

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Universal healthcare and pensions are run by the Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS). In 1941, Costa Rica established Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), a social security insurance system for wage-earning workers. In 1961, coverage was expanded to include workers' dependents and from

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The Canada Health Act of 1984 "does not directly bar private delivery or private insurance for publicly insured services", but provides financial disincentives for doing so. "Although there are laws prohibiting or curtailing private health care in some provinces, they can be changed", according to a

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The system is for the most part publicly funded, yet most of the services are provided by private enterprises or private corporations, although most hospitals are public. Most doctors do not receive an annual salary, but receive a fee per visit or service. About 29% of Canadians' health care is paid

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The Government's Health Transformation Program of 2003 established a common benefit package that covers primary and preventive care, ambulatory and inpatient care, laboratory services, rehabilitation and follow-up services, pharmaceuticals and medical aids and appliances. Payroll taxes of 12.5% of a

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Irrespective of the nationality and insurance situation of the patient, the public system always treats medical emergencies until achieving the best possible outcome. If not covered by the Spanish Social Security (i.e., a visiting foreigner), the provider later negotiates payment with the patient or

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The country inherited a large health infrastructure after independence in 1991 with good well-distributed public health services. Private hospitals were opened and primary care was privatised. Subsequently, both public and private providers have been integrated into one social insurance-funded model

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There are caps on total medical expenses that are met out-of-pocket for drugs and hospital treatments. The National Insurance system pays all necessary costs over these caps. Public spending on health care in 2006 was 13.6 billion euros (equivalent to US$ 338 per person per month). The increase over

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average and similar to the levels seen in Germany (77%) and France (80%) but below the level seen in the UK (87%). The quality of service in Finnish health care, as measured by patient satisfaction, is excellent. According to a survey published by the European Commission in 2000, Finland has one of

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In Finland, public medical services at clinics and hospitals are run by the municipalities (local government) and are funded 76% by taxation, 20% by patients through access charges, and 4% by others. Private provision is mainly in the primary care sector. There are a few private hospitals. The main

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Denmark has a universal public health system paid largely from taxation with local municipalities delivering health care services in the same way as other Scandinavian countries. Primary care is provided by a general practitioner service run by private doctors contracting with the local regions with

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is composed of three parts. Firstly, there is a primarily publicly funded healthcare and social security service run by the federal government, which organises and regulates healthcare; independent private/public practitioners, university/semi-private hospitals and care institutions. There are a few

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Almost all European countries have healthcare available for all citizens. Most European countries have systems of competing private health insurance companies, along with government regulation and subsidies for citizens who cannot afford health insurance premiums. Countries with universal healthcare

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The law is generally considered a success, and Israeli citizens enjoy a high standard of medical care comparatively, with more competition in the country's health care, and with order having brought to what was once a somewhat disorganized system—the law nevertheless has its critics. First among the

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Fonasa costs vary depending on income, disability or age. Attention at public health facilities via Fonasa is free for low-income earners, people with mental or physical disabilities and people over the age of 60. Others pay 10% or 20% of the costs, depending on income and the number of dependants.

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Health care in Chile is provided by the government (via public corporation FONASA, National Healthcare Fund) and by private insurers (via ISAPRE, Previsional Healthcare Institutions). All workers and pensioners are mandated to pay 7% of their income for health care insurance (the poorest pensioners

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A universal health care system is used in Trinidad and Tobago and is the primary form of health care available in the country. It is used by the majority of the population seeking medical assistance, as it is free for all citizens. Responsibility for the provision of healthcare services in Trinidad

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documents, at a high level, the objectives of the NHS, the legal rights and responsibilities of the various parties (patients, staff, NHS trust boards), and the guiding principles that govern the service. The NHS constitution makes it clear that it provides a comprehensive service, available to all

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states that it is the right of every citizen to seek medical assistance, free of charge. This is achieved by mutual contribution to the Compulsory Social Healthcare Fund of RZZO (Republički Zavod za Zdravstveno Osiguranje or National Health Insurance Institution). The amount of contribution depends

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Russia has switched to a mixed model of health care with private financing and provision running alongside state financing and provision. The OECD reported that unfortunately, none of this has worked out as planned and the reforms have in many respects made the system worse. The population's health

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Norway has a universal public health system paid largely from taxation in the same way as other Scandinavian countries. The Norwegian health care system is government-funded and heavily decentralized. The health care system in Norway is financed primarily through taxes levied by county councils and

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Despite near-universal population coverage provided by the NVD established in 2011, there are challenges to equitable access with issues around geographical distribution of health professionals, user charges and long waiting lists. The publicly funded health benefits package is limited in scope and

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and control costs. The average length of hospital stay in Germany has decreased in recent years from 14 days to 9 days, still considerably longer than average stays in the U.S. (5 to 6 days). The difference is partly driven by the fact that hospital reimbursement is chiefly a function of the number

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visits cost €11 per visit with annual €33 cap; hospital outpatient treatment €22 per visit; a hospital stay, including food, medical care, and medicine €26 per 24 hours, or €12 if in a psychiatric hospital. After a patient has spent €683 per year on public medical services, all further treatment in

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citizens would now have health coverage. While membership in one of the funds now became compulsory for all, free choice was introduced into movement of members between funds (a change is allowed once every six months), effectively making the various sickness funds compete equally for members among

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The Royal Government of Bhutan maintains a policy of free and universal access to primary health care. As hospital facilities in the country are limited, patients with diseases that cannot be treated in Bhutan, such as cancer, are normally referred to hospitals in India for treatment. Such referral

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operates a system of universal health insurance through the Ministry of Health called Mutuelle de Santé (Mutual Health), a system of community-based insurance where people pay premiums based on their income level into local health insurance funds, with the wealthiest paying the highest premiums and

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CCSS is funded by a 15 percent payroll tax, as well as payments from retiree pensions . Taxes on luxury goods, alcohol, soda, and imported products also help to cover poor households who do otherwise pay into the system. All CCSS funds are merged into a single pool, which is managed by the central

2065:. The Court agreed, but acknowledged the importance and validity of the Canada Health Act, and at least four of the seven judges explicitly recognized the right of governments to enact laws and policies that favour the public over the private system and preserve the integrity of the public system. 1664:

Purchasing basic health insurance is mandatory for all persons residing in Switzerland (within three months of taking up residence or being born in the country). Healthcare in Switzerland is universally available and is regulated by the Federal Health Insurance Act of 1994. Supplemental insurance

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Insurance companies can offer additional services at an extra cost over and above the universal system laid down by the regulator, e.g., for dental care. The standard monthly premium for health care paid by individual adults is about €100 per month. Persons with low incomes can get assistance from

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Purchasing basic health insurance is mandatory for all persons residing in Germany if not employed. Historically, the level of provider reimbursement for specific services is determined through negotiations between regional physician's associations and sickness funds. Since 1976 the government has

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labor organization, even if a person did not want to (or could not) have such an affiliation, and other funds restricted entry to new members based on age, pre-existing conditions, or other factors. Second, different funds provided different levels of benefit coverage or services to their members.

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Israel has a system of universal healthcare as set out by the 1995 National Health Insurance Law. The state is responsible for providing health services to all residents of the country, who can register with one of the four national health service funds. To be eligible, a citizen must pay a health

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costs a one-time fee of ₹10 (roughly US$ 0.20) and thereafter outpatient medical advice is free. In-hospital treatment costs is extremely minimal and depends on the financial condition of the patient and the facilities utilized, but are usually much less than in the private sector. For instance, a

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which entirely funds their healthcare (along with pension and unemployment benefits), both in public and private hospitals. People earning more than that amount are provided health insurance coverage by their employers through the many public or private insurance companies. As of 2020, 300 million

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Carrin and James have identified 1988—105 years after Bismarck's first sickness fund laws—as the date Germany achieved universal health coverage through this series of extensions to minimum benefit packages and expansions of the enrolled population. Bärnighausen and Sauerborn have quantified this

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Coalition government introduced an additional levy of 1.0%, known as the Medicare Levy Surcharge, for those on high annual incomes ($ 70,000) who do not have adequate levels of private hospital coverage. This was part of an effort by the Coalition to encourage take-up of private health insurance.

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paid by the insured directly to the insurance company. Some employers negotiate bulk deals with health insurers and some even pay the employees' premiums as an employment benefit. The regulator has sight of the claims made by policyholders and therefore can redistribute the funds its holds on the

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for citizens of Latvia. The healthcare system in Latvia operates as a universal program that is primarily funded through government taxation. It bears similarities to the National Health Service (NHS) in UK and employs a purchaser-provider split (PPS). Following several reforms, a National Health

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Italy has a public health care service for all the residents called "Servizio Sanitario Nazionale" or SSN (National Health Service). It is publicly run and funded mostly by taxation. Some services require variable co-pays, while other services (such as emergency medicine and a general doctor) are

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Finland has a highly decentralized three-level public system of health care and alongside this, a much smaller private health care system. Overall, the municipalities (funded by taxation, local and national) meet about two thirds of all medical care costs, with the remaining one third paid by the

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Malaysia has achieved universal health coverage. It has made remarkable progress in improving health outcomes over the past seven decades. At the time of Independence, the number of infant deaths was 75.5 per 1,000 live births. This has since fallen by more than 90 percent to 6.7 deaths per 1,000

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All residents of Japan are required by the law to have health insurance coverage. People without insurance from employers can participate in a national health insurance programme, administered by local governments. Patients are free to select physicians or facilities of their choice and cannot be

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operates a public and universal healthcare system. A network of hospitals, clinics, and dispensaries provide treatment to the population, with the Social Security system funding health services, although many people must still cover part of their costs due to the rates paid by the Social Security

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The Cuban government operates a national health system and assumes fiscal and administrative responsibility for the health care of all its citizens. There are no private hospitals or clinics as all health services are government-run. All healthcare in Cuba is free to Cuban residents. The present

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that provide even more decentralized services within the NHS framework, with more decisions left to local people, patients, and staff. The central government office—the Department of Health—is not involved in day-to-day decision making in either the Strategic Health Authorities or the individual

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Hospitals in the Netherlands are also regulated and inspected but are mostly privately run and not-for-profit, as are many of the insurance companies. Patients can choose where they want to be treated, and have access to information on the internet about the performance and waiting times at each

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adopted a universal health care system. Healthcare in Georgia is provided by a universal health care system under which the state funds medical treatment in a mainly privatized system of medical facilities. In 2013, the enactment of a universal health care program triggered universal coverage of

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government and became a key feature of Australia's public policy landscape. The exact structure of Medibank/Medicare, in terms of the size of the rebate to doctors and hospitals and the way it has administered, has varied over the years. The original Medibank program proposed a 1.35% levy (with

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Portugal's National Healthcare Service, known nationally as Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS), is a universal and free healthcare service provided nationwide since 1979 and available to both Portuguese and foreign residents. In 2014, Portugal SNS ranked 13th best healthcare service in Europe. The

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who attend the A&E in hospitals is €100. This is free of charge if referred by a GP. For all other residents who do not have a medical card, the average price for an appointment with a family doctor GP is €50 or €70 for an emergency appointment with a Caredoc GP. Ireland is currently in the

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Primary health care is provided by city and district hospitals and rural primary health centres (PHCs). These hospitals provide treatment free of cost. Primary care is focused on immunization, prevention of malnutrition, pregnancy, child birth, postnatal care, and treatment of common illnesses.

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In recent years the health care system of Sweden has been heavily criticized for not providing the same quality of health care to all Swedish citizens. The disparity of health care quality in Sweden is growing. Swedish citizens of other ethnicities than Swedish, and citizens who are of a lower

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Czech Republic has a universal public health system paid largely from taxation. Private health care systems do co-exist freely alongside public ones, sometimes offering better quality or faster service. Almost all medical services are covered by health insurance and insurance companies, though

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The current health care system in Taiwan, known as National Health Insurance (NHI), was instituted in 1995. NHI is a single-payer compulsory social insurance plan that centralizes the disbursement of health care dollars. The system promises equal access to health care for all citizens, and the

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low-income exemptions) but these bills were rejected by the Senate, so Medibank was funded from general taxation. In 1976, the Fraser Government introduced a 2.5% levy and split Medibank in two: a universal scheme called Medibank Public and a government-owned private health insurance company,

1532:

Russia in Soviet times (between 1917 and 1991) had a totally socialist model of health care with a centralized, integrated, hierarchically organised government providing free health care to all citizens. Quality of care and access to medications was not equal however and was dependent on the

1326:

The NVD controls the implementation of healthcare policies while the Ministry of Health develops policies and oversees the system. Healthcare services are available for free for citizens of Latvia. The country's Ministry of Health manages its healthcare system through a combination of social

1012:

A universal national health system, known as GESY, planned in 2000s and was implemented in Cyprus in June 2019. The new system aims to provide affordable and effective medical care to all people residing permanently in Cyprus. As of June 2022, 917,000 Cypriots have registered with a general

825:

population coverage had reached 99% by the end of 2004. NHI is mainly financed through premiums based on the payroll tax, and is supplemented with out-of-pocket payments and direct government funding. In the initial stage, fee-for-service predominated for both public and private providers.

893:

include Austria, Belarus, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.

405:(enterprises having less than 10 employees) and offers them free treatment at both public and private hospitals. For people working in the organized sector (enterprises with more than 10 employees) and earning a monthly salary of up to ₹21,000 are covered by the social insurance scheme of 2133:

Public health care became universal healthcare on January 1, 2020, mandated by the new President Andrés Manuel López Obrador and approved by Congress. It is completely free for Mexican citizens who do not have health insurance. Mexico's new universal healthcare, administered by the

2273:

Additionally, exist the GES Plan (Explicit Guarantees in Healthcare Plan), that consists of a defined number of high-morbility and mortality diseases (currently 85) that have special mandatory attention guarantees for all people, both Isapre and Fonasa affiliates, in relation to:

855:

Thailand introduced universal coverage reforms in 2001, becoming one of only a handful of lower-middle income countries to do so at the time. Means-tested health care for low income households was replaced by a new and more comprehensive insurance scheme, originally known as the

2056:

that "the prohibition on obtaining private health insurance, while it might be constitutional in circumstances where health care services are reasonable as to both quality and timeliness, is not constitutional where the public system fails to deliver reasonable services." The

2156:

In 2006, the Mexican government created the Health Insurance for a New Generation also known as "life insurance for babies". On May 28, 2009, Universal Care Coverage for Pregnant Women was introduced. In a 2020 expansion of health care coverage, all Mexicans are now covered.

1089:

that year is covered (although the required initial deductible is reviewed annually, so it may vary). There is a separate reimbursement system for prescribed medicine: after paying €578 per year, the remaining bought medicine will have a maximum price of €2.50 per purchase.

1273:. The new national health service came into being officially on January 1, 2005; however, the new structures are currently in the process of being established as the reform program continues. In addition to the public-sector, there is a large private health care market. 4443:

The Sickness Insurance Law (1883). Eligibility. The Sickness Insurance Law came into effect in December 1884. It provided for compulsory participation by all industrial wage earners (i.e., manual laborers) in factories, ironworks, mines, shipbuilding yards, and similar

2406:

As of 2019, the Medicare levy is 2% of taxable income, with a Medicare levy surcharge, for those on high income who do not have appropriate private patient hospital cover (1% for singles on $ 90,000 pa and families on $ 180,000 pa, rising to 1.5% for higher incomes).

1565:

announced a new large-scale health care reform in 2011 and pledged to allocate more than 300 billion rubles ($ 10 billion) in the next few years to improve health care in the country. As of 2020 the health insurance tax (called deposition to an OMS fund) is 5.1%.

47:

The logistics of such health care systems vary by country. Some programs are paid for entirely out of tax revenues. In others, tax revenues are used either to fund insurance for the very poor or for those needing long-term chronic care. In some cases such as the

1367:(Luxembourgish)). It is funded by mandatory contributions of employers and the workforce, and by government subsidies for insuring jobseekers, the poor, and for financing medical infrastructure. The nation also has mandatory public long-term care insurance. 166:

required to cover a small percentage of their medical expenses, while those at the lowest income levels are exempt from paying premiums and can still utilize the services of their local health fund. In 2012, this system insured all but 4% of the population.

832:

Under this model, citizens have free range to choose hospitals and physicians without using a gatekeeper and do not have to worry about waiting lists. NHI offers a comprehensive benefit package that covers preventive medical services, prescription drugs,

5084: 1250:

Iceland has a universal public health system paid largely from taxation with local municipalities delivering health care services in the same way as the Scandinavian countries. Iceland's entire population has equal access to health care services.

5694: 1713:, considerable differences are developing between the systems in each of the countries for example Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales abolished prescription charges. Private healthcare companies are free to operate alongside the public system. 415:

patient is waived treatment costs if their income is below the poverty line. However, getting treatment at high quality government hospitals is very tough due to the high number of people needing healthcare and the lack of sufficient facilities.

1461:

system they reduced waiting lists so significantly. From July 2013, any GP can make a booking at any specialist or heavy diagnostic equipment in the country in real-time while the patient is present. They rated Macedonia 16th in Europe in 2015.

620:

showed a distaste for this system and since 1988 has contemplated plans for a transition towards a residuals-based system where universal coverage would be restricted to lower income groups while middle and above classes would be relegated to a

4352:

Initially the health insurance law of 1883 covered blue-collar workers in selected industries, craftspeople and other selected professionals. It is estimated that this law brought health insurance coverage up from 5 to 10 per cent of the total

2448:

between 1991 and 1993 and effectively ended largely free provision of primary healthcare. According to the WHO, government sources covered 77.4% of New Zealand's health care costs in 2004; private expenditures covered the remaining 22.6%.

2251:), which covers all treatments, surgeries and medications for all resident and non-resident individuals within Brazilian jurisdiction, regardless of ethnicity, nationality, or visa - including tourists, passengers in transit and refugees. 2284:

Financial protection: Law-fixed maximum price with low copayments to providers (maximum copayment of 20% of the cost), the payment cannot be an obstacle to attention. The total cost must not exceed one monthly income for the family in a

796:, who claim that patients must in fact pay for health services, that the upper classes have access to a higher standard of healthcare than ordinary ones do, and that "how much money a patient has determines whether they live or die". 1123:. Nonetheless, not all medical care is paid for by the state, with only 70% of initial GP care covered and anywhere between 35% and 100% of prescription medication covered. It is consistently ranked as one of the best in the world. 907:

Armenia operates a mandatory social health insurance system. The majority of the population is enrolled in the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund, which is funded through payroll taxes and contributions from employers and employees.

2336:

both have universal health care. Hospitalisation is free for permanent residents in both nations. In addition, Australia grants primary care coverage, while in New Zealand general practice and prescriptions are subsidised only.

877:

The United Arab Emirates has enacted federal legislation that requires universal healthcare nationals and mandatory health insurance for expatriates, but this legislation has not yet been implemented across the entire country.

2150: 1281:

process of establishing a universal healthcare system based on compulsory private health insurance, with competition managed by the government. These reforms are known as Sláintecare and are scheduled to be completed by 2030.

964:. Secondly is the insurance coverage provided for patients. Finally, industry coverage covers the production and distribution of healthcare products for research and development. The primary aspect of this research is done in 828:

NHI delivers universal coverage offered by a government-run insurer. The working population pays premiums split with their employers, others pay a flat rate with government help and the poor or veterans are fully subsidized.

752:. Singapore has "one of the most successful healthcare systems in the world, in terms of both efficiency in financing and the results achieved in community health outcomes", according to an analysis by global consulting firm 4300:

long-term progressive increase in the proportion of the German population covered by public and private insurance. Their graph is reproduced below as Figure 1: German Population Enrolled in Health Insurance (%) 1885–1995.

1236:, ranked 14th in the overall assessment and 11th in quality of service in a 2000 report by the WHO. However, it must be noted that the entire financial system collapsed in 2007–2008. The data listed above is from 2000. 5215: 4189: 6448: 1057:

Estonia's health care system is based on compulsory insurance based on solidarity funding and on universal access to services provided by private service providers. 96% of the population is covered by insurance.

5351: 5088: 307:

in 1949, the state both directly operated all hospitals and clinics. The government paid for healthcare services, and life expectancy improved greatly, although the services provided were basic. State-provided

2842:

Carrin G, Ron A, Hui Y, Hong W, Tuohong Z, Licheng Z, et al. (April 1999). "The reform of the rural cooperative medical system in the People's Republic of China: interim experience in 14 pilot counties".

2320:

The National Basic Health Insurance Law, introduced in 2014, provides access to a basic package of primary, secondary, and tertiary care services for citizens. It repeals the Healthcare Tariffs Law from 2005.

1665:

plans are optional. Insurers are required to offer insurance to everyone, regardless of age or medical condition. They are not allowed to make a profit off this basic insurance, but can on supplemental plans.

2459:

as of 2019 whose task is ensuring the provision of health and disability services to populations within a defined geographical area and are partially elected while the remainder is appointed by New Zealand's

616:

live births in 2016. Maternal mortality which refers to the death of a woman caused by her pregnancy, during and after delivery, has also decreased by 89% between 1963 and 2013. However, the government under

60:-private systems to deliver universal health care. Alternatively, much of the provision of care can be contracted from the private sector, as in the case of Canada and France. In some instances, such as in 5599:

Borowitz, M. and H. Kluge (forthcoming), "Pay for Performance in Health Care: Implications for Health System Efficiency and Accountability", WHO and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies

5493: 205:). All Tunisian citizens and residents can receive treatment in state-run hospitals and clinics for a very low co-pay, while people with the lowest income are able to apply for an exemption from co-pays. 1469:

complains that there is a discrepancy between the available funds and the quality of service expected, that facilities are not used efficiently, equipment is outdated and staff are not used effectively.

6746: 5849: 1276:

In Ireland, 37% of the population have a means-tested medical card that gives the holder access to tax-funded GP care and requires €2.00 for each prescription drug. The standard charge for Irish and

438:

The Indian government has launched Ayushyaman Bharat Yojana (AB-NHPM), which will provide all Indian citizens with insurance coverage for serious illnesses, and free drugs and diagnostic treatments.

393:

India has consistently developed and invested in the healthcare system of the country since independence. At the federal level, a national public health insurance program was launched in 2018 by the

1996:

allows for universal coverage of a basic benefits package and for voluntary insurance to be purchased as a top-up policy to cover services or amenities that are not included in the government plan.

1621:

Private health insurance is available for those who prefer it, and recommended for visitors not covered by the Spanish Social Security or a foreign public or private insurer with overseas coverage.

6298: 5609:

Sulku, S. and D. Bernard (2009), "Financial Burden of Health Care Expenditures in Turkey: 2002-2003", Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Working Paper, No. 09004, Rockville, United States.

1782:. It does lay down general guidelines they must follow. Local trusts are accountable to their local populations, whilst government ministers are accountable to Parliament for the service overall. 312:

varied by area: the Cooperative Medical System (CMS) covered rural areas, while the Government Insurance Scheme (GIS) and Labor Insurance Scheme (LIS) covered residents of urban areas. After the

5634: 2288:

Best possible quality of service: Attention only in accredited public or private Health centers, that follow technical requirement standards that will be established based on medical evidence.

2014:

was passed, which prohibited extra billing by doctors on patients while at the same time billing the public insurance system. In 1999, the prime minister and most premiers reaffirmed in the

532:

Before the law went into effect, all the funds collected premiums directly from members. However, upon passage of the law, a new progressive national health insurance tax was levied through

1618:

According to the World Economic Forum and to Bloomberg, Spain has the most efficient health system in Europe, and also ranks at the top worldwide along with Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore.

3381: 1183:. The contributions for public insurance is determined according to income, while the contributions for private health insurance are determined according to age and health condition. 5590:

Tatar, M., S. Mollahaliloglu, B. Sahin, S. Aydin, A. Maresso and C. Hernández-Quevedo (2011), "Turkey: Health System Review", Health Systems in Transition, Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 1-186.

130:

provides universal healthcare to citizens through a system called Universal Health Insurance (AMU)—administered by two bodies, one for civilians and the other for the armed forces.

2464:. This system of management came into being on January 1, 2001, abolishing the much controversial Crown Health Enterprises regime which had replaced Area Health Boards previously. 1269:

in Ireland is governed by the Health Act 2004, which established a new body to be responsible for providing health and personal social services to everyone living in Ireland – the

5295: 6639: 5759: 1457:

the Macedonian health system made the most remarkable advance of any country in the history of their Index, from 27th to 16th place in 2014, because by implementing a real-time

1345:

The public healthcare system in Lithuania ensures free healthcare for almost all its citizens. This state-funded healthcare is available to long-term residents and expats too.

1447:. The public hospital sector is seen as inefficient and is unpopular with both patients and professional staff. 90% of the population is within 30 minutes of a health service. 733:

The Government of Saudi Arabia provides free universal health coverage for all citizens. Non-citizens are required by law to have private insurance paid for by their employer.

5219: 4272: 1603:

system for all citizens and, under certain conditions, also non-citizens. Healthcare is free except for co-payments for some products and services; it is mostly paid from the

6648: 4626: 316:

in 1978, the state reduced spending on hospitals and allowed them to charge patients for profit. The state, however, did not stop paying for certain healthcare services like

6064: 4193: 95:

system remaining unchanged since 1987. The poor are generally entitled to taxpayer funded health services, while the wealthy pay for treatment according to a sliding scale.

2638: 6008:

A Framework to Improve the Social Union for Canadians: An Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Governments of the Provinces and Territories, February 4, 1999

2368: 2119:

and have had substantial positive impacts on the local populations served. Cuba also brings medical students and patients to Cuba for training and treatment respectively.

1218: 1941:

The medical care system in the Channel Islands is very similar to that of the UK in that many of the doctors and nurses have been trained from the UK health perspective.

6698: 3319: 3275: 1887:, was also launched on July 5, 1948, although it has always been a separate organization. Since devolution, NHS Scotland has followed the policies and priorities of the 5361: 1820:) are sub-contracted to private providers as are some non-medical services (such as catering). Some capital projects such as new hospitals have been funded through the 1101:

the highest ratings of patient satisfaction with their hospital care system in the EU: 88% of Finnish respondents were satisfied compared with the EU average of 41.3%.

6693: 6667: 6474: 5715: 5465: 1635:

Sweden has a universal public health care system paid for through taxation. The Swedish public and private health care systems are funded through taxes levied by the

6452: 5719: 5733: 2611: 2306:

In 1993 a reform transformed the health care system in Colombia, trying to provide a better, sustainable, health care system and to reach every Colombian citizen.

6767: 3877: 3693:

G20 Health Care: "Health Care Systems and Health Market Reform in the G20 Countries." Prepared for the World Economic Forum by Ernst & Young. January 3, 2006.

2503: 2932: 2403:

According to WHO, government funding covered 67.5% of Australia's health care expenditures in 2004; private sources covered the remaining 32.5% of expenditures.

6730: 5233: 2690: 1521:, the preferred term was "socialist medicine"; the Russian language has no term to distinguish between "socialist" and "socialized" (other than "public", Rus: 375:

is a statutory body that operates and manages all public hospitals. Hong Kong has high standards of medical practice. It has contributed to the development of

6772: 6751: 5661: 4279: 427:

headquarters) and tertiary care hospitals (located in district and state headquarters or those that are teaching hospitals).. In urban cities and towns like

5857: 1646:

socio-economic class, receive a significantly lower quality of health care than the rest of the population. This was especially brought to light during the

6708: 2062: 1884: 4842:"Latvia's Healthcare System is Funded by General Taxation and All Latvians and Foreign Residents Are Guaranteed Medical Care | Find Articles at BNET" 1393:

funded by public spending. According to the WHO, the health care system in the Netherlands was 62% government-funded and 38% privately funded as of 2004.

6723: 5053: 2187: 1837: 5832: 3612: 1686:

person's gross income (5% by the employee and 7.5% by the employer) fund 97% of the program. The government provides for the remaining 3% of the cost.

6632: 4760: 2445: 6273: 1406:

hospital. Patients dissatisfied with their insurer and choice of hospital can cancel at any time but must make a new agreement with another insurer.

1043:

payment on a mixed per capita and fee for service basis. Most hospitals are run by the regions (only 1% of hospital beds are in the private sector).

863:

In 2016, Thailand became the first country in Asia to eliminate HIV transmission from mother to child, owing to its robust public healthcare system.

545:

the populace. Annually, a committee appointed by the ministry of health publishes a "basket" or uniform package of medical services and prescription

5325: 4246: 3524: 2435: 1912:

but powers over the NHS in Wales came under the Secretary of State for Wales in 1969, in turn being transferred under devolution to what is now the

1444: 1084:) if they choose to be treated in the private sector rather than the public sector. Patient access charges are subject to annual caps. For example, 4892: 4867: 3117: 2444:(introduced on February 1, 1992) to target healthcare based on income. These changes were part of broader controversial policies introduced by the 6703: 6045: 5021: 4029: 3939: 1731: 716: 5411: 3191: 6569: 4841: 4778: 4366: 3373: 5891: 2899: 1812:

Most NHS general practitioners are private doctors who contract to provide NHS services, but most hospitals are publicly owned and run through

872: 281: 1642:

Sweden also has a smaller private health care sector, mainly in larger cities or as centers for preventive health care financed by employers.

540:

agency), which then re-distributes the proceeds to the sickness funds based on their membership and its demographic makeup. This ensured that

364:

is 84 for females and 78 for males, which is the second highest in the world, and 2.94 infant mortality rate, the fourth lowest in the world.

6230: 6187: 6090: 5853: 4475: 4436: 2786: 2537: 1865: 1260: 2434:(The charges were introduced in February 1985, and were briefly abolished between mid 2023 and early 2024 before their reinstatement by the 2172:

and Tobago was devolved from the Ministry of Health to Regional Health Authorities under the Regional Health Authorities Act No. 5 in 1994.

6625: 3569: 2278:

Access: Universal access to treatment if required. Individuals will be able to get attention from a provider near their place of residence.

2146: 2135: 1761:

Though centrally funded, the NHS is not managed by a large central bureaucracy. Responsibility is divided among geographical areas through

1359:

Luxembourg provides universal health care coverage to all residents (Luxembourgers and foreigners) by the National Health Insurance (CNS -

3703: 2756: 2733: 2554: 5638: 3077: 2018:

that they are committed to health care that has "comprehensiveness, universality, portability, public administration and accessibility."

5303: 5269: 3854: 1825: 1817: 748:

currently has the second lowest infant mortality rate in the world and among the highest life expectancies from birth, according to the

5792: 3979: 3221: 2142:(formerly the Secretaria de Salubridad y Asistencia, or SSA) agency. On 2023 the Congress approved the decree to disappear the INSABI. 649:

is the national healthcare insurance scheme of the Maldives. It provides taxpayer-funded medical assistance to all Maldivian citizens.

5120: 4797: 4522: 3583: 2194:

required Americans, with certain exemptions, to have private or public health insurance. Otherwise, they were required to pay a fine.

2145:

Employed citizens and their dependents, however, are further eligible to use the health care program administered and operated by the

1978: 994:. The population is covered by a basic health insurance plan provided by statute and by optional insurance. It is administered by the 6382: 6360: 6338: 6316: 3478: 1105:

2005 at 8.2 per cent was below the OECD average of 9 percent. Household budgets directly met 18.7 per cent of all health care costs.

5383: 4283: 2886: 2166: 1743: 1727: 5766: 4630: 4367:"One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low income countries?" 3449: 6061: 3657:

Jui-Fen Rachel Lu, William C. Hsiao (2003). "Does Universal Health Insurance Make Health Care Unaffordable? Lessons From Taiwan".

770:

South Koreans have access to a universal healthcare safety net, although a significant portion of healthcare is privately funded.

672:

launched a "universal health insurance programme" known as the "Sehat Insaf Card" to provide free healthcare for the residence of

463:

While the country has a number of government-owned hospitals, about 63% are privately owned. Indonesia also operates a three-tier

6713: 3828: 2642: 2461: 2372: 2015: 1909: 1747: 1695: 1466: 1022: 669: 3925: 3768: 2281:

Opportunity: Opportune waiting times, there is a maximum pre-established time limit to get initial and post-diagnosis attention.

6677: 6136: 3345:

Barraclough S (April 1999). "Constraints on the retreat from a welfare-orientated approach to public health care in Malaysia".

2440:

and partial subsidisation of general practitioner visits with additional provision for those on low or modest incomes known as

2181: 2043: 1701: 1458: 1132: 1077: 6500: 5251: 4548:

Kirkman-Liff BL (1990). "Physician Payment and Cost-Containment Strategies in West Germany: Suggestions for Medicare Reform".

3239: 489: 6786: 6718: 6010: 5944: 5127: 4119: 2411: 2139: 2104: 995: 468: 3733:

Hughes D, Leethongdee S (2007). "Universal coverage in the land of smiles: lessons from Thailand's 30 baht health reforms".

1327:

insurance institutional body, legislative healthcare provision financed by taxes and numerous public and private providers.

6833: 6425: 1891:, including the phasing out of all prescription charges by 2011. Prescriptions are now free in Scotland for all citizens. 1376: 1296:

free. Medication is mostly covered. There is also a small parallel private health care system, especially in the field of

406: 332: 4087: 2038:

and vision care. Many Canadians have private health insurance, often through their employers, that cover these expenses.

6478: 2878: 2712: 2615: 2483: 1754: 991: 368: 304: 285: 5139: 3872: 3809: 2248: 1485:

National Medical Emergency Institute (INEM) is the main emergency medical service and can be activated by calling 112.

601:

Macau offers universally accessible single-payer system funded by taxes. Health care is provided by the Health Bureau.

516:

put the law into effect on January 1, 1995—basing it on recommendations from a National Committee of Inquiry headed by

6838: 6818: 3794: 2936: 1647: 1425:

municipalities. Dental care is included for children until 18 years old, and is covered for adults for some ailments.

931: 927: 567: 506: 57: 5189: 2022:

for by the private sector or individuals. This mostly goes towards services not covered or only partially covered by

5737: 4942: 2958: 360:

has early health education, professional health services, and well-developed health care and medication system. The

113:

health services except for sexual reproductive health services and antiretroviral therapy services, which are free.

6813: 4461: 4422: 3896: 2529: 2423: 1821: 1762: 1454: 719:

or PhilHealth. Under the Universal Health Care Law of 2019, all Filipinos were automatically enrolled in the NHIP.

654:

is also the responsible agency to regulate and conduct Social Protection programs under the Social Protection Act.

292:

is common. The proportion of out-of-pocket costs depends on profession and location: for example, workers in urban

234: 5668: 343:

to healthcare, regardless of cost. Additional laws are expected to specify what this right will mean in practice.

6823: 3298: 2919: 2737: 2498: 2360: 1659: 1636: 1437: 1233: 1120: 1080:

reimburses part of patients prescription costs and makes a contribution towards private medical costs (including

765: 749: 691: 6206:

Toward Universal Health Coverage and Equity in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evidence from Selected Countries

1828:, because long-term contractually obligated PFI spending commitments are not counted as government liabilities. 419:

Patients who receive specialized care or have complicated illnesses are referred to secondary (often located in

4967: 3884:

WHO are Regional Offices for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2004.

3131: 2698: 2429: 2356: 2350: 2226: 2202: 1779: 1604: 1354: 1270: 5549: 2452:

Historic attempts to bring general practitioner care into government ownership have been largely unfulfilled.

1323:

Service (NHS) type system, known as Nacionālais veselības dienests (NVD) in Latvian, was established in 2011.

6584: 6530: 5829: 5356: 3609: 2441: 2301: 2214: 2116: 2047: 1735: 1705: 1607:

budget. Adult dental care is not covered but for basic extractions or problems that could result in serious

1500: 1340: 1172: 805: 742: 715:

Filipinos are covered under the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) of the Philippine government-owned

447: 313: 240: 17: 4845: 6828: 6672: 6107: 5521: 2391: 1947:

Healthcare in Guernsey and Alderney is charged for with all primary care provided for on a private basis.

1869: 1860: 1855: 1581: 1037: 850: 793: 753: 728: 122: 6597: 3520: 2523: 1013:

practitioner through the GESY system, which is roughly the current population of the Republic of Cyprus.

505:

is the legal framework that enables and facilitates basic, compulsory universal health care. Promoted by

3078:"Covid is an opportunity to make structural changes to our largest health insurance and pension schemes" 2664: 2456: 2414:, funded by the federal government, which substantially subsidises a range of prescription medications. 2379: 2292:

The treatment protocols and number of diseases included are evaluated every 3 years by the authorities.

2206: 2100: 2005: 1974: 1722: 1600: 1494: 1245: 1210: 1151: 1114: 1076:

Taxation funding is partly local and partly nationally based. The national social insurance institution

1067: 1052: 1007: 987: 981: 952: 947: 917: 902: 792:

system. It claims that health services are offered for free. However, this claim has been contrasted by

785: 779: 710: 376: 328: 317: 72:

countries, universal health care entails a government-regulated network of private insurance companies.

41: 6042: 5972: 5028: 4815: 4036: 3954: 3154: 2594: 2428:

As with Australia, New Zealand's healthcare system is funded through general taxation according to the

1842:

Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland is the designation of the national public health service in

6026: 3913: 3903:

Chapter 2, Article 49. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on June 28, 1996.

3199: 6404: 5498: 5470: 5172:"Chapter 2. Rights and Freedoms of Man And Citizen | The Constitution of the Russian Federation" 4313: 2395: 2346: 2241: 2128: 2074: 1966: 1774: 1674: 1630: 1575: 1512: 1419: 1386: 1319: 1313: 1204: 1085: 923: 887: 819: 582: 546: 484: 401:. This aimed to cover the bottom 50% (500 million people) of the country's population working in the 175: 157: 5898: 5793:"Department of Health Special Section: Reconsidering the Role of Competition in Health Care Markets" 4061: 6299:"DOF publica decreto por el que desaparece el Insabi y sus funciones se integran al IMSS-Bienestar" 6204: 5439: 2260: 2191: 1900: 1888: 1594: 1290: 596: 394: 388: 379:, being the first in the world to carry out an adult to adult live donor liver transplant in 1993. 352: 139: 5878: 3290: 3092:"Employee's State Insurance Corporation, Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India" 1778:

local trusts (primarily health, hospital, or ambulance) or the national specialist trusts such as

1545:

and their family members, who had been segregated from the rest of population facilities, such as

1028:

certain services such as prescription drugs or vision and dental care are only covered partially.

475:, or community health centers, followed by health sub-centers and village-level integrated posts. 6112: 5662:"The Commonwealth Fund 2004 International Health Policy Survey of Primary Care in Five Countries" 5573: 4608: 4336: 4142: 4005: 3635: 3008: 2882: 2694: 2665:"Tiny African Island Has Soaring GDP, Free Healthcare and Free Higher Education - The Utopianist" 2478: 2315: 2093: 2052: 1970: 1958: 1766: 1479: 1304:. It is consistently ranked as one of the best in the world, especially in the Northern regions. 1266: 673: 663: 642: 634: 610: 517: 420: 402: 372: 104: 53: 5568: 4405:

As Germany has the world's oldest SHI system, it naturally lends itself to historical analyses.

3983: 3711: 3504: 2760: 2741: 2555:"Medicare for All Would Abolish Private Insurance. 'There's No Precedent in American History.'" 6226: 6183: 6153: 6086: 5812: 5709: 5388: 5123: 5116: 5047: 4697: 4600: 4565: 4471: 4466: 4432: 4427: 4389: 4228: 4167: 3750: 3676: 3423: 3172: 3059: 3000: 2860: 2824: 2533: 2364: 2027: 2023: 2011: 1990: 1398: 1176: 1138: 1096:

The percentage of total health expenditure financed by taxation in Finland (78%) is above the

277: 193: 86: 6617: 5273: 3858: 6791: 6218: 6210: 6175: 6145: 6071:, Canadian Institute for Health Information, November 13, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2007. 6052:, Canadian Institute for Health Information, November 13, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2007. 5804: 4687: 4592: 4557: 4496: 4381: 4328: 3742: 3668: 3354: 3049: 3039: 2992: 2852: 2816: 2488: 2384: 1962: 1913: 1843: 1390: 1214: 961: 935: 838: 789: 687: 617: 573:

denied coverage. Hospitals, by law, must be run as non-profit and be managed by physicians.

464: 309: 219: 184:

operates a system of medical facilities that provide treatment to citizens, free of charge.

148:

operates a system of medical facilities that provide treatment to citizens, free of charge.

4458:

The origin of the welfare state in England and Germany, 1850–1914: social policies compared

4273:"The long road to universal health coverage. A century of lessons for development strategy" 3587: 3570:"Ask a North Korean: What is the healthcare system in the DPRK really like? | NK News" 3482: 1389:. Long-term care for the elderly, the dying, the long-term mentally ill etc. is covered by 6068: 6049: 6014: 5836: 4314:"Social health insurance: Key factors affecting the transition towards universal coverage" 3900: 3881: 3616: 3528: 3435: 2473: 2270:

Fonasa beneficiaries may also seek attention in the private sector, for a designated fee.

2210: 1191: 857: 646: 537: 432: 398: 361: 4917: 4652: 5923: 3544: 6108:"As Canada's Slow-Motion Public Health System Falters, Private Medical Care Is Surging" 5958: 4154: 3659: 3621: 3521:"The Singapore health system – achieving positive health outcomes with low expenditure" 3054: 3027: 2376: 1770: 1750:, has provided the majority of healthcare in England since its launch on July 5, 1948. 1562: 1222: 457: 340: 239:

As of 2017, more than 97% of people in China are covered by one of three categories of

49: 6274:"Universal Healthcare INSABI begins in Mexico January 1st announced Health Department" 5234:"В России граждане платят одни из самых высоких налогов. Мы подсчитали (и ужаснулись)" 4385: 3832: 3358: 2856: 1156: 1119:

France has a system of health care largely financed by government through a system of

6807: 6652: 5850:"N. generation surgery-centers to carry out thousands more NHS operations every year" 4943:"Latvia: health system summary | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies" 4340: 4332: 2903: 2493: 2108: 2103:. The Cuban government sends doctors and other medical personnel overseas as part of 2035: 1933:, a UK Crown dependency, provides universal public health coverage to its residents. 1802: 1608: 1553: 1534: 1382: 622: 324: 296:

might have 85% of their medical costs covered up to $ 740,000 while workers in rural

6508: 4612: 3012: 2061:

contended that waiting times in Quebec violated a right to life and security in the

529:

Lastly, some of the population, albeit a small percentage, had no health insurance.

367:

There are two medical schools in Hong Kong, and several schools offering courses in

2935:. The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. January 24, 2008. Archived from 1880: 1873: 1786: 1542: 1518: 533: 127: 5494:"Covid-19 vanligare i utsatta områden - är sårbarhet för sjukdomar en klassfråga?" 5003: 4126: 3479:"World Health Organization Statistical Information System: Core Health Indicators" 2639:"Burkina Faso adopts universal health insurance system - - Joint Learning Network" 1221:. Public health services are provided by the National Healthcare Service, or ESY ( 926:

for residents of Austria, as well as those from other EU countries. Austria has a

6390: 6368: 6346: 6324: 5111: 2432:. However, aside from hospitalisation, there are user charges for prescriptions, 2394:, which also changed the funding model, to an income tax surcharge, known as the 1428:

Norway regularly comes top or close to the top of worldwide healthcare rankings.

5618: 5171: 4217:"Introduction of universal health program in Georgia: Problems and Perspectives" 4120:"Public share of health expenditure, OECD countries, 2005 and change since 1990" 2399: 2333: 1930: 1794: 1277: 690:

province of Pakistan, in December 2021, to cover more than 31 million families.

37: 4674:

Borger C, Smith S, Truffer C, Keehan S, Sisko A, Poisal J, et al. (2006).

4030:"Health Systems in Transition Vol. 10 No. 4 2008; Finland health system review" 2983:

Olsen SK, Brown RS (2008). "Live Donor Liver Transplantation: Current Status".

6555: 6214: 6179: 6007: 5808: 4596: 4190:"Georgia's health financing reforms show tangible benefits for the population" 4094: 2996: 2915: 1798: 1710: 1161: 965: 957: 509: 201:

operates a public healthcare system under the National Health Insurance Fund (

181: 33: 6246: 4561: 4419:

A comparative approach to policy analysis: health care policy in four nations

3746: 3044: 3028:"Universal Health Coverage in India: Progress achieved & the way forward" 2820: 1229:). In 2010 there were 35,000 hospital beds and 131 hospitals in the country. 6587:

Authored by Michael Bassett, former Minister of Health between 1984 and 1987

5693:

Kingdom NHS Digital, 1 Trevelyan Square, Boar Lane, Leeds, LS1 6AE, United.

5526: 5466:"Risk of dying from COVID-19 in Sweden is greater for men and the unmarried" 5146: 3893: 3672: 3320:"World Health Day 2018 – Lessons from Malaysia on Universal Health Coverage" 3257: 2329: 2058: 2031: 1905: 1813: 1806: 1301: 1297: 1081: 834: 555: 525: 472: 357: 289: 145: 6157: 5816: 4701: 4692: 4675: 4604: 4393: 4232: 3754: 3680: 3063: 3004: 2864: 2828: 5193: 5071: 4569: 3450:"EXPLAINER: Universal Health Care Law and what it means to PH development" 3404: 2807:

Yip W, Hsiao W (March 2008). "The Chinese Health System At A Crossroads".

2572: 2151:

Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado

3810:"What's the Difference Between a 'Public Option' and 'Medicare for All'?" 1790: 1639:. Government-paid dental care is accessible to those under 23 years old. 969: 293: 109: 6149: 3953:(2). European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Archived from 3132:"17 Government Health Insurance Schemes in India: Govt Mediclaim Policy" 288:. For the public plans, the list of covered procedures is limited, and 6571:

Parliamentary Debates. Legislative Council and House of Representatives

6222: 3374:"PM Imran Khan launches free healthcare services programme in KP today" 2247:

the municipalities. The Brazilian universal health care is called SUS (

1908:

was originally formed as part of the same NHS structure created by the

1538: 1180: 513: 452:

Indonesia is currently building a universal healthcare system with its

300:

are reimbursed for 65% of their medical costs up to $ 29,000 annually.

297: 198: 91: 4216: 4006:"European Commission: Health and long-term care in the European Union" 2367:

rejected the changes multiple times and they were passed only after a

5270:"Ustav Republike Srbije (The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia)" 5112:

Untold Stories of Pioneers in Medical Sciences Under Stalin's Tyranny

2398:, which was set at 1.5%, with exemptions for low-income earners. The 2112: 1679: 1165: 668:

Some of Pakistan's provinces have universal healthcare coverage. The

521: 424: 162: 69: 5412:"Arbete för jämlik hälsa i Sverige nationellt, regionalt och lokalt" 4247:"Georgia on the path to universal health coverage, but gaps persist" 4145:

European Commission: Health and long-term care in the European Union

701:(US$ 1.5 billion) would be spent to cover the entire province. 3091: 2787:"Does China have universal health care? A long (and better) answer" 2355:

In Australia, Medibank—as it was then known—was introduced, by the

1450:

Expenditure on healthcare was $ 851 per head in 2014, 6.5% of GDP.

225:

treatment is also carried out at the cost of the Royal Government.

5416: 4676:"Health spending projections through 2015: changes on the horizon" 1385:(family doctors, hospitals, and clinics) is financed from private 1155: 488: 428: 411: 276:

insurance companies for supplementary care: the three largest are

65: 61: 5216:"Russia – Unified Social Tax replaced by insurance contributions" 4093:. The European Observatory on Health Care Systems. Archived from 1824:, enabling investment without (in the short term) increasing the 1190:

Copayments were introduced in the 1980s in an attempt to prevent

550:

fall outside the "basket" of services or prescription formulary.

6558:

Authored by Steve Maharey, former Minister of Social Development

4985: 4497:"Private or public? An introduction health insurance in Germany" 1097: 990:

system that provides medical services and is coordinated by the

810:

Sri Lanka provides free universal healthcare to their citizens.

682: 6621: 5986: 4168:"World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems" 6134:

Steinbrook, R. (April 2006). "Private health care in Canada".

5621: 4143:

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_283_en.pdf

3610:"New IC health insurance card expected to offer many benefits" 3584:"Healthcare information in Sri Lanka | workinsrilanka.lk" 3118:"Why you should not miss out on your health insurance renewal" 2046:. The legality of the ban was considered in a decision of the 1232:

The Greek healthcare system has received high rankings by the

934:; they also have the option to purchase supplementary private 5945:"Health & Medical Care in Guernsey | Visit Guernsey" 4893:"Latvia Healthcare System & Insurance Options for Expats" 3871:

Portugal: Bentes M, Dias CM, Sakellarides C, Bankauskaite V.

3795:"In review: The healthcare framework in United Arab Emirates" 3240:"Health Minister Vows to Fast-Track Private Hospital Permits" 2668: 52:, government involvement also includes directly managing the 4629:. Group-economics.allianz.com. July 25, 2005. Archived from 3452:. National Economic and Development Authority. June 18, 2019 686:(US$ 3,500) for treatment. This was further expanded to the 6174:. World Bank Working Papers. The World Bank. July 1, 2005. 3405:"PM Imran launches Naya Pakistan Sehat Programme in Punjab" 3192:"India's universal healthcare rollout to cost $ 26 billion" 6085:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 5326:"Bloomberg - Healthcare efficiency scores in 56 countries" 5190:"О МЕДИЦИНСКОМ СТРАХОВАНИИ ГРАЖДАН В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ" 3706:

The Universal Coverage Policy of Thailand: An Introduction

435:

which offer completely free treatment, testing and drugs.

327:

of healthcare in the 1990s, China has been reforming with

3980:"KELA – Use of European Health Insurance Card in Finland" 3926:"The Austrian healthcare system Overview of how it works" 3515: 3513: 1381:

The Netherlands has a dual-level system. All primary and

650: 3543:

Library of Congress – Federal Research Division (2007).

1950:

There is no universal healthcare for residents of Sark.

1944:

There is universal health care for residents of Jersey.

6043:"Health care spending to reach $ 160 billion this year" 5352:"Svenskarna lever länge men hälsan är ojämlik i landet" 5296:"Spanish healthcare, once again leading world rankings" 3523:, Watson Wyatt Healthcare Market Review, October 2004. 2757:"How does healthcare in the U.S. compare with China's?" 930:

payment system in which many individuals receive basic

243:. From most generous to least generous, they are the: 6598:"Community Services Card Fact Sheet | Beehive.govt.nz" 4798:"Cost of GP visit varies from €30 to €65 across State" 3769:"Thailand eliminates mother-to-child HIV transmission" 2691:"In Rwanda, Health Care Coverage That Eludes the U.S." 1765:. Management is distributed even more locally through 4844:. Findarticles.com. November 18, 2005. Archived from 4491: 4489: 4487: 3222:"Q&A: BPJS Kesehatan, health for all Indonesians" 2390:

In 1984, Medibank Public was renamed Medicare by the

2217:

all provide some level of universal health coverage.

1981:

all provide some level of universal health coverage.

639: 4155:"News item on healthcare costs in 2006 (in Finnish)" 2375:. However, Medibank was supported by the subsequent 1525:, sometimes "collectivized" or "nationalized", Rus: 6760: 6739: 6686: 6660: 6006:

Government of Canada, Social Union, News Release, "

6747:Health expenditure by country by type of financing 6203:Dmytraczenko T, Almeida G, eds. (June 30, 2015). 5892:"Department of Health Service Delivery Plan 2011" 5569:"Swiss health care thrives without public option" 4523:"Statutory health insurance - GKV-Spitzenverband" 3829:"Health in Belarus. Healthcare system of Belarus" 3550:. Library of Congress – Federal Research Division 3538: 3536: 4737:. Office of the Attorney General. Archived from 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 3636:"Taiwan Takes Fastrack to Universal Health Care" 1709:free treatment). However, since health is now a 431:, there are neighbourhood health clinics called 5522:"Corona härjar bland fattiga – rika klarar sig" 5384:"Sjukvårdens struktur bidrar till ojämlik vård" 4761:"Prescription charges for medical card holders" 2959:"World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision" 331:as a goal in the 21st century, as part of the " 256:Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI, 247:Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI, 6247:"Why an American went to Cuba for cancer care" 4215:Verulava T, Jorbenadze R, Barkalaia T (2017). 3928:. justlanded.com. Retrieved October 16, 2011. 2504:List of countries by health insurance coverage 6633: 6383:"El portal único del gobierno. | gob.mx" 6361:"El portal único del gobierno. | gob.mx" 6339:"El portal único del gobierno. | gob.mx" 6317:"El portal único del gobierno. | gob.mx" 6062:National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975–2007 4897:Expat Financial - Global Insurance for Expats 4717:How Good is Canadian Health Care? 2005 Report 2410:In addition to Medicare, there is a separate 1585:on the amount of money the person is making. 1331:only covers a predetermined set of services. 266: 257: 248: 8: 6447:Australian Taxation Office (June 19, 2007). 6172:Health System Innovations in Central America 5714:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3874:Health Care Systems in Transition: Portugal. 3638:. All Things Considered, NPR. April 15, 2008 2879:"Medical Reform Draft Open to Public Debate" 1682:achieved universal health coverage in 2003. 493:Health care in Israel as a percentage of GDP 40:for all citizens of a country, often called 18:List of countries with universal health care 2553:Abelson R, Sanger-Katz M (March 23, 2019). 2063:Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms 1885:National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1947 6640: 6626: 6618: 6083:Private Health Insurance In OECD Countries 5797:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 5718:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4550:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 2793:. South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. 2188:individual shared responsibility provision 1838:Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland 1213:provides high quality medical services to 5830:Are you buying private medical insurance? 4691: 3912:Physicians for a National Health Program 3505:"World Health Statistics 2007: Mortality" 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3053: 3043: 1219:Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity 5586: 5584: 5550:"Health insurance for foreign nationals" 4365:Bärnighausen T, Sauerborn R (May 2002). 2436:Sixth National Government of New Zealand 1859: 1726: 1445:Health Insurance Fund of North Macedonia 1171:Germany has the world's oldest national 676:, where families would be covered up to 6507:. Australian Government. Archived from 5567:Schwartz, Nelson D. (October 1, 2009). 3608:Fanchiang, Cecilia (January 2, 2004). 3293:[Who is a Political Promoter?] 2933:"Rank Order – Life expectancy at birth" 2780: 2778: 2734:"Country Health System Profile: Bhutan" 2514: 1732:Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital 717:Philippine Health Insurance Corporation 265:New Cooperative Medical Service (NCMS, 5707: 5072:Teaching History of Medicine in Russia 5052:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5045: 4062:"Reimbursements for medicine expenses" 3431: 3421: 3032:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 2916:"Healthy life expectancy in Hong Kong" 2900:"China Passes New Medical Reform Plan" 1816:. A few NHS medical services (such as 1785:The NHS provides, among other things, 873:Healthcare in the United Arab Emirates 5973:"Health, Social Care & Wellbeing" 4868:"Latvia: Country Health Profile 2017" 3384:from the original on November 6, 2020 2802: 2800: 1261:Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland 7: 4321:International Social Security Review 3173:"Health Care in the Mohallas (SSIR)" 2147:Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social 2136:Instituto de Salud para el Bienestar 1175:system, with origins dating back to 788:with a national medical service and 587:Kuwait offers universal healthcare. 203:Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie 6303:comunicacionsocial.diputados.gob.mx 5660:Cathy Schoen, Robin Osborn (2004). 5302:. February 21, 2020. Archived from 4088:"Health Care Systems in Transition" 3831:. Europe-cities.com. Archived from 3808:Sanger-Katz M (February 19, 2019). 1826:public sector borrowing requirement 1217:citizens and is coordinated by the 5856:. December 3, 2002. Archived from 5440:"Ojämlik vård – dags för verkstad" 5360:. January 22, 2020. Archived from 5140:"Search Official Documents - OECD" 4918:"Latvia health system information" 4627:"Length of hospital stay, Germany" 4312:Carrin G, James C (January 2005). 2713:"The healthcare system in Tunisia" 2612:"Botswana:The Health System - AHO" 1866:Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital 1527:obobshchestvlenniy/обобществленный 25: 4719:. fraserinstitute.org. p. 2. 2887:China Internet Information Center 2167:Healthcare in Trinidad and Tobago 1541:. The best care was provided for 651:National Social Protection Agency 6405:"Is Health Insurance Mandatory?" 6081:The OECD Health Project (2004). 5879:Introduction to NHS Wales 1960's 4333:10.1111/j.1468-246x.2005.00209.x 2985:Current Gastroenterology Reports 2373:1974 double dissolution election 2016:Social Union Framework Agreement 1910:National Health Service Act 1946 1748:National Health Service Act 1946 1696:Healthcare in the United Kingdom 1023:Healthcare in the Czech Republic 670:Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 524:, required one to belong to the 6678:Worldwide Governance Indicators 6137:New England Journal of Medicine 6027:Public vs. private health care. 6017:." Retrieved December 20, 2006. 5839:Association of British Insurers 4968:"Life Sciences and Health Care" 3940:"Belgium, health system review" 3914:"International Health Systems". 3372:Yusafzai M (November 6, 2020). 3276:"history of Israel health care" 2697:). July 3, 2012. Archived from 2182:Healthcare in the United States 2107:. These missions are mainly in 2044:New England Journal of Medicine 1702:countries of the United Kingdom 1499:According to Article 34 of the 1133:Healthcare in Georgia (country) 56:, but many countries use mixed 6787:List of international rankings 5635:"NHS Constitution for England" 5619:NHS now four different systems 4653:"Length of hospital stay, U.S" 3545:"Country Profile: North Korea" 3026:Zodpey S, Farooqui HH (2018). 2573:"Algeria – Health And Welfare" 2412:Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme 2099:Minister for Public Health is 996:Croatian Health Insurance Fund 784:North Korea claims to provide 1: 6106:Kraus C (February 26, 2006). 5695:"Hospital Episode Statistics" 4947:eurohealthobservatory.who.int 4922:eurohealthobservatory.who.int 4386:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X 4374:Social Science & Medicine 3710:. Unescap.org. Archived from 3403:Desk BW (December 13, 2021). 3359:10.1016/S0168-8510(99)00004-4 2889:). Retrieved April 10, 2014. 2857:10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00396-7 2528:. Santa Barbara, California: 2359:on July 1, 1975, through the 1467:Doctor's Chamber of Macedonia 1377:Healthcare in the Netherlands 694:announced that an additional 503:National Health Insurance Law 333:moderately prosperous society 6699:Government budget per capita 6477:. Ato.gov.au. Archived from 6449:"What is the Medicare levy?" 6272:Fisher B (January 1, 2020). 5004:"Who Pays Your Dental Bill?" 4271:Bump JB (October 19, 2010). 3947:Health Systems in Transition 3190:Kalra A (October 30, 2014). 2906:. Retrieved April 10, 2014. 2484:Health Insurance Innovations 1763:strategic health authorities 1755:NHS Constitution for England 1523:obshchestvenniy/общественный 369:traditional Chinese medicine 305:Chinese Communist Revolution 6694:Central bank interest rates 5637:. Dh.gov.uk. Archived from 4170:. Who.int. December 8, 2010 3625:. Retrieved March 28, 2008. 3503:World Health Organization, 2898:Staff (January 21, 2009). 2877:Staff (October 14, 2008). 2785:Zhou V (January 10, 2018). 2186:Between 2010 and 2019, the 568:Health care system in Japan 6855: 6535:Australian Taxation Office 6505:Australian Taxation Office 6067:February 14, 2008, at the 6048:December 23, 2007, at the 6013:November 12, 2011, at the 5835:February 15, 2010, at the 5760:"18 weeks patient pathway" 5734:"18 weeks patient pathway" 4765:www.citizensinformation.ie 4462:Cambridge University Press 4423:Cambridge University Press 2759:. SupChina. Archived from 2530:Greenwood Publishing Group 2446:Fourth National Government 2424:Health care in New Zealand 2421: 2344: 2313: 2299: 2258: 2239: 2224: 2179: 2164: 2126: 2091: 2072: 2003: 1988: 1898: 1853: 1835: 1822:Private Finance Initiative 1720: 1693: 1672: 1657: 1628: 1592: 1573: 1510: 1492: 1477: 1455:Euro health consumer index 1435: 1417: 1374: 1352: 1338: 1311: 1288: 1258: 1243: 1227:Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας, ΕΣΥ 1202: 1149: 1130: 1112: 1065: 1050: 1035: 1020: 1005: 979: 945: 915: 900: 885: 870: 848: 817: 803: 777: 763: 740: 726: 708: 661: 632: 608: 594: 580: 565: 482: 454:Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional 445: 407:Employees' State Insurance 386: 350: 235:Healthcare reform in China 232: 217: 191: 173: 155: 137: 120: 102: 84: 6781: 6768:Guaranteed minimum income 6531:"Medicare levy surcharge" 6475:"Medicare Levy Surcharge" 6215:10.1596/978-1-4648-0454-0 6180:10.1596/978-0-8213-6278-5 5809:10.1215/03616878-25-5-945 5252:"Страховые взносы на ОМС" 5238:Телеканал «Красная Линия» 4597:10.1007/s00063-007-1045-0 4583:Henke KD (May 2007). "". 4527:www.gkv-spitzenverband.de 4251:World Health Organization 3982:. Kela.fi. Archived from 3880:January 26, 2010, at the 3481:. Who.int. Archived from 3324:World Health Organization 3299:Open University of Israel 2997:10.1007/s11894-008-0007-x 2922:. Retrieved June 7, 2008. 2920:World Health Organization 2738:World Health Organization 2499:Health systems by country 2361:Health Insurance Act 1973 1660:Healthcare in Switzerland 1438:Health in North Macedonia 1365:National Gesondheetskeess 1361:Caisse nationale de santé 1234:World Health Organization 1226: 1121:national health insurance 922:Healthcare in Austria is 766:Healthcare in South Korea 750:World Health Organization 692:Prime Minister Imran Khan 456:(JKN) scheme, managed by 267: 258: 249: 6731:Tax revenue to GDP ratio 5959:"Healthcare in Guernsey" 4562:10.1215/03616878-15-1-69 3747:10.1377/hlthaff.26.4.999 3045:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_616_18 2821:10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.460 2755:Guo J (March 28, 2017). 2430:Social Security Act 1938 2357:Whitlam Labor government 2351:Health care in Australia 2227:Health care in Argentina 1780:NHS Blood and Transplant 1599:Spain provides a public 1355:Healthcare in Luxembourg 1318:Healthcare in Latvia is 1271:Health Service Executive 625:insurance-based system. 512:in the early 1990s, the 6773:Social welfare spending 6668:Government transparency 6556:Community Service Cards 6537:. Australian Government 5791:Smee C (October 2000). 3899:April 15, 1997, at the 3894:Constitution of Ukraine 3673:10.1377/hlthaff.22.3.77 3527:April 19, 2010, at the 2442:Community Service Cards 2302:Health care in Colombia 2048:Supreme Court of Canada 1744:National Health Service 1736:National Health Service 1706:National Health Service 1501:constitution of Romania 1341:Healthcare in Lithuania 1211:Greek healthcare system 1173:social health insurance 806:Healthcare in Sri Lanka 743:Healthcare in Singapore 448:Healthcare in Indonesia 323:From the high point of 314:Chinese economic reform 241:public health insurance 6709:Sovereign wealth funds 6673:World Governance Index 6568:Parliament NZ (1985). 4693:10.1377/hlthaff.25.w61 3378:The News International 2964:. United Nations. 2007 2457:district health boards 2392:Hawke Labor government 2249:Sistema Único de Saúde 1877: 1856:Healthcare in Scotland 1746:(NHS), created by the 1739: 1582:constitution of Serbia 1168: 1152:Health care in Germany 1038:Health care in Denmark 851:Healthcare in Thailand 794:North Korean defectors 729:Health in Saudi Arabia 558:for certain services. 494: 471:oversees a network of 303:Immediately after the 123:Health in Burkina Faso 6752:Universal health care 4872:www.oecd-ilibrary.org 4680:Health Aff (Millwood) 4221:Georgian Medical News 4042:on September 24, 2015 3938:Corens, Dirk (2007). 3835:on September 30, 2011 3615:June 6, 2008, at the 3507:, based on 2005 data. 3155:"Primary health care" 2693:Opinionator (blog of 2525:Universal Health Care 2380:Coalition (Australia) 2140:Secretariat of Health 2101:Roberto Morales Ojeda 2006:Health care in Canada 1863: 1801:care and treatments, 1775:NHS foundation trusts 1773:—and increasingly to 1730: 1723:Healthcare in England 1601:universal health care 1495:Healthcare in Romania 1246:Healthcare in Iceland 1159: 1115:Health care in France 1068:Healthcare in Finland 1053:Healthcare in Estonia 1008:Health care in Cyprus 988:universal health care 982:Healthcare in Croatia 953:Healthcare in Belgium 948:Healthcare in Belgium 918:Healthcare in Austria 903:Healthcare in Armenia 786:universal health care 780:Health in North Korea 711:Health in Philippines 645:May 23, 2015, at the 492: 377:liver transplantation 329:universal health care 318:mandatory vaccination 42:universal health care 6834:Health-related lists 6349:on January 10, 2011. 6327:on December 8, 2009. 5904:on December 29, 2011 5854:Department of Health 5499:Stockholm University 5471:Stockholm University 5357:Folkhälsomyndigheten 5332:. September 19, 2018 5034:on February 24, 2016 4521:GKV-Spitzenverband. 4417:Leichter HM (1979). 4196:on November 24, 2021 4100:on February 25, 2009 3986:on November 25, 2011 3861:on January 25, 2010. 3855:"Moldova Healthcare" 3797:. September 7, 2022. 3590:on November 24, 2016 3572:. February 21, 2020. 3258:"Indonesia - HEALTH" 2701:on February 3, 2014. 2347:Medicare (Australia) 2242:Healthcare in Brazil 2129:Healthcare in Mexico 2075:Health in Costa Rica 1795:long-term healthcare 1675:Healthcare in Turkey 1631:Healthcare in Sweden 1576:Healthcare in Serbia 1513:Healthcare in Russia 1420:Healthcare in Norway 1387:compulsory insurance 1314:Healthcare in Latvia 1205:Healthcare in Greece 932:publicly funded care 888:Healthcare in Europe 867:United Arab Emirates 820:Healthcare in Taiwan 583:Healthcare in Kuwait 485:Healthcare in Israel 176:Health in Seychelles 158:Healthcare in Rwanda 6602:www.beehive.govt.nz 6455:on October 22, 2007 6387:failover.www.gob.mx 6365:failover.www.gob.mx 6343:failover.www.gob.mx 6321:failover.www.gob.mx 6150:10.1056/NEJMp068064 6032:, December 1, 2006. 5740:on October 12, 2009 5364:on October 12, 2020 5300:#ThisIsTheRealSpain 5196:on February 3, 2016 5176:www.constitution.ru 5010:. December 6, 2019. 4986:"CNS // Luxembourg" 4972:Deloitte Luxembourg 4585:Med. Klin. (Munich) 4456:Hennock EP (2007). 4086:Järvelin J (2002). 3714:on January 19, 2012 3246:. November 5, 2019. 3202:on January 22, 2017 2575:. Countrystudies.us 2261:Healthcare in Chile 2192:Affordable Care Act 2161:Trinidad and Tobago 1979:Trinidad and Tobago 1901:Healthcare in Wales 1889:Scottish Government 1870:children's hospital 1767:primary care trusts 1595:Healthcare in Spain 1291:Healthcare in Italy 597:Healthcare in Macau 395:government of India 389:Healthcare in India 353:Health in Hong Kong 140:Health in Mauritius 6839:Lists of countries 6819:Health care reform 6704:Public sector size 6649:Lists of countries 6481:on August 12, 2013 6278:Gobierno de Mexico 6209:. The World Bank. 6113:The New York Times 5641:on January 7, 2013 5574:The New York Times 5152:on August 16, 2018 4779:"Hospital Charges" 4735:Irish Statute Book 4501:allaboutberlin.com 3924:Staff (undated). 3814:The New York Times 3434:has generic name ( 3291:"?מיהו יזם פוליטי" 2883:Xinhua News Agency 2695:The New York Times 2559:The New York Times 2522:Butticè C (2019). 2479:Health care reform 2462:Minister of Health 2316:Health in Suriname 2094:Healthcare in Cuba 2053:Chaoulli v. Quebec 2028:prescription drugs 1920:Crown dependencies 1878: 1740: 1480:Health in Portugal 1267:health care system 1169: 992:Ministry of Health 956:(commercially run 664:Health in Pakistan 635:Health in Maldives 611:Health in Malaysia 518:Shoshana Netanyahu 495: 469:Ministry of Health 403:unorganized sector 373:Hospital Authority 180:The government of 144:The government of 105:Health in Botswana 54:health care system 6814:Health by country 6801: 6800: 6428:. Planalto.gov.br 6393:on June 22, 2009. 6371:on June 22, 2009. 6232:978-1-4648-0454-0 6189:978-0-8213-6278-5 6092:978-92-64-00668-3 5772:on March 25, 2009 5474:. October 9, 2020 5420:. January 1, 2016 5276:on April 29, 2011 5222:on June 28, 2010. 5109:Natalya Rapoport 4731:"Health Act 2004" 4715:Esmail N (2005). 4477:978-0-521-59212-3 4438:978-0-521-22648-6 4380:(10): 1559–1587. 4132:on June 27, 2011. 3485:on April 29, 2007 3262:countrystudies.us 3120:. April 20, 2021. 3080:. April 21, 2021. 2763:on March 24, 2022 2671:on April 26, 2016 2618:on August 3, 2014 2595:"Algeria Profile" 2539:978-1-4408-6844-3 2455:There are twenty 2365:Australian Senate 2050:, which ruled in 2012:Canada Health Act 1991:Health in Bahamas 1883:, created by the 1648:COVID-19 pandemic 1453:According to the 1177:Otto von Bismarck 962:private hospitals 194:Health in Tunisia 87:Health in Algeria 16:(Redirected from 6846: 6824:Health insurance 6792:Lists by country 6642: 6635: 6628: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6511:on June 29, 2013 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6451:. Archived from 6444: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6389:. Archived from 6379: 6373: 6372: 6367:. Archived from 6357: 6351: 6350: 6345:. Archived from 6335: 6329: 6328: 6323:. Archived from 6313: 6307: 6306: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6253:. April 19, 2017 6243: 6237: 6236: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6078: 6072: 6059: 6053: 6039: 6033: 6024: 6018: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5975:. July 12, 2019. 5969: 5963: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5924:"Expat Guernsey" 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5903: 5897:. Archived from 5896: 5888: 5882: 5881:www.wales.nhs.uk 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5860:on March 5, 2007 5846: 5840: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5765:. Archived from 5764: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5736:. Archived from 5730: 5724: 5723: 5713: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5674:on March 3, 2016 5673: 5667:. Archived from 5666: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5631: 5625: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5530:. April 24, 2020 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5502:. April 24, 2020 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5446:. March 26, 2015 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5272:. Archived from 5266: 5260: 5259: 5256:www.ffoms.gov.ru 5248: 5242: 5241: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5218:. Archived from 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5192:. Archived from 5186: 5180: 5179: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5151: 5145:. Archived from 5144: 5136: 5130: 5115:304 pages, 2020 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5087:. Archived from 5081: 5075: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5051: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5033: 5027:. Archived from 5026: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4848:on July 11, 2012 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4822:. August 8, 2018 4812: 4806: 4805: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4695: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4633:on June 12, 2011 4623: 4617: 4616: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4493: 4482: 4481: 4469: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4430: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4371: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4318: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4289:on April 6, 2020 4288: 4282:. Archived from 4277: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4227:(262): 116–120. 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4192:. 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April 18, 2018 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3296: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3226:The Jakarta Post 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3198:. Archived from 3187: 3181: 3180: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3098:. March 31, 2023 3088: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3047: 3023: 3017: 3016: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2963: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2939:on June 13, 2007 2929: 2923: 2913: 2907: 2896: 2890: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2782: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2744:on June 1, 2012. 2740:. Archived from 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2667:. Archived from 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2641:. Archived from 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2614:. Archived from 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2519: 2489:Health insurance 2385:Medibank Private 2232:or nationality. 2105:medical missions 1914:Welsh Government 1868:is a specialist 1844:Northern Ireland 1832:Northern Ireland 1547:Kremlin hospital 1391:social insurance 1228: 936:health insurance 839:Chinese medicine 790:health insurance 700: 698: 685: 680: 618:Mahathir Mohamad 465:community health 310:health insurance 270: 269: 261: 260: 252: 251: 220:Health in Bhutan 21: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6796: 6777: 6756: 6735: 6724:Inheritance tax 6682: 6656: 6646: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6501:"Medicare levy" 6499: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6431: 6429: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6305:. May 29, 2023. 6297: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6118: 6116: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6069:Wayback Machine 6060: 6056: 6050:Wayback Machine 6041:Press release, 6040: 6036: 6025: 6021: 6015:Wayback Machine 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5987:"NHI Bahamas -" 5985: 5984: 5980: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5961:. May 25, 2019. 5957: 5956: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5837:Wayback Machine 5828: 5824: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5706: 5699: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5624:January 2, 2008 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5392:. June 15, 2018 5382: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5091:on May 27, 2022 5085:"Yandex Lingvo" 5083: 5082: 5078: 5065: 5061: 5044: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5022:"Archived copy" 5020: 5019: 5015: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4992:. June 2, 2023. 4984: 4983: 4979: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4802:The Irish Times 4795: 4794: 4790: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4741:on June 5, 2011 4729: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4494: 4485: 4478: 4465: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4439: 4426: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4398: 4396: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4345: 4343: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4073: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3960:on May 23, 2011 3957: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3901:Wayback Machine 3892: 3888: 3882:Wayback Machine 3870: 3866: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3741:(4): 999–1008. 3732: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3617:Wayback Machine 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3534: 3529:Wayback Machine 3518: 3511: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3430: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3116: 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1605:Social Security 1597: 1591: 1578: 1572: 1515: 1509: 1497: 1491: 1482: 1476: 1443:managed by the 1440: 1434: 1432:North Macedonia 1422: 1416: 1379: 1373: 1357: 1351: 1343: 1337: 1316: 1310: 1293: 1287: 1263: 1257: 1248: 1242: 1207: 1201: 1192:overutilization 1154: 1148: 1135: 1129: 1117: 1111: 1070: 1064: 1055: 1049: 1040: 1034: 1025: 1019: 1010: 1004: 984: 978: 950: 944: 920: 914: 905: 899: 890: 884: 875: 869: 858:30 baht project 853: 847: 822: 816: 808: 802: 782: 776: 768: 762: 745: 739: 731: 725: 713: 707: 696: 695: 678: 677: 666: 660: 647:Wayback Machine 637: 631: 613: 607: 599: 593: 585: 579: 570: 564: 538:social security 507:health minister 501:In Israel, the 487: 481: 450: 444: 433:Mohalla Clinics 399:Ayushman Bharat 391: 385: 362:life expectancy 355: 349: 237: 231: 222: 216: 211: 196: 190: 178: 172: 160: 154: 142: 136: 125: 119: 107: 101: 89: 83: 78: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6852: 6850: 6842: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6806: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6783: 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June 8, 2016 3760: 3735:Health Affairs 3725: 3695: 3686: 3660:Health Affairs 3649: 3627: 3622:Taiwan Journal 3601: 3575: 3561: 3532: 3509: 3496: 3463: 3441: 3395: 3364: 3337: 3311: 3281: 3267: 3249: 3231: 3213: 3182: 3164: 3146: 3137: 3123: 3109: 3083: 3069: 3038:(4): 327–329. 3018: 2975: 2950: 2924: 2908: 2891: 2870: 2834: 2809:Health Affairs 2796: 2774: 2747: 2725: 2704: 2682: 2656: 2645:on May 8, 2016 2629: 2603: 2586: 2564: 2545: 2538: 2532:. p. 20. 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2422:Main article: 2419: 2416: 2342: 2339: 2326: 2323: 2314:Main article: 2311: 2308: 2300:Main article: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2259:Main article: 2256: 2253: 2240:Main article: 2237: 2234: 2225:Main article: 2222: 2219: 2199: 2196: 2180:Main article: 2177: 2174: 2165:Main article: 2162: 2159: 2127:Main article: 2124: 2121: 2092:Main article: 2089: 2086: 2073:Main article: 2070: 2067: 2042:report in the 2004:Main article: 2001: 1998: 1989:Main article: 1986: 1983: 1955: 1952: 1938: 1935: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1899:Main article: 1896: 1893: 1854:Main article: 1851: 1848: 1836:Main article: 1833: 1830: 1818:"surgicentres" 1721:Main article: 1718: 1715: 1694:Main article: 1691: 1690:United Kingdom 1688: 1673:Main article: 1670: 1667: 1658:Main article: 1655: 1652: 1629:Main article: 1626: 1623: 1609:stomatological 1593:Main article: 1590: 1587: 1574:Main article: 1571: 1568: 1563:Vladimir Putin 1517:In the former 1511:Main article: 1508: 1505: 1493:Main article: 1490: 1487: 1478:Main article: 1475: 1472: 1436:Main article: 1433: 1430: 1418:Main article: 1415: 1412: 1375:Main article: 1372: 1369: 1353:Main article: 1350: 1347: 1339:Main article: 1336: 1333: 1312:Main article: 1309: 1306: 1289:Main article: 1286: 1283: 1259:Main article: 1256: 1253: 1244:Main article: 1241: 1238: 1203:Main article: 1200: 1197: 1164:(Hospital) in 1150:Main article: 1147: 1144: 1131:Main article: 1128: 1125: 1113:Main article: 1110: 1107: 1066:Main article: 1063: 1060: 1051:Main article: 1048: 1045: 1036:Main article: 1033: 1030: 1021:Main article: 1018: 1017:Czech Republic 1015: 1006:Main article: 1003: 1000: 986:Croatia has a 980:Main article: 977: 974: 946:Main article: 943: 940: 916:Main article: 913: 910: 901:Main article: 898: 895: 886:Main article: 883: 880: 871:Main article: 868: 865: 849:Main article: 846: 843: 818:Main article: 815: 812: 804:Main article: 801: 798: 778:Main article: 775: 772: 764:Main article: 761: 758: 741:Main article: 738: 735: 727:Main article: 724: 721: 709:Main article: 706: 703: 662:Main article: 659: 656: 633:Main article: 630: 627: 609:Main article: 606: 603: 595:Main article: 592: 589: 581:Main article: 578: 575: 566:Main article: 563: 560: 483:Main article: 480: 477: 458:BPJS Kesehatan 446:Main article: 443: 440: 387:Main article: 384: 381: 351:Main article: 348: 345: 341:positive right 273: 272: 263: 254: 233:Main article: 230: 227: 218:Main article: 215: 212: 210: 207: 192:Main article: 189: 186: 174:Main article: 171: 168: 156:Main article: 153: 150: 138:Main article: 135: 132: 121:Main article: 118: 115: 103:Main article: 100: 97: 85:Main article: 82: 79: 77: 74: 50:United Kingdom 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6851: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6829:Health policy 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6653:public policy 6650: 6643: 6638: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6552: 6549: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6523: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6493: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6440: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6375: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6309: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6291: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6265: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6199: 6196: 6191: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6130: 6127: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5900: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5872: 5864:September 15, 5859: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5826: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5784: 5768: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5696: 5689: 5686: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5653: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5615: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5596: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5577:. p. A1. 5576: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5331: 5330:Bloomberg.com 5327: 5321: 5318: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5148: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5103: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5030: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4991: 4990:cns.public.lu 4987: 4981: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4821: 4817: 4816:"Sláintecare" 4811: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4686:(2): w61–73. 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4591:(5): 366–72. 4590: 4587:(in German). 4586: 4579: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4541: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4514: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4460:. Cambridge: 4459: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4421:. Cambridge: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4256:September 19, 4252: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4208: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3964:September 29, 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3726: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3653: 3650: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3589: 3585: 3579: 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2814: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2767:September 15, 2762: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2494:Health system 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2396:Medicare Levy 2393: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369:joint sitting 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2233: 2228: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2198:South America 2197: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2176:United States 2175: 2173: 2168: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:Latin America 2106: 2102: 2095: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2037: 2036:physiotherapy 2033: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2010:In 1984, the 2007: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954:North America 1953: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1839: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1803:ophthalmology 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1632: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1554:mixed economy 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1535:social status 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1496: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1439: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:curative care 1378: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1230: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1116: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1024: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1001: 999: 997: 993: 989: 983: 975: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 949: 941: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 919: 911: 909: 904: 896: 894: 889: 881: 879: 874: 866: 864: 861: 859: 852: 844: 842: 840: 836: 830: 826: 821: 813: 811: 807: 799: 797: 795: 791: 787: 781: 773: 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