881:, Missouri. The explosives were to be used in the blasting of rock while constructing Highway 71. The result of the explosions were the deaths of six firemen from the Kansas City Fire Department's Pumper Companies 30 and 41. Both companies were dispatched after 911 calls indicated that a pickup truck located near the trailers had been set on fire. The responding companies were warned that there were explosives on-site; however, they were unaware that the trailers were essentially magazines filled with explosives. At 4:07 AM one of the "magazines" caught fire and a catastrophic explosion occurred, killing all six firemen instantly — only sparing remains were found. A second blast occurred 40 minutes later, although all fire crews had been pulled back at this time. The blasts created two craters, each approximately 30 metres (100 ft) wide and 2.4 metres (8 ft) deep. The explosions also shattered windows within a 16-kilometre (10 mi) area and could be heard 64 kilometres (40 mi) away. It was later determined that the explosions were acts of
956:: At about 6:06 AM on December 13, 1994, two explosions rocked the Port Neal, Iowa, ammonium nitrate processing plant operated by Terra Industries. Four people were killed and 18 injured. Approximately 5,700 tons of anhydrous ammonia were released and releases of ammonia continued for six days after the explosions. Groundwater under the processing plant was contaminated by chemicals released as a result of the blast. The timing of the explosion occurred prior to the start of the arrival of the 8:00 AM shift personnel, or the death toll might have been larger.
1522:
1037:
1000:
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1657:
1488:
806:
1649:, those in charge learned from plant officials that more than 450 tonnes of ammonium nitrate were stored in the plant. Firefighters were evacuated and for a one-point-six-kilometre (1 mi) radius around the plant, residents were asked to leave because city fire chief Trey Mayo feared "one of the worst explosions in U.S. history". Residents were able to return home February 3, though a mandatory evacuation was considered. By February 7, investigators could enter the plant.
639:
473:
1103:, France, an explosion occurred in a warehouse where the off-specification granular AN was stored flat, separated by partitions. About 200–300 tonnes were said to be involved in the explosion, resulting in 31 people dead and 2,442 injured, 34 of them seriously. The blast wave shattered windows up to 3 km (1.9 mi) away, and the resulting crater was 7 m deep and 60 m wide. The exact cause remains unknown. The material damage was estimated at 2.3
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1246:: A truck carrying 20 tonnes of ammonium nitrate tipped over on the European road E85 near Mihăileşti at 4:57 AM on May 24, 2004. Shortly afterwards, a fire started in the cabin. Two reporters got to the site of the accident and started filming while firemen were trying to stop the fire. Around 5:50 AM the truck exploded, killing 18 and wounding 13 people. A crater 6.5 meters deep and 42 meters in diameter was formed by the explosion.
1178:
tonnes of ammonium nitrate packaged in big bags. Bales of hay and straw were being stored on the mezzanine and ≈500 kg apples kept in the cold storage rooms. The fire started around 3 PM, and fire-fighters were notified of the blaze at 4:02 PM. They arrived on the scene at 4:23 and started to extinguish the fire. At 5:12 PM the explosion occurred. Twenty-six people were injured from the blast, most of them fire-fighters.
839:. After the driver stopped and parked the burning truck, two brothers from a nearby cattle property who saw the fire rode up on motorbikes to assist. The three men were killed when the truck exploded at around 18:15. The explosion burnt out more than 800 hectares (2,000 acres) of surrounding bushland, and left a deep crater where the truck had been parked. A memorial to the three men was unveiled at the accident site in 2013.
1254:
1561:
1219:
773:
1480:, Texas, caught fire. At around 19:50, ammonium nitrate stored there exploded, leveling roughly 80 homes and a middle school. 133 residents of a nearby nursing home were trapped in the ruins. In all, 15 were killed, and about 200 injured. There were reports that the facility had stored more ammonium nitrate than it was allowed to, without regulation by the Department of Homeland Security.
1405:
1397:, Texas (El Dorado Chemical Company), which processes ammonium nitrate into fertilizer, caught fire at about 11:40 AM on July 30, 2009. Over 80,000 residents in the Bryan/College Station area were asked to evacuate south of town due to the toxic fumes this fire generated. Texas A&M University provided shelter at Reed Arena, a local venue on campus. Only minor injuries were reported.
1336:
921:. The fatal explosion involved at most a few tonnes of explosive. A larger explosion of about 80 tonnes of ammonium nitrate emulsion, ANE, an emulsion of ammonium nitrate, fuel and water, UN 3375) was caused by fires under storage facilities at the site at 11:02 AM. There were no fatalities in the second explosion because the site had been evacuated. A mushroom cloud was seen to rise.
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1072:
567:
441:
1297:
1186:
1118:
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felt in Cyprus, an island about 250 kilometres (160 mi) north-west of
Lebanon. A giant orange cloud was seen following the detonation. As of August 20, 2020, there are at least 6500 confirmed injuries and over 200 confirmed deaths. According to Beirut's city governor, up to 300,000 people have lost their homes. The yield of the explosion in terms of
765:
fuming nitric acid and two cars of fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate. In this particular accident, neither car of ammonium nitrate exploded. However, the nitric acid reacted with the fuel oil, possibly creating nitrated aromatic compounds, whose explosion resulted in the spread of the ammonium nitrate material around the incident site.
798:
several kilometers away. The blast was heard 45 km (28 mi) away, and registered by the seismographs at the
Sodankylä geophysical observatory, over 270 km (170 mi) away. The cause of the explosion was the ignition of ammonium nitrate used as raw material for fertilizer and explosives.
1327:
sustained a self-sustained decomposition (SSD) fire for 11 days. The ship carried a total of 6012 tonnes of NPK. Cargo hold 2, where the decomposition occurred, contained 2627 tonnes of fertilizer. NPK fertilizer contains about 15% ammonium nitrate. The fire plume reached 10 m in diameter and several
1177:
A fire broke out in Saint-Romain-en-Jarez (Loire) in a barn, which at the time of the accident contained a gasoline-powered forklift, a battery charger, two 13-kg gas bottles, miscellaneous farm machinery, 500 kg of quicklime, 500 wooden crates, 6,000 to 7,000 plastic crates, and between 3 and 5
764:
On
December 17, 1960, a 96 freight car train suffered partial derailment, in which the last 23 cars were derailed. The derailed cars included: four fuel oil tank cars, two tank cars of gasoline, three tank cars of petroleum oil, four cars of lube oil drums, three cars of liquid fertilizer, one car of
597:
was loaded with 3,309 tonnes of ammonium nitrate and various flammable products when it caught fire at 12:30 July 28, 1947. The captain ordered the hold to be sealed and pressurised steam was pumped in. As this did not stop the fire, the vessel was towed out of the harbour at 14:00, and exploded
541:
was being loaded on April 16, 1947, when a fire was detected in the hold: at this point, 2,300 tons of ammonium nitrate in sacks were already aboard. The captain responded by closing the hold and pumping in pressurised steam. At 9:12, the ship exploded, killing several hundred people and setting
797:
On
January 9, 1963, an explosion at the Typpi Oy industrial site in the Takalaanila neighborhood of Oulu killed ten people. The accident happened past midnight, at 12:54 AM. The blast shattered hundreds of windows in the city center, over two kilometers away, and hurled bricks and chunks of concrete
731:: A truck carrying dynamite and 4.5 tons of ammonium nitrate caught fire early in the morning of August 7, 1959. The explosion happened at 1:14 a.m. and killed 14 people and injured 125 more. Several blocks of downtown Roseburg were destroyed. The accident is locally referred to as "The Blast".
1592:
warehouse and spread to 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate which had been impounded and stored for six years after it was seized from an abandoned ship in 2014. The explosion happened at 18:10, causing immense damage throughout the entire city from the shock wave that was reportedly so intense it was
1513:
A truck carrying 56 tonnes rolled on a rural road, exploding shortly after the driver was rescued. There were two explosions, at 22:11 and 22:12, and they were heard 30 km (19 mi) away with debris being thrown 2 km (1.2 mi), it totally destroyed a highway bridge. The driver and
346:
and the factory had used this method of disaggregation over 20,000 times without incident. It is thought that, on this occasion, poor mixing had led to certain parts of the mass containing more ammonium nitrate than others. Only 450 tonnes exploded, out of 4500 tonnes of fertilizer stored
1360:
On
September 9, 2007, at around 20:00, near Monclova, Coahuila, México, a pickup truck lost control and crashed into a trailer loaded with 22 tons of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil explosives (ANFO) leaving three occupants in the pick-up truck dead in the crash. A fire then started in the trailer's
1691:
which caught fire shortly after. First responders noted that the leaked chemicals were on fire and ordered an evacuation of every person in a 2.5 kilometer radius of the crash. First responders made the decision to not extinguish the fire because of the inherit risk. The ammonium nitrate exploded
1552:
stored at a hazardous goods warehouse spontaneously combusted after becoming overly hot and dry, resulting in a fire that 40 minutes later, at around 23:30, triggered the detonation of about 800 tonnes of ammonium nitrate stored nearby. 110 emergency personnel and 55 residents and employees were
268:
plant suffered an explosion of 1,400 kilograms (3,000 lb) of ammonium nitrate, while concentrating it in a pan by evaporation. The speculated cause was impurities within the nitric acid used to produce the ammonium nitrate. Six men were killed and eight injured. The shock wave was felt at a
113:
Ammonium nitrate decomposes in temperatures above 169 °C (336 °F). Pure AN is stable and will stop decomposing once the heat source is removed, but when catalysts are present, the reaction can become self-sustaining (known as self-sustaining decomposition, or SSD). This is a well-known
1284:
border on April 22, 2004 at around 13:00, killing 162 people and injuring over 3,000 others. The train station was destroyed, as were most buildings within 500 metres, and nearly 8,000 homes were destroyed or damaged. Two craters of about ten metres in depth were seen at the site of the
1210:
A truck carrying 25 tonnes of ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded half an hour after a traffic accident on March 9, 2004 at 12:45, killing two people and injuring five others. The explosion, which could be heard at a distance of several kilometers caused a crater five metres deep.
991:
At 23:03 on
January 6, 1998, the Xinghua Fertilizer company had a series of explosions in the plant. About 27.6 tons of ammonium nitrate liquor was in a container there. The explosion claimed 22 lives, with a further 56 wounded. The explosion was officially announced as an accident.
1553:
killed, while eight are missing. 798 people were injured. There was extensive damage to structures and goods at the port, damage to surrounding apartment blocks, and severe damage to a railway station. On August 15, 2015, there were again 8 consecutive explosions, at around 23:40.
433:, Alabama, and caught fire in transportation. The barrels had been stored in a warehouse with varying humidity for 6 years, so it is believed that they were ignited by friction with their nitrate-impregnated manila paper lining. Other shipments were reportedly more successful.
389:: On March 1, 1924, at 11:15 a.m., a fire and several large explosions destroyed a warehouse containing 2,200 kilograms (4,800 lb) of ammonium nitrate at the Nixon Nitration Works. The explosiveness of the product was perhaps enhanced, as it had been prepared using
61:
In the first case, the explosion happens by the shock induced detonation. The initiation happens by an explosive charge going off in the mass, by the detonation of a shell thrown into the mass, or by detonation of an explosive mixture in contact with the mass. Examples are
558:
exploded the next day, after having burned for sixteen hours. 500 tonnes of ammonium nitrate on the quayside also burned, but without exploding, probably because it was less tightly packed. All but one member of the Texas City fire department died.
342:: Another attempt at disaggregation of a fertilizer mix with industrial explosives caused the death of 561 people and left more than 2,000 injured. The explosion happened at 7:32 a.m. The fertilizer was a 50:50 mixture of ammonium nitrate and
876:
On
November 29, 1988, at 4:07 AM two trailers containing approximately 23,000 kg (50,000 lb) of the explosive ANFO (ammonium nitrate with fuel oil) exploded at a construction site located near the 87th street exit of Highway 71 in
219:: On April 2, 1916, at 14:20, a factory in Uplees, Faversham, exploded after a fire spread to a store of 25 tons of TNT and 700 tons of ammonium nitrate. The blast at the Explosives Loading Company killed 115 people and shattered windows in
307:(now in Poland) workers tried to dislodge 30 tonnes of ammonium nitrate that had aggregated (solidified into one mass) in two wagons. When mining explosives were used on this solid mass the wagons exploded and killed nineteen people.
180:
In an evaporating pan of the
Repauno works, du Pont Co., 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb) of ammonium nitrate exploded, possibly caused by a clogged air lance leading to overheating of the nitrate. 1 man was killed and 12 were injured.
2795:
1926:
1361:
cabin and at around 20:43, a huge explosion occurred, resulting in 28 deaths and around 150 more people injured. A crater 9 m (30 ft) wide and 1.8 m (6 ft) deep was created due to the explosion.
1110:. France's Environment Minister initially suggested the explosion "may have been a terrorist attack" as it occurred soon after the September 11 attacks and one deceased worker may have had militant views.
1064:: On July 16, 2001, an embittered villager ignited ammonium nitrate explosives in a rival's warehouse. The explosion leveled much of the village and killed at least 89 people, and injured 98 others.
2521:
2688:
105:
material during the fire. The fire must be confined at least to a degree for successful transition from a fire to an explosion (a phenomenon known as "deflagration to detonation transition", or
554:
explosion also created a powerful earthshock that broke windows as far as 64 kilometres (40 mi) away and knocked two small planes flying at 460 metres (1,500 ft) out of the sky. The
1645:
plant in
Winston-Salem, North Carolina. An hour after firefighters arrived it was determined a railroad car near the building contained 82 tonnes of ammonium nitrate, and after studying the
695:
on
January 23, 1953, while it was carrying ammonium nitrate. Attempts to extinguish the fire with steam were unsuccessful, and the ship was abandoned before it exploded later in the night.
2816:
2835:
2893:
2963:
1029:: A man motivated by hatred of his ex-wife and her family detonated ammonium nitrate bombs at four locations across Shijiazhuang, killing 108 people and injuring 38 others.
2170:
2254:
1440:, killing 67 and injuring 32 before being arrested. In all 77 people were killed, including two indirectly, and 320 people were injured all together in the attacks.
1285:
explosion. The authorities blamed "human error" for the explosion, although rumours persist that it was in fact an attempt to assassinate the North Korean leader
2124:
2097:
1687:, Queensland killing the driver of the utility vehicle and seriously injuring the truck driver. The crash caused the tanker to leak ammonium nitrate onto the
2658:
631:
An A.W. Higgins Company plant was destroyed by a spontaneous heating in a pile of mixed fertilizer. Stored in the plant were 240 tons of ammonium nitrate.
194:
2511:
1989:
2575:
3096:
1710:
3086:
2956:
2684:
2561:
1145:
held a self-sustained decomposition (SSD) fire in January 2003. The fire was controlled after most of the material was removed by mechanical means.
1812:
1778:
666:
The Summers Fertilizer Company plant suffered a fire, causing 400 tons of stored ammonium nitrate to be consumed by fire. There was no explosion.
2711:
2351:
497:
An attempt to disaggregate a pile of 150 tonnes of ammonium nitrate with industrial explosives killed 189 people and wounded another 900.
2636:"2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate was impounded in Beirut's port after it was seized from an abandoned ship in 2014, years before the explosion"
2635:
2430:
106:
3013:
1865:
953:
2316:
2016:
2294:
3071:
3019:
2995:
2949:
2438:
1080:
386:
2972:
2796:"Winston-Salem Fire Chief: Investigators believe they know where fertilizer plant fire started, but determining cause will take time"
3037:
1646:
1473:
2198:
2375:"Small-scale experiments of self-sustaining decomposition of NPK fertilizer and application to events aboard the Ostedijk in 2007"
2072:
2047:
1810:
French Ministry of Environment, Explosion in a nitrogenous fertiliser plant (at this time BASF was occupied by French authorities
2860:
2743:
2497:
2167:
1743:
2262:
1910:
917:
At 9:45 am, 2 August 1994, 11 workers were killed when the sensitised AN emulsion plant they were working on exploded at the
2146:
2227:
2983:
1625:
465:
240 tonnes of ammonium nitrate in sacks exploded after being hit by a shell from a nearby fire in a munitions train.
216:
1680:
429:
On April 4, 1925, and May 3, 1925, two carloads, each containing 220 barrels of ammonium nitrate, were dispatched from
3091:
1885:
2094:
3025:
2121:
1977:
1243:
1026:
649:
2616:
2543:
1227:
885:, set by individuals embroiled in a labor dispute with the construction company contracted to build the highway.
2196:
EPA Chemical Accident Investigation Report Terra Industries, Inc., Nitrogen Fertilizer Facility, Port Neal, Iowa
2516:
1061:
1993:
2401:
1854:
3043:
1606:
1545:
94:
2920:
1433:
1194:
430:
413:
85:
In the second case, the explosion results from a fire that spreads into the ammonium nitrate (AN) itself (
3049:
2800:
1809:
1785:
1585:
1161:
878:
855:
835:, a truck carrying 12 tons of ammonium nitrate experienced an electrical fault and caught fire north of
832:
265:
247:
163:
98:
2454:
1328:
hundred meters in length. Special water spears were inserted inside the cargo to extinguish the fire.
2758:
937:
691:
2341:
2317:"Fire inside a barn and explosion of fertiliser 2 October 2003 Saint Romain-en-Jarez (Loire) France"
3081:
3001:
1496:
1429:
1104:
614:
593:
551:
537:
532:
86:
51:
3031:
2744:"Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media"
2413:
2081:
2056:
1683:: A utility vehicle crashed head-on with a truck transporting 41 tonnes of ammonium nitrate near
1344:
1277:
836:
814:
369:
323:
1605:
as a "reasonable upper bound estimate", a study from the Blast and Impact Research Group at the
126:
The column AN states the amount of ammonium nitrate consumed in the disaster in metric tonnes.
3076:
2776:
2739:
2405:
1126:
918:
901:
1280:: A freight train carrying ammonium nitrate exploded in this important railway town near the
3007:
2766:
2397:
2389:
1837:
1828:
C. E. Munroe (1925). "Destruction of Muscle Shoals Ammonium Nitrate by Fire and Explosion".
728:
711:
343:
19:
2374:
2989:
2716:
2593:
2202:
2174:
2128:
2109:
2101:
2076:
2051:
1914:
1816:
1529:
1305:
394:
339:
282:
220:
71:
1099:: On September 21, 2001, at 10:15 AM, in the AZF (Azote de France) fertiliser factory in
2762:
2195:
1927:"En 1947, le nitrate d'ammonium impliqué dans une explosion meurtrière au port de Brest"
2284:
1594:
1589:
1549:
1432:: A government building was bombed with a truck carrying ammonium nitrate by terrorist
224:
2186:
Inquiry Report Department of Mining and Petroleum, Government of Papua New Guinea 1994
2069:
2044:
3065:
2479:
1952:
1940:
1688:
1096:
575:
90:
43:
23:
2417:
1436:, killing 8 people and injuring 210+ people before opening fire at a summer camp at
2342:"Un camión lleno de nitrato estalla tras un choque y causa dos muertos en Castelló"
2215:
1907:
1413:
1394:
1377:
1007:
304:
2596:(in Chinese). The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. 5 February 2016
2393:
598:
at 17:00. The explosion caused 29 deaths and serious damage to the port of Brest.
2154:
546:, which was moored 250 metres away and which contained 1,050 tonnes of
2512:"West, Texas, Fertilizer Plant Explosion: Some Residents Allowed to Return Home"
2231:
1477:
1456:
1286:
481:
390:
102:
75:
54:
of 1947 which led to major changes in the regulations for storage and handling.
27:
2771:
2346:
1642:
1142:
513:
364:
115:
31:
2941:
2780:
2544:"Texas Fertilizer Plant Kept Quiet About Huge Stores Of Explosive Substance"
1262:
199:
47:
2409:
1044:
1877:
2861:"Bruce Highway south of Gladstone to remain closed after truck explosion"
1764:
1641:
A fire which began January 31, 2022 destroyed the Winston Weaver Company
1602:
1598:
1437:
1323:
1100:
971:
748:
287:
39:
2836:"Driver dies after trailer of chemicals explodes in Bruce Highway crash"
1841:
2817:"Fire investigators begin work in Winston-Salem fertilizer plant ruins"
2289:
1784:. French Ministry of Environment. March 2008. p. 5. Archived from
1684:
1665:
975:
674:
449:
228:
2738:
Rigby, S. E.; Lodge, T. J.; Alotaibi, S.; Barr, A. D.; Clarke, S. D.;
1569:
644:
547:
35:
1941:
Miscellaneous Shipwrecks of the Red Sea Not Found in Egyptian Waters
118:
fertilizers and is responsible for the loss of several cargo ships.
42:, and water vapor. Large stockpiles of the material can be a major
1976:
Some Major Hazards in Government-Sponsored Activities, NASA, 1964
1281:
1011:
882:
57:
There are two major classes of incidents resulting in explosions:
2685:"Beirut explosion death toll rises to 135 as 5,000 wounded: Live"
2024:
1704:
1107:
870:
781:
2945:
2710:
Chulov, Martin; Safi, Michael; Borger, Julian (4 August 2020).
2480:"Evacuation Lifted, Fire at Texas Chemical Plant Under Control"
1779:"Explosion in a nitrogenous fertiliser plant 21 September 1921"
1745:
Ammonium Nitrate: Its Properties and Fire and Explosion Hazards
2258:
67:
1289:, who was due to be passing through the station at the time.
109:). Pure, compact AN is stable and very difficult to initiate.
2712:"Lebanon: at least 78 killed as huge explosion rocks Beirut"
2894:"One dead as chemical truck crash causes massive explosion"
2177:, Atchison Daily News (via GenDisasters), December 1, 1988.
1759:"Tales of horror and heroism after the great explosion".
30:; however, it can be induced to decompose explosively by
2576:"Truck explosion injures eight, closes Mitchell Highway"
2617:"The Disturbing Story Behind the Beirut Port Explosion"
2562:"Government launches lawsuit over 2014 truck explosion"
2659:"The blast was felt 240 kilometres away from Lebanon"
1978:
Some Major Hazards in Government-Sponsored Activities
393:
that had previously been used for the production of
2017:"Typpi räjähti lähtemättömästi oululaisten mieliin"
1748:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
2431:"Internal report into the mexican explosion data"
2402:20.500.11820/acc131df-4a5b-4096-85c3-2c4e36f5b41e
2214:Exponent Engineering & Scientific Consulting
1908:Explosions Following A Fire: Major Catastrophies
101:) or to a mixture of an ammonium nitrate with a
2498:"El Dorado Chemical Company goes up in smoke!"
2085:, 2 September 1972. Retrieved 11 November 2016
2060:, 1 September 1972. Retrieved 11 November 2016
689:A fire was detected on the Finnish cargo ship
79:
2957:
1992:. The French Chemical Society. Archived from
8:
2594:"Tianjin Port Accident Investigation Report"
2205:(PDF available for download at this website)
1742:Scott, George Stanley; Grant, R. L. (1948).
63:
50:, and may also detonate, as happened in the
2135:, 5 April 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
1588:: On August 4, a major fire broke out in a
2964:
2950:
2942:
2112:, 4 April 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2016
128:
2770:
2373:Hadden, Rory M.; Rein, Guillermo (2011),
1713:, many of which involved ammonium nitrate
1711:Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
2834:Strohfeldt, Catherine (30 August 2024).
2678:
2676:
2453:McKinley, James C. (10 September 2007).
1763:. Faversham. 29 March 2012. p. 8.
1723:
269:distance of 11 kilometres (7 mi).
1830:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
550:and 960 tons of ammonium nitrate. The
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
1321:The NPK fertilizer cargo of the ship
7:
2524:from the original on 10 January 2020
2455:"Truck Explosion in Mexico Kills 37"
2297:from the original on 29 January 2024
1888:from the original on 9 December 2016
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
954:Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion
2439:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1141:The fertilizer storage facility of
387:1924 Nixon Nitration Works disaster
2919:Media, Q. P. S. (30 August 2024).
2691:from the original on 4 August 2020
2354:from the original on 25 April 2013
2285:"陕西爆炸案：男子因生意失败，为报复对手引爆30吨炸药，炸死89人"
2255:"Bomber has confessed, China says"
1882:Texas City Firefighters Local 1259
14:
2095:Truck explosion memorial unveiled
1647:West Fertilizer Company explosion
1474:West Fertilizer Company explosion
3097:History of the chemical industry
2742:; Tyas, A. (22 September 2020).
2683:Gadzo, Mersiha (4 August 2020).
2634:Jankowicz, Mia (5 August 2020).
2615:Urbina, Ian (2 September 2020).
2145:Mike McGraw (18 February 2007).
2122:Enduring tribute binds community
2015:Sankala, Kari (9 January 1999).
1655:
1615:
1559:
1520:
1486:
1446:
1403:
1367:
1334:
1295:
1252:
1217:
1184:
1151:
1116:
1070:
1035:
998:
962:
927:
891:
845:
804:
771:
737:
701:
637:
604:
565:
503:
471:
439:
403:
353:
313:
275:
237:
187:
153:
22:decomposes non-explosively into
3087:Industrial fires and explosions
2147:"New Questions In Deadly Blast"
1953:"1959 Blast | City of Roseburg"
1929:. Le Télégramme. 5 August 2020.
2921:"Fatal traffic crash, Bororen"
2815:Young, Wes (7 February 2022).
2794:Young, Wes (9 February 2022).
2657:Alberti, Mia (4 August 2020).
2382:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1601:as a "best estimate" and 1.12
1:
2394:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.047
2340:María Fabra (10 March 2004).
2168:Police Seek Clues In KC Blast
2106:Breakfast with Jacquie Mackay
1990:"Explosions Following a Fire"
1906:Société Française de Chimie,
1878:"Texas City, Texas, Disaster"
1597:mass was estimated to be 0.5
340:Explosion at BASF plant Oppau
227:while the tremor was felt in
46:risk due to their supporting
2253:Tang, Rose (27 March 2001).
1681:2024 Bruce Highway explosion
542:fire to another vessel, the
2045:Three die in chemical blast
122:Timeline of major incidents
3113:
3072:Ammonium nitrate disasters
2973:Ammonium nitrate disasters
2772:10.1007/s00193-020-00970-z
1514:six firemen were injured.
1476:: A fertilizer company in
1027:2001 Shijiazhuang bombings
303:On July 26, 1921, in this
114:hazard with some types of
2979:
1913:December 6, 2008, at the
591:The Norwegian cargo ship
1062:Mafang Village explosion
2216:Process Plant Explosion
1815:April 25, 2013, at the
1707:(Ammonium nitrate bomb)
1607:University of Sheffield
1546:2015 Tianjin explosions
2925:Queensland Police News
1957:www.cityofroseburg.org
1767:document ID 957148980.
1692:almost 5 hours later.
1434:Anders Behring Breivik
2996:Nixon Nitration Works
2821:Winston-Salem Journal
2801:Winston-Salem Journal
1586:2020 Beirut explosion
1162:Saint-Romain-en-Jarez
833:1972 Taroom explosion
1244:Mihăileşti explosion
3038:West Fertilizer Co.
2763:2020ShWav..30..671R
2582:. 6 September 2014.
2157:on 12 October 2008.
1842:10.1021/ie50188a015
1430:2011 Norway attacks
533:Texas City disaster
217:The Great Explosion
52:Texas City disaster
3092:Chemical disasters
2638:. Business Insider
2564:. 10 January 2019.
2459:The New York Times
2201:2009-05-10 at the
2173:2013-04-25 at the
2131:, Rebecca Elliot,
2127:2016-11-12 at the
2104:, Jacquie Mackay,
2100:2016-11-11 at the
2082:The Canberra Times
2075:2016-11-11 at the
2057:The Canberra Times
2050:2016-11-11 at the
1345:Monclova, Coahuila
1278:Ryongchon disaster
1086:September 21, 2001
837:Taroom, Queensland
729:The Roseburg Blast
347:in the warehouse.
329:September 21, 1921
266:Aetna Chemical Co.
254:September 15, 1916
3059:
3058:
2133:Central Telegraph
1996:on 13 August 2020
1884:. 29 April 1947.
1866:Tessenderlo Group
1696:
1695:
1628:, North Carolina
1503:September 5, 2014
1350:September 9, 2007
1228:Mihăileşti, Buzău
1127:Cartagena, Murcia
944:December 13, 1994
919:Porgera Gold Mine
902:Porgera Gold Mine
898:Papua New Guinea
862:November 29, 1988
754:December 17, 1960
535:: The cargo ship
3104:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:. 29 August 2024
2890:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2867:. 31 August 2024
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2748:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2550:. 20 April 2013.
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2500:. 3 August 2009.
2494:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2261:. Archived from
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2234:on 25 April 2013
2230:. Archived from
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2153:. Archived from
2151:Kansas City Star
2142:
2136:
2119:
2113:
2092:
2086:
2067:
2061:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1949:
1943:
1939:Middleton, Ned,
1937:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1825:
1819:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1791:on 25 April 2013
1790:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1671:August 30, 2024
1661:
1659:
1658:
1633:
1632:January 31, 2022
1621:
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1618:
1576:
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1536:
1525:
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1504:
1492:
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1449:
1421:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1385:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1351:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1312:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1269:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1234:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1201:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1168:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1133:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1087:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1052:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1018:
1003:
1002:
1001:
982:
967:
966:
965:
945:
933:
931:
930:
908:
897:
895:
894:
863:
851:
849:
848:
822:
810:
808:
807:
788:
777:
775:
774:
755:
743:
741:
740:
719:
707:
705:
704:
681:
680:January 23, 1953
657:
652:, New Brunswick
643:
641:
640:
622:
610:
608:
607:
582:
571:
569:
568:
520:
509:
507:
506:
488:
477:
475:
474:
456:
445:
443:
442:
421:
409:
407:
406:
377:
359:
357:
356:
344:ammonium sulfate
330:
319:
317:
316:
294:
281:
279:
278:
255:
243:
241:
240:
207:
193:
191:
190:
171:
170:January 14, 1916
159:
157:
156:
129:
20:ammonium nitrate
3112:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3062:
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3055:
2975:
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2918:
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2892:
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2814:
2813:
2809:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2746:
2737:
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2732:
2722:
2720:
2717:TheGuardian.com
2709:
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2704:
2694:
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2599:
2597:
2592:
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2587:
2574:
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2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2548:Huffington Post
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2486:. 30 July 2009.
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2237:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2203:Wayback Machine
2194:
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2181:
2175:Wayback Machine
2166:
2162:
2144:
2143:
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2129:Wayback Machine
2120:
2116:
2110:ABC Capricornia
2102:Wayback Machine
2093:
2089:
2077:Wayback Machine
2068:
2064:
2052:Wayback Machine
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1983:
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1971:
1961:
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1946:
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1925:
1924:
1920:
1915:Wayback Machine
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1876:
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1853:
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1822:
1817:Wayback Machine
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1761:Faversham Times
1758:
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1740:
1725:
1720:
1701:
1656:
1654:
1631:
1616:
1614:
1574:
1560:
1558:
1535:August 12, 2015
1534:
1530:Port of Tianjin
1521:
1519:
1502:
1487:
1485:
1462:
1447:
1445:
1419:
1404:
1402:
1383:
1368:
1366:
1349:
1335:
1333:
1310:
1306:Estaca de Bares
1296:
1294:
1267:
1253:
1251:
1232:
1218:
1216:
1199:
1185:
1183:
1167:October 2, 2003
1166:
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1131:
1117:
1115:
1085:
1071:
1069:
1050:
1036:
1034:
1016:
999:
997:
981:January 6, 1998
980:
963:
961:
943:
928:
926:
906:
892:
890:
861:
846:
844:
821:August 30, 1972
820:
805:
803:
787:January 9, 1963
786:
772:
770:
753:
738:
736:
717:
702:
700:
679:
655:
638:
636:
621:August 26, 1947
620:
605:
603:
580:
566:
564:
518:
504:
502:
486:
472:
470:
454:
440:
438:
419:
404:
402:
375:
370:Edison Township
367:
354:
352:
328:
314:
312:
292:
276:
274:
253:
250:, Pennsylvania
238:
236:
221:Southend-on-Sea
205:
188:
186:
169:
154:
152:
124:
12:
11:
5:
3110:
3108:
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3099:
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3079:
3074:
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3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
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2971:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2911:
2878:
2852:
2840:Brisbane Times
2826:
2807:
2786:
2757:(6): 671–675.
2740:Langdon, G. S.
2730:
2702:
2687:. Al Jazeera.
2672:
2649:
2626:
2607:
2585:
2580:Brisbane Times
2567:
2553:
2535:
2503:
2489:
2471:
2445:
2422:
2365:
2350:(in Spanish).
2332:
2308:
2293:(in Chinese).
2276:
2265:on 8 July 2011
2245:
2219:
2207:
2188:
2179:
2160:
2137:
2114:
2087:
2062:
2037:
2023:(in Finnish).
2007:
1981:
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1944:
1932:
1918:
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1623:
1622:United States
1611:
1610:
1595:TNT equivalent
1590:Port of Beirut
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:August 4, 2020
1572:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1550:Nitrocellulose
1543:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1482:
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1471:
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1463:April 17, 2013
1460:
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1453:United States
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744:United States
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718:August 7, 1959
715:
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611:United States
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519:April 16, 1947
516:
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510:United States
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467:
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455:August 5, 1940
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2041:
2038:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1922:
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1912:
1909:
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1900:
1887:
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1698:
1690:
1689:Bruce Highway
1686:
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1668:, Queensland
1667:
1664:
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431:Muscle Shoals
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414:Muscle Shoals
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376:March 1, 1924
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25:
24:nitrous oxide
21:
18:When heated,
16:
2928:. Retrieved
2924:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2897:
2869:. Retrieved
2864:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2839:
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2799:
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2721:. Retrieved
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2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2663:. Retrieved
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2640:. Retrieved
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2598:. Retrieved
2588:
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2526:. Retrieved
2515:
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2483:
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2462:. Retrieved
2458:
2448:
2437:
2425:
2388:(1): 731–7,
2385:
2381:
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2288:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2263:the original
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:the original
2228:"In Chinese"
2222:
2210:
2191:
2182:
2163:
2155:the original
2150:
2140:
2132:
2117:
2105:
2090:
2080:
2065:
2055:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2020:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1984:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:
1947:
1935:
1921:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1881:
1872:
1861:
1855:Miramas 1940
1850:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1786:the original
1773:
1760:
1754:
1744:
1322:
1259:North Korea
1233:May 24, 2004
1132:January 2003
1008:Shijiazhuang
690:
615:Presque Isle
592:
588:1,700-3,309
555:
543:
536:
527:
305:railway town
144:AN (tonnes)
125:
112:
56:
17:
15:
2751:Shock Waves
2070:Fire blamed
1393:A plant in
1287:Kim Jong-il
879:Kansas City
858:, Missouri
856:Kansas City
747:Traskwood,
650:St. Stephen
482:Tessenderlo
420:May 3, 1925
391:nitric acid
223:across the
103:combustible
76:Tessenderlo
28:water vapor
3082:Explosives
3066:Categories
3026:Mihăilești
3002:Texas City
2621:The Nation
2301:29 January
2269:30 January
1892:16 January
1836:(8): 819.
1718:References
1662:Australia
1643:fertilizer
1493:Australia
1357:22 (ANFO)
1143:Fertiberia
1047:, Shaanxi
811:Australia
556:High Flyer
544:High Flyer
514:Texas City
416:, Alabama
365:New Jersey
87:Texas City
32:detonation
3032:Ryongchon
3014:Port Neal
2984:Faversham
2930:31 August
2904:31 August
2871:31 August
2845:31 August
2781:1432-2153
2030:11 August
1416:, Norway
1263:Ryongchŏn
938:Port Neal
914:80 (ANE)
714:, Oregon
552:Grandcamp
538:Grandcamp
200:Faversham
164:Gibbstown
135:Location
80:Traskwood
48:oxidation
3077:Nitrates
3020:Toulouse
3008:Roseburg
2865:ABC News
2723:5 August
2695:5 August
2689:Archived
2665:5 August
2642:5 August
2600:22 March
2522:Archived
2517:ABC News
2484:Fox News
2418:18030816
2410:21146295
2358:17 April
2352:Archived
2295:Archived
2238:18 April
2199:Archived
2171:Archived
2125:Archived
2098:Archived
2073:Archived
2048:Archived
1962:5 August
1911:Archived
1886:Archived
1813:Archived
1795:18 April
1765:ProQuest
1699:See also
1603:kilotons
1599:kilotons
1566:Lebanon
1459:, Texas
1380:, Texas
1324:Ostedijk
1224:Romania
1195:Barracas
1101:Toulouse
1093:200-300
1081:Toulouse
972:Xingping
778:Finland
761:140-180
749:Arkansas
712:Roseburg
692:Tirrenia
617:, Maine
526:2,086 +
478:Belgium
320:Germany
288:Kriewald
132:Country
64:Kriewald
40:nitrogen
3044:Tianjin
2759:Bibcode
2528:27 June
2464:3 March
2347:El País
2325:4 March
2290:NetEase
2000:20 June
1685:Bororen
1666:Bororen
1609:shows.
1497:Wyandra
1410:Norway
1341:Mexico
1282:Chinese
1158:France
1105:billion
1077:France
976:Shaanxi
940:, Iowa
831:In the
675:Red Sea
572:France
450:Miramas
446:France
363:Nixon,
283:Germany
248:Oakdale
229:Norwich
202:, Kent
141:Deaths
95:Tianjin
3052:(2020)
3050:Beirut
3046:(2015)
3040:(2013)
3034:(2004)
3028:(2004)
3022:(2001)
3016:(1994)
3010:(1959)
3004:(1947)
2998:(1924)
2992:(1921)
2986:(1916)
2779:
2416:
2408:
2021:Kaleva
1660:
1620:
1582:2,750
1570:Beirut
1564:
1526:China
1491:
1451:
1408:
1372:
1339:
1302:Spain
1300:
1257:
1222:
1191:Spain
1189:
1156:
1123:Spain
1121:
1075:
1045:Yan'an
1041:China
1004:China
968:China
932:
896:
850:
815:Taroom
809:
776:
742:
706:
645:Canada
642:
609:
570:
548:sulfur
508:
476:
444:
408:
358:
318:
280:
242:
192:
158:
147:Notes
99:Beirut
78:, and
68:Morgan
36:oxygen
2990:Oppau
2898:7NEWS
2747:(PDF)
2661:. CNN
2434:(PDF)
2414:S2CID
2378:(PDF)
2320:(PDF)
1789:(PDF)
1782:(PDF)
1677:42.5
1438:Utøya
1395:Bryan
1378:Bryan
1108:euros
1012:Hebei
988:27.6
883:arson
576:Brest
368:(now
324:Oppau
261:1.36
177:1.81
138:Date
91:Brest
72:Oppau
34:into
2932:2024
2906:2024
2873:2024
2847:2024
2777:ISSN
2725:2020
2697:2020
2667:2020
2644:2020
2602:2016
2530:2020
2466:2013
2406:PMID
2360:2013
2327:2014
2303:2024
2271:2024
2240:2013
2032:2020
2025:Oulu
2002:2011
1964:2020
1894:2017
1797:2013
1705:ANFO
1579:218
1542:800
1539:173
1478:West
1470:240
1457:West
1414:Oslo
1318:400
1311:2007
1272:162
1174:3-5
1058:30+
1055:89+
1021:108
871:ANFO
869:23 (
782:Oulu
725:4.1
663:360
656:1947
628:217
528:870
523:581
494:150
491:189
462:240
336:450
333:561
213:700
210:115
44:fire
26:and
2767:doi
2398:hdl
2390:doi
2386:186
2259:CNN
1838:doi
1510:56
1467:15
1354:28
1240:20
1237:18
1207:25
1097:AZF
1090:31
985:22
911:11
828:12
794:10
791:10
722:14
585:29
395:TNT
380:20
300:30
297:19
264:An
116:NPK
107:DDT
3068::
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