Algaculture - Knowledge

1117: 197: 1335: 1318: 2140: 5655: 1539: 752: 1074:. Cultivators dilute either a wild sample or a lab sample containing the desired algae with filtered water and introduce small aliquots (measures of this solution) into a large number of small growing containers. Dilution follows a microscopic examination of the source culture that predicts that a few of the growing containers contain a single cell of the desired species. Following a suitable period on a light table, cultivators again use the microscope to identify containers to start larger cultures. 1756:

of glass or plastic and can be arranged in various configurations to optimize light exposure. Flat panel PBRs are generally used for low-to-medium density cultivation and are well-suited for species that require lower light intensity and maximum surface area for optimum light exposure. The temperature control in Flat panel PBR system is carried out by cooling down the culture in reservoir chamber using chilled water jacket as well as by sprinkling cold water on the flat panel surface.

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to circulate water in a continuous loop or raceway, allowing algae to grow in a controlled environment. Open system is a low-cost method of algae cultivation, and it is relatively easy to construct and maintain. The pond is typically lined with a synthetic material, such as polyethylene (HDPE) or polyvinyl chloride, to prevent the loss of water and nutrients. The pond is also equipped with paddlewheels or other types of mechanical devices to provide mixing and aeration.

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either continuously or intermittently circulated to promote mixing and prevent stagnation. Tubular PBRs are generally used for high-density cultivation and are well-suited for species that require high light intensity. The temperature control in tubular PBR is a difficult task which is generally achieved by external sprinkling of deionized water which allow cooling of the tubes and subsequently reduces the temperature of culture circulating inside the tubes.

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several steps. First, a suitable site in the ocean is identified, based on factors such as water depth, temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability. Once a site is chosen, ropes or rafts are anchored in the water, and the seed pieces of seaweed are attached to them using specialized equipment. The seaweed is then left to grow for several months, during which it absorbs nutrients from the water and sunlight through photosynthesis.

1660:, and bio-stimulants. Seaweed extracts act as bio-stimulants, reducing biotic stress and increasing crop production. Additionally, it presents opportunities for creating animal and human nutrition products that can improve immunity and productivity. Open ocean seaweed cultivation is an eco-friendly technology that doesn't require land, fresh water, or chemicals. It also helps mitigate the effects of climate change by sequestering CO 6276: 959: 1800:

bags that serves kind of flat PBR system, etc. Many plastic bag-based designs are proposed but few are utilized on commercial scale due to their productivities. Operation of plastic bags is tedious as they need to be replaced after every use to maintain the sterility, which is a laborious task for large scale facility.

1291:(K) serve as fertilizer for algae, and are generally necessary for growth. Silica and iron, as well as several trace elements, may also be considered important marine nutrients as the lack of one can limit the growth of, or productivity in, a given area. Carbon dioxide is also essential; usually an input of CO 1764:

Tubular PBRs consist of long, transparent tubes that are either vertically or horizontally oriented. Algae are grown inside the tubes, which are typically made of glass or plastic. The tubes are arranged in a helical or serpentine pattern to increase surface area for light exposure. The tubing can be

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High-Rate Algal Ponds (HRAPs) are a type of open algae cultivation system that has gained popularity in recent years due to their efficiency and low cost of operation. HRAPs are shallow ponds, typically between 0.1 to 0.4 meters deep, that are used for the cultivation of algae. The ponds are equipped

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In a typical algal-cultivation system, such as an open pond, light only penetrates the top 3 to 4 inches (76–102 mm) of the water, though this depends on the algae density. As the algae grow and multiply, the culture becomes so dense that it blocks light from reaching deeper into the water.

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Large-scale seaweed farming could sequester significant amounts of carbon. Wild seaweed will sequester large amount of carbon through dissolved particles of organic matter being transported to deep ocean seafloors where it will become buried and remain for long periods of time. With respect to carbon

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are often used in the extraction of the oils. The downside to using solvents for oil extraction are the dangers involved in working with the chemicals. Care must be taken to avoid exposure to vapors and skin contact, either of which can cause serious health damage. Chemical solvents also present an

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and lakes are open to the elements. They are one of the most common and economic methods of large-scale algae cultivation, and offer several advantages over other cultivation methods. An open raceway pond is a shallow, rectangular-shaped pond used for the cultivation of algae. Because it is designed

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in V-shaped plastic bags was found to be higher than any other shaped plastic bags. Different designs of plastic bags based PBR is developed from sealing the plastic bags at different places that generated, flat bottom hanging plastic bags, V-shaped hanging plastic bags, horizontally laying plastic

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Flat panel PBRs consist of a series of flat, transparent panels that are stacked on top of each other, creating a thin layer of liquid between them. Algae are grown in this thin layer of liquid, which is continuously circulated to promote mixing and prevent stagnation. The panels are typically made

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Enclosing a pond with a transparent or translucent barrier effectively turns it into a greenhouse. This solves many of the problems associated with an open system. It allows more species to be grown, it allows the species that are being grown to stay dominant, and it extends the growing season – if

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the amount of light they receive from direct sunlight; however, exposing an algae culture to direct sunlight (rather than shading it) is often the best course for strong growth, as the algae underneath the surface is able to utilize more of the less intense light created from the shade of the algae

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grow in shallow and coastal areas, and capture significant amounts of carbon that can be transported to the deep ocean by oceanic mechanisms; seaweed reaching the deep ocean sequester carbon and prevent it from exchanging with the atmosphere over millennia. Growing seaweed offshore with the purpose

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Open sea cultivation method involves the use of rafts or ropes anchored in the ocean, where the seaweed grows attached to them. This method is widely used for commercial seaweed farming, as it allows for large-scale production and harvesting. The process of open sea cultivation of seaweed involves

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is a type of aquatic ecosystem that is characterized by a shallow body of water that is separated from the open ocean by natural barriers such as sandbars, barrier islands, or coral reefs. The Australian company Cognis Australia is a well-known company that specializes in producing β-carotene from

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V-shaped plastic bags are commonly used in closed systems of algae cultivation for several reasons. These bags are made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and are designed to hold algae cultures in a closed environment, providing an ideal environment for algae growth. V-shaped plastic bags are

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grow in extremely salty water; these unusual media exclude other types of organisms, allowing the growth of pure cultures in open ponds. Open culture can also work if there is a system of harvesting only the desired algae, or if the ponds are frequently re-inoculated before invasive organisms can

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An open system of algae cultivation involves the growth of algae in shallow water streams which could originate from a natural system or artificially prepared. In this system, algae can be cultivated in natural water bodies like lakes, rivers, and in oceans, as well as artificial ponds made up of

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Buschmann, Alejandro H.; Camus, Carolina; Infante, Javier; Neori, Amir; Israel, Álvaro; Hernández-González, María C.; Pereda, Sandra V.; Gomez-Pinchetti, Juan Luis; Golberg, Alexander; Tadmor-Shalev, Niva; Critchley, Alan T. (2 October 2017). "Seaweed production: overview of the global state of

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Biofilm PBRs include packed bed and porous substrate PBRs. Packed bed PBRs can be different shapes, including flat plate or tubular. In Porous Substrate Bioreactors (PSBRs), the biofilm is exposed directly to the air and receives its water and nutrients by capillary action through the substrate

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mode", which involves restocking the reactor after each harvest, but it is also possible to grow and harvest continuously. Continuous operation requires precise control of all elements to prevent immediate collapse. The grower provides sterilized water, nutrients, air, and carbon dioxide at the

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Several species of algae are raised for food. While algae have qualities of a sustainable food source, "producing highly digestible proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and are rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals" and e.g. having a high protein productivity per acre, there are

95:, also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and the specific requirements of the environment in which they need to grow, they do not lend themselves as readily to cultivation (this may change, however, with the advent of newer seaweed cultivators, which are basically 1557:

Open ponds are highly vulnerable to contamination by other microorganisms, such as other algal species or bacteria. Thus cultivators usually choose closed systems for monocultures. Open systems also do not offer control over temperature and lighting. The growing season is largely dependent on

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Open pond systems are cheaper to construct, at the minimum requiring only a trench or pond. Large ponds have the largest production capacities relative to other systems of comparable cost. Also, open pond cultivation can exploit unusual conditions that suit only specific algae. For instance,

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in Montana, United States used newly-developed Algae Aquaculture Technology within a system that uses sunlight and woody debris waste from a lumber mill for providing nutrients to eight algae ponds of the AACT that cover its floor. Identified challenges of algae façades include durability of

1267:. They give a musty or earthy odor that can be quite strong. Eventual death of the cyanobacteria releases additional gas that is trapped in the cells. These chemicals are detectable at very low levels – in the parts per billion range – and are responsible for many "taste and odor" issues in 1924:

of algae warrant different methods of oil pressing, including the use of screw, expeller and piston. Many commercial manufacturers of vegetable oil use a combination of mechanical pressing and chemical solvents in extracting oil. This use is often also adopted for algal oil extraction.

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With mixed cultures, one species comes to dominate over time and if a non-dominant species is believed to have particular value, it is necessary to obtain pure cultures in order to cultivate this species. Individual species cultures are also much needed for research purposes.

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farming, the potential growth of seaweed for carbon farming would see the harvested seaweed transported to the deep ocean for long-term burial. Seaweed farming occurs mostly in the Asian Pacific coastal areas where it has been a rapidly increasing market. The IPCC

1747:. Biofilm-based PBRs have the advantage that they can produce far higher yields for a given water volume, but they can suffer from problems with cells separating from the substrate due to the water flow required to transport gases and nutrients to the culture. 156:

Global production of farmed aquatic plants, overwhelmingly dominated by seaweeds, grew in output volume from 13.5 million tonnes in 1995 to just over 30 million tonnes in 2016. Cultured microalgae already contribute to a wide range of sectors in the emerging

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itself. This avoids problems with cells becoming suspended because there is no water flow across the biofilm surface. The culture could become contaminated by airborne organisms, but defending against other organisms is one of the functions of a biofilm.

1140:, minerals and light are all important factors in cultivation, and different algae have different requirements. The basic reaction for algae growth in water is carbon dioxide + light energy + water = glucose + oxygen + water. This is called 1899:

Algae oils have a variety of commercial and industrial uses, and are extracted through a variety of methods. Estimates of the cost to extract oil from microalgae vary, but are likely to be around three times higher than that of extracting

1740:" algae. Algal culture is the culturing of algae in ponds or other resources. Maximum productivity occurs when the "exchange rate" (time to exchange one volume of liquid) is equal to the "doubling time" (in mass or volume) of the algae. 2698:

Arterburn, Linda M.; Oken, Harry A.; Bailey Hall, Eileen; Hamersley, Jacqueline; Kuratko, Connye N.; Hoffman, James P. (1 July 2008). "Algal-Oil Capsules and Cooked Salmon: Nutritionally Equivalent Sources of Docosahexaenoic Acid".

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cultivation is a method of cultivating seaweed in the open ocean, as well as on a costal line in shallow water. Seaweed farming industry serves commercial needs for various products such as food, feed, pharma chemicals, cosmetics,

1499:(FAO) reported that world production in 2019 was over 35 million tonnes. North America produced some 23,000 tonnes of wet seaweed. Alaska, Maine, France, and Norway each more than doubled their seaweed production since 2018 3382:

Talaei, Maryam; Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad; Azari, Rahman; Haghighi, Hadi Motevali; Atashdast, Ali (1 August 2022). "Thermal and energy performance of a user-responsive microalgae bioreactive façade for climate adaptability".

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Huang C; Chen, MW; Hsieh, JL; Lin, WH; Chen, PC; Chien, LF (2006). "Expression of mercuric reductase from Bacillus megaterium MB1 in eukaryotic microalga Chlorella sp. DT: an approach for mercury phytoremediation".

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concrete, plastic, pond liners or variety of materials. The open system of algae cultivation is simple and cost-effective, making it an attractive option for commercial production of algae-based products.

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with a paddlewheel or other type of mechanical agitation system that provides mixing and aeration, which promotes algae growth. HRAP system is also recommended in wastewater treatment using algae.

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Lane, Katie; Derbyshire, Emma; Li, Weili; Brennan, Charles (January 2014). "Bioavailability and Potential Uses of Vegetarian Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Review of the Literature".

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of sinking the seaweed in the depths of the sea to sequester carbon has been suggested. In addition, seaweed grows very fast and can theoretically be harvested and processed to generate

5504: 7367: 846:, the carbon in algae is released into the atmosphere more rapidly than carbon captured on land. Algae have been proposed as a short-term storage pool of carbon that can be used as a 3564: 4798:

Sierra, E.; Acién, F.G.; Fernández, J.M.; García, J.L.; González, C.; Molina, E. (2008-05). "Characterization of a flat plate photobioreactor for the production of microalgae".

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per year from the atmosphere and sustainably produce 200 kg per year of fish, per person, for 10 billion people.Ideal species for such farming and conversion include

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Vanegasa, C. H.; Bartletta, J. (February 11, 2013). "Green energy from marine algae: biogas production and composition from the anaerobic digestion of Irish seaweed species".

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the result. After one or two days in a greenhouse or outdoors, the resulting thin soup of mixed algae is ready for the larvae. An advantage of this method is low maintenance.

783:. One study suggested that if seaweed farms covered 9% of the ocean they could produce enough biomethane to supply Earth's equivalent demand for fossil fuel energy, remove 53 2042:

Other methods are still being developed, including ones to extract specific types of oils, such as those with a high production of long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids.

350:) is a blue-green microalgae with a long history as a food source in East Africa and pre-colonial Mexico. Spirulina is high in protein and other nutrients, finding use as a 2742:

Ryan, Lisa; Symington, Amy M. (1 December 2015). "Algal-oil supplements are a viable alternative to fish-oil supplements in terms of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA)".

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Diaz, Crisandra J.; Douglas, Kai J.; Kang, Kalisa; Kolarik, Ashlynn L.; Malinovski, Rodeon; Torres-Tiji, Yasin; Molino, João V.; Badary, Amr; Mayfield, Stephen P. (2023).

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Peteiro, César; Sánchez, Noemí; Dueñas-Liaño, Clara; Martínez, Brezo (2013-08-07). "Open-sea cultivation by transplanting young fronds of the kelp Saccharina latissima".

6061: 2178:"The laboratory environmental algae pond simulator (LEAPS) photobioreactor: Validation using outdoor pond cultures of Chlorella sorokiniana and Nannochloropsis salina" 2050:

Specific algal strains can be acquired from algal culture collections, with over 500 culture collections registered with the World Federation for Culture Collections.

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is liquefied under pressure and heated to the point that it becomes supercritical (having properties of both a liquid and a gas), allowing it to act as a solvent.

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and for malnutrition. Spirulina thrives in open systems and commercial growers have found it well-suited to cultivation. One of the largest production sites is

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Siva Kiran, RR; Madhu, GM; Satyanarayana, SV; Kalpana, P; Bindiya, P; Subba Rangaiah, G (2015). "Equilibrium and kinetic studies of lead biosorption by three

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fixation (net global primary production of ~50 Pg C per year) and half of the oxygen production despite amounting to only ~1% of global plant biomass.

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Chen, Yu Pei; Huang, Yao Hsin; Huang, Hsiang Chin (2021-03-01). "Different plastic-bag type photobioreactor for biomass production of Chlorella species".

5465: 4296: 2590: 397:, which is used as a stiffening agent in instant puddings, sauces, and dairy products such as ice cream. Irish moss is also used by beer brewers as a 5004:

Bosma, Rouke; Van Spronsen, Wim A; Tramper, Johannes; Wijffels, René H (March 2003). "Ultrasound, a new separation technique to harvest microalgae".

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Huang, Qingshan; Jiang, Fuhua; Wang, Lianzhou; Yang, Chao (2017-06). "Design of Photobioreactors for Mass Cultivation of Photosynthetic Organisms".

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Klein, Bruno; Davis, Ryan (2022-04-05). "Algal Biomass Production via Open Pond Algae Farm Cultivation: 2021 State of Technology and Future Research

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Buerger, P.; Alvarez-Roa, C.; Coppin, C. W.; Pearce, S. L.; Chakravarti, L. J.; Oakeshott, J. G.; Edwards, O. R.; Oppen, M. J. H. van (1 May 2020).

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Talaei, Maryam; Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad; Azari, Rahman (1 March 2020). "Thermal and energy performance of algae bioreactive façades: A review".

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growth. It is also possible to grow certain types of algae without light, these types of algae consume sugars (such as glucose). This is known as

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Chung, I. K.; Beardall, J.; Mehta, S.; Sahoo, D.; Stojkovic, S. (2011). "Using marine macroalgae for carbon sequestration: a critical appraisal".

4320:"A Guide to Geosmin and MIB-producing Cyanobacteria in the United States", Izaguirre and Taylor, Water Science Technology, 2004, 49(9): pp. 19-24 3486:

Ortega, Alejandra; Geraldi, N.R.; Alam, I.; Kamau, A.A.; Acinas, S.; Logares, R.; Gasol, J.; Massana, R.; Krause-Jensen, D.; Duarte, C. (2019).

7287: 6678: 5435: 2076: 3461: 3055:"Utilizing high-purity carbon dioxide sources for algae cultivation and biofuel production in the United States: Opportunities and challenges" 2965: 6546: 4828: 3877: 2948: 2920: 2293: 3832: 936:

Cultivated algae serve many other purposes, including cosmetics, animal feed, bioplastic production, dyes and colorant production, chemical

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are being sought out. The carbon dioxide that a carbon-fuel burning plant produces can feed into open or closed algae systems, fixing the CO

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Xu, Zhijun; Wang, Shengliang; Zhao, Chunyu; Li, Shangsong; Liu, Xiaoman; Wang, Lei; Li, Mei; Huang, Xin; Mann, Stephen (25 November 2020).

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Ou, Longwen; Banerjee, Sudhanya; Xu, Hui; Coleman, André M.; Cai, Hao; Lee, Uisung; Wigmosta, Mark S.; Hawkins, Troy R. (25 October 2021).

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container could be called a PBR; however, the term is more commonly used to define a closed system, as opposed to an open tank or pond.

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often results in the death of aquatic animals. In a system where algae is intentionally cultivated, maintained, and harvested, neither

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is required for fast-paced algal growth. These elements must be dissolved into the water, in bio-available forms, for algae to grow.

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Xie, Shuangxi; Jiao, Niandong; Tung, Steve; Liu, Lianqing (June 2016). "Controlled regular locomotion of algae cell microrobots".

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Wilkinson, Sara; Stoller, Paul; Ralph, Peter; Hamdorf, Brenton; Catana, Laila Navarro; Kuzava, Gabriela Santana (1 January 2017).

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The water must be in a temperature range that will support the specific algal species being grown mostly between 15˚C and 35˚C.

1132:, which produce dormant eggs (pictured). The eggs can then be hatched on demand and fed to cultured fish larvae and crustaceans. 6511: 6106: 2825: 2176:

Huesemann, M.; Williams, P.; Edmundson, Scott J.; Chen, P.; Kruk, R.; Cullinan, V.; Crowe, B.; Lundquist, T. (September 2017).

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Moreira, Diana; Pires, José C.M. (September 2016). "Atmospheric CO2 capture by algae: Negative carbon dioxide emission path".

1932:, this can cause cells in a solution to rupture. Osmotic shock is sometimes used to release cellular components, such as oil. 189: 6111: 4916:

D. Bilanovic; A. Sukenik; G. Shelef (1988). "Flocculation of microalgae with cationic polymers. Effects of medium salinity".

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Spolaore, Pauline; Joannis-Cassan, Claire; Duran, Elie; Isambert, Arsène (2006-02). "Commercial applications of microalgae".

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offer precise control over light intensity, and distribute it more evenly. They are seldom used, however, due to high cost.

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Wang, Bei; Lan, Christopher Q.; Horsman, Mark (2012-07). "Closed photobioreactors for production of microalgal biomasses".

4251: 3796:"A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO 3162: 6486: 5906: 5808: 5235: 2875: 1023: 707:

in order to supply warm water to the building. The technology is still in an early stage and not yet fit for a wider use.

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In the first step of extraction, the oil must be separated from the rest of the algae. The simplest method is mechanical

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is a commonly grown genus of microalgae which flourishes in extremely salty water that few other organisms can tolerate.

7352: 6159: 6010: 5783: 4269:"Identification and quantification of bacteria associated with cultivated Spirulina and impact of physiological factors" 995: 976: 496:

have been experimenting with using marine microalgae to produce proteins for human consumption, creating products like "

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treatment and distribution. Cyanobacteria can also produce chemical toxins that have been a problem in drinking water.

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with a little water and beating with a fork to produce a pinkish jelly. Harvesting also occurs along the west coast of

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several challenges "between current biomass production and large-scale economic algae production for the food market".

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of the oil much easier. The costs of this extraction process are estimated to be much greater than hexane extraction.

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Mumford, T.F.; Miura, A (1988). "Porphyra as food: cultivation and economics". In Lembi, C.A.; Waaland, J.R. (eds.).

1492:(0.3%). Seaweed farming has frequently been developed to improve economic conditions and to reduce fishing pressure. 1364:. In its simplest form farmers gather from natural beds, while at the other extreme farmers fully control the crop's 1077:

Another approach is to use a special medium which excludes other organisms, including invasive algae. For example,

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cloth is tied over the outflow pipe allowing other algae to escape. The chain diatoms are held in the bag and feed

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Quantifying Nitrogen Bioextraction by Seaweed Farms – A Real-time Modeling-Monitoring Case Study in Hood Canal, WA

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correct rates. This allows the reactor to operate for long periods. An advantage is that algae that grows in the "

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coming from the bottom lifts algae from the lower regions. Agitation also helps prevent over-exposure to the sun.

7322: 6081: 6056: 5924: 5793: 5696: 2995:"A Review on Culture, Production and Use of Spirulina as Food for Humans and Feeds for Domestic Animals and Fish" 1514: 1183:

To use deeper ponds, growers agitate the water, circulating the algae so that it does not remain on the surface.

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Reynolds, Daman; Caminiti, Jeff; Edmundson, Scott; Gao, Song; Wick, Macdonald; Huesemann, Michael (2022-07-12).

1942:, can greatly accelerate extraction processes. Using an ultrasonic reactor, ultrasonic waves are used to create 528:

contents could be increased, and flavours changed to make them more palatable. These foods leave a much lighter

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Greene, Charles; Scott-Buechler, Celina; Hausner, Arjun; Johnson, Zackary; Lei, Xin Gen; Huntley, Mark (2022).

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Khawam, George; Waller, Peter; Gao, Song; Edmundson, Scott J.; Wigmosta, Mark S.; Ogden, Kimberly (May 2019).

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Cultured microalgae is used in research and development for potential medical applications, in particular for

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Business, academia and governments are exploring the possibility of using algae to make gasoline, bio-diesel,

5256: 4087: 2796: 1858:, or saline requires larger amounts of flocculant. Flocculation is often too expensive for large operations. 1009: 7262: 7242: 6708: 6076: 5768: 4300: 2071: 2066: 1239: 969: 217: 205: 166: 161:. Research suggests there are large potentials and benefits of algaculture for the development of a future 7272: 7124: 6635: 6566: 6541: 6171: 6015: 5896: 5851: 2872:"Sensory properties of strawberry- and vanilla-flavored ice cream supplemented with an algae oil emulsion" 1526: 1510: 930: 926: 751: 147: 3857: 1743:

PBRs can hold the culture in suspension, or they can provide a substrate on which the culture can form a

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as well as sequestered carbon from the atmosphere can be used, with potential significant benefits for

3163:"Research creates hydrogen-producing living droplets, paving way for alternative future energy source" 1611:

heated, the pond can produce year round. Open race way ponds were used for removal of lead using live

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Algae cultivation is under study for uranium/plutonium sequestration and purifying fertilizer runoff.

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Mcleod, E.; Chmura, G. L.; Bouillon, S.; Salm, R.; Björk, M.; Duarte, C. M.; Silliman, B. R. (2011).

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and other fuels. Algae itself may be used as a biofuel, and additionally be used to create hydrogen.

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in a special glassware. The value of this technique is that the solvent is reused for each cycle.

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Froehlich, Halley E.; Afflerbach, Jamie C.; Frazier, Melanie; Halpern, Benjamin S. (2019-09-23).

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production and go to considerable lengths to maintain the purity of their cultures. However, the

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extraction uses enzymes to degrade the cell walls with water acting as the solvent. This makes

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bubbles in a solvent material. When these bubbles collapse near the cell walls, the resulting

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conditions, the bacteria inhabiting algae cultures break down the organic material and produce

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Verdelho Vieira, Vítor; Cadoret, Jean-Paul; Acien, F. Gabriel; Benemann, John (January 2022).

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Zhang, Lizhu; Liao, Wei; Huang, Yajun; Wen, Yuxi; Chu, Yaoyao; Zhao, Chao (13 October 2022).

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and liquid jets cause those cells walls to break and release their contents into a solvent.

7149: 7129: 7053: 6927: 6874: 6813: 6443: 6320: 5609: 5536: 5422: 5385: 5375: 5340: 5330: 5303: 5232:"Nutraceuticals and Supercritical Fluid Applications: Production of Astaxanthin Concentrate" 5080: 5021: 4967: 4959: 4925: 4899: 4874: 4849: 4807: 4733: 4695: 4670: 4589: 4579: 4546: 4458: 4420: 4346: 4211: 4174: 4164: 4117: 4053: 3970: 3916: 3865: 3822: 3776: 3731: 3692: 3638: 3515: 3507: 3400: 3313: 3266: 3229: 3213: 3136: 3066: 3035: 2966:"Adelaide scientists turn marine microalgae into 'superfoods' to substitute animal proteins" 2908: 2751: 2708: 2567: 2525: 2515: 2455: 2437: 2381: 2332: 2322: 2281: 2242: 2197: 2091: 1996:

extraction. In this method, oils from the algae are extracted through repeated washing, or

1970: 1929: 1921: 1733: 1728: 1231: 718: 662: 537: 529: 422: 383: 324: 84: 30: 1838:, more commonly used for water purification, is far more expensive. The powdered shells of 1222:, and other stagnant waters can be due to oxygen depletion caused by the decay of deceased 739: 7257: 7134: 6960: 6944: 6932: 6673: 6521: 6438: 6210: 5949: 5939: 5706: 5614: 5594: 5477: 5459: 5429: 5417: 4255: 3487: 2280:. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. pp. 389–404. 2114: 2108: 2005: 1916:. When algae is dried it retains its oil content, which then can be "pressed" out with an 1865: 1817: 1698: 1346: 1310: 1090:. First, the cultivator filters the sea water to remove algae which are too large for the 1071: 915: 756: 351: 135: 6448: 6417: 2778: 2619:"Microbial Protein: a promising and sustainable food and feed ingredient – North-CCU-hub" 1016: 717:

In 2022, news outlets reported about the development of algae biopanels by a company for

5017: 4729: 4454: 4160: 3966: 3818: 3772: 3688: 3634: 3503: 3396: 3209: 2377: 2193: 669: 602:

can supply additional nutrients, thus turning two pollutants into valuable commodities.

7327: 7058: 6973: 6849: 6491: 6433: 6250: 6020: 6000: 5721: 5676: 5629: 5624: 5564: 5524: 5345: 5318: 4972: 4564:

Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).

4179: 4144: 3903:

Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).

3869: 3718:

Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).

3234: 3193: 2460: 2425: 2337: 2310: 2033: 1876: 1847: 1824: 1809: 1339: 1268: 1243: 1188: 1137: 1095: 802: 788: 704: 700: 584: 533: 183: 102:

Commercial and industrial algae cultivation has numerous uses, including production of

96: 47: 5441: 4249:

A place in the sun – Algae is the crop of the future, according to researchers in Geel

3039: 2846: 2663: 378:. It is also used as a nutritional supplement with possible effects on metabolic rate. 7382: 7337: 7307: 7192: 7187: 6914: 6891: 6828: 6798: 6793: 6586: 6576: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6240: 5985: 5881: 5876: 5701: 5681: 5644: 5599: 5584: 5084: 4929: 4231: 4129: 3529: 3420: 3360: 3286: 3088: 2504:"Clarification of Most Relevant Concepts Related to the Microalgae Production Sector" 2403: 2311:"Alternative Sources of Omega-3 Fats: Can We Find a Sustainable Substitute for Fish?" 2096: 2019: 1982: 1939: 1851: 1827:

supply can cause algae to flocculate on its own, which is called "autoflocculation".

1712:

Because PBR systems are closed, the cultivator must provide all nutrients, including

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Some living algae and bacteria also produce odorous chemicals, particularly certain

715:

microalgae panels, the need for maintenance, and construction and maintenance costs

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Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G.; Arístegui, J.; et al. (2019).

4073: 4006:

Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G.; Arístegui, J.; et al. (2019).

3594: 3585: 3361:"Growing Sustainability - Integrating Algae Cultivation into the Built Environment" 3140: 2144: 1813: 1676: 1542: 1129: 1056: 907: 776: 645: 641:– e.g. micro-droplets for algal cells or synergistic algal-bacterial multicellular 456: 409: 355: 201: 162: 6275: 4819:

Torzillo, Giuseppe; Chini Zittelli, Graziella (2015), "Tubular Photobioreactors",

4785:

SA, Local Government Association of (2020-06-19). "High Rate Algal Ponds (HRAP)".

4535:

Wang, Taiping; Yang, Zhaoqing; Davis, Jonathan; Edmundson, Scott J. (2022-05-01).

4462: 3557:"Companies hoping to grow carbon-sucking kelp may be rushing ahead of the science" 3071: 3054: 1545:

used to cultivate microalgae. The water is kept in constant motion with a powered

869:

recommends "further research attention" on seaweed farming as a mitigation tactic.

71:

The majority of algae that are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of

5164: 4963: 3642: 3318: 3301: 2246: 1640:. These ponds are primarily used for wastewater treatment, and the production of 449:

Extracts and oils from algae are also used as additives in various food products.

358:

in central Mexico. The plants produce a variety of nutrients and high amounts of

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farmers, as the growth conditions for Chlorella do not exclude competing algae.

1504: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1426: 1354: 1328: 1223: 1142: 1124: 958: 780: 744: 638: 513: 404: 394: 316: 304: 282: 127: 80: 61: 4944: 4943:

Gilbert V. Levin; John R. Clendenning; Ahron Gibor; Frederick D. Bogar (1961).

4425: 4408: 4112:

Cornwall, Warren (13 May 2020). "Lab-evolved algae could protect coral reefs".

3462:"Algae-filled panels could generate oxygen and electricity while absorbing CO2" 3404: 3270: 3217: 2712: 2386: 2361: 7182: 7119: 7048: 7040: 6838: 6833: 6778: 6453: 6385: 6335: 6235: 6230: 5846: 5773: 5335: 5210: 5025: 4566:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?" 4215: 4057: 3975: 3950: 3905:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?" 3720:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?" 3696: 3511: 2912: 2755: 2442: 2099: – Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products 1986: 1951: 1943: 1935: 1894: 1882: 1835: 1702: 1584: 1446: 1389: 1284: 1203: 1199: 1079: 820: 816: 784: 768: 696: 625: 553: 517: 288: 250: 238: 229:) is perhaps the most widely domesticated marine algae. In Asia it is used in 158: 139: 123: 88: 72: 5308: 5295: 4747: 4603: 4584: 4565: 4470: 4360: 3984: 3951:"Blue Growth Potential to Mitigate Climate Change through Seaweed Offsetting" 3930: 3921: 3904: 3856:

Alam, Sahib (2022-01-01), Ahmad, Ashfaq; Banat, Fawzi; Taher, Hanifa (eds.),

3745: 3736: 3719: 3412: 3327: 3278: 3225: 3080: 2763: 2720: 2591:"Nutrient-rich algae could help meet global food demand: Cornell researchers" 2581: 2572: 2559: 2539: 2483: 2451: 2395: 2211: 2152: 7252: 7237: 7177: 7159: 7139: 7114: 7075: 7063: 6903: 6315: 5901: 5663: 5634: 5380: 5296:"Transforming the Future of Marine Aquaculture: A Circular Economy Approach" 4121: 2994: 2560:"Transforming the Future of Marine Aquaculture: A Circular Economy Approach" 2111: – Bioreactor with a light source to grow photosynthetic microorganisms 2015: 1917: 1737: 1570: 1457: 1442: 1288: 937: 910:

are researched as a potential way to increase corals' thermal tolerance for

882: 847: 557: 505: 427: 366: 312: 308: 111: 6345: 5354: 5092: 4981: 4368: 4351: 4334: 4223: 4188: 4169: 4088:"Scientists successfully develop 'heat resistant' coral to fight bleaching" 4065: 3992: 3650: 3243: 3148: 2728: 2642:

as food: cultivation and economics. in Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. 1988.

2469: 2346: 2309:

Lenihan-Geels, Georgia; Bishop, Karen; Ferguson, Lynnette (18 April 2013).

2254: 1977:, which is widely used in the food industry and is relatively inexpensive. 1441:; the rest are eaten after limited processing. Seaweeds are different from 686: 5482: 4335:"Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet" 1581: 1558:

location and, aside from tropical areas, is limited to the warmer months.

532:

than other forms of protein, as the microalgae absorb rather than produce

7302: 7008: 6967: 6949: 6723: 6660: 6651: 6458: 6400: 6370: 6355: 6325: 5574: 5390: 5185: 5051:"Microalgae separator apparatus and method, United States Patent 6524486" 4619:"Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities" 4008:"Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities" 3780: 3759:

Behrenfeld, Michael J. (2014). "Climate-mediated dance of the plankton".

1901: 1855: 1831: 1652: 1600: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1377: 1323: 1280: 1255: 1087: 922: 851: 823:

are being investigated as possible means of carbon sequestration. Marine

642: 525: 493: 414: 225: 5401:

How to Rear a Plankton Menagerie (home grow micro algae in soda bottles)

4594: 3520: 3435:"Algae biopanel windows make power, oxygen and biomass, and suck up CO2" 1596: 311:, and which have been shown to have positive health benefits, including 7362: 7292: 7169: 6908: 6360: 6340: 6290: 6245: 5549: 5136:"Essential Fatty Acids and Herb FAQ's: What are the hazards of Hexane?" 4536: 3103:"Brilliant Planet is running algae farms to pull carbon out of the air" 2530: 2520: 2503: 2085: 1993: 1978: 1913: 1744: 1657: 1637: 1569:

multiply significantly. The latter approach is frequently employed by

1407: 1361: 1358: 1264: 1235: 1169:

Direct sunlight is too strong for most algae, which can use only about

983: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 763: 674: 549: 521: 431: 398: 359: 337: 329: 300: 296: 266: 262: 254: 92: 4755: 4145:"Heat-evolved microalgal symbionts increase coral bleaching tolerance" 3488:"Important contribution of macroalgae to oceanic carbon sequestration" 2327: 2276:

Winwood, R.J. (2013). "Algal oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids".

2219: 7024: 6995: 6412: 6395: 6375: 6265: 5288: 4626:

IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

4015:

IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

2009: 2001: 1974: 1843: 1624: 1580:

since they can be filtered from a stream of water flowing through an

1577: 1449:, as they are photosynthetic algal organisms and are non-flowering. 1219: 839: 652:

oxygen as well as hydrogen via photosynthesis in daylight under air.

631: 599: 561: 497: 333: 278: 51: 5364:"Marine Microalgae: Climate, Energy, and Food Security from the Sea" 4550: 2154:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

3827: 362:. Spirulina is often used commercially as a nutritional supplement. 6380: 5407:

breeding algae in batch and continuous flow systems on small scale

5260: 3858:"Chapter 9 - Algae: An emerging feedstock for biofuels production" 3590:"Climate crisis: seaweed, coffee and cement could save the planet" 2800: 1872: 1537: 1489: 1473: 1453: 1333: 1123: 1115: 1091: 881:, particularly a transgenic strain which carries an extra mercury 856: 835: 750: 738: 668: 501: 455:

species are an important group of seaweeds. These algae have many

375: 370:, another popular microalgae, has similar nutrition to spirulina. 270: 246: 242: 234: 195: 187: 65: 41: 29: 3670: 3668: 7342: 3000:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2008. 1861: 1592: 1521:

recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.

1519:

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

1438: 1372: 1350: 1215: 885: 867:

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

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similar to spirulina, which is used as a nutritional supplement.

230: 188: 119: 115: 35: 6624: 6192: 5742: 5522: 5486: 3302:"Exploring the Feasibility of Algae Building Technology in NSW" 3026:

McKenna, Phil (7 October 2006). "From smokestack to gas tank".

1879:

the water into a froth, and then skims the algae from the top.

1259:. The most well known of these odor-causing chemicals are MIB ( 6365: 6350: 5470: 5447: 1885:

and other harvesting methods are currently under development.

1576:

The former approach can be employed in the case of some chain

952: 509: 258: 1086:

Alternatively, mixed algae cultures can work well for larval

5471:

Microphyt – Microalgae Production and Photobioreactor Design

4409:"Global seaweed farming and processing in the past 20 years" 2485:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

1783:

effective for growing a variety of algae species, including

1342:(Indonesia) gathers edible seaweed that has grown on a rope. 6620: 3944: 3942: 3940: 2664:"Transgenic Plants Produce Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids" 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 1202:

made from sheets of plastic or glass and placed within the

5466:

Instructables.com – Simple Home Algae Culture and Breeding

2553: 2551: 2549: 5045: 5043: 4999: 4997: 4958:(2). Research Resources, Inc, Washington, D.C.: 169–175. 1094:

to eat. Next, the cultivator adds nutrients and possibly

568:. Some types of microalgae can be used this way as well. 130:, chemical feedstock (raw material), protein-rich animal/ 5436:

Blog Posts | gerd-kloeck-141049 | Renewable Energy World

5117:. Prince Edward Island Government Food Technology Centre 4842:

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

4823:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 187–212, 1850:

found in the shells, from which chitosan is derived via

4441:

exploitation, farming and emerging research activity".

2081:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1452:

The largest seaweed-producing countries as of 2022 are

1194:

Another means of supplying light is to place the light

4496:. Philippines: FMC BioPolymer Corporation. p. 52. 3339: 3337: 1632:

harvested from hypersaline extensive ponds located in

4505: 4503: 4328: 4326: 269:. Preparation also can involve frying or heating the 5438:

List of companies involved in microalgae production.

5186:"Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Oil from Rapeseeds" 1736:" is generally of higher nutrient content than old " 691:

built in 2013 in Germany is a showcase experimental

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Photobioreactor using polyethylene and chicken wire

1985:can also separate oil. Benzene is classified as a 468:) is eaten in salads and ceviche in Peru and Chile. 5209:. Supercritical Fluid Technologies. Archived from 2934: 2932: 99:using upflowing air bubbles in small containers). 5442:Photobioreactors : Scale-up and optimisation 2799:. Energy For Life Wellness Center. Archived from 1992:Another method of chemical solvent extraction is 1705:which incorporates a light source. Virtually any 1253:(previously classed as blue-green algae) such as 695:using glass facade panels for the cultivation of 5257:"Home Pages of Culture Collections in the World" 5071:Chisti, Y. (2007). "Biodiesel from microalgae". 2128: – Vitamin used in animal cells' metabolism 2032:can also be used as a solvent. In this method, 733:Carbon sequestration § Seaweed farming and algae 571:Both microalgae and macroalgae are used to make 471:Both microalgae and macroalgae are used to make 336:. It is eaten raw, fresh, dried, or cooked like 5319:"Developing algae as a sustainable food source" 5188:. Institute for Applied Environmental Economics 3385:Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 3344:Nazareth, Aaron (2018). "Bionic architecture". 2941:Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential 2426:"Developing algae as a sustainable food source" 2147:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 4543:Office of Scientific and Technical Information 2898: 2896: 2235:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2105: – Natural linear sulfated polysaccharide 2079: – Hydrogen that is produced biologically 1808:Algae can be harvested using microscreens, by 1529:publicly support expanded seaweed cultivation. 1503:As of 2019, seaweed represented 30% of marine 1070:A common method of obtaining pure cultures is 906:Cultured strains of a common coral microalgal 200:Algaculture may become an important part of a 6636: 5498: 587:, new methods for the thorough and efficient 220:used as a powder or in a variety of products. 8: 2701:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2143: This article incorporates text from a 940:production, and pharmaceutical ingredients. 827:perform half of the global photosynthetic CO 673:The Bio-Intelligent Quotient (BIQ) House in 5570:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 5362:Greene, Charles; et al. (2016-12-04). 4243: 4241: 2797:"Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae Blue Green Algae" 2063: – Spread of planktonic algae in water 7102: 6896: 6643: 6629: 6621: 6200: 6189: 5756: 5739: 5532: 5519: 5505: 5491: 5483: 4494:Cottonii and Spinosum Cultivation Handbook 4339:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 27:Aquaculture involving the farming of algae 5389: 5379: 5344: 5334: 5307: 4971: 4737: 4593: 4583: 4424: 4413:Food Production, Processing and Nutrition 4387:Point Reyes National Seashore Association 4350: 4258:Flanders Today, Retrieved 8 December 2012 4178: 4168: 3974: 3920: 3826: 3735: 3519: 3317: 3233: 3070: 2571: 2529: 2519: 2459: 2441: 2385: 2336: 2326: 2201: 1468:(4.19%). Other notable producers include 1043:Learn how and when to remove this message 944:Growing, harvesting, and processing algae 598:and accelerating algae growth. Untreated 5317:Diaz, Crisandra J.; et al. (2023). 4945:"Harvesting of Algae by Froth Flotation" 4663:Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 3807:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2278:Food Enrichment with Omega-3 Fatty Acids 1954:can enhance basic enzymatic extraction. 1316: 417:, where it is added to soups and salads. 3567:from the original on September 19, 2021 3348:. Unitec Institute of Technology: 1–69. 2646:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2165: 1928:Osmotic shock is a sudden reduction in 1795:. The growth rate and biomass yield of 5448:Research on algae within Wageningen UR 3886:from the original on February 26, 2023 3602:from the original on November 24, 2015 2824:. United States Fisheries Department. 2669:. School of Biology and Biochemistry, 2077:Biological hydrogen production (Algae) 5294:Greene, Charles; et al. (2022). 5138:. Health From The Sun. Archived from 3173:from the original on 16 December 2020 2903:Chapman, V.J.; Chapman, D.J. (1980). 903:to the less toxic elemental mercury. 426:) is eaten either fresh or cooked in 142:, and can also be used as a means of 7: 2171: 2169: 981:adding citations to reliable sources 556:. It is also an excellent source of 64:involving the farming of species of 5207:"How Do Supercritical Fluids Work?" 4877::10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.019. 3365:Edinburgh Architecture Research EAR 2974:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2828:from the original on 26 August 2006 2680:from the original on 28 August 2006 2366:Circular Economy and Sustainability 1112:Culture of microalgae in hatcheries 888:, has been studied as an agent for 637:Microalgae are also researched for 307:, which are commonly also found in 5432:Indian experience with algal ponds 5259:. 10 December 2009. Archived from 4852::10.1088/1757-899x/1113/1/012004. 3870:10.1016/b978-0-323-90476-6.00003-0 2822:"Nutritional value of micro-algae" 2121:SERI microalgae culture collection 2117: – Farming of aquatic seaweed 2000:, with an organic solvent such as 1868:are used as chemical flocculants. 663:Algae bioreactor § Microgeneration 516:. By manipulating microalgae in a 216:Micro-algae can be used to create 192:Dulse is one of many edible algae. 25: 6464:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers 5789:Geothermal energy and aquaculture 5053:. United States Patent Department 4645:Journal of Biochemical Technology 4247:Starckx, Senne (31 October 2012) 4024:from the original on May 28, 2020 2939:Guiry, M.D.; Blunden, G. (1991). 1497:Food and Agriculture Organization 1246:nor hypoxia are likely to occur. 1120:A microalgae cultivation facility 18:List of algal culture collections 6747: 6274: 6194:Seafood processing and marketing 5653: 5163:. cyberlipid.org. Archived from 5085:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001 4510:Jones, Nicola (March 15, 2023). 3536:from the original on May 6, 2021 2907:. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd. 2138: 1513:crop, with a high potential for 1309:This section is an excerpt from 957: 731:This section is an excerpt from 703:can also be extracted through a 661:This section is an excerpt from 475:(see below), which is used as a 257:it is collected and made into a 4641:Spirulina (Arthrospira) species 3838:from the original on 2016-12-20 3259:Journal of Building Engineering 2088: – Type of biological fuel 1063:are still under investigation. 968:needs additional citations for 110:(as algal oil) or natural food 6062:Federated States of Micronesia 5161:"Automatic soxhlet extraction" 3864:, Elsevier, pp. 165–185, 3460:Paleja, Ameya (13 July 2022). 3141:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.060 2964:Leckie, Evelyn (14 Jan 2021). 2638:Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A. 4. 2588:News article about the study: 2360:Venkatesh, G. (1 March 2022). 1238:, which causes the odor. This 1128:Microalgae is used to culture 850:for the production of various 1: 6679:High lipid content microalgae 4512:"Banking on the Seaweed Rush" 4463:10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175 4443:European Journal of Phycology 3072:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128779 3059:Journal of Cleaner Production 3040:10.1016/S0262-4079(06)60667-2 2876:Pennsylvania State University 1697:Algae can also be grown in a 892:due to its ability to reduce 775:to generate electricity, via 719:sustainable energy generation 253:, a traditional food, and in 5006:Journal of Applied Phycology 4964:10.1128/am.10.2.169-175.1962 4930:10.1016/0144-4565(88)90071-6 4902::10.1016/j.eng.2017.03.020. 4800:Chemical Engineering Journal 4698::10.1007/s10811-013-0096-2. 4688:Journal of Applied Phycology 4383:"Seaweeds: Plants or Algae?" 3677:Journal of Applied Phycology 3643:10.1080/09593330.2013.765922 3555:Temple, James (2021-09-19). 3319:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.272 2779:"The Imp With a Mighty Kick" 2247:10.1080/10408398.2011.596292 2149:license statement/permission 1061:microbiological contaminants 420:Dabberlocks or badderlocks ( 7278:Fish diseases and parasites 6789:Photosynthetic picoplankton 5862:Fish diseases and parasites 4739:10.1016/j.algal.2019.101448 4571:Frontiers in Marine Science 3909:Frontiers in Marine Science 3724:Frontiers in Marine Science 2744:Journal of Functional Foods 2286:10.1533/9780857098863.4.389 2203:10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.017 1353:farming is the practice of 699:. Once the panels heat up 536:, which contributes to the 328:) is a red species sold in 295:as the plants also produce 7405: 7268:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate 6769:Heterotrophic picoplankton 5935:Microalgal bacterial flocs 4924:(1). Elsevier Ltd: 65–76. 4810::10.1016/j.cej.2007.06.004 4426:10.1186/s43014-022-00103-2 4254:September 5, 2013, at the 3466:interestingengineering.com 3405:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101894 3271:10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101011 3218:10.1038/s41467-020-19823-5 2713:10.1016/j.jada.2008.04.020 2387:10.1007/s43615-021-00084-3 1892: 1875:flotation, the cultivator 1371:The seven most cultivated 1308: 1105: 861:Women working with seaweed 730: 660: 623: 181: 7323:Marine primary production 7105: 6899: 6745: 6272: 6199: 6188: 5755: 5738: 5697:Illegal fishing in Africa 5651: 5531: 5518: 5444:PhD thesis Wageningen UR. 5336:10.3389/fnut.2022.1029841 4216:10.1007/s10544-016-0074-y 4058:10.1007/s00253-005-0250-0 4046:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 3976:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.041 3697:10.1007/s10811-010-9604-9 3512:10.1038/s41561-019-0421-8 3359:Proksch, Gundula (2012). 2913:10.1007/978-94-009-5806-7 2874:. Dept. of Food Science, 2847:"Chlorella Growth Factor" 2756:10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.023 2443:10.3389/fnut.2022.1029841 2046:Algal culture collections 1842:are processed to acquire 1613:Spirulina (Arthospira) sp 1515:climate change mitigation 1214:The odor associated with 890:environmental remediation 611:climate change mitigation 488:Australian scientists at 7243:Algal nutrient solutions 6985:Thalassiosira pseudonana 6857:Flavobacterium columnare 6844:Enteric redmouth disease 5799:Integrated multi-trophic 5309:10.5670/oceanog.2022.213 5234:. Phasex. Archived from 4643:in open raceway ponds". 4585:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 3922:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 3737:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 3623:Environmental Technology 2644:Algae and Human Affairs. 2573:10.5670/oceanog.2022.213 1938:extraction, a branch of 1644:is a secondary benefit. 779:or as a replacement for 439:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae 7263:Diel vertical migration 6779:Microphyte (microalgae) 6764:Eukaryotic picoplankton 6709:Paradox of the plankton 5769:Aquaculture engineering 5513:Fishing industry topics 5381:10.5670/oceanog.2016.91 5026:10.1023/A:1023807011027 4789:. Retrieved 2023-03-23. 4204:Biomedical Microdevices 4122:10.1126/science.abc7842 3013:Algae and Human Affairs 2943:. John Wiley and Sons. 2905:Seaweeds and their Uses 2151:). Text taken from 2072:Aquatic Species Program 2067:Algal nutrient solution 1534:Open system cultivation 1187:can stir the water and 927:biohybrid microswimmers 721:with unclear viability. 434:, Scotland and Ireland. 387:), often confused with 206:sustainable food system 167:sustainable food system 7125:Gelatinous zooplankton 5323:Frontiers in Nutrition 5073:Biotechnology Advances 4867:Biotechnology Advances 4831:, retrieved 2023-03-23 4170:10.1126/sciadv.aba2498 3129:Bioresource Technology 2430:Frontiers in Nutrition 2157:, FAO, FAO. 1727:A PBR can operate in " 1550: 1527:The Nature Conservancy 1343: 1331: 1133: 1121: 931:targeted drug delivery 862: 760: 748: 677: 208: 193: 54: 39: 7318:Marine microorganisms 7088:Velvet (fish disease) 6823:Aeromonas salmonicida 6689:Marine microorganisms 5712:World fish production 4673::10.1263/jbb.101.87. 3761:Nature Climate Change 3588:(November 20, 2015). 3561:MIT Technology Review 3198:Nature Communications 1854:. Water that is more 1541: 1509:Seaweed farming is a 1460:(28.6%); followed by 1384:Kappaphycus alvarezii 1337: 1320: 1304:Farming of macroalgae 1127: 1119: 860: 754: 742: 672: 624:Further information: 465:Durvillaea antarctica 390:Mastocarpus stellatus 348:Arthrospira platensis 199: 191: 182:Further information: 75:(also referred to as 45: 33: 7070:Pfiesteria piscicida 6870:Marine bacteriophage 6774:Marine microplankton 5692:Fisheries management 5167:on 27 September 2006 4952:Applied Microbiology 4541:(Technical report). 4352:10.1093/ajcn/nqac190 4017:. pp. 447–587. 3961:(18): 3087–3093.e3. 3781:10.1038/nclimate2349 3306:Procedia Engineering 1607:new tanks or ponds. 1338:A seaweed farmer in 1055:Most growers prefer 977:improve this article 809:Saccharina latissima 726:Carbon sequestration 605:Waste high-purity CO 151:carbon sequestration 91:, commonly known as 7313:Ocean acidification 7248:Artificial seawater 7015:Coscinodiscophyceae 6881:Streptococcus iniae 6864:Pelagibacter ubique 6331:Fish protein powder 5263:on 21 November 2009 5018:2003JAPco..15..143B 4821:Algal Biorefineries 4787:LGA South Australia 4730:2019AlgRe..3901448K 4628:. pp. 447–587. 4455:2017EJPhy..52..391B 4297:"Biology Resources" 4161:2020SciA....6.2498B 3967:2019CBio...29E3087F 3862:Algal Biotechnology 3819:2011FrEE....9..552M 3773:2014NatCC...4..880B 3689:2011JAPco..23..877C 3635:2013EnvTe..34.2277V 3504:2019NatGe..12..748O 3397:2022SETA...5201894T 3210:2020NatCo..11.5985X 2378:2022CirES...2..231V 2194:2017AlgRe..26...39H 1969:A common choice of 1958:Chemical extraction 1908:Physical extraction 1599:larvae (in Eastern 1525:, Oceans 2050, and 1523:World Wildlife Fund 1425:are attractive for 1414:Sargassum fusiforme 1402:Undaria pinnatifida 1396:Saccharina japonica 916:bleaching tolerance 773:anaerobic digestion 639:hydrogen production 560:for manufacture of 544:Fertilizer and agar 490:Flinders University 393:, is the source of 374:is very popular in 108:omega-3 fatty acids 6602:Waterfront (Dubai) 6204:Seafood processing 5687:Fishing by country 5560:Declawing of crabs 5555:Commercial fishing 5476:2020-02-21 at the 5458:2009-12-25 at the 5428:2007-02-16 at the 5416:2009-07-04 at the 3015:. pp. 87–117. 2671:University of Bath 2521:10.3390/pr10010175 1966:explosion hazard. 1797:Chlorella vulgaris 1701:(PBR). A PBR is a 1677:Raceway-type ponds 1551: 1344: 1332: 1279:Nutrients such as 1261:2-methylisoborneol 1134: 1122: 1108:Seaweed cultivator 912:climate resilience 863: 844:terrestrial plants 797:Laminaria digitata 761: 749: 678: 646:microbial reactors 583:With concern over 293:dietary supplement 209: 194: 55: 40: 34:A seaweed farm in 7376: 7375: 7216: 7215: 7203:Siphonostomatoida 7198:Poecilostomatoida 7150:Crustacean larvae 7054:Choanoflagellates 7035: 7034: 7025:Bacillariophyceae 7020:Fragilariophyceae 6939:Emiliania huxleyi 6784:Nanophytoplankton 6704:Milky seas effect 6618: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6492:English (Ireland) 6427:Seafood marketing 6226:Fish preservation 6184: 6183: 6180: 6179: 5976:Freshwater prawns 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5590:Midwater trawling 5545:Artisanal fishing 5411:Making Algae Grow 5238:on 27 August 2006 4829:978-3-319-20199-3 4492:Ask, E.I (1990). 3879:978-0-323-90476-6 3629:(15): 2277–2283. 3492:Nature Geoscience 2950:978-0-471-92947-5 2922:978-94-009-5808-1 2597:. 20 October 2022 2328:10.3390/nu5041301 2295:978-0-85709-428-5 1963:Chemical solvents 1823:Interrupting the 1630:Dunaliella salina 1565:Dunaliella salina 1423:K. alvarezii 1053: 1052: 1045: 1027: 838:lack the complex 712:Green Power House 620:Energy production 579:Pollution control 566:potassium nitrate 552:has been used as 218:microbial protein 144:pollution control 16:(Redirected from 7396: 7130:Hunting copepods 7103: 6928:Chaetocerotaceae 6897: 6814:Bacterioplankton 6751: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6622: 6444:Shrimp marketing 6321:Fish hydrolysate 6284:Seafood products 6278: 6201: 6190: 6107:Papua New Guinea 6087:Marshall Islands 5757: 5749:farmed fisheries 5740: 5657: 5537:Fishing industry 5533: 5520: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5484: 5395: 5393: 5383: 5358: 5348: 5338: 5313: 5311: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5012:(2–3): 143–153. 5001: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4975: 4949: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4913: 4907: 4888: 4882: 4863: 4857: 4838: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4806:(1–3): 136–147. 4796: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4741: 4709: 4703: 4684: 4678: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4623: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4597: 4587: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4354: 4330: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4299:. Archived from 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4265: 4259: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4182: 4172: 4155:(20): eaba2498. 4149:Science Advances 4140: 4134: 4133: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4012: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3978: 3946: 3935: 3934: 3924: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3804: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3739: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3523: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3346:Research Project 3341: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3237: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3074: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2878:. Archived from 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2707:(7): 1204–1209. 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2668: 2660: 2654: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2585: 2575: 2555: 2544: 2543: 2533: 2523: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2463: 2445: 2421: 2408: 2407: 2389: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2340: 2330: 2321:(4): 1301–1315. 2306: 2300: 2299: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2205: 2173: 2142: 2092:Bio Fuel Systems 2082: 1971:chemical solvent 1930:osmotic pressure 1834:", a commercial 1778:Plastic bag PBRs 1723: 1722: 1721: 1693:Photobioreactors 1464:(5.09%) and the 1232:hydrogen sulfide 1178: 1177: 1173: 1164:Light and mixing 1048: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1028: 1026: 985: 961: 953: 902: 901: 900: 842:associated with 777:cogeneration/CHP 690: 538:greenhouse gases 530:carbon footprint 484:Lab manipulation 423:Alaria esculenta 384:Chondrus crispus 325:Palmaria palmata 249:, it is used in 85:planktonic algae 21: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7303:Marine mucilage 7258:Biological pump 7212: 7164: 7135:Ichthyoplankton 7092: 7059:Dinoflagellates 7031: 6990: 6961:Nannochloropsis 6945:Eustigmatophyte 6933:Coccolithophore 6886: 6808: 6752: 6743: 6674:CLAW hypothesis 6654: 6649: 6619: 6606: 6468: 6439:Live fish trade 6422: 6279: 6270: 6211:Fish processing 6195: 6176: 6122:Solomon Islands 6025: 5954: 5940:Photobioreactor 5911: 5833: 5751: 5726: 5707:Ocean fisheries 5658: 5649: 5630:Fishing vessels 5615:Lobster fishing 5595:Bottom trawling 5527: 5514: 5511: 5478:Wayback Machine 5460:Wayback Machine 5430:Wayback Machine 5418:Wayback Machine 5405:io.uwinnipeg.ca 5361: 5316: 5293: 5281: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5241: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5216: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5191: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5145: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5120: 5118: 5115:"Sonochemistry" 5113: 5112: 5108: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5041: 5003: 5002: 4995: 4986: 4984: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4889: 4885: 4864: 4860: 4839: 4835: 4818: 4814: 4797: 4793: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4685: 4681: 4660: 4656: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4551:10.2172/1874372 4534: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4508: 4501: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4332: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4256:Wayback Machine 4246: 4239: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3955:Current Biology 3948: 3947: 3938: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3887: 3880: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3813:(10): 552–560. 3802: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3767:(10): 880–887. 3758: 3757: 3753: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3568: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3342: 3335: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3034:(2572): 28–29. 3025: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2902: 2901: 2894: 2885: 2883: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2851:Naturalways.com 2845: 2844: 2840: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673:, England, UK. 2666: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2600: 2598: 2589: 2557: 2556: 2547: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2423: 2422: 2411: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2163: 2136: 2131: 2115:Seaweed farming 2109:Photobioreactor 2080: 2056: 2048: 2037: 2031: 2006:petroleum ether 1960: 1952:Ultrasonication 1910: 1897: 1891: 1866:ferric chloride 1818:froth flotation 1806: 1793:Nannochloropsis 1780: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1751:Flat panel PBRs 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1699:photobioreactor 1695: 1686: 1674: 1663: 1650: 1621: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1511:carbon negative 1347:Seaweed farming 1327:farming in the 1314: 1311:Seaweed farming 1301: 1294: 1277: 1212: 1210:Odor and oxygen 1175: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1114: 1104: 1072:serial dilution 1049: 1038: 1032: 1029: 986: 984: 974: 962: 951: 946: 899: 897: 896: 895: 893: 876: 871: 870: 830: 792: 759: 757:Seagrass meadow 747: 736: 728: 723: 722: 684: 666: 658: 656:Microgeneration 628: 622: 608: 597: 592: 581: 546: 486: 352:food supplement 186: 180: 175: 136:pharmaceuticals 97:algae scrubbers 46:Algaculture in 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7402: 7400: 7392: 7391: 7381: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7328:Pseudoplankton 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7221:Related topics 7218: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7174: 7172: 7170:Copepod orders 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7078: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7045: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7006: 7000: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6974:Prasinophyceae 6971: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6850:Flavobacterium 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6818: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6434:Fish marketing 6430: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6251:Salmon cannery 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151:United States 6149: 6147:United Kingdom 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 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5275: 5274: 5248: 5223: 5198: 5177: 5152: 5127: 5106: 5079:(3): 294–306. 5063: 5039: 4993: 4935: 4908: 4898:(3): 318–329. 4883: 4873:(4): 904–912. 4858: 4833: 4812: 4791: 4778: 4769: 4718:Algal Research 4704: 4694:(1): 519–528. 4679: 4654: 4631: 4609: 4556: 4527: 4516:Hakai Magazine 4499: 4484: 4449:(4): 391–406. 4432: 4399: 4374: 4345:(4): 855–861. 4322: 4313: 4288: 4276:Open.uct.ac.za 4260: 4237: 4194: 4135: 4104: 4079: 4052:(1): 197–205. 4035: 3998: 3936: 3895: 3878: 3848: 3828:10.1890/110004 3797: 3786: 3751: 3710: 3683:(5): 877–886. 3664: 3613: 3577: 3547: 3498:(9): 748–754. 3478: 3452: 3441:. 11 July 2022 3426: 3374: 3351: 3333: 3292: 3249: 3184: 3154: 3119: 3094: 3045: 3018: 3003: 2986: 2956: 2949: 2928: 2921: 2892: 2863: 2838: 2813: 2788: 2769: 2734: 2690: 2655: 2631: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2545: 2494: 2475: 2409: 2372:(1): 231–279. 2352: 2301: 2294: 2268: 2241:(5): 572–579. 2225: 2182:Algal Research 2164: 2162: 2159: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2035: 2029: 1959: 1956: 1909: 1906: 1893:Main article: 1890: 1889:Oil extraction 1887: 1848:polysaccharide 1825:carbon dioxide 1810:centrifugation 1805: 1802: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1718: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1673: 1670: 1661: 1649: 1646: 1620: 1617: 1535: 1532: 1437:is farmed for 1340:Nusa Lembongan 1315: 1307: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1276: 1273: 1269:drinking water 1244:eutrophication 1211: 1208: 1189:compressed air 1165: 1162: 1157: 1154: 1138:carbon dioxide 1103: 1100: 1051: 1050: 965: 963: 956: 950: 947: 945: 942: 898: 875: 872: 828: 803:Fucus serratus 790: 755: 743: 737: 729: 727: 724: 705:heat exchanger 701:thermal energy 667: 659: 657: 654: 621: 618: 606: 595: 590: 585:global warming 580: 577: 548:For centuries 545: 542: 534:carbon dioxide 485: 482: 481: 480: 469: 460: 450: 447: 435: 418: 413:), is used in 402: 379: 363: 341: 320: 286: 223:Purple laver ( 221: 184:Edible seaweed 179: 176: 174: 171: 104:nutraceuticals 48:Kibbutz Ketura 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7401: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7338:Tychoplankton 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7308:Microbial mat 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193:Monstrilloida 7191: 7189: 7188:Harpacticoida 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7145:Marine larvae 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6996:Diatom orders 6993: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6915:Bacteriastrum 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6892:Phytoplankton 6889: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6829:Cyanobacteria 6827: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6799:Picoeukaryote 6797: 6795: 6794:Picobiliphyte 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6527:La Nueva Viga 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6311:Fish emulsion 6309: 6307: 6306:Fish products 6304: 6302: 6301:Cod liver oil 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Filleted fish 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6187: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5991:Marine shrimp 5989: 5987: 5986:Hirudiculture 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5959:Other species 5957: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5907:US hatcheries 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882:Fish stocking 5880: 5878: 5877:Fish hatchery 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5829:Recirculating 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5794:Inland saline 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5784:Copper alloys 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:Krill fishery 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5682:Cod fisheries 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5646: 5645:Shark finning 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585:Pair trawling 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5496: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5391:11250/2436441 5387: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5213:on 2004-12-15 5212: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5142:on 2006-06-20 5141: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5064: 5052: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4848:(1): 012004. 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4651:(1): 894–909. 4650: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4531: 4528: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4400: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4303:on 2008-12-08 4302: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4277: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4036: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3849: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3790: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3614: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3586:Flannery, Tim 3581: 3578: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3479: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3312:: 1121–1130. 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028:New Scientist 3022: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3004: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2882:on 2007-05-06 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2803:on 2006-04-26 2802: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2691: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2652:0-521-32115-8 2649: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2495: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2097:Biotechnology 2095: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2027: 2026:Supercritical 2023: 2021: 2020:fractionation 2017: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:sonochemistry 1937: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1896: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1852:deacetylation 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1759: 1757: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1690: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1672:Raceway ponds 1671: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1619:Water lagoons 1618: 1616: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1488:, 0.5%), and 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1456:(58.62%) and 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:gelling agent 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1341: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1319: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1298: 1296: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1251:cyanobacteria 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1185:Paddle wheels 1181: 1163: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1150: 1149:heterotrophic 1145: 1144: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1102:Growing algae 1101: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1047: 1044: 1036: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1001: 997: 994: – 993: 992:"Algaculture" 989: 988:Find sources: 982: 978: 972: 971: 966:This section 964: 960: 955: 954: 948: 943: 941: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 908:endosymbionts 904: 891: 887: 884: 880: 873: 868: 859: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 826: 825:phytoplankton 822: 818: 813: 811: 810: 805: 804: 799: 798: 793: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 758: 753: 746: 741: 734: 725: 720: 716: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 688: 683: 676: 671: 664: 655: 653: 651: 647: 644: 640: 635: 633: 627: 619: 617: 614: 612: 603: 601: 593: 589:capture of CO 586: 578: 576: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 543: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 483: 478: 477:gelling agent 474: 470: 467: 466: 461: 458: 457:phlorotannins 454: 451: 448: 445: 444:cyanobacteria 441: 440: 436: 433: 429: 425: 424: 419: 416: 412: 411: 406: 403: 400: 396: 392: 391: 386: 385: 380: 377: 373: 369: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 342: 339: 335: 332:and Atlantic 331: 327: 326: 321: 318: 314: 313:for cognition 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 291:is used as a 290: 287: 284: 280: 276: 275:North America 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 227: 222: 219: 215: 214: 213: 207: 203: 198: 190: 185: 177: 173:Uses of algae 172: 170: 168: 164: 160: 154: 152: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 77:phytoplankton 74: 69: 67: 63: 60:is a form of 59: 53: 49: 44: 37: 32: 19: 7333:Stromatolite 7232: 7228:Aeroplankton 7155:Salmon louse 7110:Chaetognatha 7082:Symbiodinium 7080: 7068: 6983: 6979:Raphidophyte 6966: 6959: 6955:Stramenopile 6937: 6920: 6913: 6879: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6821: 6804:Picoplankton 6729:Spring bloom 6699:Mycoplankton 6694:Meroplankton 6684:Holoplankton 6532:Maine Avenue 6482:Billingsgate 6474:Fish markets 6449:Chasse-marée 6418:Surströmming 6408:Shrimp paste 6296:Fish as food 6221:Factory ship 6216:Fish factory 6127:South Africa 6011:Sea cucumber 5966:Brine shrimp 5945:Raceway pond 5916: 5887:Spawning bed 5867:Fish farming 5839:Fish farming 5672:Agulhas Bank 5371: 5368:Oceanography 5367: 5326: 5322: 5300:Oceanography 5299: 5265:. Retrieved 5261:the original 5251: 5240:. Retrieved 5236:the original 5226: 5215:. Retrieved 5211:the original 5201: 5190:. Retrieved 5180: 5169:. Retrieved 5165:the original 5155: 5144:. Retrieved 5140:the original 5130: 5119:. Retrieved 5109: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5055:. Retrieved 5009: 5005: 4985:. Retrieved 4955: 4951: 4938: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4820: 4815: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4786: 4781: 4772: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4669:(2): 87–96. 4666: 4662: 4657: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4625: 4612: 4595:10754/623247 4575: 4569: 4559: 4537: 4530: 4519:. Retrieved 4515: 4493: 4487: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4390:. Retrieved 4386: 4377: 4342: 4338: 4316: 4305:. Retrieved 4301:the original 4291: 4279:. Retrieved 4275: 4263: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4113: 4107: 4095:. Retrieved 4091: 4082: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4026:. Retrieved 4014: 4001: 3958: 3954: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3888:, retrieved 3861: 3851: 3840:. Retrieved 3810: 3806: 3789: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3680: 3676: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3606:November 25, 3604:. Retrieved 3595:The Guardian 3593: 3580: 3569:. Retrieved 3560: 3550: 3538:. Retrieved 3521:10754/656768 3495: 3491: 3481: 3469:. Retrieved 3465: 3455: 3443:. Retrieved 3438: 3429: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3345: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3175:. Retrieved 3166: 3157: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3110:. Retrieved 3106: 3097: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3006: 2989: 2977:. Retrieved 2969: 2959: 2940: 2904: 2884:. Retrieved 2880:the original 2866: 2854:. Retrieved 2850: 2841: 2830:. Retrieved 2816: 2805:. Retrieved 2801:the original 2791: 2782: 2777:Yenni Kwok. 2772: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2682:. Retrieved 2658: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2622:. Retrieved 2613: 2599:. Retrieved 2594: 2564:Oceanography 2563: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2491:. FAO. 2018. 2484: 2478: 2433: 2429: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2277: 2271: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2185: 2181: 2153: 2145:free content 2137: 2049: 2041: 2024: 2014: 1991: 1968: 1961: 1934: 1927: 1920:. 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