647:, had received a death threat that day, and took it seriously enough to swap cars with his bodyguard. The motorcyclists opened fire on the bodyguard, then realizing they had not hit their intended target, caught up with Mr. Ariyak's fleeing car and fired several shots through the windshield, killing him instantly. No one was apprehended. In their phone call to the newspaper, the assassins said they would continue to attack Turkish diplomats and Turkish institutions.
605:, demolished the automobile, hurling the parts of the vehicle in all directions; all that remained of the vehicle is the rear bumper. The flying pieces of metal and glass as well as flames from the blast injured five Americans. The explosion destroyed a vehicle parked across the street, and causes significant damage to the 11-story Turkish Center, and blows out the windows of nearby buildings, including
2171:
517:, and their driver, Antonio Torres, were killed. Kuneralp was not in the car. Christopher Walker wrote that "as with all terrorism, often murdered shockingly inappropriate people, such as the wife of Zeki Kuneralp, whose family had been instrumental in seeking rapprochement between the different nationalities of post-Ottoman Turkey".
767:
died of wounds received when two gunmen shot him in an ambush in central
Belgrade. An armed clash between the guerrillas and police ensued and one of the guerillas was wounded. Both guerrillas, who claim to belong to an Armenian paramilitary organization, were eventually apprehended. A Yugoslav
621:, condemned the attacks as "savage and calculated terrorism." New York City Mayor Edward Koch expressed that the incident "demonstrates forcefully that all terrorism, no matter what form it takes, and no matter against whom it is directed, must be condemned and punished."
229:
in 1915; their goals were the recognition of the genocide by the
Turkish government and the establishment of an independent Armenian state that would have included parts of Turkey. The ARF was instrumental in the creation of the
696:. In 2002, the sentence was changed in life with no possibility of parole during 25 years, but Sassounian's demand of parole were rejected in 2006 and 2010 An accomplice, believed to be Krikor (Koko) Saliba, is still at large.
1989:
188:
and military activities claimed under that name until 1985. The organization committed a single attack in 1986 under the name Greek-Bulgarian-Armenian Front, and is believed to have unofficially dissolved the following year.
797:, one attacker was killed by his own bomb; the other one was arrested. An Australian woman was wounded. Responsibility was claimed by the Greek-Bulgarian-Armenian Front, but it is believed that JCAG was behind this attack.
768:
passerby was killed during the clash, while a female student and a
Yugoslav officer who was trying to capture the assailants were wounded. The Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide claimed credit for the attack.
681:(LAWAC), stating "2000 Armenians are expected to turn out for the demonstration against the Ambassador" of Turkey and requesting that the Ambassador's speech be cancelled "in the interest of public safety.". In vain.
2079:
2043:
293:(October 15, 1983), several dozens of thousands of Armenians (ARF sympathisers and militants) participated to the Sassounian solidarity groups. French ARF organized a demonstration in front of US consulate in
1960:
328:. The leader of the group, Vicken Hovsepian, was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment, a sentence confirmed in appeal. In January 2001, another leader of the American ARF, and former chairman of the
258:. It was confirmed when French political scientist Gaïdz Minassian was allowed to consult the archives of ARF for his doctoral thesis. In several occasions, the official newspapers of ARF in the
579:
April 17, 1980, Rome, Italy: JCAG gunmen opened fire on the
Turkish Ambassador to the Holy See, Vecdi Turel, seriously wounding him, and slightly injuring his bodyguard, Tahsin Guvenc.
238:
which had previously ruled eastern
Armenia. After the Soviets came to power, the ARF leadership was exiled, where the organization maintained its existence internationally through the
601:
exploded at 4:50 p.m., minutes before hundreds of employees and tourists exit the United
Nations building which closes at 5 p.m. The bomb, which has the force of nine sticks of
718:
outside his home on the outskirts of the city as he returned home for lunch. His wife, Nadide Akbay, was shot in the head as she sat beside him, and died after eight months in a
2600:
297:, in protestation against Sassounian's arrest. The ARF also supported Harutyun Krikor Levonian and Alexander Elbekyan, who were sentenced to twenty years imprisonment for the
2585:
2288:
1979:
1953:
537:
222:
684:
January 28, 1982, Los
Angeles, United States: Turkish consul general Kemal Arıkan was killed in his car as he sat at a stoplight. Four people were taken into custody;
662:, the scheduled site of a Turkish folk dance and music show, causing extensive damage. Two days before, bomb threats provoked cancellation of another Turkish show in
254:
the peak of their attacks occurred in 1980. The existence of JCAG was discovered in May 1976, when a member was killed by his own bomb in the headquarters of ARF in
2159:
1946:
2590:
2595:
2104:
1921:
1500:
1460:
202:
Justice
Commandos of the Armenian Genocide (JCAG) and the following Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA) are generally thought to be the armed wing of the
1288:
225:(ASALA), a Marxist-Leninist group, were the two major Armenian groups who carried out attacks mostly against Turkish targets in retaliation for the
1308:
669:
November 20, 1981, Los
Angeles, United States: a bomb caused extensive damage where the Turkish consulate of Los Angeles at 8730 Wilshire Blvd,
572:
was attacked. Türkmen escaped with minor wounds. Max Hraïr
Kilndjian was sentenced as an accessory to two years imprisonment by the tribunal of
674:
329:
692:. The jury found that Sassounian killed Arikan "because of his nationality", leading to a sentencing of life in prison without possibility of
1164:
1137:
1110:
1033:"Sudden desistance from terrorism: The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia and the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide"
1015:
934:
895:
870:
843:
399:
367:
2137:
703:, whose import shop in Cambridge was the target of a previous attack, was shot by a man dressed in a jogger's outfit, as he sat in his car.
2564:
1396:
794:
700:
586:: Harut Sassounian attempted to kill the Turkish general consul, Kemal Arikan. Sassounian was sentenced to 6 years of jail; his brother
410:
2152:
598:
2483:
2513:
2231:
1429:
678:
617:
Chief, Milton Schwartz, expressed "It is absolutely lucky that more people weren't injured." U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations,
203:
2518:
17:
2605:
2257:
413:, for which ARF member Levon Demirian was sentenced and served 10 years in prison, and the bombing of a mail sorting facility in
2549:
2273:
2242:
655:
614:
2478:
2252:
1404:
495:
2539:
2298:
2145:
2023:
970:
298:
1238:
715:
97:
2468:
2308:
2069:
2059:
988:
360:
277:
The legal branches of the ARF fundraised to pay the lawyer costs of arrested JCAG members, the most famous case being
181:
1845:
1819:
1786:
2503:
2473:
2247:
2544:
2432:
1997:
363:(ARA)", and like before, ARF-affiliated press published ARA communiqués as well as articles supporting its aims.
231:
2523:
213:
and Pan-Armenian political party established in the 19th century, which at the time sought the independence of
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1806:
1766:
1744:
1733:
1722:
1710:
1690:
1656:
1634:
1622:
1598:
1586:
1545:
1525:
1504:
1285:
464:: Two bombs caused extensive damage to the office of Garanti Bank and of Labor Attaché of Turkish embassy.
402:
were sentenced to life imprisonment with no possibility of parole for 25 years, ARF attacked the verdict.
250:
Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide (JCAG) carried out attacks from 1975 to 1987, and according to
234:
in 1918, which existed for two years until it was annexed by the Soviet Union, the successor state of the
590:
assassinated Kemal Arikan in 1982 and was sentenced to life imprisonment (he was granted parole in 2021).
1312:
819:
The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and the Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era
375:
644:
643:. Two gunmen on a motorcycle shot and killed the Turkish consul-general and his bodyguard. The consul,
435:
1412:
2488:
2293:
2175:
610:
514:
210:
106:
102:
1342:
1126:
Peterson, Merrill D.; Peterson, Thomas Jefferson Foundation Professor of History Merrill D. (2004).
533:
2559:
2015:
1212:, August 21, September 17, December 10 and 24, 1983, January 14 and 28, 1984 and December 31, 1986.
730:
689:
548:
395:
569:
2382:
2332:
2115:
1060:
651:
166:
1928:
1485:
606:
1366:
Aram Khaligian, "The Necessities of Violence and National Culture in the Liberation Struggle,"
1032:
2498:
2493:
2327:
1454:
1160:
1133:
1127:
1106:
1052:
1011:
930:
891:
866:
860:
839:
833:
726:
282:
239:
226:
174:
135:
78:
1424:
1420:
1154:
1100:
1005:
2508:
2437:
2377:
2362:
2342:
2337:
1332:
Geopolitical and -Economic Changes in the Balkan Countries - Page 75 by Nicholas V. Gianaris
1044:
745:
685:
629:
597:, United States: A bomb planted under a stolen car parked in front of the Turkish Center in
587:
310:
278:
613:, the African American Center, a travel agency and numerous apartment complexes. Assistant
366:
Every year the ARF organizes international ceremonies in honor of the five ARA members who
2452:
2447:
2442:
2387:
2283:
2268:
2051:
2002:
1925:
1292:
992:
573:
333:
143:
1436:
699:
May 4, 1982: New England's honorary Turkish consul general in Somerville, Massachusetts,
536:
was assassinated. Responsibility for the attack was also claimed at the same time by the
405:
Under the name of "Greek-Bulgarian-Armenian Front", the JCAG perpetrated two attacks in
2427:
2407:
2372:
2352:
2347:
2220:
2189:
2007:
618:
555:
450:
271:
235:
110:
912:
Armenian Terrorism, Its Supporters, the Narcotic Connection, the Distortion of History
475:: a double bombing in railroad station and airport killed five persons and wounded 64.
309:, and Max Hraïr Kilndjian, sentenced to two years imprisonment as an accessory in the
2579:
2417:
2402:
2367:
2194:
1235:"Pursuing the Just Cause of their People". A Study of Contemporary Armenian Terrorism
670:
663:
594:
583:
510:
491:
345:
259:
158:
1534:"Pursuing the Just Cause of their People. A Study of Contemporary Armenian Terrorism
1064:
776:
764:
529:
321:
218:
169:. JCAG's stated reason for these attacks was the establishment of an independent
1938:
1341:
Michael M. Gunter, pp. 56-61; Francis P. Hyland, p. 62; Gaïdz Minassian, p. 92;
625:
566:
525:
461:
379:
314:
286:
251:
453:, was assassinated. His car's driver Talip Yener was also killed in the attack.
2422:
1820:"AROUND THE WORLD - Turkish Envoy in Lisbon Is Killed by Gunman - NYTimes.com"
1303:
1081:, Boulder-San Francisco-Oxford: Westview Press, 1991, pp. 61-62; Yves Ternon,
1048:
1031:
Dugan, Laura; Huang, Julie Y.; LaFree, Gary; McCauley, Clark (November 2008).
760:
544:
383:
337:
302:
185:
162:
1397:"Lisbon 5 Commemoration and Ceremony for the Repose of Souls Held in Lebanon"
1056:
336:, was sentenced to 37 months imprisonment for illegal storing of weapons and
1129:"Starving Armenians": America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and After
790:
786:
640:
628:, United States: the offices of Imperial Travel, a travel agency owned by a
521:
406:
353:
207:
1532:, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2002, p. 44; Michael M. Gunter,
985:
914:. Press, Information, and Public Relations Office, Ankara University. 1984.
457:
959:
Starving Armenians: America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1930 and After
2412:
2357:
2225:
780:
756:
749:
711:
632:, Ali Ondemir, were partially destroyed by a bomb; a tourist was wounded.
602:
487:
468:
414:
371:
306:
2554:
2200:
2170:
1970:
1192:, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 2002, pp. 32-34 and 106-109.
772:
659:
431:
267:
214:
170:
74:
1797:
Francis P. Hyland, pp. 61-62 pp. 68 and 154; Michael M. Gunter, p. 82.
1280:"Court Finds Four Armenian Youth Guifly of '82 Attempt on Consulate",
2237:
738:
734:
707:
693:
636:
502:
472:
446:
427:
387:
349:
341:
263:
154:
150:
82:
1309:"Following Terror's Forgotten Trail - U.S. News & World Report"
1208:, July 1981 and special issue on Sassounian affair, February 1984;
2397:
1405:"Sacrifice of Lisbon 5 Remembered at Glendale’s Saint Mary Church"
1259:
1237:, Westport-New York-London, Greenwood Press, 1986, pp. 70 and 74;
752:: Bora Süelkan, attaché to the Turkish consulate was assassinated.
688:, 19-years-old at the time of the killing, was later convicted of
506:
483:
442:
391:
255:
18:
List of attacks by the Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide
1678:
Les Arméniens en cour d'assises. Terroristes ou résistants ?
320:
In 1982, an attempt to bomb the building of Turkish consulate in
1239:"More Than $ 70 000 Raised for Hampig Sassounian Defense Effort"
719:
562:
513:'s car was attacked. His wife Necla, retired Turkish Ambassador
479:
294:
180:
By 1983, JCAG is generally thought to have transformed into the
2141:
1942:
673:. Serge Samionian, Secretary of the Los Angeles Chapter of the
325:
173:
in historical Armenian areas and official recognition of the
1560:, Boulder-San Francisco-Oxford: Westview Press, 1991, p. 111
149:
JCAG conducted an international campaign of attacks against
554:
January 20, 1980, Madrid, Spain: several bombs exploded at
1425:
http://www.fra-france.com/index.php?page=article&id=36
1421:
http://www.fra-france.com/index.php?page=article&id=55
1846:"Turk Wounded in June Attack By Armenian Terrorists Dies"
1536:, Westport-New York-London, Greenwood Press, 1986, p. 68.
1756:
Francis P. Hyland, pp. 164-165; Michael M. Gunter, p. 3.
1558:
Armenian Terrorism: the Past, the Present, the Prospects
1079:
Armenian Terrorism: the Past, the Present, the Prospects
1007:
Armenian Terrorism: The Past, The Present, The Prospects
1573:, Paris: Le Seuil, 1983, p. 221 ; Armand Gaspard,
285:
for the assassination of the Turkish general consul in
27:
Armenian militant organization active from 1975 to 1987
1809:; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.; Francis P. Hyland, p. 193.
270:
justified the "armed struggle" and published official
39:Հայկական Ցեղասպանութեան Արդարութեան Մարտիկներ (ՀՑԱՄ)
2532:
2461:
2317:
2210:
2182:
2103:
2068:
2032:
1978:
1909:; Michael M. Gunter, p. 69; Gaïdz Minassian, p. 92.
1885:; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.; Gaïdz Minassian, p. 83.
532:, son of the Turkish Ambassador to the Netherlands
140:Հայկական Ցեղասպանութեան Արդարութեան Մարտիկներ, ՀՑԱՄ
117:
96:
88:
69:
44:
32:
2289:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
1980:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
1873:; Gaïdz Minassian, p. 77; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.
1548:; Gaïdz Minassian, ibid.; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.
538:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
223:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
198:Affiliation with Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1153:Radin, Beryl A.; Chanin, Joshua M. (2012-07-10).
775:: the administrative attaché of Turkish embassy,
340:for JCAG. JCAG's activities were concentrated in
184:(ARA) as either a renaming or continuation, with
33:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide (JCAG)
1102:The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to ISIS
971:Barry Rubin, Barry M. Rubin, Judith Colp Rubin,
888:Trends in International Terrorism, 1982 and 1983
146:militant organization active from 1975 to 1987.
352:interests, mainly the assassination of Turkish
2153:
1954:
795:bombing of the Turkish consulate in Melbourne
8:
1357:, July 14, October 12 and November 19, 1984.
153:representatives and interests, primarily in
2601:Defunct Armenian paramilitary organizations
1413:"Community Remembers Sacrifice of Lisbon 5"
1254:« Soutien à Sassounian (Lyon) »,
949:841 F. 2d 959 – United States v. Sarkissian
2586:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
2304:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
2160:
2146:
2138:
2093:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
2034:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
1961:
1947:
1939:
1767:"Incident Summary for GTDID: 198111200002"
1691:"Incident Summary for GTDID: 198004170023"
1657:"Incident Summary for GTDID: 198002060004"
1613:, London-New York: Routledge, 1990, p. 380
1501:"Incident Summary for GTDID: 198611230005"
832:Sloan, Stephen; Anderson, Sean K. (2009).
543:December 22, 1979, Paris, France: Turkish
128:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
29:
1374:, April and December 1985, December 1986.
654:, United States: a bomb exploded in the
411:bombing of Melbourne's Turkish consulate
400:attack against Turkish embassy in Ottawa
1897:; Michael M. Gunter, pp. 69-70 and 133.
1577:, Lausanne: L'Âge d'homme, 1984, p. 75.
809:
1459:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1452:
1156:What Do We Expect from Our Government?
675:Armenian National Committee of America
330:Armenian National Committee of America
565:, Switzerland: Turkish Ambassador to
7:
359:In 1983, the JCAG took the name of "
2565:Western Armenia Government in Exile
2024:New Armenian Resistance Group (NAR)
1676:Comité de soutien à Max Kilndjian,
1395:, February 6, 1984, pp. 6-7 ;
1204:, April 24, May 1st and 22, 1973;
2591:Aftermath of the Armenian genocide
1304:Armenian Terrorists at Work in USA
835:Historical Dictionary of Terrorism
398:. After three ARA perpetrators of
25:
2596:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2514:Turkish consulate attack in Paris
2232:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2226:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party
2060:Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA)
1611:Armenia. The Survival of a Nation
1383:Gaïdz Minassian, op. cit., p. 93.
1085:, Paris: Le Seuil, 1983, p. 218;
1004:Hyland, Francis P. (2021-01-07).
973:"Chronologies of modern terrorism
679:Los Angeles World Affairs Council
438:, was assassinated in his office.
434:: Turkish Ambassador to Austria,
289:. According to Dashnak newspaper
204:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2258:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
2169:
1132:. University of Virginia Press.
961:, p. 166 by Merrill D. Peterson
925:McCormack, Wayne (August 2008).
449:: Turkish Ambassador to France,
73:Establishment of an independent
2550:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
1099:Chaliand, Gérard (2016-08-23).
1037:Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict
656:Orange County Convention Center
615:New York City Police Department
2519:Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack
2479:Occupation of the Ottoman Bank
2280:Defunct militant organizations
2253:Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party
1530:Guerre et terrorisme arméniens
1224:, February and April–May, 1983
1190:Guerre et terrorisme arméniens
509:: Turkish Ambassador to Spain
1:
2299:New Armenian Resistance Group
1680:, Marseille: Parenthèse, 1982
986:MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
929:. LexisNexis Matthew Bender.
313:of the Turkish ambassador to
299:assassination of Galip Balkar
2484:Yıldız assassination attempt
1105:. Univ of California Press.
927:Legal responses to terrorism
716:Erkut Akbay was assassinated
368:attacked the Turkish embassy
2540:Provisional Republic of Van
2469:Armenian national awakening
2309:Armenian Revolutionary Army
2248:National Revival of Artsakh
2070:Armenian Revolutionary Army
1747:; Michael M. Gunter, p. 69.
1370:, 31 December 1986, p. 15;
821:. I.B. Tauris. p. 151.
361:Armenian Revolutionary Army
182:Armenian Revolutionary Army
2622:
2504:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2474:Armenian national movement
2091:Affiliated organizations:
2058:Affiliated organizations:
2022:Affiliated organizations:
1788:; Michael M. Gunter, p. 69
1713:; Michael M. Gunter, p. 82
1646:Francis P. Hyland, p. 153.
1637:; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.
1625:; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.
1601:; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.
1589:; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.
1419:, August 1st, 2008 ;
976:, M.E. Sharpe, 2008, p. 68
817:Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011).
2545:First Republic of Armenia
2128:Affiliated organizations:
2114:Assassination attempt on
1919:Global Terrorism Database
1907:Global Terrorism Database
1895:Global Terrorism Database
1883:Global Terrorism Database
1871:Global Terrorism Database
1807:Global Terrorism Database
1745:Global Terrorism Database
1734:Global Terrorism Database
1723:Global Terrorism Database
1711:Global Terrorism Database
1635:Global Terrorism Database
1623:Global Terrorism Database
1599:Global Terrorism Database
1587:Global Terrorism Database
1546:Global Terrorism Database
1526:Global Terrorism Database
1343:Global Terrorism Database
1271:Yves Ternon, pp. 223-224.
1089:, January 19, 1984, p. 1.
1049:10.1080/17467580902838227
862:Encyclopedia of Terrorism
714:: administrative attaché
588:Hampig "Harry" Sassounian
558:, injuring twelve people.
232:First Republic of Armenia
139:
38:
37:
2524:1983 Orly Airport attack
2394:Militants and commanders
2217:Active political parties
2080:JCAG-ARA List of attacks
677:, submitted a letter to
301:, Turkish ambassador to
2606:Guerrilla organizations
1411:, July 27, 2008 ;
1403:, July 27, 2004 ;
1286:Verdict of appeal court
991:March 27, 2005, at the
886:Cordes, Bonnie (1984).
547:for tourism in France,
417:, on January 19, 1987.
281:, who was sentenced to
779:, was assassinated in
2274:National United Party
2243:National Agenda Party
2014:Other personalities:
1990:ASALA List of attacks
1282:The Armenian Reporter
1087:The Armenian Reporter
859:Chalk, Peter (2013).
763:: Turkish Ambassador
348:countries, targeting
77:, recognition of the
2489:Battle of Sardarabad
2294:Army of Independence
2176:Armenian nationalism
2044:JCAG List of attacks
1930:Police Life Magazine
1487:Police Life Magazine
1284:, October 18, 1984;
737:was assassinated in
722:on January 11, 1983.
611:Chase Manhattan Bank
599:United Nations Plaza
211:Armenian nationalist
107:Armenian irredentism
103:Armenian nationalism
2560:Republic of Artsakh
2555:Republic of Armenia
2016:Varoujan Garabedian
1571:La Cause arménienne
1528:; Gaïdz Minassian,
1507:on 17 December 2014
1393:The Armenian Weekly
1368:The Armenian Weekly
1355:The Armenian Weekly
1306:, NBC, 2005 ;
1262:), juin 1982, p. 6.
1233:Michael M. Gunter,
1210:The Armenian Weekly
1179:Yves Ternon, p. 221
1159:. Lexington Books.
1083:La Cause arménienne
1077:Francis P. Hyland,
838:. Scarecrow Press.
785:November 23, 1986,
744:September 9, 1982,
690:first degree murder
635:December 17, 1980,
551:, was assassinated.
324:was stopped by the
221:. The JCAG and the
161:, killing numerous
89:Active regions
2533:Political entities
2383:Rafayel Ishkhanian
2333:Mikayel Nalbandian
2116:Kemalettin Demirer
1924:2012-03-12 at the
1850:The New York Times
1824:The New York Times
1575:Le Combat arménien
1291:2012-03-10 at the
1245:, 25 février 2002.
741:, Ontario, Canada.
652:Orange, California
624:October 12, 1980,
593:October 12, 1980,
561:February 6, 1980,
520:October 12, 1979,
441:October 24, 1975,
426:October 22, 1975,
167:Turkish government
46:Dates of operation
2573:
2572:
2499:Karabakh movement
2494:February Uprising
2328:Khachatur Abovian
2135:
2134:
2105:Red Armenian Army
1852:. 11 January 1983
1188:Gaïdz Minassian,
1166:978-0-7391-4455-8
1139:978-0-8139-2267-6
1112:978-0-520-96600-0
1017:978-0-429-71477-1
936:978-1-4224-2501-5
897:978-0-8330-0594-6
872:978-0-313-30895-6
845:978-0-8108-6311-8
725:August 27, 1982:
582:October 6, 1980,
283:life imprisonment
240:Armenian diaspora
227:Armenian genocide
175:Armenian genocide
125:
124:
79:Armenian genocide
16:(Redirected from
2613:
2509:Khojaly massacre
2438:Movses Gorgisyan
2378:Silva Kaputikyan
2363:Avetis Aharonian
2343:Mkrtich Khrimian
2174:
2173:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2139:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1933:, December 2006.
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1503:. Archived from
1497:
1491:
1490:, December 2006.
1483:
1477:
1476:, December 1986.
1471:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1435:. Archived from
1434:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1311:. Archived from
1301:
1295:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1252:
1246:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1096:
1090:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1001:
995:
983:
977:
968:
962:
956:
950:
947:
941:
940:
922:
916:
915:
908:
902:
901:
883:
877:
876:
856:
850:
849:
829:
823:
822:
814:
731:military attaché
686:Harry Sassounian
630:Turkish-American
396:Décines-Charpieu
374:, especially in
311:attempted murder
279:Harry Sassounian
141:
65:
63:
57:
55:
47:
40:
30:
21:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2528:
2457:
2453:Jirair Sefilian
2448:Vazgen Sargsyan
2443:Monte Melkonian
2388:Monte Melkonian
2313:
2284:Armenian fedayi
2269:Armenakan Party
2265:Defunct parties
2206:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2136:
2131:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2072:
2064:
2052:Mourad Topalian
2050:Personalities:
2036:
2028:
2003:James Karnusian
1982:
1974:
1967:
1937:
1926:Wayback Machine
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:"Archived copy"
1428:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:Wayback Machine
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1253:
1249:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1076:
1072:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1003:
1002:
998:
993:Wayback Machine
984:
980:
969:
965:
957:
953:
948:
944:
937:
924:
923:
919:
910:
909:
905:
898:
885:
884:
880:
873:
858:
857:
853:
846:
831:
830:
826:
816:
815:
811:
807:
771:July 14, 1983,
755:March 9, 1983,
706:June 27, 1982,
574:Aix-en-Provence
515:Beşir Balcıoğlu
436:Daniş Tunalıgil
423:
334:Mourad Topalian
248:
200:
195:
105:
61:
59:
53:
51:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Hagop Hagopian
2430:
2428:Garegin Nzhdeh
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Kevork Chavush
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Kevork Ajemian
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:Garegin Nzhdeh
2350:
2348:Shahan Natalie
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2221:Adequate Party
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2190:United Armenia
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2123:Personalities:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2086:Personalities:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2010:
2008:Kevork Ajemian
2005:
2000:
1998:Hagop Hagopian
1993:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1935:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1837:
1811:
1799:
1790:
1779:
1758:
1749:
1737:
1726:
1715:
1703:
1682:
1669:
1648:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1518:
1492:
1478:
1466:
1385:
1376:
1359:
1347:
1334:
1325:
1296:
1273:
1264:
1247:
1226:
1214:
1194:
1181:
1172:
1165:
1145:
1138:
1118:
1111:
1091:
1070:
1043:(3): 231–249.
1023:
1016:
996:
978:
963:
951:
942:
935:
917:
903:
896:
878:
871:
851:
844:
824:
808:
806:
803:
801:25 total dead
799:
798:
783:
769:
753:
742:
727:Atilla Altıkat
723:
704:
697:
682:
667:
650:June 3, 1981,
648:
633:
622:
619:Donald McHenry
591:
580:
577:
559:
556:Madrid Airport
552:
541:
534:Özdemir Benler
518:
501:June 2, 1978,
499:
478:June 9, 1977,
476:
467:May 29, 1977,
465:
456:May 28, 1976,
454:
439:
422:
419:
346:North American
247:
246:Armed campaign
244:
236:Russian Empire
199:
196:
194:
191:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:United Armenia
100:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
71:
67:
66:
48:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2618:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Aram Manukian
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Aghbiur Serob
2401:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:Hayk Asatryan
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:Organizations
2209:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2195:Tseghakronism
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2118:(only attack)
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1826:. 8 June 1982
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:Yves Ternon,
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1442:on 2011-07-20
1438:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1315:on 2011-02-01
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1010:. Routledge.
1009:
1008:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
987:
982:
979:
975:
974:
967:
964:
960:
955:
952:
946:
943:
938:
932:
928:
921:
918:
913:
907:
904:
899:
893:
889:
882:
879:
874:
868:
864:
863:
855:
852:
847:
841:
837:
836:
828:
825:
820:
813:
810:
804:
802:
796:
793:: During the
792:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
698:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
676:
672:
671:Beverly Hills
668:
665:
664:San Francisco
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:New York City
592:
589:
585:
584:United States
581:
578:
575:
571:
570:Doğan Türkmen
568:
564:
560:
557:
553:
550:
549:Yılmaz Çolpan
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
512:
511:Zeki Kuneralp
508:
504:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:United States
257:
253:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
197:
192:
190:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:North America
156:
152:
147:
145:
137:
133:
129:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:International
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
2303:
2199:
2092:
2033:
1973:armed groups
1929:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1849:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1823:
1814:
1802:
1793:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1761:
1752:
1740:
1729:
1718:
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1685:
1677:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1495:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1444:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1337:
1328:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1299:
1281:
1276:
1267:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1175:
1155:
1148:
1128:
1121:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1006:
999:
981:
972:
966:
958:
954:
945:
926:
920:
911:
906:
887:
881:
865:. ABC-CLIO.
861:
854:
834:
827:
818:
812:
800:
777:Dursun Aksoy
765:Galip Balkar
701:Orhan Gündüz
645:Şarık Arıyak
607:B'nai B'rith
530:Ahmet Benler
496:assassinated
490:Ambassador,
404:
365:
358:
322:Philadelphia
319:
290:
276:
249:
219:Soviet Union
201:
179:
148:
131:
127:
126:
1856:17 December
1830:17 December
1772:17 December
1696:17 December
1662:17 December
1511:17 December
626:Los Angeles
567:Switzerland
526:Netherlands
486:: Turkey's
462:Switzerland
451:İsmail Erez
380:Los Angeles
315:Switzerland
287:Los Angeles
272:communiqués
252:Gary LaFree
186:communiques
177:by Turkey.
2580:Categories
2423:Armen Garo
2228:(Ramgavar)
1996:Founders:
1446:2010-09-16
1319:2010-09-16
805:References
761:Yugoslavia
729:, Turkish
492:Taha Carım
384:New Jersey
338:explosives
303:Yugoslavia
2260:(Hunchak)
2234:(Dashnak)
1057:1746-7586
791:Australia
787:Melbourne
641:Australia
522:The Hague
407:Australia
354:diplomats
274:of JCAG.
217:from the
208:left-wing
206:(ARF), a
142:) was an
2413:Andranik
2358:Siamanto
2324:Thinkers
2183:Ideology
1971:Armenian
1969:Defunct
1922:Archived
1474:Haïastan
1455:cite web
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781:Brussels
757:Belgrade
750:Bulgaria
712:Portugal
603:dynamite
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469:Istanbul
415:Brisbane
376:Glendale
372:Portugal
342:European
332:(ANCA),
307:Belgrade
163:attachés
144:Armenian
136:Armenian
121:Inactive
98:Ideology
2462:History
2201:Miatsum
1983:(ASALA)
1417:Asbarez
1409:Asbarez
1401:Asbarez
1243:Asbarez
1202:Asbarez
773:Belgium
660:Anaheim
545:attaché
488:Vatican
432:Austria
421:Attacks
350:Turkish
291:Asbarez
268:Lebanon
215:Armenia
193:History
171:Armenia
165:of the
151:Turkish
75:Armenia
70:Motives
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458:Zürich
447:France
428:Vienna
409:: the
388:Beirut
264:France
155:Europe
118:Status
83:Turkey
58:– 1987
2398:Arabo
2338:Raffi
2108:(RAA)
2073:(ARA)
1440:(PDF)
1433:(PDF)
1260:Paris
1061:S2CID
507:Spain
484:Italy
443:Paris
392:Paris
382:, in
305:, in
256:Paris
1858:2014
1832:2014
1774:2014
1698:2014
1664:2014
1513:2014
1461:link
1161:ISBN
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1107:ISBN
1053:ISSN
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