1686:
43:
4353:
3283:
1696:
1669:
6373:
6383:
3553:, major SOE reform occurred in 1997, which represented a change from the previously incremental reform efforts. The state was encouraged to preserve large SOEs and to allow weaker ones to be "let go" through closing or consolidating. Other major policies that were part of the 1997 reforms included management and employee buyouts and the inclusion of foreign strategic partners.
4367:
3435:. Financial performance of SOEs was not a major concern until China's reform era. With the exception of a small number of national monopolies, SOEs compete in the market as privately enterprises do. State ownership does not prevent SOEs from seeking to make profits; rather they are incentivized to make profits to increase the value of the state's assets.
3622:
ithout the important material foundation that state-owned enterprises have laid for China's development over a long period of time, without the major innovations and key core technologies achieved by state-owned enterprises, and without state-owned enterprises' long-term commitment to a large number
3414:
The overarching principle of SOE reform is to firmly implement the Party’s leadership and the modern enterprise system. This principle creates a political governance system in China’s SOEs—a Party-dominated governance system characterized by Party leadership, state ownership, Party cadre management,
3610:
Following an August 2015 directive, SOEs' articles of association are required to specify the leading role of party organizations in their firms. The 2015 directive also increases the importance of party organizations within SOEs by requiring that the party secretary and the chair of the board must
3494:
In addition to their own operations, SOEs invest in private enterprises. From the perspective of these private enterprises, this form of partial state ownership is helpful in obtaining financing from banks, particularly as prompts banks to require less collateral. Sometimes in investing in private
3598:
Overall, China's focus on SOEs during the Xi era have demonstrated a commitment to using SOEs to serve non-market objectives and increasing CCP control of SOEs while taking some limited steps towards market liberalization, such as increasing mixed (state and private) ownership of SOEs. Along with
3705:
oversees 97 centrally owned companies. These are the central SOEs which cover industries deemed most significant to the national economy. Companies directly supervised by SASAC have been reduced and consolidated through mergers according to the state-owned enterprise restructuring plan with the
3498:
SOEs help stabilize public finance, including through allowing the government to use assets as collateral to issue debt or to sell shares to balance budgets. According to academic Wendy
Leutert, China's SOEs, "...contribute to central and local governments revenues through dividends and taxes,
3499:
support urban employment, keep key input prices low, channel capital towards targeted industries and technologies, support sub-national redistribution to poorer interior and western provinces, and aid the state's response to natural disasters, financial crises and social instability."
3355:
As of 2017, China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies. As of the end of 2019, China's SOEs represented 4.5% of the global economy and the total assets of all China's SOEs, including those operating in the financial sector, reached US$
222:
3072:
1647:
3522:
campaign to develop heavy industry in China's interior regions, almost 400 state-owned enterprises were re-located from coastal cities to secret sites in the
Chinese interior where they would be more protected in event of foreign invasion.
2064:
1095:
1763:
2093:
3533:
With the goal of boosting innovation and efficiency, more than half of China's largest SOEs had established technical development centers by 1993. The same year, the CCP issued its "Decision on Issues
Related to the Establishment of a
2080:
1601:
964:
4537:
1627:
1588:
401:
1614:
1085:
981:
195:
960:
3599:
increased mergers, promotion of mixed ownership, and management of state capital have continued; results have been mixed. Transitioning solely state-owned enterprises to a mixed ownership was announced in 2013 at the
3561:'s administration, the Chinese government increasingly funded SOE consolidation, supplying massive subsidies and favoring SOEs from a regulatory standpoint. These efforts helped SOEs to crowd out foreign and domestic
2070:
204:
3634:
In 2019, a new party rule required SOE articles of association to require that major decisions must be discussed by the SOE's party committee before they are considered by management or by the board of directors.
1657:
1632:
1575:
3623:
of social responsibilities, there would be no economic independence and national security for China, no continuous improvement in people's lives, and no socialist China standing tall in the East of the world.
3556:
The general trend since 2000 has been for SOEs to increase in importance consistent with a broader resurgence of state activity in the market. SOE mergers have been routine since 2000. Beginning in 2003 with
177:
3495:
enterprises, SOEs acquire enough shares to nationalize them. Over the period 2018–2020, 109 publicly traded enterprises with more than $ 100 billion in collective total assets were nationalized in this way.
2979:
479:
1637:
723:
1685:
3082:
2761:
2398:
1151:
903:
4636:
1444:
970:
213:
134:
3695:
1549:
1408:
1210:
3646:. They are expected "to work together with grassroots organizations to collect intelligence and information, dissolve and/or eliminate security concerns at the budding stage," according to the
4669:
1161:
928:
775:
719:
295:
2795:
2371:
1278:
6011:
3715:
1779:
436:
3087:
1200:
1146:
1069:
4524:
935:
249:
3538:
System." In the wave of reform thereafter, one goal was to separate SOE management from government and to empower a select group of SOEs with special property rights and autonomy.
3487:
SOEs that compete in the market are largely owned by provincial or sub-provincial governments. A significant cluster of these SOEs are joint ventures with foreign companies in the
1121:
1109:
313:
308:
303:
5303:
3211:
3604:
3600:
2155:
2059:
1853:
1264:
1017:
681:
671:
186:
4573:
2665:
814:
384:
120:
56:
6262:
3128:
2916:
2421:
1440:
748:
1677:
5338:
3527:
3015:
2145:
1789:
1715:
1249:
1027:
2135:
1520:
954:
859:
450:
290:
275:
4438:
3114:
1457:
759:
688:
677:
667:
5416:
1784:
3132:
3092:
2436:
1652:
736:
429:
156:
4568:
2847:
2238:
1642:
1180:
3443:
2206:
1401:
890:
712:
102:
4632:
4596:
6417:
6407:
5268:
3118:
2467:
1367:
950:
3550:
3407:
3320:
1413:
1022:
658:
545:
409:
6207:
1372:
1136:
732:
125:
1772:
5819:
4501:
2340:
2150:
1843:
1794:
994:
4659:
81:
5997:
2884:
2864:
2170:
1721:
1141:
708:
379:
280:
6338:
1073:
6287:
5475:
3420:
3160:
2708:
2462:
1166:
549:
4336:
3824:
3591:
The pace of SOE mergers has increased under Xi. The goals of China's current SOE mergers include an effort to create larger and more competitive
3926:
5752:
3740:
3188:
3124:
1396:
1355:
564:
558:
530:
337:
3530:
issued a directive to expand the autonomy of SOEs. SOEs were also allowed to sell surplus goods on the market once they had met their quotas.
6057:
5950:
5908:
5874:
5835:
5770:
5726:
5679:
5571:
5548:
5518:
5370:
4901:
3907:
2607:
2556:
1861:
692:
537:
168:
6348:
6412:
6232:
6107:
5962:
3067:
3047:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2869:
2348:
1758:
1746:
1740:
1171:
3614:
According to Xi, "he dominant role of state ownership cannot be changed, and the leading role of the state-economy cannot be changed." In
2331:
2326:
1695:
6422:
6247:
5293:
4136:
3639:
3431:
When China's SOEs were first created, they served as instruments for carrying out national goals and providing social stability via the
3152:
2970:
2965:
2254:
1435:
1391:
742:
326:
6307:
3216:
5598:
4563:
4380:
3763:
3459:
2940:
2840:
2678:
2622:
2286:
2106:
1156:
1056:
638:
3236:
3221:
6317:
6252:
6217:
5801:
5629:
5230:
4821:
4239:
4141:
3254:
3193:
1945:
1940:
1933:
608:
63:
6004:
3648:
1908:
1902:
42:
6097:
1668:
6343:
6127:
6102:
5328:
4219:
3861:
2446:
2274:
2191:
1996:
6302:
4246:
3463:
3313:
3097:
2482:
1822:
6312:
3921:
6257:
6222:
6177:
5793:
4419:
3839:
3403:
2749:
2279:
1962:
1594:
1533:
1131:
1113:
459:
6147:
6142:
6037:
5981:
6267:
6242:
6157:
6137:
6087:
6047:
5406:
6353:
6227:
4291:
4234:
3474:
1984:
1382:
1052:
139:
6297:
6202:
6182:
6172:
6072:
6272:
6187:
6167:
6052:
6042:
5315:
According to
Chinese media, units have been established this year in at least 23 SOEs nationwide, nine of them in Wuhan.
3950:
3664:
3488:
3293:
3183:
3020:
2854:
2744:
2723:
2588:
2575:
2117:
2018:
1989:
1952:
506:
352:
347:
68:
6152:
6132:
6122:
6082:
6067:
6062:
5449:
3595:
with a bigger global market share by reducing price competition among SOEs abroad and increasing vertical integration.
6358:
6277:
6237:
6212:
6192:
6092:
3627:
Xi
Jinping Thought also emphasizes the role of SOEs as part of the dominant position of state ownership necessary for
3455:
3451:
3175:
2835:
2306:
1957:
1562:
496:
474:
6197:
6162:
6117:
6112:
3643:
3231:
3201:
1672:
4086:
3900:
5718:
4691:
4008:
3480:
China's SOEs are at the forefront of global seaport construction, and most new ports built by them are part of the
3306:
3269:
2933:
2830:
2319:
2299:
2267:
1918:
1895:
590:
5258:
75:
5942:
5866:
5590:
3671:
3569:
3467:
3447:
3395:
2494:
2441:
1885:
1879:
1377:
501:
391:
87:
6029:
5613:
5510:
4813:
4664:
4224:
4207:
3676:
3535:
3481:
3142:
3035:
2774:
2703:
2691:
2477:
2227:
1126:
595:
367:
3655:
In 2024, the
Chinese government announced SOE management would be assessed based on stock market performance.
2211:
1689:
2006:
5222:
4425:
4170:
3913:
3785:
Governments below the national level operate portfolios of SOEs which operate both domestically and abroad.
3391:
3384:
3105:
2732:
2568:
2140:
2112:
2023:
1226:
1079:
523:
4633:""Comprehensive National Security" unleashed: How Xi's approach shapes China's policies at home and abroad"
4493:
4470:
4020:
3419:
CCP branches within China's SOEs are the governing bodies which make important decisions and inculcate its
2028:
17:
6020:
4126:
3965:
3681:
3512:
3439:
3368:
3264:
3226:
3030:
2815:
2808:
2754:
2551:
1967:
1928:
1889:
921:
259:
5892:
5663:
4229:
4192:
4158:
4131:
4107:
3364:
2903:
2739:
1274:
342:
332:
244:
239:
5976:
5471:
575:
4890:
China and
Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
3996:
3753:
3410:
will play a central role, and party members will play an exemplary role. As Jin et al. wrote in 2022,
4212:
4153:
4112:
4068:
3936:
3146:
3138:
3057:
3010:
2974:
2958:
2696:
2489:
2160:
2052:
2001:
1542:
1492:
916:
585:
445:
5560:
Cooperating for the
Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector
6327:
5655:
3573:
3519:
3349:
3206:
3006:
2909:
2874:
2783:
2718:
2546:
2364:
1838:
1568:
1254:
633:
464:
111:
6382:
5360:
5914:
5849:
5841:
5811:
5701:
5685:
5643:
5635:
5524:
4739:
4660:"China cements Communist Party's role at top of its SOEs, should 'execute the will of the party'"
3970:
3931:
3795:
3748:
3615:
3592:
3376:
3025:
2859:
2515:
2501:
2011:
1979:
1196:
1064:
1000:
974:
645:
623:
615:
424:
254:
3576:
companies planned, underwrote, and built the majority of dams on the river and its tributaries.
3406:
announced in 2015 that during the operation of China
Huarong Asset Management, the embedded CCP
4888:
Shahab Uddin, Shanjida (2023). "Bangladesh and Belt and Road
Initiative: Strategic Rationale".
5946:
5922:
5904:
5870:
5831:
5797:
5776:
5766:
5732:
5722:
5693:
5675:
5625:
5594:
5567:
5544:
5514:
5226:
4907:
4897:
4817:
4607:
4430:
4269:
4092:
3876:
3726:
3628:
3583:, which began a period where the private sector withdrew and the state-owned sector expanded.
3508:
3170:
2820:
2790:
2583:
2521:
2472:
2196:
1699:
33:
4420:"China's Xi Ramps Up Control of Private Sector. 'We Have No Choice but to Follow the Party.'"
5896:
5884:
5823:
5756:
5667:
5617:
5298:
4729:
4372:
4274:
3894:
3834:
3771:
3737:
Peking University Resources Group (30% by Founder Group, 40% by Peking University directly)
3341:
3110:
2727:
1728:
1320:
1260:
602:
417:
146:
5582:
5365:
5263:
4385:
4330:
4044:
4025:
3944:
3580:
3165:
2769:
1706:
93:
5934:
5744:
4810:
The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance
4324:
4311:
3816:
3562:
3432:
3380:
3040:
2629:
2593:
2563:
2507:
2165:
1620:
1538:
1506:
987:
491:
3398:, with the CCP formally taking a commanding role in all SOEs as of 2020. For example,
6401:
6376:
5853:
5705:
5647:
5502:
4743:
4602:
4039:
3988:
3846:
3800:
3731:
3379:
companies. Almost 867,000 enterprises have a degree of state ownership, according to
2671:
2261:
2097:
1526:
1329:
1302:
1288:
628:
372:
234:
5528:
4358:
4264:
4259:
3287:
3259:
2598:
2528:
2246:
1467:
1359:
1336:
1309:
1101:
764:
5989:
3511:, one of the party's early steps was to nationalize enterprises that the defeated
6386:
5214:
4461:"China State Firms' Assets grow even as the Government presses for lighter debt"
3696:
State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission § Central SOEs
3542:
3399:
2896:
2778:
2684:
2537:
2452:
2123:
2086:
2074:
1581:
1036:
851:
837:
362:
208:
160:
5610:
Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions
4734:
4717:
4525:"How Much Do State-Owned Enterprises Contribute to China's GDP and Employment?"
5926:
5780:
5736:
5697:
4911:
4532:
4348:
3982:
3546:
3415:
Party participation in corporate decision-making, and intra-Party supervision.
2946:
2890:
2390:
2293:
2186:
1828:
1800:
1607:
1474:
1450:
1343:
1204:
866:
821:
782:
768:
752:
699:
217:
181:
172:
150:
106:
97:
4611:
4434:
5918:
5689:
5563:
5438:
4893:
4564:"The Biggest but not the Strongest: China's place in the Fortune Global 500"
4054:
3558:
3484:. State-owned banks are important sources of funding for port construction.
3372:
2825:
2650:
2428:
2413:
2386:
1912:
1295:
1230:
1089:
941:
882:
795:
570:
199:
5900:
5845:
3716:
Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China § As shareholder
3394:(CCP) in SOEs has varied at different periods but has increased during the
5639:
5439:"Zhōngguó bǎowǔ "wúcháng" shōugòu mǎgāng gāngtiěyè jiānbìng chóngzǔ tísù"
3367:
in 2019 and estimates suggest that they generated about 23-28% of China's
5671:
5536:
5361:"China reforms its unloved state-owned enterprises to win back investors"
4049:
3829:
3345:
2952:
1750:
1732:
1555:
1499:
1268:
874:
831:
791:
190:
115:
5827:
4695:
3579:
SOEs were major beneficiaries of China's stimulus program following the
1764:
State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense
5761:
5621:
5411:
3618:, the historical importance of state-owned enterprises is highlighted:
2313:
982:
Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission
5889:
Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives
5259:"Big Chinese state-owned enterprises setting up army-linked militias"
4465:
2614:
2405:
2378:
1216:
909:
896:
843:
806:
799:
580:
5329:"Major companies in China are setting up their own volunteer armies"
3642:, established internal People's Armed Forces Departments run by the
4597:"Xi Jinping really is unshakeably committed to the private sector"
3702:
3052:
2655:
5749:
CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
5587:
China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict
5939:
China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement
5294:"Why is China Highlighting Militias in State Owned Enterprises?"
4460:
5993:
5816:
Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise
5333:
3743:(65.96% collectively by Founder Group and PKU Resources Group)
2399:
Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization
1409:
State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission
5389:
5387:
5180:
5178:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5110:
5108:
5106:
4974:
4972:
3442:. Its five large state-owned power generation companies are:
3825:
Beijing State-owned Capital Operation and Management Center
5660:
Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise
4716:
Jin, Xiankun; Xu, Liping; Xin, Yu; Adhikari, Ajay (2022).
4692:"《中国华融党委书记、董事长赖小民赴广东分公司调研 强调全系统要总结、学习、推广"广东经验"助推中国华融转型发展》"
3927:
Guangdong Provincial Railway Construction Investment Group
3363:
State-owned enterprises accounted for over 60% of China's
2372:
Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture
5069:
5067:
4718:"Political governance in China's state-owned enterprises"
4631:
Drinhausen, Katja; Legarda, Helena (15 September 2022).
5715:
Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China
5541:
The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism
5054:
5052:
5050:
4835:
4833:
3706:
number of SASAC companies down from over 150 in 2008.
3638:
In 2023, multiple state-owned enterprises, including
3601:
18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
1854:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
5407:"China gives state firms $ 8 bln to combat slowdown"
5209:
5207:
5205:
5037:
5035:
4935:
4933:
2666:
Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs
223:
Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members
6326:
6286:
6028:
3375:. Ninety-one (91) of these SOEs belong to the 2020
2917:
Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits
4595:
4418:
1162:Environment Protection and Resources Conservation
5359:Harding, Robin; Sandlund, William (2024-04-17).
3620:
3412:
3093:State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
4569:Center for Strategic and International Studies
4494:"Investing in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises"
2320:Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
327:"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)
6005:
5448:(in Chinese (China)). Shanghai. 3 June 2019.
4924:
4288:Xinjiang Investment Development Group (100%)
3371:in 2017 and employ between 5% and 16% of the
3314:
2437:National Press and Publication Administration
1147:Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
8:
3016:International Development Cooperation Agency
2468:National Radio and Television Administration
1643:Reform & Organizational Structure Office
1373:National Development & Reform Commission
951:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
815:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission
5393:
5245:
5184:
5169:
5157:
5133:
5114:
5002:
4978:
4963:
4951:
4756:
4658:Wang, Orange; Xin, Zhou (January 8, 2020).
4404:
3551:grasping the large, letting go of the small
1250:State Council (Central People's Government)
860:Financial & Economic Affairs Commission
18:List of government-owned companies of China
6012:
5998:
5990:
3344:: 国有企业) is a legal entity that undertakes
3321:
3307:
338:Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)
28:
5820:The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press
5760:
4733:
3073:International Military Cooperation Office
2341:Office for Safeguarding National Security
995:Central Leading Group for Inspection Work
353:Highest state organ of power (Article 57)
5073:
5026:
4803:
4801:
4635:. Mercator Institute for China Studies.
3922:Guangdong Provincial Communication Group
3572:program, China's five large state-owned
2885:Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs
2865:Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
1722:National Defense Mobilization Commission
929:Office of the Central Secrecy Commission
5145:
4397:
3161:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
2239:CCP Central Politics and Law Commission
1919:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
1875:
1818:
1431:
1245:
1191:
663:
554:
343:Protection of human rights (Article 33)
31:
5753:National University of Singapore Press
3741:Peking University Resources (Holdings)
3402:, the former president of state-owned
3189:China and the World Trade Organization
3125:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens
2268:Public Security Organs People's Police
565:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
5790:An Ecological History of Modern China
5474:(in Chinese). CBRC. 4 November 2016.
5419:from the original on October 15, 2020
5287:
5285:
5085:
5058:
4875:
4863:
4851:
4839:
3908:Guangdong Hengjian Investment Holding
3468:China Southern Power Grid Corporation
3462:. Its state-owned grid companies are
2608:Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission
2557:Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
2300:State Security Organs People's Police
1862:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
1795:CMC Leading Group for Military Reform
1628:Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
7:
5014:
4722:China Journal of Accounting Research
4672:from the original on January 8, 2020
4639:from the original on 8 February 2023
3048:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2870:Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
6418:Lists of government-owned companies
6408:Government-owned companies of China
5478:from the original on 9 January 2017
5219:The Political Thought of Xi Jinping
5041:
4780:
4768:
4576:from the original on 7 October 2020
4543:from the original on 13 August 2023
4473:from the original on 7 January 2022
4292:Xinjiang Ba Yi Iron and Steel Group
4137:Shanghai Municipal Investment Group
3694:For a more comprehensive list, see
3640:Shanghai Municipal Investment Group
3153:National Immigration Administration
2207:Federation of Industry and Commerce
1844:Anti-corruption campaign since 2012
1602:National Defense Mobilization Dept.
403:General Principles of the Civil Law
5507:How China Escaped the Poverty Trap
5196:
5097:
4990:
4939:
4792:
4504:from the original on 18 April 2021
4381:List of government-owned companies
4337:Kowloon–Canton Railway Corporation
3951:Tonly Electronics Holdings Limited
3891:Guangdong Rising Asset Management
3813:Beijing Guoxiang Asset Management
3764:Beida Jade Bird Universal Sci-Tech
3659:State Council (Central Government)
3460:China Power Investment Corporation
2941:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
2623:Cyberspace Administration of China
639:Two Establishes and Two Safeguards
25:
5452:from the original on 18 June 2019
4459:Tjan, Sie Tek (17 October 2020).
4283:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
4240:Xishan Coal and Electricity Power
4189:Wanhua Industrial Group (39.497%)
4142:Shanghai International Port Group
3507:Following the CCP victory in the
3348:activities on behalf of an owner
3194:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2060:Political Consultative Conference
1648:Int'l Military Cooperation Office
1633:Science and Technology Commission
1589:Training and Administration Dept.
1436:Central Military Commission (CMC)
609:Scientific Outlook on Development
333:Democratic centralism (Article 3)
6381:
6372:
6371:
5968:State-owned enterprises of China
5562:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The
4562:Tjan, Sie tek (18 August 2020).
4492:Hissey, Ian (17 December 2019).
4365:
4351:
4220:Jincheng Anthracite Mining Group
4003:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
3862:Chongqing Iron and Steel Company
3281:
2447:State Council Information Office
2275:State Immigration Administration
1694:
1684:
1667:
1615:Discipline Inspection Commission
1137:Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
348:Freedom of religion (Article 36)
41:
5373:from the original on 2024-04-17
5341:from the original on 2024-02-22
5306:from the original on 2023-11-09
5271:from the original on 2023-10-06
4523:Zhang, Chunlin (15 July 2019).
4441:from the original on 2022-08-21
4247:Taiyuan Coal Gasification Group
3464:State Grid Corporation of China
3098:Overseas Chinese Affairs Office
2483:China Global Television Network
2463:Ministry of Culture and Tourism
2327:Bureau of Prison Administration
1896:People's Courts Judicial Police
1823:National Supervisory Commission
904:Office of the General Secretary
6339:British Indian Ocean Territory
5794:University of Washington Press
4087:Wuhan Financial Holdings Group
3901:Rising Nonferrous Metals Share
3840:Shougang Concord International
3649:People's Liberation Army Daily
3404:China Huarong Asset Management
3217:China–European Union relations
2709:Special administrative regions
1903:Supreme People's Procuratorate
1142:Financial and Economic Affairs
1:
5747:; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022).
5717:. Cambridge, United Kingdom:
4235:Xishan Coal Electricity Group
3914:Shaoguan Iron and Steel Group
3774:(40% as minority shareholder)
3237:China–United States relations
3222:China–Latin America relations
3083:NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
2679:HK & Macau Affairs Office
2422:Central Propaganda Department
2280:Local public security bureaus
1658:Offices Administration Agency
1167:Agriculture and Rural Affairs
5982:Resources in other libraries
5863:Reinventing the Chinese City
5713:Meyskens, Covell F. (2020).
4417:Wei, Lingling (2020-12-10).
3665:China Investment Corporation
3438:SOEs have a primary role in
3184:China and the United Nations
3088:CCP International Department
3068:Ministry of National Defense
2995:Diplomatic missions of China
2855:Taiwan independence movement
2576:Publishing industry in China
2118:United Front Work Department
1963:Regular Disciplined Services
1953:Law enforcement in Hong Kong
1759:Ministry of Veterans Affairs
1741:Ministry of National Defense
776:National Security Commission
616:Harmonious Socialist Society
507:Death sentence with reprieve
481:Administrative Procedure Law
6413:Lists of companies of China
5937:; Eisenman, Joshua (2023).
5608:Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023a).
5292:Liu, Natalie (2023-11-07).
4892:. Mher Sahakyan. New York:
3176:Community of Common Destiny
2966:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2836:Republic of China on Taiwan
2255:Ministry of Public Security
1576:Equipment Development Dept.
743:Central Military Commission
6439:
6423:Government-owned companies
5719:Cambridge University Press
5591:W. W. Norton & Company
4735:10.1016/j.cjar.2022.100236
4009:Guangxi Non-ferrous Metals
3713:
3693:
3690:SASAC of the State Council
3541:Consistent with President
2831:Political status of Taiwan
2287:Ministry of State Security
1990:Public Prosecutions Office
1790:Military reform since 2015
1402:Deputy Secretaries-General
1172:Social Development Affairs
1053:National People's Congress
591:Primary stage of socialism
559:Admission Oath (Article 6)
126:Current provincial leaders
6367:
5977:Resources in your library
5943:Columbia University Press
5867:Columbia University Press
5558:Lewis, Joanna I. (2023).
5472:"关于方正东亚信托有限责任公司调整股权结构的批复"
5217:; Cheung, Olivia (2024).
4925:Shinn & Eisenman 2023
3760:Jade Bird Software (48%)
3672:Central Huijin Investment
3570:Great Western Development
3396:Xi Jinping administration
3212:China–Caribbean relations
2796:Mainland & Macau CEPA
2495:China Radio International
2442:China Film Administration
1638:Strategic Planning Office
1368:Cabinet-level departments
460:Intellectual property law
6088:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5788:Harrell, Stevan (2023).
5658:; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022).
5614:Harvard University Press
5511:Cornell University Press
5440:
5327:He, Laura (2024-02-21).
4814:Cornell University Press
4665:South China Morning Post
4225:Shanxi Coking Coal Group
4208:Datong Coal Mining Group
3677:China Jianyin Investment
3644:People's Liberation Army
3536:Socialist Market Economy
3482:Belt and Road Initiative
3255:Administrative divisions
3036:Belt and Road Initiative
2733:Hong Kong SAR Government
2704:One country, two systems
2692:Hong Kong Liaison Office
2478:China Central Television
1997:Secretariat for Security
1673:People's Liberation Army
1414:most Central Enterprises
1157:Overseas Chinese Affairs
596:Four Cardinal Principles
6349:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6021:State-owned enterprises
5612:. The Belknap Press of
5394:Pieke & Hofman 2022
5246:Marquis & Qiao 2022
5223:Oxford University Press
5185:Pieke & Hofman 2022
5170:Pieke & Hofman 2022
5158:Marquis & Qiao 2022
5134:Marquis & Qiao 2022
5115:Pieke & Hofman 2022
5003:Pieke & Hofman 2022
4979:Marquis & Qiao 2022
4964:Marquis & Qiao 2022
4952:Marquis & Qiao 2022
4757:Marquis & Qiao 2022
4426:The Wall Street Journal
4405:Pieke & Hofman 2022
4171:Linfen Investment Group
3603:and re-affirmed by the
3392:Chinese Communist Party
3385:Imperial College London
3227:China–Pacific relations
3106:Chinese nationality law
2007:Unitary Police Services
1664:National armed forces:
1080:Council of Chairpersons
936:Organization Department
668:National Party Congress
373:Socialist law tradition
250:Organization Department
5901:10.12987/9780300269017
5441:中国宝武“无偿”收购马钢 钢铁业兼并重组提速
4186:Yantai Guofeng (100%)
4127:Shanghai Data Exchange
3966:Shenzhen Capital Group
3856:Chongqing Municipality
3682:China Everbright Group
3625:
3417:
3335:state-owned enterprise
3232:China–Russia relations
3202:China–Africa relations
3031:China Development Bank
3007:Foreign aid from China
2848:"Taiwan Province", PRC
2816:Cross-Strait relations
2809:Cross-Strait relations
2762:Mainland & HK CEPA
2212:People's organizations
2019:Public Security Police
1968:Hong Kong Police Force
1929:Judiciary of Hong Kong
1880:Supreme People's Court
1785:Military modernization
1563:Logistic Support Dept.
296:Previous constitutions
169:Communist Party leader
64:Leadership generations
5893:Yale University Press
5664:Yale University Press
5415:. November 28, 2008.
4812:. Ithaca and London:
4808:Chen, Muyang (2024).
4230:Shanxi Coking Company
4193:Wanhua Chemical Group
4159:Shandong Energy Group
4132:Shanghai Jiushi Group
4121:Shanghai Municipality
4108:Dongbei Special Steel
4063:Heilongjiang Province
4021:Kweichow Moutai Group
3766:(24.05% collectively)
3721:Ministry of Education
3440:China's energy sector
3365:market capitalization
2904:Taiwan Affairs Office
2755:Independence movement
2740:Politics of Hong Kong
1985:Court of Final Appeal
1946:Prosecutions Division
1941:Department of Justice
1934:Court of Final Appeal
1690:People's Armed Police
1383:National Audit Office
1014:Provincial committee
245:Collective leadership
240:Democratic centralism
121:Current state leaders
76:Hu–Wen Administration
6263:United Arab Emirates
5861:Hu, Richard (2023).
5672:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k
5656:Marquis, Christopher
5543:. New York: Viking.
5529:10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j
4254:Tianjin Municipality
4213:Datong Coal Industry
4154:Shandong Gaosu Group
4113:Beiman Special Steel
4069:Beiman Special Steel
3937:Guangdong Investment
3808:Beijing Municipality
3781:Regional Governments
3611:be the same person.
3475:Chinese universities
3207:China–Arab relations
3139:Visa policy of China
3058:New Development Bank
3021:Ministry of Commerce
2784:Macau SAR Government
2697:Macau Liaison Office
2490:China National Radio
2182:Historical parties:
2002:Macau Security Force
1550:Political Work Dept.
1188:State representative
1132:Constitution and Law
917:Central Guard Bureau
586:Deng Xiaoping Theory
363:Chinese legal system
178:State representative
140:Orders of precedence
103:20th Party Politburo
82:Xi–Li Administration
6290:limited recognition
5828:10.2307/j.ctv2n7q6b
5812:Heilmann, Sebastian
5267:. October 3, 2023.
4498:insight.factset.com
4333:(around 75% shares)
3710:Ministry of Finance
3605:19th Party Congress
3568:As part of China's
3489:automotive industry
2985:Diplomatic missions
2957:Secretary-General:
2875:Chinese unification
2719:Hong Kong Basic Law
2589:Internet censorship
2547:Censorship in China
2307:Ministry of Justice
1839:Corruption in China
1211:Presidential Office
850:Secretary-General:
733:Central Secretariat
634:Four Comprehensives
438:Labour Contract Law
368:Civil law tradition
205:Conference Chairman
94:4th Leadership Core
69:Succession of power
5762:10.56159/eai.52060
5622:10.2307/jj.2915805
5088:, p. 215-216.
4954:, p. 217-218.
4795:, p. 117-118.
3971:Shenzhen HTI Group
3932:Guangdong Holdings
3886:Guangdong Province
3796:Anhui Conch Cement
3749:Founder Technology
3616:Xi Jinping Thought
3593:national champions
3377:Fortune Global 500
3026:Exim Bank of China
2860:Anti-Secession Law
2750:Pro-democracy camp
2516:China News Service
2502:Xinhua News Agency
2065:National Committee
1980:Judiciary of Macau
1909:Prosecutor General
1122:Special Committees
1070:Standing Committee
1028:Deputy secretaries
1018:Standing committee
961:Standing Committee
922:Central Guard Unit
720:Standing Committee
624:Xi Jinping Thought
581:Mao Zedong Thought
497:Capital punishment
475:Administrative law
214:Commander-in-chief
187:Head of government
112:14th State Council
6395:
6394:
6332:other territories
5963:Library resources
5952:978-0-231-21001-0
5910:978-0-300-26901-7
5885:Roach, Stephen S.
5876:978-0-231-21101-7
5837:978-962-996-827-4
5772:978-981-18-5206-0
5728:978-1-108-78478-8
5681:978-0-300-26883-6
5573:978-0-262-54482-5
5550:978-1-9848-7828-1
5520:978-1-5017-0020-0
4903:978-1-003-35258-7
4606:. July 11, 2024.
4301:Zhejiang Province
4270:Tianjin TEDA F.C.
4148:Shandong Province
4102:Liaoning Province
4093:Founder BEA Trust
3877:Baiyin Nonferrous
3727:Peking University
3629:common prosperity
3509:Chinese Civil War
3331:
3330:
3270:Ethnic minorities
3171:Beijing Consensus
3111:Chinese passports
2951:Deputy Director:
2934:Foreign relations
2821:Chinese Civil War
2791:Politics of Macau
2584:Internet in China
2473:China Media Group
2412:Deputy Director:
2349:Urban Management
2107:Political parties
2094:Secretary-General
2081:Vice-Chairpersons
1815:Supervisory organ
1700:China Coast Guard
1534:Joint Staff Dept.
1445:supreme commander
1397:Secretary-General
1356:Secretary-General
1110:Secretary-General
1096:Vice-Chairpersons
873:Deputy Director:
828:Deputy Directors:
709:Central Politburo
689:General Secretary
678:Central Committee
538:Principal leaders
196:Congress Chairman
88:Xi Administration
84:(2012–2017)
78:(2002–2012)
34:Politics of China
16:(Redirected from
6430:
6385:
6375:
6374:
6344:Christmas Island
6030:Sovereign states
6014:
6007:
6000:
5991:
5956:
5930:
5880:
5857:
5807:
5784:
5764:
5740:
5709:
5651:
5604:
5589:. New York, NY:
5583:Li, David Daokui
5577:
5554:
5532:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5299:Voice of America
5289:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5211:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5118:
5112:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5062:
5056:
5045:
5039:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4805:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4783:, p. 84-85.
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4694:. Archived from
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4599:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4542:
4529:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4422:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4375:
4373:Companies portal
4370:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4319:Hong Kong S.A.R.
4275:Tianjin TEDA Co.
4015:Guizhou Province
3997:Gree Real Estate
3895:Zhongjin Lingnan
3835:Shougang Company
3772:Sinobioway Group
3754:Founder Holdings
3587:Under Xi Jinping
3515:had controlled.
3390:The role of the
3359:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3288:China portal
3286:
3285:
3284:
2745:Pro-Beijing camp
2728:John Lee Ka-chiu
2385:Deputy Leaders:
2335:
2032:
2024:Judiciary Police
2015:
1773:Military history
1698:
1688:
1678:Theater commands
1671:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1477:
1470:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1321:State Councilors
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1255:Li Qiang Cabinet
1116:
846:
840:
834:
696:
603:Three Represents
576:Marxism–Leninism
502:Capital offences
392:List of statutes
147:Paramount leader
135:National leaders
45:
29:
21:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6363:
6331:
6322:
6303:Northern Cyprus
6289:
6282:
6024:
6018:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5935:Shinn, David H.
5933:
5911:
5883:
5877:
5860:
5838:
5810:
5804:
5787:
5773:
5743:
5729:
5712:
5682:
5654:
5632:
5607:
5601:
5581:
5574:
5557:
5551:
5535:
5521:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5422:
5420:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5392:
5385:
5376:
5374:
5366:Financial Times
5358:
5357:
5353:
5344:
5342:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5309:
5307:
5291:
5290:
5283:
5274:
5272:
5264:Radio Free Asia
5257:
5256:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5213:
5212:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5132:
5121:
5113:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5084:
5080:
5072:
5065:
5057:
5048:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5013:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4989:
4985:
4977:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4904:
4896:. p. 132.
4887:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4807:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4755:
4751:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4701:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4616:
4614:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4474:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4444:
4442:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4386:State ownership
4371:
4366:
4364:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4331:MTR Corporation
4321:
4308:
4303:
4285:
4256:
4204:
4202:Shanxi Province
4180:
4167:
4150:
4123:
4104:
4083:
4078:
4065:
4045:Hesteel Company
4036:
4026:Kweichow Moutai
4017:
4005:
3979:
3962:
3945:TCL Corporation
3888:
3870:
3858:
3810:
3792:
3783:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3699:
3692:
3668:
3661:
3589:
3581:Great Recession
3549:'s strategy of
3505:
3503:History of SOEs
3429:
3357:
3327:
3298:
3294:Other countries
3282:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3265:Family planning
3250:
3242:
3241:
3198:
3180:
3166:Panda diplomacy
3157:
3102:
3079:
3064:
3003:
2991:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2895:Deputy Leader:
2881:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2775:Chief Executive
2770:Macao Basic Law
2766:
2724:Chief Executive
2715:
2661:
2660:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2617:
2580:
2543:
2431:
2416:
2408:
2393:
2381:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2345:
2329:
2316:
2296:
2264:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2228:Law enforcement
2217:
2216:
2201:
2175:
2077:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2026:
2009:
1976:
1958:Security Bureau
1925:
1915:
1892:
1874:
1873:
1872:Judicial organs
1868:
1858:
1850:
1835:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1780:Armed conflicts
1753:
1735:
1724:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1362:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1271:
1244:
1243:
1242:Executive organ
1238:
1233:
1207:
1190:
1189:
1152:Foreign Affairs
1108:
1092:
1060:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1011:
885:
877:
869:
854:
842:
836:
830:
829:
824:
809:
790:
785:
763:
755:
727:
687:
662:
661:
654:
618:
611:
567:
553:
552:
526:
524:Communist Party
516:
515:
488:
471:
398:
386:Legislation Law
359:
329:
318:
286:
285:
265:
264:
229:Related systems
163:
59:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6436:
6434:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6400:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6379:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6294:
6292:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6034:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5951:
5931:
5909:
5881:
5875:
5858:
5836:
5808:
5802:
5785:
5771:
5745:Pieke, Frank N
5741:
5727:
5710:
5680:
5652:
5630:
5605:
5600:978-0393292398
5599:
5579:
5572:
5555:
5549:
5533:
5519:
5503:Ang, Yuen Yuen
5498:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5463:
5430:
5398:
5396:, p. 137.
5383:
5351:
5319:
5281:
5250:
5248:, p. 223.
5238:
5231:
5201:
5199:, p. 120.
5189:
5187:, p. 141.
5174:
5172:, p. 138.
5162:
5160:, p. 216.
5150:
5148:, p. 220.
5138:
5136:, p. 217.
5119:
5117:, p. 140.
5102:
5100:, p. 129.
5090:
5078:
5063:
5061:, p. 215.
5046:
5031:
5019:
5007:
5005:, p. 146.
4995:
4993:, p. 116.
4983:
4981:, p. 218.
4968:
4956:
4944:
4942:, p. 113.
4929:
4927:, p. 272.
4917:
4902:
4880:
4878:, p. 217.
4868:
4856:
4844:
4829:
4822:
4797:
4785:
4773:
4761:
4749:
4708:
4683:
4650:
4623:
4587:
4554:
4515:
4484:
4451:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4362:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4325:Hong Kong Link
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:Bank of Ningbo
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4222:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4190:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Hubei Province
4074:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4035:
4034:Hebei Province
4032:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3991:(sold in 2019)
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3869:
3868:Gansu Province
3866:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:UBS Securities
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3791:
3790:Anhui Province
3788:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3722:
3719:
3714:Main article:
3711:
3708:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3588:
3585:
3563:private sector
3504:
3501:
3433:iron rice bowl
3428:
3425:
3381:Franklin Allen
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:Related topics
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3136:
3122:
3108:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3041:Silk Road Fund
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3002:
3001:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2828:
2823:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2675:
2674:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:Zhuang Rongwen
2627:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2594:Great Firewall
2579:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2569:Internal media
2564:Media of China
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2522:People's Daily
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:Reference News
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2069:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2021:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1621:Zhang Shengmin
1612:
1611:
1610:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1521:General Office
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1507:Zhang Shengmin
1503:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1428:Military organ
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1392:General Office
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1272:
1259:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1227:Vice President
1225:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:Ethnic Affairs
1119:
1118:
1117:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1093:
1084:
1067:
1061:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
992:
991:
990:
988:Zhang Shengmin
979:
978:
977:
948:
947:
946:
945:
944:
933:
932:
931:
926:
925:
924:
914:
913:
912:
900:
899:
891:General Office
888:
887:
886:
881:Office Chief:
880:
878:
872:
870:
864:
857:
856:
855:
849:
847:
827:
825:
819:
812:
811:
810:
805:Office Chief:
804:
802:
789:Vice-Chairman:
788:
786:
780:
773:
772:
771:
758:
756:
747:
740:
730:
729:
728:
718:
705:
704:
703:
702:
657:
656:
655:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
648:
643:
642:
641:
636:
631:
621:
620:
619:
614:
607:
605:
600:
599:
598:
593:
583:
578:
573:
563:
561:
544:
543:
542:
541:
540:
534:
533:
527:
522:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
512:
511:
510:
509:
504:
487:
486:
485:
484:
470:
469:
468:
467:
457:
456:
455:
443:
442:
441:
434:
422:
415:
407:
397:
396:
395:
394:
389:
377:
376:
375:
370:
358:
357:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
322:
321:
320:
319:
317:
316:
311:
306:
300:
287:
284:
283:
278:
272:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
230:
226:
225:
220:
211:
202:
193:
184:
175:
166:
165:
164:
155:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
129:
128:
123:
118:
109:
100:
85:
79:
72:
71:
66:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
46:
38:
37:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6435:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6378:
6370:
6369:
6366:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6313:South Ossetia
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5954:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5891:. New Haven:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5803:9780295751719
5799:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5751:. Singapore:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5662:. New Haven:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5631:9780674271913
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5434:
5431:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5355:
5352:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5239:
5234:
5232:9780197689363
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5076:, p. 96.
5075:
5074:Heilmann 2018
5070:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5044:, p. 81.
5043:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5027:Meyskens 2020
5023:
5020:
5017:, p. 36.
5016:
5011:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4966:, p. 21.
4965:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4869:
4866:, p. 41.
4865:
4860:
4857:
4854:, p. 40.
4853:
4848:
4845:
4842:, p. 24.
4841:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4823:9781501775857
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4771:, p. 84.
4770:
4765:
4762:
4759:, p. 14.
4758:
4753:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4728:(2): 100236.
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4709:
4698:on 2020-08-27
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4651:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4624:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4603:The Economist
4598:
4591:
4588:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4555:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4526:
4519:
4516:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4485:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4455:
4452:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4363:
4360:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4040:Hesteel Group
4038:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3989:Gree Electric
3987:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:Shenzhen City
3959:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3847:CSC Financial
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3801:Masteel Group
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3780:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:Founder Group
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3697:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3565:competitors.
3564:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3528:State Council
3526:In 1984, the
3524:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Spokespersons
2978:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:Ding Xuexiang
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Radio jamming
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:Wang Xiaohong
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2098:Wang Dongfeng
2095:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:State Council
1714:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:Zhong Shaojun
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:Departments:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:Vice Chairmen
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:Wang Xiaohong
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:Zhang Guoqing
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:Ding Xuexiang
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:Vice-Premiers
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1002:
998:
997:
996:
993:
989:
985:
984:
983:
980:
976:
972:
969:
968:
966:
962:
959:
958:
956:
952:
949:
943:
939:
938:
937:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
911:
907:
906:
905:
902:
901:
898:
894:
893:
892:
889:
884:
879:
876:
871:
868:
863:
862:
861:
858:
853:
848:
845:
839:
833:
826:
823:
818:
817:
816:
813:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
787:
784:
779:
778:
777:
774:
770:
766:
761:
760:Vice Chairmen
757:
754:
750:
746:
745:
744:
741:
738:
734:
731:
725:
721:
717:
716:
714:
710:
707:
706:
701:
698:
697:
694:
690:
686:
685:
683:
679:
676:
675:
673:
669:
666:
665:
664:
660:
647:
644:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:Chinese Dream
627:
626:
625:
622:
617:
613:
612:
610:
606:
604:
601:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
566:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
551:
547:
539:
536:
535:
532:
529:
528:
525:
520:
519:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
494:
493:
490:
489:
483:
482:
478:
477:
476:
473:
472:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
454:
453:
449:
448:
447:
444:
440:
439:
435:
433:
432:
428:
427:
426:
423:
421:
420:
416:
413:
412:
408:
405:
404:
400:
399:
393:
390:
388:
387:
383:
382:
381:
378:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
361:
360:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
328:
324:
323:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
299:
298:
297:
294:
293:
292:
289:
288:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
269:
268:
261:
260:Civil service
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
235:Unified power
233:
232:
228:
227:
224:
221:
219:
215:
212:
210:
206:
203:
201:
197:
194:
192:
188:
185:
183:
179:
176:
174:
170:
167:
162:
158:
154:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
108:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
91:
90:(since 2017)
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
58:
53:
52:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
35:
30:
27:
19:
6328:Dependencies
6258:Turkmenistan
6223:Saudi Arabia
6077:
5967:
5941:. New York:
5938:
5919:j.ctv2z0vv2v
5888:
5865:. New York:
5862:
5815:
5789:
5748:
5714:
5690:j.ctv3006z6k
5659:
5609:
5586:
5559:
5540:
5506:
5495:Bibliography
5480:. Retrieved
5466:
5454:. Retrieved
5446:第一财经 (Yicai)
5445:
5433:
5421:. Retrieved
5410:
5401:
5375:. Retrieved
5364:
5354:
5343:. Retrieved
5332:
5322:
5314:
5308:. Retrieved
5297:
5273:. Retrieved
5262:
5253:
5241:
5218:
5215:Tsang, Steve
5192:
5165:
5153:
5146:Harrell 2023
5141:
5093:
5081:
5029:, p. 3.
5022:
5010:
4998:
4986:
4959:
4947:
4920:
4889:
4883:
4871:
4859:
4847:
4809:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4700:. Retrieved
4696:the original
4686:
4674:. Retrieved
4663:
4653:
4641:. Retrieved
4626:
4615:. Retrieved
4601:
4590:
4578:. Retrieved
4567:
4557:
4545:. Retrieved
4531:
4518:
4506:. Retrieved
4497:
4487:
4475:. Retrieved
4464:
4454:
4443:. Retrieved
4424:
4412:
4400:
4359:China portal
4265:Tianjin Pipe
4260:TEDA Holding
4181:
3873:Gansu SASAC
3784:
3701:As of 2022,
3700:
3654:
3647:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3597:
3590:
3578:
3567:
3555:
3545:and Premier
3540:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3513:Nationalists
3506:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3437:
3430:
3418:
3413:
3389:
3362:
3354:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3260:Hukou system
2599:Great Cannon
2536:
2529:Global Times
2527:
2520:
2506:
2451:
2350:
2247:Chen Wenqing
2113:CCP (ruling)
2085:Top-ranked:
2053:United front
1653:Audit Office
1468:Zhang Youxia
1378:Central bank
1360:Wu Zhenglong
1337:Wu Zhenglong
1310:Liu Guozhong
1102:Li Hongzhong
1100:Top-ranked:
765:Zhang Youxia
659:Organization
546:Constitution
492:Criminal law
480:
452:Property Law
451:
446:Property law
437:
430:
419:Marriage Law
418:
410:
402:
385:
291:Constitution
276:Constitution
26:
6387:Asia portal
6288:States with
6208:Philippines
6148:South Korea
6143:North Korea
6038:Afghanistan
5846:j.ctv2n7q6b
5792:. Seattle:
4643:15 February
4306:Ningbo City
4182:As of 2019
4178:Yantai City
4165:Linfen City
3977:Zhuhai City
3543:Jiang Zemin
3520:Third Front
3518:During the
3466:(SGCC) and
3400:Lai Xiaomin
2897:Wang Huning
2841:Taiwan Area
2779:Ho Iat-seng
2685:Xia Baolong
2538:China Today
2453:China Daily
2351:(chengguan)
2330: [
2245:Secretary:
2124:Shi Taifeng
2087:Shi Taifeng
2075:Wang Huning
2027: [
2010: [
1619:Secretary:
1582:Xu Xueqiang
1037:Party group
986:Secretary:
852:Wang Huning
838:Wang Huning
414:(From 2021)
209:Wang Huning
161:Peng Liyuan
6402:Categories
6268:Uzbekistan
6243:Tajikistan
6158:Kyrgyzstan
6138:Kazakhstan
6058:Bangladesh
6048:Azerbaijan
5927:1347023475
5781:1354535847
5737:1145096137
5698:1348572572
5640:jj.2915805
5377:2024-04-17
5345:2024-02-22
5310:2023-11-09
5275:2023-10-07
5086:Roach 2022
5059:Roach 2022
4912:1353290533
4876:Lewis 2023
4864:Lewis 2023
4852:Lewis 2023
4840:Lewis 2023
4702:2020-08-26
4676:January 8,
4617:2024-07-13
4580:19 October
4533:World Bank
4477:19 October
4445:2022-08-22
4392:References
4081:Wuhan City
3983:Gree Group
3574:hydropower
3547:Zhu Rongji
3477:are SOEs.
3360:trillion.
3350:government
3346:commercial
2947:Xi Jinping
2945:Director:
2908:Director:
2891:Xi Jinping
2683:Director:
2628:Director:
2613:Director:
2404:Director:
2391:Shen Yiqin
2365:Propaganda
2312:Minister:
2294:Chen Yixin
2292:Minister:
2260:Minister:
1829:Liu Jinguo
1827:Director:
1801:Xi Jinping
1608:Liu Faqing
1606:Director:
1593:Director:
1580:Director:
1567:Director:
1554:Director:
1543:Liu Zhenli
1525:Director:
1493:Liu Zhenli
1475:He Weidong
1451:Xi Jinping
1344:Shen Yiqin
1205:Xi Jinping
895:Director:
867:Xi Jinping
865:Director:
822:Xi Jinping
820:Director:
783:Xi Jinping
781:Chairman:
769:He Weidong
753:Xi Jinping
700:Xi Jinping
465:Patent law
431:Labour Law
425:Labour law
411:Civil Code
218:Xi Jinping
182:Xi Jinping
173:Xi Jinping
157:First lady
151:Xi Jinping
107:Xi Jinping
98:Xi Jinping
57:Leadership
6354:Hong Kong
6308:Palestine
6233:Sri Lanka
6228:Singapore
6108:Indonesia
5854:158420253
5706:253067190
5648:259402050
5564:MIT Press
5537:Jin, Keyu
5482:9 January
5015:Liu 2023a
4894:Routledge
4744:248617625
4612:0013-0613
4435:0099-9660
4055:Tangsteel
3559:Hu Jintao
3408:committee
3373:workforce
3143:Hong Kong
3129:Hong Kong
3115:Hong Kong
2826:One China
2651:Hong Kong
2429:Li Shulei
2414:Li Shulei
2387:Li Shulei
1913:Ying Yong
1890:Zhang Jun
1886:President
1595:Wang Peng
1569:Zhang Lin
1485:Members:
1296:He Lifeng
1231:Han Zheng
1197:President
1181:Presidium
1090:Zhao Leji
1065:Elections
1023:Secretary
971:Secretary
942:Li Ganjie
883:He Lifeng
796:Zhao Leji
646:Democracy
571:Communism
406:(to 2020)
255:Elections
200:Zhao Leji
6377:Category
6298:Abkhazia
6248:Thailand
6203:Pakistan
6183:Mongolia
6178:Maldives
6173:Malaysia
6073:Cambodia
5887:(2022).
5814:(2018).
5585:(2024).
5539:(2023).
5505:(2016).
5476:Archived
5450:Archived
5417:Archived
5371:Archived
5339:Archived
5304:Archived
5269:Archived
5042:Ang 2016
4781:Jin 2023
4769:Jin 2023
4670:Archived
4637:Archived
4574:Archived
4547:22 April
4538:Archived
4508:15 March
4502:Archived
4471:Archived
4439:Archived
4345:See also
4314:(21.38%)
4195:(21.56%)
4095:(67.51%)
4071:(41.37%)
4050:Hansteel
3953:(48.70%)
3939:(54.68%)
3897:(36.04%)
3879:(36.16%)
3849:(37.46%)
3830:Shougang
3421:ideology
3338:of China
3011:to China
2999:in China
2971:Minister
2953:Li Qiang
2910:Song Tao
2889:Leader:
2670:Leader:
2377:Leader:
2071:Chairman
1799:Leader:
1751:Dong Jun
1747:Minister
1733:Li Qiang
1729:Chairman
1556:Miao Hua
1500:Miao Hua
1441:Chairman
1269:Li Qiang
1086:Chairman
999:Leader:
875:Li Qiang
832:Li Qiang
792:Li Qiang
749:Chairman
550:ideology
191:Li Qiang
116:Li Qiang
6273:Vietnam
6188:Myanmar
6168:Lebanon
6098:Georgia
6053:Bahrain
6043:Armenia
6023:of Asia
5456:18 June
5423:July 1,
5412:Reuters
5197:Li 2024
5098:Hu 2023
4991:Li 2024
4940:Li 2024
4793:Li 2024
4089:(100%)
3985:(100%)
3910:(100%)
3456:Huaneng
3452:Huadian
3448:Guodian
3342:Chinese
2975:Wang Yi
2959:Wang Yi
2314:He Rong
1707:Militia
1263: (
1261:Premier
1215:Chief:
908:Chief:
531:History
6318:Taiwan
6253:Turkey
6218:Russia
6153:Kuwait
6133:Jordan
6123:Israel
6083:Cyprus
6068:Brunei
6063:Bhutan
5965:about
5949:
5925:
5917:
5907:
5873:
5852:
5844:
5834:
5800:
5779:
5769:
5735:
5725:
5704:
5696:
5688:
5678:
5646:
5638:
5628:
5597:
5570:
5547:
5527:
5517:
5229:
4910:
4900:
4820:
4742:
4610:
4466:Caixin
4433:
4339:(100%)
4327:(100%)
4173:(100%)
3947:(36%)
3734:(70%)
3458:, and
3444:Datang
3358:
2615:Cai Qi
2427:Head:
2406:Cai Qi
2379:Cai Qi
2122:Head:
1217:Cai Qi
1114:Liu Qi
940:Head:
910:Cai Qi
897:Cai Qi
844:Cai Qi
807:Cai Qi
800:Cai Qi
548:&
6359:Macau
6278:Yemen
6238:Syria
6213:Qatar
6193:Nepal
6128:Japan
6103:India
6093:Egypt
6078:China
5915:JSTOR
5850:S2CID
5842:JSTOR
5702:S2CID
5686:JSTOR
5644:S2CID
5636:JSTOR
5525:JSTOR
4740:S2CID
4541:(PDF)
4528:(PDF)
4294:(15%)
4249:(51%)
3916:(49%)
3819:(33%)
3803:(49%)
3703:SASAC
3473:Most
3356:78.08
3147:Macau
3133:Macau
3119:Macau
3053:BRICS
2656:Macau
2334:]
2156:CPWDP
2146:CNDCA
2031:]
2014:]
1539:Chief
1001:Li Xi
975:Li Xi
6198:Oman
6163:Laos
6118:Iraq
6113:Iran
5947:ISBN
5923:OCLC
5905:ISBN
5871:ISBN
5832:ISBN
5798:ISBN
5777:OCLC
5767:ISBN
5733:OCLC
5723:ISBN
5694:OCLC
5676:ISBN
5626:ISBN
5595:ISBN
5568:ISBN
5545:ISBN
5515:ISBN
5484:2017
5458:2019
5425:2017
5227:ISBN
4908:OCLC
4898:ISBN
4818:ISBN
4678:2020
4645:2023
4608:ISSN
4582:2020
4549:2024
4510:2021
4479:2020
4431:ISSN
3427:Role
2192:CDSP
2171:TDSL
2161:CZGP
2151:CAPD
2136:RCCK
1279:list
1265:list
1201:list
1074:14th
1057:14th
965:20th
955:20th
737:20th
724:20th
713:20th
693:list
682:20th
672:20th
380:Laws
314:1978
309:1975
304:1954
6330:and
5897:doi
5824:doi
5757:doi
5668:doi
5618:doi
5334:CNN
4730:doi
3383:of
3369:GDP
3352:.
2197:YCP
2187:KMT
2141:CDL
1447:):
1267:):
1203:):
281:Law
6404::
5945:.
5921:.
5913:.
5903:.
5895:.
5869:.
5848:.
5840:.
5830:.
5822:.
5818:.
5796:.
5775:.
5765:.
5755:.
5731:.
5721:.
5700:.
5692:.
5684:.
5674:.
5666:.
5642:.
5634:.
5624:.
5616:.
5593:.
5566:.
5523:.
5513:.
5509:.
5444:.
5409:.
5386:^
5369:.
5363:.
5337:.
5331:.
5313:.
5302:.
5296:.
5284:^
5261:.
5225:.
5221:.
5204:^
5177:^
5122:^
5105:^
5066:^
5049:^
5034:^
4971:^
4932:^
4906:.
4832:^
4816:.
4800:^
4738:.
4726:15
4724:.
4720:.
4668:.
4662:.
4600:.
4572:.
4566:.
4536:.
4530:.
4500:.
4496:.
4469:.
4463:.
4437:.
4429:.
4423:.
3652:.
3631:.
3607:.
3491:.
3470:.
3454:,
3450:,
3446:,
3423:.
3387:.
3333:A
3145:;
3131:,
3117:;
3009:/
2997:/
2973::
2777::
2726::
2389:,
2332:zh
2166:JS
2109::
2096::
2073::
2029:zh
2012:zh
1911::
1888::
1749::
1731::
1541::
1460::
1358::
1281:)
1229::
1112::
1088::
1076:)
973::
967:)
957:)
841:,
835:,
798:,
794:,
767:,
751::
715:)
684:)
674:)
216::
207::
198::
189::
180::
171::
159::
149::
114::
105::
96::
6013:e
6006:t
5999:v
5955:.
5929:.
5899::
5879:.
5856:.
5826::
5806:.
5783:.
5759::
5739:.
5708:.
5670::
5650:.
5620::
5603:.
5578:\
5576:.
5553:.
5531:.
5486:.
5460:.
5427:.
5380:.
5348:.
5278:.
5235:.
4914:.
4826:.
4746:.
4732::
4705:.
4680:.
4647:.
4620:.
4584:.
4551:.
4512:.
4481:.
4448:.
4407:.
3698:.
3340:(
3322:e
3315:t
3308:v
3149:)
3141:(
3135:)
3127:(
3121:)
3113:(
1443:(
1277:(
1199:(
1072:(
1059:)
1055:(
963:(
953:(
762::
739:)
735:(
726:)
722:(
711:(
695:)
691:(
680:(
670:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
