75:
31:
113:, and the anorectal angle is unfavorable, at almost 90 degrees. This may lead to constipation symptoms such as incomplete evacuation of stool, irregular bowel movements, hard stools and the need for excessive straining. Compared to the more natural squatting position, western-style toilets may lead to health issues such as inflamed hemorrhoids.
382:
Ghoshal, UC; Sachdeva, S; Pratap, N; Verma, A; Karyampudi, A; Misra, A; Abraham, P; Bhatia, SJ; Bhat, N; Chandra, A; Chakravartty, K; Chaudhuri, S; Chandrasekar, TS; Gupta, A; Goenka, M; Goyal, O; Makharia, G; Mohan Prasad, VG; Anupama, NK; Paliwal, M; Ramakrishna, BS; Reddy, DN; Ray, G; Shukla, A;
143:
stated that, in the context of constipation, the squatting defecation posture is more physiological (i.e., natural), ideal and relaxed compared to the sitting posture. However, they found limited evidence of benefit. The squatting position also increases intraabdominal pressure. It is thought that
196:
For elderly people or people with mobility issues, this "assisted-squatting" position is closer to the more natural squatting position, and gives some of the benefit of the squatting position such as reduced need for straining. The semi squatting position is one of the practical solutions for
184:
An assisted-squatting position can be achieved by placing a wrap-around foot stool or box under the feet while using a sitting toilet. This raises the legs and allows for some degree of widening of the anorectal angle. The anorectal angle can be further increased by leaning forwards in this
168:
People who are not used to squat toilets, and people who do not have the flexibility, strength, or balance needed to lower into, sustain, or rise from a squatting position without pain or assistance may not find it easy to use the squatting posture. This may include the
135:
are designed to facilitate this posture. Squatting is considered the natural, traditional and most common defecation posture in Asian and
African countries. However in some urban areas of India people are gradually switching to western style sitting toilets.
101:
In Europe, America and other western countries most people are accustomed to sitting toilets, although this fashion has only been present for around 100 years. Sitting toilets only came into widespread use in Europe in the nineteenth century.
148:
and hence straightening of the anorectal angle, and for faster, easier and more complete evacuation of stool. The squatting position therefore prevents excessive straining, and hence protects stretching of the nerves, such as the
532:
Gouriou, C; Chambaz, M; Ropert, A; Bouguen, G; Desfourneaux, V; Siproudhis, L; Brochard, C (December 2018). "A systematic literature review on solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: is there a therapeutic consensus in 2018?".
160:, or increase the tendency of prolapse of hemorroids, because of increased perineal descent and intraabdominal pressure. Prolonged and repeated straining on a sitting toilet has the same effect.
385:"Indian consensus on chronic constipation in adults: A joint position statement of the Indian Motility and Functional Diseases Association and the Indian Society of Gastroenterology"
594:
266:
Hari
Krishnan, R (April 2019). "A review on squat-assist devices to aid elderly with lower limb difficulties in toileting to tackle constipation".
131:
defecation posture involves squatting, or crouching. It requires standing with knees and hips sharply bent and the buttocks close to the ground.
1421:
1366:
1252:
587:
516:
491:
355:
1371:
1003:
185:
semi-squatting position. Using a box to raise the legs has been recommended for various straining related medical conditions such as
1217:
446:
310:
1381:
580:
969:
190:
186:
1237:
140:
1447:
1008:
890:
757:
1442:
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1222:
954:
694:
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1135:
1120:
1085:
66:
that have a pedestal or "throne", where users generally lean forward or sit at 90 degrees to a toilet seat.
1406:
1391:
824:
1361:
1262:
1212:
974:
153:. Damage of these nerves can lead to permanent problems with urinary, defecation and sexual function.
1277:
1125:
1018:
944:
1376:
1227:
934:
799:
145:
106:
268:
Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine
1325:
1090:
1044:
900:
804:
689:
558:
456:
435:
Seow-Choen F, Tan K (2009). Bland KI, Sarr MG, Buechler MW, Csendes A, Garden OJ, Wong J (eds.).
128:
47:
105:
Sitting toilets requires users to strain in an unnatural position. In the sitting position, the
156:
Excessive straining in the squatting position while defecating may increase the risk of severe
1049:
1039:
924:
880:
787:
767:
752:
722:
667:
550:
512:
487:
442:
436:
414:
351:
316:
306:
283:
1452:
1416:
1411:
1401:
1267:
949:
939:
814:
701:
652:
542:
404:
396:
275:
17:
1186:
1145:
1140:
1059:
1013:
844:
819:
793:
782:
747:
706:
468:
211:
59:
990:
679:
409:
384:
197:
avoiding constipation. Various "squat assist devices" are also commercially available.
150:
1436:
1386:
1257:
1181:
1080:
984:
854:
737:
82:
The sitting defecation posture involves sitting with hips and knees at approximately
562:
30:
1340:
1161:
1054:
1023:
998:
929:
895:
875:
870:
777:
732:
684:
637:
632:
383:
Sainani, R; Sadasivan, S; Singh, SP; Upadhyay, R; Venkataraman, J (November 2018).
206:
132:
122:
87:
74:
55:
1335:
1320:
1305:
1300:
1247:
865:
849:
839:
662:
657:
346:
Steele SR, Hull TL, Hyman N, Maykel JA, Read TE, Whitlow CB (20 November 2021).
157:
83:
303:
A History of
Technology, Vol. IV: The Industrial Revolution, c. 1750 to c. 1850
1396:
1345:
1330:
1166:
979:
964:
834:
829:
762:
546:
400:
178:
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91:
43:
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279:
1315:
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1207:
1191:
1130:
1110:
1064:
859:
301:
Singer, C.; Holmyard, E.; Hall, A.; Williams, T.; et al., eds. (1958),
62:
in the absence of toilets. The sitting posture on the other hand is used in
554:
418:
287:
1295:
1232:
1100:
727:
617:
1310:
1095:
959:
905:
885:
809:
772:
742:
647:
642:
350:(4th ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 212, 213.
170:
95:
51:
1115:
1105:
674:
622:
603:
110:
63:
627:
73:
29:
181:
people or people suffering from a skeletal or muscular disease.
576:
484:
Colorectal
Surgery: A Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice
572:
144:
the squatting posture allows for better relaxation of the
78:
An illustration of a man sitting on the toilet defecating.
511:(2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
305:, Oxford, UK: Oxford Clarendon Press, pp. 507–508,
34:
An illustration of a man squatting on the squat toilet.
1354:
1288:
1200:
1154:
1073:
1032:
915:
715:
610:
507:Steele SR, Maykel JA, Wexner SD (11 August 2020).
261:
259:
257:
255:
253:
251:
249:
247:
54:. People use the squatting postures when using
509:Clinical Decision Making in Colorectal Surgery
348:The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery
245:
243:
241:
239:
237:
235:
233:
231:
229:
227:
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377:
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367:
8:
341:
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331:
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535:International Journal of Colorectal Disease
430:
428:
86:, as on a chair. So-called "Western-style"
595:
581:
573:
408:
441:(2nd ed.). Springer. p. 857.
223:
1367:History of water supply and sanitation
1253:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
464:
454:
38:Humans mostly use one of two types of
486:(6th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier.
7:
1422:Workers' right to access the toilet
1372:Human right to water and sanitation
1004:Toilet-related injuries and deaths
389:Indian Journal of Gastroenterology
141:Indian Society of Gastroenterology
25:
1218:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue
1382:Infection prevention and control
27:Squatting or sitting to defecate
970:Privatization of public toilets
191:solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
187:obstructed defecation syndrome
1:
94:are designed to be used in a
1238:Public toilets in Bratislava
908:(combined toilet and bidet)
18:List of defecation postures
1469:
1009:Toilet Revolution in China
120:
547:10.1007/s00384-018-3162-z
401:10.1007/s12664-018-0894-1
1273:Toilets in New York City
1223:Modern Toilet Restaurant
955:Islamic toilet etiquette
482:Clark S (22 June 2018).
280:10.1177/0954411919838644
175:people with disabilities
1177:Fecal sludge management
1136:Urine collection device
1121:Urinal deodorizer block
1086:Female urination device
90:and also many types of
1407:Sustainable sanitation
1392:Reuse of human excreta
438:Chapter 85:Hemorrhoids
79:
60:defecating in the open
35:
1362:Ecological sanitation
1263:Toilet History Museum
1213:Hundertwasser Toilets
1155:Feces-related aspects
1074:Urine-related aspects
975:Swachh Bharat Mission
121:Further information:
77:
33:
1278:Bryant Park restroom
1126:Urinal (health care)
945:Honeywagon (vehicle)
1377:Improved sanitation
1228:National Poo Museum
1172:Defecation postures
1033:Jobs and activities
935:Bathroom privileges
891:Urine-diverting dry
146:puborectalis muscle
107:puborectalis muscle
40:defecation postures
1448:Squatting position
1326:Groom of the Stool
1091:Interactive urinal
1045:Restroom attendant
164:Assisted-squatting
80:
36:
1430:
1429:
1050:Sanitation worker
1040:Manual scavenging
668:Toilet seat riser
541:(12): 1647–1655.
518:978-3-319-65941-1
493:978-0-7020-7243-7
357:978-3-030-66049-9
16:(Redirected from
1460:
1417:World Toilet Day
1412:Waste management
1402:Sewage treatment
1289:Historical terms
1268:Toilets in Japan
950:Incontinence pad
940:Bathroom reading
702:Toilet rim block
690:Holder/dispenser
653:Electronic bidet
597:
590:
583:
574:
567:
566:
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21:
1468:
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1459:
1458:
1457:
1443:Human positions
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1350:
1284:
1196:
1187:Open defecation
1150:
1146:Urine diversion
1141:Urine deflector
1069:
1060:Toilet training
1028:
1014:Toilet Twinning
917:
911:
862:(self-cleaning)
825:Passenger train
758:Container-based
711:
606:
601:
571:
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531:
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212:Human positions
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28:
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15:
12:
11:
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995:
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991:Skibidi Toilet
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
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947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
919:
918:policy aspects
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682:
680:Toilet cleaner
677:
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395:(6): 526–544.
363:
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325:
311:
293:
274:(4): 464–475.
222:
221:
219:
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214:
209:
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199:
165:
162:
151:pudendal nerve
118:
115:
71:
68:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1387:Public health
1385:
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1259:
1258:Toilet (room)
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1236:
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1209:
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1199:
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1182:Flying toilet
1180:
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1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Female urinal
1079:
1078:
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1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
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1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1019:Unisex public
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
988:
987:
986:
985:Toilet humour
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741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
718:
714:
708:
707:Trap (U-bend)
705:
703:
700:
696:
693:
691:
688:
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458:
450:
448:9781846288326
444:
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312:9780198581086
308:
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137:
134:
133:Squat toilets
130:
124:
116:
114:
112:
108:
103:
99:
97:
93:
89:
88:flush toilets
85:
76:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
56:squat toilets
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
1341:Privy midden
1171:
1162:Anal hygiene
1055:Slopping out
1024:Vacuum truck
999:Toilet plume
989:
930:Adult diaper
916:Cultural and
800:Incinerating
685:Toilet paper
633:Bidet shower
538:
534:
527:
508:
502:
483:
477:
437:
392:
388:
347:
302:
296:
271:
267:
207:Defecography
195:
183:
167:
155:
138:
126:
123:Squat toilet
104:
100:
84:right angles
81:
39:
37:
1336:Pail closet
1321:Gong farmer
1306:Close stool
1301:Chamber pot
1248:Shit Museum
901:Vermifilter
805:Intelligent
695:Orientation
658:Flushometer
465:|work=
158:hemorrhoids
109:chokes the
92:dry toilets
1437:Categories
1397:Sanitation
1346:Reredorter
1331:Night soil
1167:Defecation
980:Toilet god
965:Latrinalia
925:Accessible
881:Telescopic
796:(Scouting)
768:Dual flush
753:Composting
218:References
179:overweight
1316:Garderobe
1243:Rest area
1208:Haewoojae
1192:Scatology
1131:Urination
1111:Sanistand
1065:Toileting
860:Sanisette
815:Low-flush
611:Equipment
467:ignored (
457:cite book
321:490984504
129:squatting
117:Squatting
98:posture.
48:squatting
1355:See also
1296:Aphedron
1233:Outhouse
1101:Pee curl
845:Portable
820:On-board
783:Freezing
748:Chemical
728:Arborloo
723:Aircraft
618:Ballcock
563:52187439
555:30206681
419:30617919
288:30898031
201:See also
58:or when
44:defecate
1453:Toilets
1311:Dansker
1096:Pissoir
960:Istinja
906:Washlet
886:Treebog
810:Latrine
773:EToilet
743:Cathole
648:Commode
643:Cistern
604:Toilets
410:6339668
171:elderly
96:sitting
70:Sitting
64:toilets
52:sitting
1201:Places
1116:Urinal
1106:Pollee
896:Vacuum
855:Public
790:(boat)
738:Bucket
675:Toilet
623:Bedpan
561:
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189:, and
111:rectum
876:Squat
871:Space
850:Potty
778:Flush
733:Blair
716:Types
638:Brush
628:Bidet
559:S2CID
866:Sink
794:Hudo
788:Head
663:Seat
551:PMID
513:ISBN
488:ISBN
469:help
443:ISBN
415:PMID
352:ISBN
317:OCLC
307:ISBN
284:PMID
139:The
127:The
50:and
840:Pit
835:Pig
830:Pay
763:Dry
543:doi
405:PMC
397:doi
276:doi
272:233
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