1401:
was introduced to Sri Lanka by the
Chinese particularly through the commodities taken to China for centuries. Since 1980, sea cucumber fishery rapidly grown throughout north, east and northwestern Sri Lankan coast. In 2010, D.C.T. Dissanayake and Gunnar Stefansson compiled a research on the abundance and distribution of commercial sea cucumber species in the coastal waters of Sri Lanka. They described twenty-five sea cucumber species belonging to seven genera from east and northwest coasts of Sri Lanka. Another research was carried out from May 2014 to June 2015 in Viyaparimuli and Munnai to identify the species composition and diversity of sea cucumber population in the Point Pedro coastal area of Jaffna peninsula. In 2008, Dissanayaka and Athukorala recorded 24 sea cucumber species from Northwestern and Eastern parts of Sri Lanka, and then in 2014, Kuganathan has reported sixteen species of sea cucumbers in the Jaffna estuary. In 2017, the status of holothurian fisheries in Mullaitivu coastal waters in the North-East region of Sri Lanka was documented. In 2020, a new sea cucumber record was identified from nearby waters. Apart from that, leading scientist D.C.T. Dissanayake has done extensive work on sea cucumbers.
35:
560:
species list has been made by
Arachchige et al., where he described 27 irregular echinoids from Sri Lankan waters. The information on regular echinoids was listed by Agassiz & Desor in 1846 which continued to advance until the end of the 19th century. Then, there was a knowledge gap between the mid-20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries mainly due to a lack of systematic studies. However, in the latter part, two checklists have been published by the IUCN Red List in 2006 and 2012.
1400:
The diversity of sea cucumbers of Sri Lanka show extensive research work. Many species are edible and economically important, whereas some researches about sea cucumbers in the coastal waters of Sri Lanka have been documented. However, some species are extensively studied. The sea cucumber fishery
559:
The first detailed work on irregular echinoids was carried out by
Agassiz in 1872 and then by Clark & Rowe in 1971 where they compiled records of 24 species of irregular sea urchins in the "Ceylon area". However, some of these localities now belong to the Indian Territory. In 2017, a recent
528:. Echinoderms are characterized by having a water vascular system, tube feet, radial symmetry, and undergo complete regeneration from a single limb. It is the largest phylum that has no freshwater or terrestrial members. There are five classes of echinoderms:
509:
Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. The invertebrate fauna is as large as it is common to other regions of the world. So it is complicated to summarize the exact number of species found within the country.
2036:
563:
Currently, in Sri Lanka, there are 39 regular echinoids belong to 28 genera, nine families, and five orders are recorded. Meanwhile, there are 21 irregular echinoid species belong to four orders, nine families, and 15 genera in Sri Lanka.
2664:
2095:
2496:
Gamage, Lalith Kumara
Thiththagalle; Thushari, Gajahin Gamage Nadeeka; Atapaththu, Keerthi Sri Senevirathna; Kondaramage, Rasika Sampath Kumara Hewa; Senevirathna, Jayan Duminda Mahesh (2021-08-11).
2221:
Gamage, Lalith Kumara
Thiththagalle; Thushari, Gajahin Gamage Nadeeka; Atapaththu, Keerthi Sri Senevirathna; Kondaramage, Rasika Sampath Kumara Hewa; Senevirathna, Jayan Duminda Mahesh (2021-08-11).
63:
496:
426:
419:
314:
1051:
The exact number of starfish in Sri Lankan waters is unknown. Many works came through the work done based on Indian echinoderms in and around Indian seas.
140:
1275:
There is little works have done to identify the brittle star species around Sri Lanka. But, further detailed work is necessary to compile a checklist.
2498:"Diversity, Length-Weight Relations, and Condition Factor of Sea Cucumbers in Three Coastal Areas Along the Southern Coast of Sri Lanka: A Case Study"
2328:"Reproductive biology of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria atra (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida) in the northwestern coastal waters of Sri Lanka"
2223:"Diversity, Length-Weight Relations, and Condition Factor of Sea Cucumbers in Three Coastal Areas Along the Southern Coast of Sri Lanka: A Case Study"
70:
252:
34:
135:
297:
247:
2453:"Assessing the potential for closure rules in the Sri Lankan sea cucumber fishery: Empirical models of practices and preferences of fishers"
2124:"Brittle stars of Ophiodermatidae and Ophiolepididae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiurida: Ophiurina) collected from the Singapore Strait"
3241:
2539:"Shallow-water Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in Sarangani Bay, Mindanao, Philippines with Notes on Their Relative Abundance"
438:
292:
130:
125:
108:
1676:
Researches on sea lily or feather star diversity of Sri Lankan waters have been very limited when compared with other echinoderm classes.
489:
56:
324:
222:
177:
96:
2429:
2373:"Species and Size-Related Trends in Asexual Propagation of Commercially Important Species of Tropical Sea Cucumbers (Holothuroidea)"
393:
277:
197:
182:
157:
2037:"The occurrence of the genus Heteronardoa (Asteroidea: Ophidiasteridae) in the Indian Ocean, with the description of a new species"
2883:
Soliman, Taha; Reimer, James D.; Kawamura, Iori; van der Meij, Sancia E. T.; Reijnen, Bastian T.; Paulay, Gustav (February 2019).
212:
187:
152:
461:
267:
172:
115:
2008:
2995:
482:
319:
272:
257:
202:
167:
3048:"Feather stars (Crinoidea, Comatulida) of Nhatrang Bay, Vietnam: fauna, habitat and symbionts. E.S. Mekhova, T.A. Britayev"
2746:
2303:"Abundance, distribution and some biological aspects of Holothuria edulis in the North Western coastal waters of Sri Lanka"
3236:
383:
232:
207:
192:
120:
3231:
2064:"A Revision of the Family Astropectinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Taiwan, with Description of Five New Records"
388:
345:
287:
262:
217:
103:
49:
237:
970:
656:
456:
398:
282:
162:
91:
1949:"A Biodiversity Status Profile of Sub-tidal and Inter-tidal Habitats of the Rekawa, Ussangoda and Kalametiya Area"
3125:
Mohammednowshad, B.; Idreesbabu, K.K.; Parameswaran, Usha V.; Messing, Charles G.; Sureshkumar, S. (2020-06-08).
2410:"The sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata): Its biology and exploitation as Beche-de-mer"
2150:"Evidence of a human–mediated invasion of the tropical western Atlantic by the 'world's most common brittlestar'"
242:
227:
2791:"DVP Prasada and DCT Dissanayaka, 2020. Ecology, Economics, and Management of Sea cucumber Fishery in Sri Lanka"
3023:"An annotated checklist and key to the Crinoidea of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands"
2747:"Habitat preference of sea cucumbers: Holothuria atra and Holothuria edulis in the coastal waters of Sri Lanka"
1759:
1008:
931:
853:
378:
1948:
1797:
711:
2372:
1482:
1330:
718:
670:
597:
1895:"An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids"
1579:
1545:
1517:
1371:
1337:
987:
742:
663:
623:
590:
1313:
1158:
1113:
2929:
2409:
1790:
1629:
1165:
1137:
1025:
963:
694:
366:
2603:"Abundance and diversity of sea cucumbers in point pedro coastal waters in Jaffna peninsula of Sri Lanka"
1838:
1704:
1566:
1388:
3069:
2943:
2816:"Sea cucumber fishing pattern and the socio-economic characteristics of fisher communities in Sri Lanka"
2690:"Present status of holothurian fisheries in mullaitivu coastal waters in North-East region of Sri Lanka"
1814:
1752:
1711:
1636:
1604:
1524:
1454:
1151:
1032:
1001:
899:
823:
749:
630:
26:
3179:
1958:. Occasional Papers of IUCN Occasional Papers of IUCN Sri Lanka Sri Lanka No: 5, March 2004. p. 35
1783:
1239:
1089:
789:
756:
1538:
1172:
1144:
806:
606:
2934:
1821:
1496:
1489:
1475:
1447:
1256:
1039:
468:
956:
1776:
1735:
1643:
1461:
906:
2564:"Abundance and distribution of commercial sea cucumber species in the coastal waters of Sri Lanka"
3201:
3154:
2904:
2835:
2766:
2472:
2452:
2347:
1552:
1422:
1296:
1106:
1072:
687:
359:
3126:
3180:"Shallow-water Comatulids (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from Ambon and Lombok Islands, Indonesia"
3146:
2996:"Feather stars (Crinoidea, Comatulida) of Nhatrang Bay, Vietnam: fauna, habitat and symbionts"
2425:
2179:
1924:
1890:
1650:
1559:
1510:
1354:
1214:
1120:
878:
782:
2264:
2198:"Management of Sea Cucumber Fishery in Sri Lanka, Sustainable Utilization and Value Addition"
3191:
3138:
3051:
2896:
2827:
2758:
2701:
2614:
2575:
2512:
2464:
2417:
2384:
2339:
2276:
2237:
2169:
2161:
1914:
1906:
1894:
1728:
1657:
1531:
1468:
994:
885:
614:
3082:
2956:
2860:"Market value of flower teatfish ('Pentard'): a highly exploited Indian Ocean holothuroid"
2722:"First Record of Lamperts' Sea Cucumber (Synaptula Lamperti) in Northern Coast, Sri Lanka"
1697:
1503:
1322:
1263:
1231:
1098:
1064:
923:
915:
892:
2602:
2928:"New Record of five Feather stars (Class: Crinoidea) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands".
2885:"Description of the juvenile form of the sea cucumber Thelenota anax H. L. Clark, 1921"
2388:
2174:
2149:
1976:
1919:
1806:
1744:
1689:
1664:
1380:
1346:
1017:
979:
948:
679:
648:
639:
2421:
2408:
Hamel, Jean-François; Conand, Chantal; Pawson, David L.; Mercier, Annie (2001-01-01).
2265:"Studies on the sea cucumber fishery in the North Western coastal region of Sri Lanka"
2063:
3225:
3205:
3158:
3096:
3022:
2970:
2884:
2859:
2839:
2790:
2721:
2640:
2538:
2476:
2302:
2197:
2123:
1862:
1768:
1621:
1439:
1198:
1189:
1181:
545:
521:
517:
2908:
2770:
2688:
Veronika, K.; Edrisinghe, U.; Sivashanthini, K.; Athauda, A. R. S. B. (2017-06-26).
2601:
Veronika, K.; Edrisinghe, U.; Sivashanthini, K.; Athauda, A. R. S. B. (2016-07-04).
2351:
1977:"Notes on the family Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Indian seas"
3127:"The Shallow-water Crinoid Fauna of Lakshadweep Atolls, North-western Indian Ocean"
1830:
1613:
1431:
1363:
1305:
1129:
870:
862:
703:
582:
574:
551:
The following list provides echinoderms currently identified in Sri Lankan waters.
352:
2815:
2814:
Nishanthan, Ganeshan; Kumara, Ajith; Prasada, Pahan; Dissanayake, Chamari (2019).
2343:
2563:
2468:
2517:
2327:
2242:
1720:
1288:
1223:
1081:
940:
765:
533:
2497:
2222:
3142:
2900:
2762:
1910:
1681:
1596:
1588:
1414:
1206:
815:
798:
537:
529:
2281:
3196:
1280:
1248:
1056:
845:
837:
774:
734:
725:
541:
3150:
3055:
2706:
2689:
2619:
2183:
2165:
1928:
3047:
2831:
2580:
2096:"Phylum EcMmodermata-A source for biologically active compounds: A Review"
2154:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
525:
2795:
South Asian
Network of Development and Environmental Economics (ICIMOD)
2726:
Conference: International
Conference on Multidisiplinary Research -2020
1406:
3097:"First report of feather star Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816)"
2751:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
3178:
Kogo, Ichizo; Fujita, Toshihiko; Kubodera, Tsunemi (2019-11-25).
2543:
Philippine
Journal of Science 147 (3): 453-461, September 2018
2416:. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 41. pp. 129–223.
2371:
Reichenbach, Norman; Nishar, Yoosuf; Saeed, Ahamed (1996).
2665:"Potential for sea cucumber culture in the Jaffna lagoon"
2641:"Present status of the sea cucumber fishery in Sri Lanka"
1867:
Proceedings of Wayamba University Research Congress 2017
2864:
SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin #37 – March 2017
2645:
SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin #30 – March 2010
2562:
Dissanayake, D. C.T.; Stefansson, Gunnar (July 2010).
2326:
DISSANAYAKE, D. C. T.; STEFANSSON, G. (2010-09-01).
2505:Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
2263:Dissanayake, Dct; Wijeyaratne, Mjs (2010-08-13).
2230:Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
2745:Dissanayake, D.C.T.; Stefansson, G. (May 2012).
2971:"Extant Crinoidea (Echinodermata) of Singapore"
2044:Records of the Western Australian Museum, 1976
490:
8:
2332:Invertebrate Reproduction & Development
2009:"Asteroidea of the Anambas expedition 2002"
1857:
1855:
1893:; Mooi, Rich; Kroh, Andreas (2019-03-25).
497:
483:
17:
3195:
2933:
2705:
2618:
2579:
2516:
2280:
2241:
2173:
1918:
1884:
1882:
2377:Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
2103:The Pharmaceutical Journal of Sri Lanka
1851:
25:
3078:
3067:
3046:Mekhova, Elena; T.A. Britayev (2013).
2975:Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement
2952:
2941:
2128:Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement
1863:"The irregular echinoids of Sri Lanka"
2269:Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Sciences
2148:Roy, M. S.; Sponer, R. (2002-05-22).
7:
2414:Advances in Marine Biology Volume 41
427:Department of Wildlife Conservation
2389:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00632.x
14:
420:Department of Forest Conservation
2451:Prasada, D.V.P. (October 2020).
33:
3027:Micronesica 35-36:523-546. 2003
2016:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
2694:Tropical Agricultural Research
2607:Tropical Agricultural Research
1:
2669:www.mangrovesforthefuture.org
2422:10.1016/S0065-2881(01)41003-0
2344:10.1080/07924259.2010.9652318
2469:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104130
524:that are closely related to
346:Pinnawela Elephant Orphanage
50:Protected areas of Sri Lanka
3242:Lists of biota of Sri Lanka
2518:10.4194/1303-2712-v21_12_01
2243:10.4194/1303-2712-v21_12_01
3258:
1984:J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India
971:Heterocentrotus mamillatus
657:Echinodiscus bisperforatus
3143:10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.9
2901:10.1007/s12526-017-0820-2
2763:10.1017/S0025315411000051
1911:10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3
1889:Arachchige, Gayashan M.;
1009:Temnopleurus toreumaticus
2820:Aquatic Living Resources
2568:Aquatic Living Resources
2282:10.4038/sljas.v12i0.2212
1798:Stephanometra tenuipinna
1760:Himerometra robustipinna
932:Stomopneustes variolaris
854:Phyllacanthus imperialis
712:Echinocyamus megapetalus
3197:10.12782/specdiv.24.229
3107:(Part 4): 357–360. 2015
1580:Pearsonothuria graeffei
1546:Holothuria leucospilota
1518:Holothuria fuscocinerea
1483:Bohadschia maculisparsa
1331:Ophiarachnella gorgonia
719:Fibulariella angulipora
671:Sculpsitechinus auritus
598:Koehleraster abnormalis
439:Field Ornithology Group
3101:Rec. Zool. Surv. India
3077:Cite journal requires
3056:10.13140/2.1.4306.4325
2951:Cite journal requires
2707:10.4038/tar.v28i3.8226
2620:10.4038/tar.v27i2.8166
2166:10.1098/rspb.2002.1977
1372:Ophiarachna incrassata
1338:Ophiodyscrita instrata
1026:Pseudoboletia maculata
988:Microcyphus ceylanicus
964:Echinostrephus molaris
743:Jacksonaster depressum
695:Clypeaster reticulatus
664:Echinodiscus truncatus
624:Echinolampas alexandri
591:Echinoneus cyclostomus
367:Ridiyagama Safari Park
1637:Stichopus chloronotus
1605:Acaudina molpadioides
1525:Holothuria fuscogilva
1455:Actinopyga mauritiana
1314:Ophiocoma anaglyptica
1159:Siraster tuberculatus
1152:Goniodiscaster scaber
1114:Heteronardoa carinata
1033:Toxopneustes pileolus
900:Echinothrix calamaris
516:belong to the phylum
27:Wildlife of Sri Lanka
3237:Lists of echinoderms
1990:(1–2): 133–138. 1996
1822:Tropiometra carinata
1791:Stephanometra indica
1630:Stichopus variegatus
1575:sp., type "pentard"
1497:Bohadschia vitiensis
1490:Bohadschia marmorata
1448:Actinopyga echinites
1166:Stellaster equestris
1138:Anthenea pentagonula
1040:Tripneustes gratilla
3232:Echinoderms of Asia
2889:Marine Biodiversity
2832:10.1051/alr/2019009
2581:10.1051/alr/2010031
2160:(1495): 1017–1023.
1839:Zygometra andromeda
1777:Lamprometra palmata
1736:Comaster schlegelii
1705:Colobometra arabica
1644:Stichopus herrmanni
1567:Holoturia spinifera
1462:Actinopyga miliaris
1389:Gymnolophus obscura
907:Echinothrix diadema
568:Irregular echinoids
253:Non-marine molluscs
21:Part of a series on
2077:(3): 257–267. 1999
2071:Zoological Studies
1891:Jayakody, Sevvandi
1815:Comatula pectinata
1753:Amphimetra molleri
1712:Decametra informis
1553:Holothuria nobilis
1423:Synaptula lamperti
1297:Ophiactis savignyi
1107:Gomophia egyptiaca
1073:Acanthaster planci
1002:Salmacis virgulata
824:Nacospatangus alta
750:Peronella lesueuri
688:Clypeaster humilis
631:Echinolampas ovata
360:Pinnawala Open Zoo
341:Zoological gardens
64:Biosphere reserves
3184:Species Diversity
1784:Oxymetra finschii
1651:Stichopus horrens
1560:Holothuria scabra
1511:Holothuria edulis
1355:Ophiolepis cincta
1240:Astropecten vappa
1215:Astrostole scabra
1121:Linckia multifora
1090:Asterina coronata
879:Astropyga radiata
831:Regular echinoids
790:Metalia sternalis
783:Brissus agassizii
757:Peronella oblonga
507:
506:
373:Botanical gardens
3249:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3199:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2937:
2935:10.1.1.1049.7227
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2227:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1922:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1859:
1729:Comaster nobilis
1658:Thelenota ananas
1539:Holothuria isuga
1532:Holothuria hilla
1469:Bohadschia argus
1173:Stellaster incei
1145:Anthenea regalis
995:Salmacis bicolor
886:Diadema savignyi
807:Lovenia elongate
615:Echinolampadidae
607:Echinolampadoida
548:(sea cucumber).
536:(brittle star),
499:
492:
485:
298:Lesser arachnids
248:Freshwater crabs
37:
18:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3163:
3161:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3076:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3007:
3005:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2950:
2940:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2511:(12): 575–588.
2500:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2236:(12): 575–588.
2225:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1834:
1810:
1772:
1748:
1724:
1698:Cenometra bella
1693:
1685:
1674:
1625:
1617:
1600:
1592:
1504:Holothuria atra
1476:Bohadschia atra
1443:
1435:
1418:
1410:
1398:
1384:
1367:
1350:
1326:
1323:Ophiodermatidae
1309:
1292:
1284:
1273:
1264:Luidia savignyi
1257:Luidia sagamina
1252:
1235:
1232:Astropectinidae
1227:
1210:
1202:
1185:
1133:
1102:
1099:Ophidiasteridae
1085:
1068:
1065:Acanthasteridae
1060:
1049:
1021:
983:
952:
944:
927:
924:Stomopneustidae
919:
916:Stomopneustoida
893:Diadema setosum
874:
866:
849:
841:
833:
819:
802:
778:
770:
768:- Heart urchins
738:
707:
683:
652:
644:
619:
610:
586:
578:
570:
557:
544:(sea lily) and
503:
474:
473:
452:
444:
443:
433:Civil societies
412:
404:
403:
338:
330:
329:
293:Pseudoscorpions
141:Commercial fish
131:Introduced fish
126:Freshwater fish
84:
83:Flora and fauna
76:
75:
45:
44:Protected areas
12:
11:
5:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3190:(2): 229–246.
3170:
3137:(1): 247–265.
3117:
3088:
3079:|journal=
3038:
3014:
2987:
2962:
2953:|journal=
2920:
2875:
2851:
2806:
2782:
2757:(3): 581–590.
2737:
2713:
2680:
2656:
2632:
2593:
2574:(3): 303–313.
2554:
2530:
2488:
2443:
2430:
2400:
2383:(4): 475–482.
2363:
2318:
2294:
2255:
2213:
2189:
2140:
2115:
2087:
2055:
2028:
2000:
1968:
1940:
1878:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1807:Tropiometridae
1803:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1745:Himerometridae
1741:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1690:Colobometridae
1686:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:Thelenota anax
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1381:Ophiotrichidae
1377:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1347:Ophiolepididae
1343:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1020:
1018:Toxopneustidae
1014:
1013:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
982:
980:Temnopleuridae
976:
975:
974:
967:
960:
957:Echinometra ex
951:
949:Echinometridae
945:
943:
937:
936:
935:
926:
920:
918:
912:
911:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
873:
867:
865:
859:
858:
857:
848:
842:
840:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
818:
812:
811:
810:
801:
795:
794:
793:
786:
777:
771:
769:
762:
761:
760:
753:
746:
737:
731:
730:
729:
722:
715:
706:
700:
699:
698:
691:
682:
680:Clypeasteridae
676:
675:
674:
667:
660:
651:
649:Astriclypeidae
645:
643:
642:- Sand dollars
640:Clypeasteroida
636:
635:
634:
627:
618:
617:- Cassiduloids
611:
609:
603:
602:
601:
594:
585:
579:
577:
571:
569:
566:
556:
553:
540:(sea urchin),
505:
504:
502:
501:
494:
487:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
465:
464:
459:
453:
451:Related topics
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
430:
429:
423:
422:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
370:
369:
363:
362:
356:
355:
349:
348:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
322:
317:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
144:
143:
138:
136:Cartilage fish
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
112:
111:
101:
100:
99:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
67:
66:
60:
59:
57:National parks
53:
52:
46:
43:
42:
39:
38:
30:
29:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3254:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3071:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2977:(34): 627–658
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2945:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:Marine Policy
2454:
2447:
2444:
2433:
2431:9780120261413
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2130:(34): 619–626
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2017:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:Mariametridae
1766:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:Stichopodidae
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:Holothuriidae
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1271:Brittle stars
1270:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:Forcipulatida
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:Fromia indica
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:Goniasteridae
1179:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
996:
992:
990:
989:
985:
984:
981:
977:
973:
972:
968:
966:
965:
961:
959:
958:
954:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:
929:
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
904:
902:
901:
897:
895:
894:
890:
888:
887:
883:
881:
880:
876:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:
851:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
826:
825:
821:
820:
817:
813:
809:
808:
804:
803:
800:
796:
792:
791:
787:
785:
784:
780:
779:
776:
772:
767:
763:
759:
758:
754:
752:
751:
747:
745:
744:
740:
739:
736:
732:
728:
727:
723:
721:
720:
716:
714:
713:
709:
708:
705:
701:
697:
696:
692:
690:
689:
685:
684:
681:
677:
673:
672:
668:
666:
665:
661:
659:
658:
654:
653:
650:
646:
641:
637:
633:
632:
628:
626:
625:
621:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:
595:
593:
592:
588:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:Holothuroidea
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:deuterostomes
519:
518:Echinodermata
515:
511:
500:
495:
493:
488:
486:
481:
480:
478:
477:
470:
467:
466:
463:
460:
458:
457:Deforestation
455:
454:
448:
447:
440:
437:
436:
435:
434:
428:
425:
424:
421:
418:
417:
416:
411:Organizations
408:
407:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
374:
368:
365:
364:
361:
358:
357:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
343:
342:
334:
333:
326:
325:Pteridophytes
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
311:
310:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
223:Minor insects
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:Hymenopterans
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:Invertebrates
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
80:
79:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
3209:. Retrieved
3187:
3183:
3173:
3162:. Retrieved
3134:
3130:
3120:
3109:. Retrieved
3104:
3100:
3091:
3070:cite journal
3059:. Retrieved
3041:
3030:. Retrieved
3026:
3017:
3006:. Retrieved
3002:
2990:
2979:. Retrieved
2974:
2965:
2944:cite journal
2923:
2912:. Retrieved
2892:
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1831:Zygometridae
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1432:Holothuriida
1421:
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1396:Sea cucumber
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1364:Ophiomyxidae
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1306:Ophiocomidae
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575:Echinoneoida
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532:(starfish),
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384:Henarathgoda
372:
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353:Dehiwala Zoo
340:
308:
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183:Orthopterans
146:
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15:
2895:: 547–554.
1721:Comatulidae
1289:Ophiactidae
1224:Paxillosida
1082:Asterinidae
941:Camarodonta
766:Spatangoida
555:Sea Urchins
534:Ophiuroidea
520:. They are
514:Echinoderms
415:Authorities
389:Mirijjawila
303:Echinoderms
188:Cockroaches
153:Butterflies
87:Vertebrates
71:Sanctuaries
3226:Categories
3211:2021-08-23
3164:2021-08-23
3111:2021-08-23
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2700:(3): 216.
2674:2021-08-23
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2613:(2): 182.
2587:2021-08-23
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2437:2021-08-23
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2022:2021-08-23
1994:2021-08-23
1962:2021-08-23
1934:2021-08-23
1872:2021-08-23
1846:References
1682:Comatulida
1672:Sea lilies
1597:Caudinidae
1589:Molpadiida
1573:Holothuria
1415:Synaptidae
1207:Asteriidae
816:Maretiidae
799:Loveniidae
538:Echinoidea
530:Asteroidea
462:Ecoregions
394:Peradeniya
278:Hard ticks
268:Tarantulas
173:Mosquitoes
116:Amphibians
3206:213097129
3159:222828673
2930:CiteSeerX
2840:182474934
2477:224942189
2275:: 19–38.
1905:(1): 35.
1281:Ophiurida
1249:Luidiidae
1057:Valvatida
846:Cidaridae
838:Cidaroida
775:Brissidae
735:Laganidae
726:Fibularia
542:Crinoidea
526:chordates
399:Seetawaka
320:Mangroves
273:Scorpions
258:Myriapods
213:Hemiptera
203:Lacewings
168:Dipterans
3151:33056451
3003:sevin.ru
2909:37203810
2771:88436124
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613:Family:
581:Family:
233:Odonates
193:Termites
121:Reptiles
109:Endemics
97:Endemics
3131:Zootaxa
2175:1690993
1920:6910863
1899:Zootaxa
1680:Order:
1612:Order:
1587:Order:
1430:Order:
1407:Apodida
1405:Order:
1279:Order:
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1055:Order:
939:Order:
914:Order:
861:Order:
836:Order:
764:Order:
638:Order:
605:Order:
573:Order:
469:Tourism
379:Hakgala
337:Gardens
288:Isopods
263:Spiders
218:Mantids
208:Phasmid
198:Earwigs
158:Beetles
104:Mammals
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2307:CENARA
2182:
2172:
2105:. 1999
2018:. 2004
1927:
1917:
238:Aphids
3202:S2CID
3155:S2CID
2999:(PDF)
2905:S2CID
2836:S2CID
2767:S2CID
2501:(PDF)
2473:S2CID
2348:S2CID
2226:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
2067:(PDF)
2040:(PDF)
2012:(PDF)
1980:(PDF)
1952:(PDF)
315:Trees
309:Flora
283:Mites
163:Moths
92:Birds
3147:PMID
3135:4789
3083:help
2957:help
2426:ISBN
2180:PMID
1956:IUCN
1925:PMID
1903:4571
243:Ants
228:Bees
3192:doi
3139:doi
3105:115
3052:doi
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