99:'s result was supposed to have settled the issue. Unfortunately, the measurement and the prediction were both in error such that it initially appeared to be valid. It is no longer considered credible and there has been much debate about whether the results were fraud or that his data may have been contaminated by stray light from
759:
deluded. A somewhat detailed report of the experiments which were shown to me, together with my own observations, may be of interest to the many physicists who have spent days and weeks in fruitless efforts to repeat the remarkable experiments which have been described in the scientific journals of the past year.
311:
mistakenly measured neutrinos appearing to travel faster than the speed of light. The results were published in
September, noting that further investigation into systematics would be necessary. This investigation found an improperly connected fibre optic cable and a clock oscillator ticking too fast,
758:
After spending three hours or more in witnessing various experiments, I am not only unable to report a single observation which appeared to indicate the existence of the rays, but left with a very firm conviction that the few experimenters who have obtained positive results, have been in some way
1009:
So there matters stand: no cold fusion researcher has been able to dispel the stigma of "pathological science" by rigorously and reproducibly demonstrating effects sufficiently large to exclude the possibility of error (for example, by constructing a working power generator), nor does it seem
123:
in 1955 and later. Diamond synthesis was later determined to be impossible with the apparatus. Subsequent analysis indicated that the first gemstone (used to secure further funding) was natural rather than synthetic. Artificial diamonds have since been
160:, about 1,000 kilometers away, all for further isolation. He took extreme measures to isolate the equipment from seismic and other interferences, but Weber's criteria for data analysis turned out to be ill-defined and partly subjective. In 1974,
168:, but by the end of the 1970s, Weber's work was considered spurious as it could not be replicated by others. Still, Weber is considered one of the fathers of gravitational wave detection and inspiration for other projects such as
434:
could operate. The journal editors accompanied the paper with an editorial urging readers to "suspend judgement" until the results could be replicated. Benveniste's results failed to have been replicated in subsequent
195:
in 1976 appeared to indicate a new particle at about 6 GeV which decayed into electron-positron pairs. Subsequent data and analysis indicated that the apparent peak resulted from random noise. The name is a pun on
79:, it took a decade for the shortcomings of Kaufmann's test to be realised: during this time, critics of special relativity were able to claim that the theory was invalidated by the available experimental evidence.
331:
2 collaboration announced the detection of inflationary gravitational waves in the B-mode power spectrum, which if confirmed, would provide clear experimental evidence for the cosmological theory of
28:, is growing. Some errors are introduced when the experimenter's desire for a certain result unconsciously influences selection of data (a problem which is possible to avoid in some cases with
377:, a compound produced in the synthesis process, turned out to be a close match for the claimed properties of LK-99, and pure samples of LK-99 were insulators rather than any form of conductor.
1208:
335:. However, on 19 June 2014, lowered confidence in confirming the cosmic inflation findings was reported. Eventually, the initial findings were revealed to be artifacts of interstellar dust.
373:. Other research groups were not able to replicate the results and suggested that impurities in the material led to spurious effects mimicking phenomena associated with superconductivity.
405:
had been considered one of the best experimenters of his time until he was forced to admit that his notable track record was at least partly due to the fabrication of results.
1142:"LK-99 isn't a superconductor — how science sleuths solved the mystery: Replications pieced together the puzzle of why the material displayed superconducting-like behaviours"
1023:
1125:
528:
55:
A reported faint visual effect that experimenters could still "see" even when the supposed causative element in their apparatus had been secretly disconnected.
152:
consisting of two one ton aluminum bars, each a separate detector, in some configurations being hung within a vacuum chamber, or having one bar displaced to
833:
F. Wesemael, "A comment on Adams' measurement of the gravitational redshift of Sirius B", Royal
Astronomical Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-8738),
1231:
See also Jeroen van Dongen, "Emil Rupp, Albert
Einstein and the Canal Ray Experiments on Wave-Particle Duality: Scientific Fraud and Theoretical Bias"
369:
with copper. As evidence, they published conductivity measurements and a video showing partial levitation that the researchers claimed displayed the
173:
1200:
523:
251:
would host an invited symposium on cold fusion and low energy nuclear reactions at their national meeting for the first time in many years.
476:(oganesson) was announced, and then the announcement withdrawn by Berkeley after claims of irreproducibility. The researcher involved,
341:
294:
21:
983:
Labinger JA, Weininger SJ (2005). "Controversy in chemistry: how do you prove a negative?—the cases of phlogiston and cold fusion".
1030:
1177:
649:
1269:
359:
267:
623:
257:
141:
1297:
20:
of results, but many experiments are not repeatable due to fraud or error. The list of papers whose results were later
318:
153:
72:
241:, one in 1989 and a second in 2004, did not recommend a dedicated federal program for cold fusion research. In 2007,
1287:
953:
389:
248:
161:
238:
95:
A number of earlier experimenters claimed to have found the presence or lack of gravitational redshift, but
366:
86:
1228:
Michael Brooks, on Emil Rupp, "Convenient untruths", New
Scientist, No2630 (17 Nov 2007) pp. 58–59
1010:
possible to conclude unequivocally that all the apparently anomalous behavior can be attributed to error.
332:
33:
596:
860:
792:
733:
690:
458:
328:
234:
230:
518:
505:
145:
96:
1104:
Adam, T. (2011). "Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam".
1255:
1169:
1105:
1078:
1054:
876:
816:
749:
421:
553:
1161:
1000:
935:
808:
578:
501:
374:
110:
1153:
1061:
1057:
992:
868:
851:
800:
770:
741:
724:
698:
568:
493:
451:
426:
355:
304:
242:
201:
533:
370:
25:
864:
796:
737:
694:
1292:
144:, reported the detection of 311 excitations on his test equipment designed to measure
71:
and said to be the first journal paper to cite
Einstein's 1905 electrodynamics paper.
1281:
1173:
1141:
820:
783:
Holberg, J. B. (2010). "Sirius B and the
Measurement of the Gravitational Redshift".
497:
312:
which together had caused an underestimate of uncertainty in the initial measurement.
208:
165:
76:
17:
838:
140:
In 1970, Joseph Weber, an electrical engineer turned physicist and working with the
880:
753:
477:
436:
411:
363:
29:
849:
F. P. Bundy; H. T. Hall; H. M. Strong; R. H. Wentorf (1955). "Man-Made
Diamonds".
75:
stated that his results were not compatible with special relativity. According to
679:"Plastic Fantastic: How the Biggest Fraud in Physics Shook the Scientific World"
223:
1157:
804:
358:
led by Lee Sukbae and Kim Ji-Hoon announced the discovery of LK-99, a supposed
431:
812:
582:
473:
402:
393:
182:
149:
131:
1247:
1165:
1004:
996:
1065:
573:
457:
A succession of high-profile peer-reviewed papers previously published by
266:
Members of the
Heidelberg–Moscow collaboration claimed to have discovered
496:
and his collaborators claimed to have observed evidence of sonofusion or
192:
103:. The first "reliable" confirmations of the effect appeared in the 1960s.
100:
912:
207:, the principal investigator. The illusory particle is unrelated to the
1248:"At Lawrence Berkeley, Physicists Say a Colleague Took Them for a Ride"
961:
157:
703:
678:
872:
745:
1201:"LK-99: Mounting evidence suggests material is not a superconductor"
1110:
719:
1232:
345:
46:
954:"!! EXTRA!! FERMILAB EXPERIMENT DISCOVERS NEW PARTICLE "UPSILON""
308:
169:
461:
were subsequently found to have used obviously fabricated data.
233:
in 1989, cold fusion has been considered to be an example of a
773:, "Einstein" (1973) pp.81–85 — Kaufmann experiment
597:"Problems with scientific research: How science goes wrong"
61:
Claimed experimental disproof of special relativity (1906)
1272:, Los Angeles Times, July 19, 2008, Thomas H. Maugh II
1055:"Cold fusion is back at the American Chemical Society"
1024:"Report of the Review of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions"
32:
protocols). There have also been cases of deliberate
913:"Focus: A Fleeting Detection of Gravitational Waves"
162:
the first indirect detection of gravitational waves
174:first direct observation of gravitational waves
624:"Retracted Scientific Studies: A Growing List"
529:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
430:which seemed to support a mechanism by which
200:, the proposed name for the new particle and
8:
1270:Purdue physicist found guilty of misconduct
508:for "falsification of the research record".
672:
670:
327:On March 17, 2014, astrophysicists of the
1109:
1029:. Washington, DC: doe.gov. Archived from
702:
650:"Science's problem with unconscious bias"
572:
897:, "Errors in diamond synthesis", Nature
445:Organic molecular semiconductors (~1999)
544:
524:List of scientific misconduct incidents
211:, discovered in 1977 by the same group.
936:"How I Discovered Gravitational Waves"
467:Early production of element 118 (1999)
901:19 (1993) "Scientific Correspondence"
164:was confirmed from observations of a
7:
785:Journal for the History of Astronomy
1246:George Johnson (October 15, 2002).
1180:from the original on 17 August 2023
382:Alleged scientific misconduct cases
1211:from the original on 9 August 2023
1022:U.S. Department of Energy (2004).
504:review board judged him guilty of
342:Room-temperature superconductivity
295:Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly
14:
718:Wood, R.W. (29 September 1904).
552:Norton, John D. (20 June 2015).
132:detection of gravitational waves
24:or discredited, thus leading to
1233:https://arxiv.org/abs/0709.3099
1140:Garisto, Dan (16 August 2023).
942:(100th Anniversary issue): 106.
648:Chapman, Kit; Lalloo, Manisha.
622:Rosten, Michael (28 May 2015).
360:room-temperature superconductor
268:neutrino-less double beta decay
1079:"Cold fusion back on the menu"
500:. An investigation in 2008 by
480:, denies doing anything wrong.
258:Neutrinoless double beta decay
85:Premature verification of the
1:
554:"Replicability of Experiment"
237:. Two panels convened by the
16:Experimental science demands
1199:Padavic-Callaghan, Karmela.
911:Lindley, D. (Dec 22, 2005).
319:Cosmic microwave background
154:Argonne National Laboratory
1314:
1158:10.1038/d41586-023-02585-7
805:10.1177/002182861004100102
492:In 2002, nuclear engineer
449:
229:Since the announcement of
221:
40:Famous experimental errors
677:Sarachik, Miriam (2009).
249:American Chemical Society
1126:"OPERA: What Went Wrong"
1077:Van Noorden, R. (2007).
354:In July 2023, a team at
239:US Department of Energy
119:Originally reported in
997:10.1002/anie.200462084
985:Angew Chem Int Ed Engl
934:Weber, J. (May 1972).
837:, Sept. 1985, 273–278
142:University of Maryland
87:gravitational redshift
1129:profmattstrassler.com
1124:Strassler, M. (2012)
1066:10.1038/news070326-12
1060:News, 29 March 2007,
574:10.1387/theoria.12691
424:published a paper in
390:wave–particle duality
34:scientific misconduct
420:French immunologist
235:pathological science
231:Pons and Fleischmann
1298:Physics experiments
964:on 11 November 2019
865:1955Natur.176...51B
797:2010JHA....41...41H
738:1904Natur..70..530W
695:2009PhT....62j..57R
519:Academic dishonesty
506:research misconduct
321:polarization (2014)
146:gravitational waves
109:First reproducible
97:Walter Sydney Adams
1256:The New York Times
654:chemistryworld.com
628:The New York Times
422:Jacques Benveniste
396:experiments (1926)
247:reported that the
217:Cold fusion (1989)
183:Oops-Leon particle
69:Annalen der Physik
1288:Academic scandals
1152:(7975): 705–706.
732:(1822): 530–531.
704:10.1063/1.3248480
603:. 21 October 2013
502:Purdue University
486:Sonofusion (2002)
459:Jan Hendrik Schön
375:Copper(I) sulfide
172:, which made the
148:. He utilized an
111:synthetic diamond
1305:
1273:
1267:
1261:
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1013:
1012:
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974:
973:
971:
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960:. Archived from
958:history.fnal.gov
950:
944:
943:
931:
925:
924:
917:Phys. Rev. Focus
908:
902:
891:
885:
884:
873:10.1038/176051a0
846:
840:
831:
825:
824:
780:
774:
771:Jeremy Bernstein
768:
762:
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746:10.1038/070530a0
715:
709:
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634:
619:
613:
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586:
576:
558:
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494:Rusi Taleyarkhan
356:Korea University
305:OPERA experiment
287:
286:
285:
278:
277:
1313:
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1307:
1306:
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1103:
1102:
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1083:Chemistry World
1076:
1075:
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1026:
1021:
1020:
1016:
991:(13): 1916–22.
982:
981:
977:
967:
965:
952:
951:
947:
940:Popular Science
933:
932:
928:
910:
909:
905:
892:
888:
859:(4471): 51–55.
848:
847:
843:
832:
828:
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777:
769:
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717:
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676:
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630:
621:
620:
616:
606:
604:
595:
594:
590:
556:
551:
550:
546:
542:
534:Bogdanov affair
515:
454:
384:
371:Meissner effect
284:
282:
281:
280:
276:
274:
273:
272:
271:
226:
73:Walter Kaufmann
42:
26:invalid science
12:
11:
5:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1279:
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1274:
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1191:
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903:
886:
841:
826:
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710:
666:
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531:
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450:Main article:
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383:
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324:
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222:Main article:
220:
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188:
187:
178:
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137:
136:
126:
125:
116:
115:
105:
104:
92:
91:
89:effect (1924)
81:
80:
64:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
41:
38:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1310:
1299:
1296:
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1257:
1249:
1242:
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1234:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1210:
1206:
1205:New Scientist
1202:
1195:
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1179:
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1147:
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1100:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1036:on 2007-01-14
1032:
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1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
976:
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739:
735:
731:
727:
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721:
714:
711:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:Physics Today
680:
673:
671:
667:
655:
651:
644:
641:
629:
625:
618:
615:
602:
601:The Economist
598:
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584:
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570:
566:
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555:
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545:
539:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
512:
507:
503:
499:
498:bubble fusion
495:
491:
490:
487:
484:
483:
479:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
464:
460:
456:
455:
453:
452:Schön scandal
446:
443:
442:
438:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
418:
415:
413:
409:
408:
404:
401:
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349:
347:
343:
339:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
322:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
303:In 2011, the
302:
301:
298:
296:
292:
291:
269:
265:
264:
261:
259:
255:
254:
250:
246:
245:
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236:
232:
228:
227:
225:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:Upsilon meson
206:
204:
199:
194:
190:
189:
186:
184:
180:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:binary pulsar
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
135:
133:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
114:
112:
107:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:
90:
88:
83:
82:
78:
77:Gerald Holton
74:
70:
67:Published in
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
48:
44:
43:
39:
37:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
18:repeatability
1265:
1254:
1241:
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1204:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1149:
1145:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1085:(April 2007)
1082:
1072:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1031:the original
1017:
1008:
988:
984:
978:
966:. Retrieved
962:the original
957:
948:
939:
929:
920:
916:
906:
898:
894:
889:
856:
850:
844:
834:
829:
791:(1): 41–64.
788:
784:
778:
766:
757:
729:
723:
720:"The N-Rays"
713:
686:
682:
657:. Retrieved
653:
643:
631:. Retrieved
627:
617:
605:. Retrieved
600:
591:
564:
560:
547:
485:
478:Victor Ninov
466:
444:
439:experiments.
437:double blind
425:
412:Water memory
410:
387:
364:lead apatite
340:
317:
293:
256:
243:
216:
202:
197:
181:
129:
120:
108:
84:
68:
60:
45:
30:double-blind
15:
1111:1109.4897v1
474:Element 118
224:Cold fusion
205:M. Lederman
1282:Categories
1215:2023-08-10
1089:2008-05-25
1040:2008-07-19
893:Bovenkerk
689:(10): 57.
567:(2): 229.
540:References
432:homeopathy
191:Data from
1251:(reprint)
1184:17 August
1174:260955242
821:117998999
813:0021-8286
583:2171-679X
403:Emil Rupp
394:canal-ray
362:based on
333:inflation
150:apparatus
124:produced.
22:retracted
1209:Archived
1178:Archived
1166:37587284
1005:15770617
513:See also
288:in 2001.
193:Fermilab
176:in 2015.
130:Claimed
101:Sirius A
968:20 July
881:4266566
861:Bibcode
793:Bibcode
754:4063030
734:Bibcode
691:Bibcode
659:20 July
633:20 July
607:20 July
561:Theoria
388:Photon
198:upsilon
158:Chicago
1172:
1164:
1146:Nature
1058:Nature
1003:
895:et al.
879:
852:Nature
819:
811:
752:
725:Nature
581:
427:Nature
414:(1988)
392:using
348:(2023)
297:(2011)
260:(2001)
244:Nature
185:(1976)
134:(1970)
121:Nature
113:(1955)
49:(1903)
47:N-rays
1293:Error
1170:S2CID
1106:arXiv
1034:(PDF)
1027:(PDF)
923:(19).
877:S2CID
817:S2CID
750:S2CID
557:(PDF)
367:doped
346:LK-99
329:BICEP
156:near
1186:2023
1162:PMID
1001:PMID
970:2018
809:ISSN
661:2018
635:2018
609:2018
579:ISSN
309:CERN
203:Leon
170:LIGO
1154:doi
1150:620
1062:doi
993:doi
899:365
869:doi
857:176
801:doi
742:doi
699:doi
569:doi
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