Zahir al-Umar - Knowledge (XXG)

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other Bedouin tribes. As he consolidated his hold over Galilee, his army rose to over 4,000 men, many of the later recruits being peasants who supported Zahir for protecting them against Bedouin raids. This suppression of the Bedouin in turn caused the tribes to largely withdraw their military backing of Zahir. The core of his private army were the Maghrebi mercenaries. The Maghrebis' commander, Dinkizli, also served as Zahir's top military commander from 1735 until Dinkizli's defection during the Ottoman siege of Acre in 1775. From the time Zahir reconciled with Sheikh Nasif of Jabal Amil in 1768 until most of the remainder of his rule, Zahir also counted on the support of Nasif's roughly 10,000 Metawali cavalrymen. However, the Metawalis did not aid Zahir during the Ottoman offensive of 1775. Zahir's fortified villages and towns were equipped with artillery installments and his army's arsenal consisted of cannons, matchlock rifles, pistols and lances. Most of the firearms were imported from

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their territories were unsuccessful, their rule posed the most serious domestic challenge to Ottoman rule in the 18th century. As a consequence of Ali Bey's death, Zahir moved to strengthen his hold over Jaffa and capture Jerusalem, but he failed in the latter attempt. All of Syria came under the official command of Uthman Pasha al-Misri in 1774 in order to bring stability to its provinces. Misri avoided conflict with Zahir and sought to establish friendly terms with him. He convinced the Porte to appoint Zahir governor of Sidon as long as Zahir paid all of the taxes the province had owed the Porte. Misri further promoted Zahir in February by declaring him 'Governor of Sidon, Nablus, Gaza, Ramla, Jaffa and Jabal Ajlun', although this title was not imperially sanctioned. In effect, Zahir was the

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burdens on the peasants were also reduced as Zahir offered tax relief during dry seasons or when harvests were poor. This same tax relief was extended to newcomers who sought to begin cultivating new farmlands. Moreover, Zahir assumed responsibility for outstanding payments the peasants owed to merchants from credit-based transactions, if the merchants could provide proof of unsatisfactory payment. According to Philipp, Zahir "had the good business sense not to exploit peasants to the point of destruction, but kept his financial demands to a more moderate level". He regularly paid the Ottoman authorities their financial dues, ensuring a degree of stability in his relationship with the sultanate.

995: 1524:, aimed to move against the rebellious rulers of its provinces, including Zahir. Azm secured an official pardon of Zahir from the Porte in April 1775, but his governorship of Sidon was not preserved. Meanwhile, conflict between Zahir and his sons was renewed, with Ali attempting to capture Zahir's villages in the Galilee in 1774. Zahir defeated Ali with support from his other son Ahmad. Later that year, Zahir's rule was challenged by his son Sa'id, Zahir armed and mobilized 300 of Acre's civilian inhabitants to counter Sa'id. Ali continued to undermine his father's rule by encouraging defections by his Maghrebi mercenaries through bribes. 1940: 1782:

business with European merchants based in northern Palestine's ports, who competed with one another for the cotton and grain cultivated in the rural villages under Zahir's control or influence in the Galilee's hinterland and Jabal Amil. Before this, European merchants dealt directly with local cotton growers, but Zahir, with the help of Sabbagh, ended this system by assuming the role of middleman between the foreign merchants and the growers living under his rule. This allowed him to both monopolize cotton production and the merchants' price for the product. Zahir's pricing for the local

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Zahir's sons as they viewed Sabbagh to be a barrier between them and their father and an impediment to their growing power in Zahir's territory. Sabbagh was able to gain increased influence with Zahir largely because of the wealth he amassed through his integral role in managing Zahir's cotton monopoly. Much of this wealth was acquired through Sabbagh's own deals where he would purchase cotton and other cash crops from the local farmers and sell them to the European merchants in Syria's coastal cities and to his Melkite partners in

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prompting Zahir to seek shelter with Metawali allies in Jabal Amil. Some of Zahir's sons attempted to secure their own peace with Abu al-Dhahab, but the latter became ill and died on 10 June, causing the collapse and chaotic withdrawal of his Egyptian troops from Acre. Zahir reentered the city two days later and reestablished order with the assistance of Dinkizli. However, the setback of Abu al-Dhahab's death did not preclude the Porte from attempting to check Zahir's power and Sidon remained in direct government control.

951:, but failed to sway Sulayman Pasha during ensuing negotiations. When Sulayman Pasha lifted the siege to lead the Hajj caravan, Zahir marshaled French mercantile partners in Acre and Jewish allies in Tiberias to lobby the authorities in Constantinople. His efforts to sway the government failed and Sulayman Pasha resumed the operation after his return to Damascus in July 1743. He died suddenly in August on the outskirts of Tiberias, and Zahir used the opportunity to assault his camp and capture its weapons and goods. 831:. Nazareth, a mostly Christian town, came under Zahir's control by the end of 1740, following his capture of Safed. Philipp contends the extension of Zahir's rule southward toward Nazareth and the neighboring Marj Ibn Amer, the wide plain between the Galilee and Jabal Nablus through which the Damascus–Nablus trade routes passed, was a drawn-out process and the precise dating of the associated events is unclear. Although it administratively belonged to the Sidon Eyalet, Nazareth was controlled by the rural chiefs of 2232:

towers which hovered over them, while Zahir built the outer walls. His son Ali added towers, detached from the walls, in front of the eastern and western sides. They also built a palace complex, including a mosque. The Zaydans' building works in Deir Hanna were severely damaged during Jazzar Pasha's siege. Nonetheless, considerable parts of the structures remain intact and as late as 1960, the town retained the same form of the fortress, with no structures built outside of the lines of the original fortifications.

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Zahir's sons was their physician, who was known to be skilled. The physician was summoned by the sultan to treat his ailing wife, which he did successfully, earning him his release and a medal of honor from the sultan. The physician used his influence with the authorities to have Zahir's children and grandchildren released and returned to their hometowns. Dinkizli was rewarded with the governorship of Gaza, but died en route to his new headquarters, likely having been poisoned by Hasan Pasha.

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dispatched 30 Maghrebi mercenaries on a vessel captained by a Frenchman to capture Haifa in May 1761. Upon arrival, Zahir had the ship confiscated, its soldiers arrested, and its captain fined. The issue over Haifa's annexation was smoothed over with the assistance of Yaqub Agha, a Constantinople-based official with friendly ties to Zahir. Yaqub Agha had a high-ranking official, Sulayman Agha, revoke the imperial order sanctioning Uthman Pasha's attempt to capture the Haifa coast.

2087: 2115: 1804: 974:, for failing to ward off the Bedouin. Husayn Pasha had replaced As'ad Pasha, and among his priorities were subduing Zahir. He lodged a complaint to the imperial government alleging Zahir's involvement in the raid. Zahir denied the allegation and pressed for an investigation into the assault. To earn the government's favor, he purchased the looted goods of the caravan from the Bedouin, including the decorated banners representing the Islamic prophet 683:

hoping his tribe could benefit from the Zaydans' good reputation with the authorities and the local inhabitants. The Zaydans' chief at the time, Sa'd, was bypassed in favor of the younger Zahir, a signal that the Saqr did not intend to subordinate themselves to the Zaydans' will. Philipp comments the Bedouins "probably hoped to use Zahir for their own purposes" but "did not anticipate how quickly Zahir al-Umar would use them for his own ambitions".

784:, Muhammad al-Naf'i, surrendered the town around 1740, after prolonged negotiations and military pressure. Control of the strategically situated town, with its citadel built on a high hill, gave the Zaydans command over the surrounding countryside. Afterward, the fortified village of Bi'ina, which had withstood a siege by Zahir in 1739, was added to his domains through an agreement sealed by Zahir's marriage to the daughter of the village 1260:

1767. According to its terms, Zahir would keep control of Bassa and Yaroun, he would represent the Metawalis in their fiscal and other relations with the governor of Sidon, and he reduced their tax obligations to Sidon by a quarter. He promised his backing for the Metawalis in any confrontation with the Shihabs and the Druze, in return for the Metawalis' military support. In effect, though without official recognition, Zahir became the

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to disengage because as Muslims they were prohibited from attacking the sultan's military. Realizing his long-time lieutenant's betrayal, Zahir attempted to flee Acre on 21 August or 22 August. As he departed its gates, he was fired on by Ottoman troops, with a bullet striking his neck and causing him to fall off his horse. A Maghrebi soldier then decapitated him. Zahir's severed head was subsequently delivered to Constantinople.

2028:. In particular the Palestinians consider him a national hero who struggled against Ottoman authority for the welfare of his people. This praise is reflected in the recent academic, cultural and literary renaissance within Palestinian society that has elevated Zahir and his legacy to near-iconic status. These re-readings are not always bound to historical objectivity but are largely inspired by the ongoing consequences of the 1440: 2095:

1764, and it remained in use as an inn and market for traders until Haifa overtook Acre as the commercial center of the region in the late 19th century. It thereafter became housing for the poor. The original structure of the Suq al-Abyad (the White Bazaar), located in the northeastern corner of the walled city, was built by Zahir, though most of the present structure dates to an 1815 reconstruction by Acre's governor,

1730: 727: 858:, challenged Zahir's advance, recruiting the Saqr as allies. By then, the Saqr had become hostile toward Zahir, their ostensible junior partner, for stemming their raids against the peasants in his territories. Probably sometime after 1738, Zahir, backed by his kinsmen, Maghrebi mercenaries, and the residents of Nazareth, routed the Jarrar–Saqr coalition at the Marj Ibn Amer village of al-Rawda, near 1613: 936:. With Constantinople's sanction, Sulayman Pasha launched an abortive attack against Zahir in 1738. The Banu Saqr then captured his brother, Salih, and handed him over to Sulayman Pasha, who executed him, further embittering Zahir toward the Saqr. Sulayman Pasha renewed his efforts to suppress the Zaydans in 1741, enlisting his nephew, Ibrahim Pasha of Sidon, who was defeated by Zahir near 1931:

maintained their own power bases, largely derived from their mothers' clans, and also made their own alliances with other powerful actors in the region. Zahir was victorious in the many conflicts he had with his sons, but their frequent dissent weakened his rule and contributed to his downfall. Before his sons' rebellions, Zahir had eliminated other relatives who challenged his power.

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and quashing external threats. Zahir's forces marched on Safed later that month, pressuring Ali to surrender. Zahir pardoned Ali, but gave him Deir al-Qassi. The intra-family conflict resumed weeks later, with Ali and his full brother Sa'id poised against Zahir and Uthman. Ibrahim Sabbagh, Zahir's financial adviser, brokered a settlement giving Sa'id control of the villages of

889: 1284:, and succeeded in having his other son, Muhammad Pasha, appointed to Tripoli. Uthman Pasha was committed to ending Zahir's rule, which was left especially vulnerable with the loss of support in the imperial capital. In response to threats from Damascus, Zahir further strengthened Acre's fortifications and armed every adult male in the city with a rifle, two pistols and a 1169:, who controlled Tiberias, Ali defeated Zahir, who had demobilized his troops and was relying on local volunteers from Acre. Zahir remobilized his Maghrebi mercenaries and defeated Ali, prompting him to flee Deir Hanna in October. Nevertheless, he pardoned Ali for a fine and ceded him the fortress village. By December 1767, Zahir's intra-family disputes had subsided. 600: 2220: 1973:

high esteem, but was powerless and poor. Zahir's modern-day descendants in the Galilee use the surname 'Dhawahri' or 'al-Zawahirah' in Zahir's honor. The Dhawahri constitute one of the traditional elite Muslim clans of Nazareth, alongside the Fahum, Zu'bi and Onallas families. Other places in the Galilee where descendants of Zahir's clan live are Bi'ina and

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southern United States during the early–mid-19th century, European demand shifted away from Palestine's cotton. Because of its dependency on the crop, the region experienced a sharp economic downturn from which it could not recover. The cotton crop was largely abandoned, as were many villages, and the peasantry shifted its focus to subsistence agriculture.

2384:, who dominated the Shaghur, thereby gaining control of the area. The modern historian Kais Firro tentatively dates the incident, which resulted in the destruction of Sallama and nine other Druze villages in the Shaghur, to between 1688 and 1692. Zahir's 18th-century biographers, Mikha'il Sabbagh and Abbud Sabbagh, do not mention the incident. 2106:. The building had been used as a synagogue; after Zahir converted it for Muslim use, he compensated the Jewish worshippers with property elsewhere in the city. The Zaytuna Mosque was built in Acre during his rule at the initiative of Hajj Muhammad al-Sadiq, or the local scholar Muhammad Shadi al-Farid, who financed its construction. 1757:, the inhabitants would abandon their villages for safety in the larger towns or the desert. This situation hurt the economy of the region as the raids sharply reduced the villages' agricultural output, tax collectors could not collect their impositions, and trade could not be safely conducted due to the insecurity of the roads. 1558:

treasury lacked the funds and that Zahir's forces were capable of defeating Hasan Pasha. Dinkizli pressed Zahir to pay, arguing that mass bloodshed could be averted. He advised Zahir to force Sabbagh to pay the amount if Zahir could not afford it. When the negotiations dragged on, Hasan Pasha pressed for a full repayment of the

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with ensuring the safety of the roads in their respective vicinity and required them to compensate anyone who was robbed of their property. General security reached a level whereby "an old woman with gold in her hand could travel from one place to another without fear or danger", according to Zahir's biographer Sabbagh.

839:. The town was the residence of Zahir's first, Damascene wife and the hometown of his second wife. Through these connections, he forged good ties with its residents. They preferred Zahir, who had a reputation for religious tolerance, over the chiefs and merchants of Nablus, who they viewed as oppressive or extortionary. 1599:, who wrote the first European biography of Zahir in 1787, lists three main reasons for Zahir's failure. First, the lack of "internal good order and justness of principle". Secondly, the early concessions he made to his children. Third, and most of all, the avarice of his adviser and confidant, Ibrahim Sabbagh. 1207:, the predominantly Twelver Shia hill country east of Tyre and Sidon, who were referred to in the sources as the 'Metawalis'. Their territory was wedged between the Shihabs in Mount Lebanon and the Zaydans in northern Palestine. In 1743, Nassar, the chief of the Ali al-Saghirs, the dominant Metawali clan in the 2247:. In Shefa-Amr, Zahir's son Uthman built a large fortress with four towers, of which one remains standing. His son Ahmad rebuilt the Crusader fortress in Saffuriya. In the village of I'billin, Zahir's brother Yusuf built fortifications and a mosque. The I'billin fortress was later used as the headquarters of 1955:

credits Zahir for the revival of the Galilee's main centers, Acre, Haifa, Tiberias, and Nazareth, and their socioeconomic rise, which put them on par with Nablus, Palestine's principal commercial center. All four towns had been small villages before Zahir stimulated their urbanization and prosperity.

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Zahir had five wives during his lifetime. His marriages were politically advantageous, helping to seal his rule over areas he captured and consolidate relationships with Bedouin tribes, local clans, or urban notables. His first wife was the daughter of the Damascene religious notable, Sayyid Muhammad

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over a ruined Crusader church in Nazareth, and in 1750 they enlarged St. George's Church. The largest Christian community in Acre, the Melkites, built the city's largest church, St. Andrew's Church, in 1764, while the Maronites built St. Mary's Church for their congregation in 1750. As a testament to

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Zahir encouraged the settlement of Christians in Acre, in order to contribute to the city's commercial dynamism in trade and manufacturing. Christians grew to become the largest religious group in the city by the late 18th century. Zahir's territory became a haven for Melkites and Greek Orthodox from

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In addition to providing security, Zahir and his local deputies adopted a policy of aiding peasants cultivate and harvest their farmlands as a means to ensure the steady supply of agricultural products for export. These benefits included loans to peasants and the distribution of free seeds. Financial

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The period of calm that persisted between 1744 and 1765 greatly boosted the security and economy of the Galilee. The security established in the region encouraged people from other parts of the empire to immigrate there. Conflict between the local clans and between Zahir and his sons remained limited

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Zahir's initial military forces consisted of his Zaydani kinsmen and the inhabitants of the areas he ruled. They numbered about 200 men in the early 1720s, but grew to about 1,500 in the early 1730s. During this early period of Zahir's career, he also had the key military backing of the Banu Saqr and

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Following his death, Sabbagh and Zahir's sons Abbas and Salih were arrested by Hasan Pasha's men. Sabbagh was executed by Hasan Pasha. The sons were imprisoned in Constantinople. The Porte confiscated property belonging to Zahir, his sons and Sabbagh, valued at 41,500,000 piasters. Also arrested with

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Hasan Pasha proceeded to bombard Acre, and Zahir's Maghrebi artillerymen responded with cannon fire, damaging two of imperial ships. The following day, Hasan Pasha's fleet fired roughly 7,000 shells against Acre without returning fire from the city's artillerymen; Dinkizli ordered his Maghrebi forces

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political position by granting him the title of 'Sheikh of Acre, Emir of Nazareth, Tiberias, Safed, and Sheikh of all Galilee'. This recognition was tempered when Yaqub Agha was executed shortly after and Sulayman Agha died in 1770, depriving Zahir of close allies in Constantinople. In November 1770,

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In 1761, Zahir had Uthman assassinate Sa'd, hitherto his chief adviser and a key figure behind his successes, in exchange for control of Shefa-Amr. Zahir reneged after Sa'd's killing, prompting Uthman and his full-brothers Ahmad and Sa'd al-Din to besiege Shefa-Amr in 1765, but they were repulsed. In

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To safeguard his interests in the Galilee, particularly after establishing headquarters in Acre, Zahir installed his sons at strategic fortresses across the region. In the 1760s, many of his sons increasingly struggled against him and each other to expand their holdings in anticipation of their aging

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had given them the financial ability to establish themselves as tax farmers. Throughout the 1720s, Zahir frequently joined caravans bound for Damascus, where he bought and sold goods. Among the contacts Zahir made there was the Muslim scholar Abd al-Ghaffar al-Shuwayki, who introduced Zahir to Sayyid

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A strong relationship was maintained between Zahir and the Shia Muslim peasants of Jabal Amil and their sheikhs and merchant class. Zahir maintained law and order in Jabal Amil, while leaving its mostly Shia inhabitants to their own devices. The Shia also benefited economically from Zahir's monopoly

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Zahir governed with religious tolerance and encouraged the involvement of religious minorities in the local economy. As part of his wider efforts to increase the Galilee's population, Zahir invited Jews to settle in Tiberias around 1742, along with Muslims. He did not consider Jews to be a threat to

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According to Joudah, the two principal conditions Zahir established to foster his sheikhdom's prosperity and its survival were "security and justice". Before Zahir's consolidation of power, the villages of northern Palestine were prone to Bedouin raids and robberies and the roads were under constant

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in Sidon in 1774. The appointment of Zahir's relatives and close associates was meant to ensure the efficient administration of his expanding realm and the loyalty of his circle. Among their chief functions was to ensure the supply of cotton to Acre. It is not clear if these posts were recognized by

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from Acre, as a launchpad against him, while also seeking another potential port for his domains. While As'ad Pasha had not acted against Zahir's occupation of Haifa, Uthman Pasha sought to return the port to Damascene authority. Acting on Uthman Pasha's request, the governor of Sidon, Nu'man Pasha,

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and Safed, rendering the highways unsafe for travel and commerce, while often plundering villages and ignoring tax obligations. Under pressure, the Saqr resolved to appoint a local dignitary to negotiate on their behalf with the government. Their leader, Rashid al-Jabr, nominated Zahir for the role,

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He also built on top of a number of Crusader and Mamluk structures in the city. Among these were the caravanserais of Khan al-Shawarda and its Burj al-Sultan tower and Khan al-Shunah. The Crusader plan and main structure of Khan al-Shunah was preserved by Zahir in his restoration of the building in

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to periodic clashes, while there were no external attacks against Zahir's domains. While Zahir used force to strengthen his position, the local inhabitants generally took comfort in his rule, which historian Thomas Philip described as "relatively just and reasonably fair". According to the traveler

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Zahir appointed many of his brothers and sons as local administrators, particularly after he consolidated his control over Acre, which became the capital of his territory. Except for Acre and Haifa, Zahir divided the remainder of his territory between his relatives. His eldest brother was appointed

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In March 1773, Ali Bey left Palestine to reestablish himself in Egypt, but Abu al-Dhahab had him killed when he arrived. With this came an end to the alliance that politically and economically aligned Egypt and Palestine for the first time since the early 16th century. While their attempts to unite

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In September 1767, a conflict between Zahir and his son Ali, who controlled Safed, broke out over the former's refusal to cede the strategic fortress villages of Deir Hanna and Deir al-Qassi. Before the dispute, Ali had been a key supporter of his father, helping suppress dissent among his brothers

912:, became governor of Sidon in 1733, before taking up office in Damascus the following year. He opposed Zahir's buildup of power on the borders of his province and encroachments into the Nablus Sanjak. More alarming to the governor than Zahir's activities in Palestine were his incursions east of the 2231:

Fortifications and other structures were built in the rural villages under Zahir's control. The Zaydans built a double wall around Deir Hanna, making it "the best example of a fortified village in the Galilee", according to Andrew Petersen. Zahir's brother Sa'd built the inner walls and the twelve

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wrote that the Ottomans had successfully destroyed the power of Palestine's indigenous ruling families who "had practically been their own masters" but had been "ruined so that there is no longer any spirit left in them". Among these families were the "proud race" of Zahir, which was still held in

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By 1746, Zahir had established order in the lands he controlled. He coopted the dominant Bedouin tribe of the region, the Banu Saqr, which greatly contributed to the establishment of security in northern Palestine. Moreover, Zahir charged the sheikhs of the towns and villages of northern Palestine

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in Zahir's realm. Although he was appointed by the Sublime Porte, Zahir managed to maintain the same mufti for many years at a time in contrast with the typical Syrian province which saw its mufti replaced annually. The mufti was a Damascene, Abd al-Halim al-Shuwayki, who had been an old friend of

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On 20 May 1775, Abu al-Dhahab, having been encouraged by the Porte to eradicate Zahir's influence, captured Jaffa and slaughtered its male inhabitants. News of the massacre spurred the people of Acre into a mass panic, with its residents fleeing and storing their goods in the city's Khan al-Ifranj

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and 3,000 Druze defenders. When news of Zahir's victory reached them, Ali Jumblatt and Darwish Pasha withdrew from the city, which was subsequently occupied by Zahir and Nasif. Uthman Pasha and all of his sons were consequently dismissed from their posts by the Porte. Although he could not capture

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on the borders of Zaydani territory. While the contemporary al-Rukayni and the near contemporary Mikha'il Sabbagh agree that the capture of the two villages were the cause of the subsequent battles between Zahir and Nasif, they diverge on the other details. After a series of clashes, the two sides

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of Acre. In the first few years following his takeover of Acre, Zahir resided in Deir Hanna. He began fortifying Acre by building a wall around it in 1750. He built other fortifications and public buildings in Acre and promoted immigration to the city, which became his new headquarters. Afterward,

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were significantly strengthened. Following his death, his successor Jazzar Pasha maintained the cotton monopoly Zahir had established and the Galilee's economy remained almost completely dependent on the cotton trade. The region prospered for decades, but with the rise of cotton production in the

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As Zahir consolidated his power and reduced external threats to his rule in the 1760s, his sons aspired for more influence and ultimately fought against their father and each other in order to secure their place as Zahir's successor. Besides support from elements of the Zaydani clan, Zahir's sons

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After Zahir conquered Acre, he transformed it from a decaying village into a fortified market hub for Palestinian products, including silk, wheat, olive oil, tobacco and cotton, which he exported to Europe. Zahir monopolized the cotton market, controlling its production and foreign export. He did

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Zahir's sons Uthman, Ahmad, Sa'id and Ali continued to resist government forces, with Ali putting up the longest fight from his fortress in Deir Hanna. On 22 July 1776, the fortress capitulated to the combined forces of Hasan Pasha and Jazzar Pasha. Ali fled, but was killed later that year in the

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Misri was recalled to Constantinople in the summer of 1774 and Muhammad Pasha al-Azm was appointed governor of Damascus. Zahir's governorship of Sidon was thus left vulnerable because it had largely depended on guarantees from Misri. Azm sought peaceful relations with Zahir, but the Porte, having

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control of the Tuqan and Nimr clans, local rivals of the Jarrars. The loss of Jaffa and Bani Sa'b stripped Nablus of its sea access. Nablus was defended by 12,000 mostly peasant riflemen under Nimr and Tuqan commanders. After nine days of clashes, Zahir withdrew to avoid a costly stalemate. As he

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In an attempt to expand his zone of influence to Nablus, the commercial center of Palestine and its agriculturally-rich hinterland, Zahir besieged Nablus in late 1771. By then, he had secured an alliance with the Jarrars, who were incensed at Uthman Pasha's appointment of Mustafa Bey Tuqan as the

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Despite their conflict, Zahir and the Metawalis shared an interest in limiting the power of Sidon and keeping the Druze forces of Mount Lebanon at bay. Zahir's son Uthman mediated an end to the conflict and secured a treaty between Zahir and Nasif. Rukayni dates the treaty ceremony to 24 November

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Zahir rebuilt the Crusader walls around Acre. Although considerable in their extent, Zahir's walls were designed to ward off pirates and Bedouin raiders, and could not defend well against the Ottoman military. Under Jazzar Pasha, major reconstruction of the walls was undertaken and the new walls

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and when he failed to properly treat Zahir during a serious illness in 1757, Qassis used the opportunity to replace him with Sabbagh, a friend and fellow Melkite. Sabbagh became the most influential figure in Zahir's administration, particularly as Zahir grew old. This caused consternation among

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to assist him throughout much of his rule in matters of finance and correspondence. This official had always been a Melkite (local Greek Catholic). His first vizier was Yusuf al-Arqash, followed by Yusuf Qassis in 1749. Qassis continued in this role until the early 1760s when he was arrested for

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The accounts differ as to why the negotiations collapsed, but agree that their failure was the result of disputes within Zahir's inner circle between Sabbagh and Dinkizli. Most accounts claim that Sabbagh urged Zahir not to pay the requested sums and agitated for war. Sabbagh argued that Zahir's

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of Islam, was "truly ... a scheme of the Devil" and a crime against their religion. A short time after capturing Damascus, Abu al-Dhahab and Ismail withdrew from the city, whose inhabitants were "completely astonished at this amazing event", according to a chronicler of the time period. The

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of Jabal Amil, greatly expanding his territory. The backing of some 10,000 Metawali fighters significantly boosted his military potential, and the Metawalis "remained faithful allies ... to the end", in the words of Philipp, participating in fifteen subsequent campaigns against Zahir's foes. The

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The rebellions by Zahir's sons were nearly always backed by the governor of Damascus, Uthman Pasha, in a bid to sustain the internal dissent and weaken Zahir. The latter lodged complaints to the imperial government about Uthman Pasha's support for his rebellious sons at least once in 1765. Zahir

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The wealth Zahir accumulated through monopolizing Palestine's cotton and olive oil trade to Europe financed his sheikhdom. For much of his rule, he oversaw a relatively efficient administration and maintained domestic security, although he faced and suppressed several rebellions by his sons. The

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region remained supportive of the Ottomans. Owing largely to the conflict between Zahir and the Druze emirs of Mount Lebanon, the Druze of the Galilee did not fare well under Zahir and his Zaydani clan. In the oral traditions of the Galilee's Druze, Zahir's reign was synonymous with oppression.

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and Greek Orthodox from Mount Lebanon and Transjordan, respectively. The Melkite patriarch was based in Acre between 1765 and 1768. Along with Jews, Christians contributed to the economy of Zahir's sheikhdom through their relative ease in dealing with Christian European merchants, the financial

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prevented "exploitation" of the peasants and local merchants by European merchants and their "manipulation of the prices", according to Joudah. This caused financial losses to the Europeans, who lodged numerous complaints to the French and English ambassadors to the Ottoman government. A formal

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The high European demand for cotton enabled Zahir to become wealthy and finance his autonomous sheikhdom. Control of the cotton market also allowed him to gain practical control of the Sidon Eyalet, except for the city of Sidon. With mixed success, Zahir attempted to have French merchant ships

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merchant Yusuf al-Qassis. His first contact with the merchants came in 1731 when he arranged the settlement of debts owed to them by his brother Sa'd. Control of Acre would greatly improve his business potential, and the peace with Damascus under As'ad Pasha enabled Zahir to focus his military

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was attacked by the governor of Sidon sometime between 1713 and 1718, Zahir helped defend the village and evaded the governor's troops. According to contemporary chroniclers, this event, along with Zahir's moderate personality, made him a local folk hero. His martial talents gained him further

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largely remain in place in the present day. Part of Zahir's contributions are extant, mainly a section of the northeastern wall, and are characterized by small stone blocks. An inscription dated to 1750 on a marble slab that was removed from this part of the wall credits Zahir as the builder:

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for safekeeping. On 24 May, Zahir also departed the city, leaving for Sidon. Ali subsequently entered and declared himself governor. However, his Maghrebi troops abandoned him and looted the city as Abu al-Dhahab's troops approached it a few days later. They proceeded to conquer Sidon by sea,

1006:

Zahir consolidated his authority over the port of Acre in a drawn-out process starting in the 1730s. Joudah views Zahir's moves as "inevitable", considering he already controlled Acre's fertile countryside and needed "an outlet to the sea" and was motivated by "potential profits". Zahir had

2056:

Zahir and his family built fortresses, watchtowers, warehouses, and khans (caravanserais). These buildings improved the domestic administration and general security of the Galilee. Today, many are in a state of disrepair and remain outside the scope of Israel's cultural preservation laws.

1422:

at the head of 10,000 soldiers. Before Uthman Pasha could be joined by his allies, Zahir and Nasif confronted the governor on 2 September. Zahir's son Ali raided Uthman Pasha's camp, while Zahir's other troops blocked them from the west. Uthman Pasha's troops hastily retreated towards the

1927:, a daughter as well. His sons, from eldest to youngest, were Salibi, Ali, Uthman, Sa'id, Ahmad, Salih, Sa'd al-Din and Abbas. His daughter Nijma was married to Karim al-Ayyubi, who was a cousin of Zahir. By 1773, Zahir had a total of 272 children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. 2461:

The Nablus-based chronicler, Ihsan al-Nimr, in his detailed account of Nablus during the 18th century, does not mention the battle. The Nazarene historian Hanna Samarah claims Zahir's 2,000 men killed 8,000 on the opposing side. The head of the Jarrars, Sheikh Ibrahim al-Jarrar, was

1358:, but Ismail abruptly halted his army's advance after confronting Uthman Pasha as he was leading the Hajj caravan in order to avoid harming the Muslim pilgrims. Ismail considered attacking the governor at that point to be a grave religious offense. He subsequently withdrew to Jaffa. 2147:, was built on a narrow strip of land at the northern foot of Mount Carmel to make it easier to defend by land. In the new Haifa, Zahir built a wall around the town with four towers and two gates, none of which are extant. They existed at least until the early 19th century when 958:, relented from further action against Zahir. The following fourteen years were characterized by peace between Zahir and Damascus, partly because As'ad Pasha was dissuaded by his brother's unsuccessful experience and preoccupied with domestic affairs. In late 1757, the 862:. Following his victory, Zahir called for reinforcements from the people of his domains to subdue Jabal Nablus. Among them were many residents of Nazareth, including Christian women who supplied the troops with food and water. Zahir's forces pursued the Jarrars to their 6496:

Travels Through Syria and Egypt, in the Years 1783, 1784, and 1785: Containing the Present Natural and Political State of Those Countries, Their Productions, Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce; with Observations on the Manners, Customs, and Government of the Turks and

1701:

Zahir's family when they were based in Tiberias and had often hosted Zahir during his business trips to Damascus. Zahir directly appointed the qadi from Palestine's local ulema, but his judicial decisions had to be approved by the qadi of Sidon. Zahir had a chief

1454:

Following his victory, Zahir had Darwish Pasha vacate Sidon on 13 October. He returned two days later after receiving Yusuf Shihab's backing. Zahir decided to move against Yusuf Shihab and, together with Nasif, confronted him and his 37,000 men at the village of

1390:

Abu al-Dhahab's withdrawal frustrated Zahir who proceeded to make independent moves, first by capturing Jaffa in August 1771, after driving out its governor Ahmad Bey Tuqan. Shortly thereafter, he captured the cotton-producing Bani Sa'b district (centered around

1553:

accruing from 1768. Zahir initially agreed to pay 500,000 piasters of the total amount upfront and a further 50,000 piasters to Hasan Pasha personally to "spare the blood of the people". Hasan Pasha accepted Zahir's proposals, but the arrangements fell apart.

1840:. Many Jews in Safed, which was governed by Zahir's son Ali, moved to Tiberias in the 1740s to take advantage of better opportunities in that city, which at the time was under Zahir's direct rule. Jewish communities were also established in the villages of 1361:

Zahir was surprised and angered by Ismail's reticence to attack. In a unilateral move to impose his authority in Uthman Pasha's jurisdiction, Zahir had his son Ahmad and other subordinate commanders collect taxes from villages in Damascus Eyalet, including

1247:

on 6 October 1766. While Sabbagh claims it ended in a victory for Zahir, al-Rukayni held Nasif was the decisive victor. Thereafter, Zahir's Maghrebi mercenaries supposedly employed a ruse by capturing two of Nasif's yong sons from Nasif's headquarters, the

434:

immigration to his domain. The influx of immigrants from other parts of the empire stimulated the local economy and led to the significant growth of the Christian communities in Acre and Nazareth and the Jewish community in Tiberias. He and his family, the

1417:

Uthman Pasha had resumed his governorship of Damascus at the end of June 1771 and was determined to eliminate Zahir. To that end, he assembled a coalition that included Darwish Pasha, Muhammad Pasha and Yusuf Shihab. In late August, Uthman Pasha reached

2501:

While Zahir and the Zaydans were not involved in the Hajj caravan raid, he had friendly ties with the Sardiyya, the tribe of his mother and one of his wives, and he allowed the Bedouins to sell goods looted from the caravan in his domains following the

1177:, an opponent of Uthman Pasha who sought to restore the Azms to office in Damascus. While Sidon's support had no practical military value, the support of his nominal superior provided Zahir with official legitimacy amid his family's insurrections. 1485:

from local Druze sheikhs. The Druze had previously been in conflict with Zahir, but due to Jazzar's offensive, the circumstances fostered an alliance between them, Zahir, and the Metawali clans. Zahir and Ali Bey captured Jaffa with help from the

753:, to seize the area. Ahmad had also requested permission to attack Zahir, to which Ibrahim Pasha consented in the hope of neutralizing two powerful local leaders. In 1738, Zahir assembled a 1,500-strong force and defeated Ahmad's forces near the 718:. Zahir made Tiberias his principal base and was joined there by his Zaydani kinsmen. He appointed his cousin Muhammad, the son of Ali, as commander of the family militia. Zahir spent the 1730s fortifying Tiberias and expanding his territory. 1216:, assisted government forces in their campaign against Zahir. Around 1750, Nassar's successor, his son Zahir al-Nassar, called for Zahir's backing against the Shihabs, who had earlier killed hundreds of Shia Muslim villagers and sacked the 1459:

on 20 October. Zahir's Metawali cavalry feigned retreat, luring Yusuf Shihab's army into a place where they were surrounded by Zahir's men, who dealt them a decisive blow. Yusuf Shihab thereafter retreated to his mountain village of

2204:. The citadel was built by Zahir's son Salibi. As of 2001, the upper floor was operated as a restaurant, while the lower floor contained an art gallery. The citadel is locally often misidentified as the "Crusader castle/fortress". 748:

district, in the northwestern Galilee, appealed for Zahir to relieve them of Ahmad's heavy-handedness, as well as the extortions of the Bedouins. Zahir accepted their proposition and obtained permission from Sidon's governor,

1823:

would encourage economic development in Tiberias, which the Jews considered particularly holy. His tolerance towards the Jews, the cuts in taxes levied on them, and assistance in the construction of Jewish homes, schools and

2142:

Between 1765 and 1769, Zahir had Haifa demolished and rebuilt and fortified at a site 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) to the southeast. While the old village was situated on a plain, the new town, which remained a port along the

822:

According to Marom et al, "Beginning in the 1740s CE Dhahir al-‘Umar expanded his rule to the northern part of the valley and fortified adjacent villages, turning the valley into a borderland of conflict with the rulers of

1233:

Nasif and the other Metawali chiefs backed Zahir's son Uthman during his rebellion against him in 1766, and then his other son Ali in 1767. Amid the conflict, Zahir captured the fortified Metawali-held villages of

1427:, the only place where they were not surrounded. The overwhelming majority drowned in the river, with only 300–500 survivors, including Uthman Pasha, who almost drowned before being rescued by one of his men. The 870:, but withdrew after failing to capture its fortress. The defeat marked the limit of Zahir's influence south of Marj Ibn Amer and confirmed the Jarrars as the dominant force of Jabal Nablus over their rivals, the 1490:

after a nine-month siege, in which they exhausted many of their resources. Before that, in late October 1772, Zahir and his Druze and Metawali allies captured Beirut from Jazzar, also with Russian naval support.

2346:, respectively. A modern biographer of Zahir, Ahmad Hasan Joudah, considers Sabbagh to be the most reliable source for Zahir's personal life and thus deems 1689/1690 to be the most likely year of Zahir's birth. 1681:, Egypt. Sabbagh served other important roles as well, including as Zahir's political adviser, main administrator and chief representative with European merchants and Ottoman provincial and imperial officials. 1435:

by the fortified villages between Tiberias and Acre. He also received congratulations from the French merchant ships at the port of Acre. Zahir's victory encouraged Ali Bey to relaunch his Syrian campaign.

1476:

Muhammad Tuqan captured Jaffa from Zahir in May 1772, the same month that Ali Bey arrived in Acre to seek Zahir's protection after being forced out of Egypt by rival mamluks. In June, the Ottoman loyalist

618:

tribe, who resided in the village. In Arraba, Zahir received a degree of formal education from a Muslim scholar, Abd al-Qadir al-Hifnawi. He also learned how to hunt and fight. When the nearby village of

1745:

threat from highway robbers and Bedouin attacks. Despite being left destitute following the looting raids, the inhabitants of these agrarian villages remained obligated to pay the Ottoman government the

2425:), who were also responsible for protecting their territory from Bedouin depredations, building and maintaining fortifications and other public works, and overseeing commercial and agricultural affairs. 738:

Due to the relative justice and fairness of his rule, peasants from nearby areas moved to Zahir's domains or invited him to rule over them. The people living under the rule of Ahmad al-Husayn, the

1431:

marked a decisive victory for Zahir, who entered Acre triumphantly with the spoils of Uthman Pasha's camp. He was celebrated by the city's residents and on the way there, had been given honorary

1338:

for strategic purposes vis-a-vis his conflict with the Porte, Ali Bey had a mutual interest with Zahir in subduing Damascus. He dispatched 15,000-20,000 Egyptian troops to the port cities of

439:, patronized the construction of commercial buildings, houses of worship and fortifications throughout the Galilee. Zahir's rule over a virtually autonomous area in Palestine has made him a 2207:

In the present center of Tiberias, Zahir built a mosque, known after him as the Omari Mosque or the Zahiri Mosque. It consists of a prayer hall, a portico and a minaret. It was built with

1473:

was the site of a decisive battle in which Zahir defeated the alliance of the Jarrars, the Saqr and the Nabulsi sheikhs, preparing his political and military hegemony over Jabal Nablus.

6487: 2339: 1635:

of Tiberias. Salibi was killed in 1773 fighting alongside Ali Bey's forces in Egypt. His death deeply distressed Zahir, who was around 80 years old at the time. He appointed Uthman in

652:). Zahir married Sayyid Muhammad's daughter and established her residence in Nazareth because she considered Arraba too small. When Sayyid Muhammad died, Zahir inherited his fortune. 2211:, typical of the architectural style of Zahir's building works. While there have been restorations since it was first constructed in the 1740s, the mosque retains its original plan. 1897:

During this period, many Druze villages were destroyed or abandoned, and there was a partial Druze exodus from the Galilee, especially from the villages around Safed, to the Hauran.

800:, after marrying the daughter of its sheikh, Abd al-Khaliq Salih. All the above gains solidified his hold over the northern and eastern Galilee. Elsewhere, Sa'd had taken control of 1672:. He was succeeded by Ibrahim Sabbagh, who had served as a personal physician for Zahir in 1757 when he replaced Zahir's longtime physician Sulayman Suwwan. The latter was a local 6667: 538:

coast. By 1703, Umar had grown powerful enough to be considered the "paramount sheikh of the Galilee" by the French vice-consul of Sidon, while his brothers Ali and Hamza were

842: 2044:

described Zahir as "the founding father of early Palestinian modernities and social renewal". Masalha further argued that Palestine under the rule of Zahir was "the closest

1873:

the exceptional prosperity Christians enjoyed under Zahir, no further churches were built under the auspices of the less tolerant successive rulers of Acre and the Galilee.

1787:

agreement to regulate commerce between Zahir and the European merchants was reached in 1753. Zahir further encouraged trade by offering local merchants interest-free loans.

5747:

Crecelius, D. (1986). "Egypt's Reawakening Interest in Palestine During the Regimes of Ali Bey al-Kabir and Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dahab: 1760–1775". In Kushner, David (ed.).

2266:

on the Sea of Galilee, Zahir built five fountains, one of which remained standing by the 19th century. That remaining fountain was the largest of its kind in the Galilee.

1795:

and Sidon to Haifa, in order to benefit from the customs fees he could exact. Acre underwent an economic boom as a result of its position in the cotton trade with France.

614:, a village between the market towns of Tiberias, Safed, and Nazareth but away from the main highways, after being offered safe haven there by the chiefs of the Bedouin 1378:

in May. Together with Ismail's troops in Jaffa, the Egyptian army captured Damascus from Uthman Pasha in June, while Zahir and his Metawali allies captured the city of

2200:

with its four-round towers, located at the northeastern section of the fortifications, remains extant. Both stories of the citadel are characterized by three rows of

1469:

Nablus and its hinterland, Zahir's domain by the end of 1771 extended from Sidon to Jaffa and included an influential presence in the Hauran plain. In the same year,

2355:

The name of Zahir's grandfather, who was not mentioned directly in the contemporary sources, was confirmed in a mosque inscription found in the Galilee village of

1877:

of the cotton industry and their sheikhs provided him men of great military skills. Zahir was a key backer of the Shia in their successful conflict with the Druze

355:, in 1750. He fortified Acre, and the city became the center of the cotton trade between Palestine and Europe. In the mid-1760s, he reestablished the port town of 1564:

arrears, warning Zahir that he would be executed if he failed to do so. Insulted by the threat, he threatened to destroy Hasan Pasha's fleet unless he withdrew.

1021:

of Acre from Ibrahim Pasha, who, wary of Zahir's growing power in the province, rejected the request. Zahir took Acre by force, probably in 1744, and killed its

558:, respectively, around this time. Umar died in 1706 and was succeeded as head of the family by Zahir's eldest brother, Sa'd. The Zaydans were deposed from their 874:. While the Jarrars and Zahir eventually concluded a truce, the former continued to mobilize the clans of Jabal Nablus to prevent Zahir's southward expansion. 1395:), which was held by Mustafa Bey Tuqan. Zahir had Jaffa fortified and garrisoned with 2,000 men. By the end of August, Uthman Pasha restored his control over 2547:

since the advent of Ottoman rule in 1517. An imperial order giving legal cover to Uthman Pasha's temporary capture of Tantura, restored the Haifa and Yajur

635:, with whom they continued commercial relationships established by their father. The wealth that earlier Zaydans had generated from trade with Damascus and 6672: 6084: 1647:. Ahmad was given authority over Deir Hanna after Sa'd's death. Zahir appointed his son-in-law Karim al-Ayyubi in Jaffa and Gaza, while Dinkizli was made 1547:, to blockade Acre. He reached Haifa on 7 August, taking Jaffa from Zahir's son-in-law, Karim al-Ayyubi. Hasan Pasha ordered Zahir to pay arrears of the 2239:(in Lebanon) Zahir built the castle of Kulat Marun. In Khirbat Jiddin, Zahir rebuilt the demolished Crusader fortress with the addition of a mosque and 2151:

described and sketched the wall. Within Haifa, Zahir built Burj al-Salam, a two-story square tower, which remained intact until the 1970s. The original

771:

of Jiddin. During the confrontation, Zahir encountered a mercenary, Ahmad Agha al-Dinkizli, whom he commissioned to raise and command a private army of

1869: 1807: 1382:

from Darwish Pasha. However, Abu al-Dhahab was persuaded by Ismail that confronting the Ottoman sultan, who carried a high religious authority as the

2000:, which was widely reviewed in the British press in 2010. Zahir was gradually integrated into Palestinian historiography. In Murad Mustafa Dabbagh's 5288: 1852:, who migrated there for better trade and employment opportunities. In Nazareth, the Christian community prospered and grew, receiving an influx of 2004:(1965), a multi-volume work about Palestine's history, Zahir is referred to as the "greatest Palestinian appearing in the eighteenth century". The 6687: 1639:

then Shefa-Amr, Abbas in Nazareth, Ali in Safed, and Ahmad in Saffuriya. Ahmad replaced Salibi in Tiberias as well, and also conquered Ajlun and

1015:

In 1743, Zahir had his cousin Muhammad arrested and executed to remove him as a rival for influence in Acre. That year, Zahir had requested the

6542: 6518: 6477: 6456: 6421: 6371: 6347: 6323: 6265: 6241: 6217: 6182: 6161: 6123: 6073: 6035: 6016: 5986: 5962: 5925: 5906: 5885: 5861: 5837: 5816: 5793: 5758: 5729: 5715: 5694: 5673: 5165: 5136: 2281: 706:

of Tiberias and Arraba, promising to timely forward taxes and rule justly. The governor of Sidon consented, marking the first time a Zaydani

1136:

under Zahir in the Galilee and surrounding areas. Zahir's seats are indicated in red, while the seats of other Zaydani sheikhs are in orange

994: 2155:

in new Haifa was probably built by Zahir, but most of the present building is a later construction. He also built a customs building and a

1956:

With the restoration and refortification of Acre and the establishment of the secondary harbor town of Haifa, the Galilee's ties with the

1828:, helped foster the growth of the Jewish community. The initial Jewish immigrants came from Damascus and were later followed by Jews from 1596: 2169:

consist of a few cross-vaults lying on square pillars in a car park, while the eastern section of the structure is used for warehousing.

1109:

pirates, but he probably aimed to prevent the governors of Damascus from utilizing the port village, strategically positioned across the

6692: 6682: 924:

plain, and attacked Damascus city. For threatening Damascus, the imperial government determined Zahir was a threat to the all-important

944: 883: 700:

of oppressing and illegally taxing the population, thereby engendering the inhabitants' ire toward the government. Zahir requested the

610:

Zahir's killing of a man from Tiberias during a brawl in 1707 prompted Sa'd to move the family from the Tiberias area. They settled in

6707: 6677: 1769:, who visited the area in 1737, the local people had great admiration for Zahir, especially for his war against bandits on the roads. 422:

aforementioned factors, along with Zahir's flexible taxation policies and his battlefield reputation made him popular among the local

686:

Not long after allying with the Saqr, Zahir initiated his takeover of Tiberias with the Bedouins' support. Zahir captured the town's

6717: 6712: 2005: 1581:

area between Tiberias and Safed. By then, the rest of Zahir's sons had been arrested or killed. Abbas was later appointed by Sultan

1318:

Although Zahir was bereft of support in Constantinople and Damascus, he was forging a new alliance with the increasingly autonomous

1294:

throughout the Galilee, and consolidated his relationship with the Shia clans of Jabal Amil, thereby cementing his local alliances.

2380:

specifically. According to oral histories of the Muslims and Druze of the Galilee, the Zaydans swiftly overtook the Druze chief of

2338:

Zahir's date of birth is not definitively known, with the years 1686, 1689/1690 and 1694 cited by Zahir's contemporary biographers

1734: 1513: 754: 731: 2492:, formally made peace with Zahir in the governor's name in 1743. Zahir then sent As'ad Pasha and Ibn al-Falaqinsi expensive gifts. 6697: 6410:

Khoury, Dana Rizk (2008). "Political Relations between City and State in the Middle East, 1700–1850". In Sluglett, Peter (ed.).

1521: 1089:

In 1757, Zahir had expanded his holdings southward, along Palestine's northern coastal plain, taking control of the villages of

6469:

Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the 18th and 19th Centuries by Mikhayil Mishaqa (1800–1873)

5936: 2278:, tax farmer and local strongman of Mount Lebanon, the Galilee, and the adjacent coasts in the late 16th–early 17th centuries. 1939: 6174:

The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: The Cities of Acre and Tyre with Addenda and Corrigenda to Volumes I–III

2177: 2032:. Still it is precise to say that Shaykh Zahir had successfully established an autonomous state, or a "little Kingdom," as 947:

for ninety days, with unprecedented orders from Constantinople to execute Zahir. The latter proclaimed his loyalty to the

5686:

The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine

1985:, particularly the towns and villages where Zahir or his family left an architectural legacy, hold Zahir in high regard. 6657: 2258:, in modern Lebanon, and in Safed, Zahir or his son Ali rebuilt Crusader fortifications. Zahir fortified the village of 1593:, Abbas and Salih left Safed with the departing French forces. This marked the end of Zaydani influence in the Galilee. 2452:

and engaged in trade with European cotton merchants in Acre as early as 1704. Muhammad eventually succeeded his father.

1988:

Although he was mostly overlooked by historians of the Middle East, some scholars view Zahir's rule as a forerunner to

1414:

departed Nablus, his forces raided many of the city's satellite villages, from which its peasant defenders originated.

477:(nomadic Arab) origin which had abandoned nomadism under Zahir's grandfather, Salih, and settled as cultivators in the 6621: 6203: 1428: 1351: 1684:

There were other officials in Zahir's civil administration in Acre, including chief religious officials, namely the

6231: 6109: 5847: 5739: 2190: 1965: 1544: 1375: 678:) collaborated in a military campaign to suppress the Saqr Bedouins. The tribe had long dominated the area between 5772: 2024:

However historians may look at Shaykh Zahir al-'Umar and his movement, he is highly respected by the Arabs of the

1222:

of Jabal Amil in a campaign against the Metawalis. With Zahir's support, the Ali al-Saghirs routed the Shihabs at

6504: 6100: 5093: 2193:. Most of the walls have been destroyed or form part of modern structures, while eight of the towers are extant. 2185:

Zahir built fortifications around Tiberias in 1739–1740. Part of the walls originally ran along the shore of the

2012:, broadcast a series about Zahir in 1966, praising him as a Palestinian national hero who fought against Ottoman 1253: 564:

by the governor of Sidon the following year, after the death of Bashir, but were restored by Bashir's successor,

410:

regions. By then, however, Ali Bey had been killed, the Ottomans entered into a truce with the Russians, and the

2553:

to Damascene jurisdiction from 1760 until the order was revoked in 1762, following Zahir's recapture of Tantura.

1185: 5954:

Emissaries from the Holy Land: The Sephardic Diaspora and the Practice of Pan-Judaism in the Eighteenth Century

1864:

community of Nazareth to build churches in 1730, 1741 and 1754 on sites Christians associated with the life of

1673: 6552:

Yazbak, M. (2013). "The Politics of Trade and Power: Dahir al-Umar and the Making of Early Modern Palestine".

1857:

support networks many of them maintained in Damascus or Constantinople, and their role in service industries.

6702: 2148: 1989: 1145:

May 1766, Uthman renewed his rebellion against Zahir but was again defeated. Mediation by Isma'il Shihab of

901: 366:, who attempted to limit or eliminate his influence. He was often supported in these confrontations by the 6614: 5725: 5636: 5620: 5604: 5588: 5560: 5544: 5528: 5496: 2096: 1969: 1281: 1165:. Ali held out and took over Deir Hanna, which Zahir previously denied him. Joined by Zahir's eldest son, 1128: 1035:(Islamic head judge) to petition the sultan on his behalf, in July 1746, Zahir was formally appointed the 971: 963: 694:(subdistrict governor and tax collector) and sent him to the governor of Sidon with a letter accusing the 317: 108: 5294: 418:

attacked his Acre stronghold in the summer of 1775 and he was killed outside of its walls shortly after.

6381:

Schölch, Alexander (1984). "The Decline of Local Power in Palestine after 1856: The Case of ʿAqīl Aġā".

2244: 2227:

built by Zahir, his brother Sa'd or son Ali. Zahir was headquartered in Deir Hanna before moving to Acre

1710: 1487: 1444: 1302: 1252:

castle, compelling Nasif to negotiate terms. This account is considered a local legend by the historian

1200: 1174: 983: 909: 2489: 2065: 1713:

was also appointed to supervise the customs payments made by the European merchants in Acre and Haifa.

955: 17: 1199:

Zahir's takeover of the Safed region and the western Galilee removed the barriers between him and the

6662: 5021: 1957: 1644: 1590: 750: 1503:(with the exception of Nablus and Jerusalem), Jabal Amil, and the Syrian coast from Gaza to Beirut. 1105:. Ostensibly, Zahir captured the harbor village of Haifa to eliminate the base established there by 6045:

Philipp, Thomas (1990). "The Rise and Fall of Acre: Population and Economy between 1700 and 1850".

5735:

The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology

4545: 2373: 1374:, also part of Damascus. In response to Zahir's indignation, Ali Bey sent him 35,000 troops under 6569: 6398: 6300: 6292: 6104: 5871: 3002: 2243:(bathhouse). The mosque was destroyed by Israeli forces when the village was captured during the 2045: 2009: 1718: 1500: 569: 1914:

al-Husayni. Among his other wives was a woman from the Sardiyya tribe, and the daughters of the

4796: 2114: 1803: 966:

on its return to Syria. Thousands of Muslim pilgrims were killed in the raid, including Sultan

615: 6538: 6514: 6473: 6452: 6417: 6367: 6343: 6319: 6261: 6237: 6213: 6178: 6157: 6119: 6069: 6031: 6012: 5982: 5958: 5921: 5902: 5881: 5857: 5833: 5812: 5789: 5754: 5711: 5690: 5669: 5512: 5161: 5132: 5040: 5002: 4974: 4902: 4863: 4847: 4815: 4742: 4710: 4608: 4576: 4307: 4141: 4092: 4076: 2994: 2377: 2103: 1706: 1189:

Map showing phases of expansion of the territory controlled by Zahir and his subordinates, in

1007:

commercial dealings with the French merchants of the city through his Acre-based partner, the

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The relationship between Zahir and the rural sheikhs of the Druze of Mount Lebanon under the

1267:

alliance secured Zahir's northern borders, allowing him to focus on operations in the south.

6561: 6390: 6284: 6092: 6050: 4777: 4286: 4270: 2986: 2343: 2158: 2134:

government house in Nazareth, which served as the city's municipal headquarters until 1991.

2086: 2017: 1893: 1331: 1307: 1083: 1071: 1067: 375: 69: 6153:

The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 2, L–Z (excluding Tyre)

5480: 584:

to Zahir during his adolescence to help prevent the authorities from holding the practical

6603:

Istoria della guerra della Soria parte 2. proseguita fino alla morte di AlyBey dell'Egitto

6593:

Istoria della guerra della Soria parte 1. proseguita fino alla morte di AlyBey dell'Egitto

6431: 6133: 6088: 5768: 2544: 2275: 1978: 1924: 1878: 1820: 1766: 1465: 1227: 1166: 836: 604: 462: 363: 352: 308: 284: 247: 222: 205: 130: 5733: 2078:

By the order of Allah this wall was erected in Akka by a nobleman who generously acted.

6492:"XXV: Summary of the History of Daher, Son of Omar, Who Governed Acre from 1750 to 1776" 6028:

A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)

970:'s sister. The attack shocked the government, and discredited the governor of Damascus, 804:, establishing his headquarters there, while their cousin Muhammad, who was already the 6598: 6588: 6528: 6096: 5805: 2186: 2033: 1952: 1738: 1517: 1439: 1367: 1094: 948: 905: 863: 745: 611: 565: 499: 427: 395: 383: 336: 6651: 6573: 6304: 6275:

Shamir, Shimon (1963). "As'ad Pasha al-'Aẓm and Ottoman Rule in Damascus (1743–58)".

6147: 3006: 2359:

dated to 1722 or 1723, which credited Zahir's uncle, 'Ali ibn Salih', as its builder.

2294: 1944: 1849: 1833: 1792: 1540: 1461: 1335: 1327: 1311: 1208: 1150: 917: 855: 832: 797: 551: 535: 507: 440: 411: 65: 5750:

Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social, and Economic Transformation

1729: 900:, whose members governed Damascus Eyalet for over a quarter century, beginning with 726: 6639: 6625: 6357: 6333: 6251: 6227: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2259: 2240: 2152: 1993: 1640: 1617: 1537: 1529: 1478: 1424: 1323: 1102: 999: 937: 933: 913: 871: 867: 671: 523: 444: 415: 379: 339:. For much of his reign, starting in the 1730s, his domain mainly consisted of the 209: 183: 61: 6602: 6592: 2990: 1387:

sudden turn of events compelled Zahir's forces to withdraw from Sidon on 20 June.

6532: 6508: 6491: 6467: 6446: 6435: 6411: 6337: 6313: 6255: 6207: 6193: 6172: 6151: 6137: 6063: 6006: 5976: 5952: 5937:"Zahir al-'Umar and the First Autonomous Regime in Ottoman Palestine (1744–1775)" 5896: 5875: 5851: 5827: 5783: 5748: 5705: 5684: 5657: 1951:

Zahir's rule radically changed the urban landscape of the Galilee. The historian

5972: 5661: 2974: 2445: 2369: 2290: 2201: 2041: 2013: 1697: 1626: 1612: 1448: 1419: 1133: 1123: 979: 814:

to his holdings, increasing the presence of the Zaydans in the western Galilee.

712:

was directly appointed by a provincial governor rather than through the Shihabi

470: 456: 436: 367: 233: 73: 5898:

Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir al-'Umar

6565: 6288: 5918:

Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir al-Umar

5089: 2286: 2224: 2020:

as a pioneer of Arab liberation from foreign occupation. According to Joudah,

1974: 1905: 1861: 1841: 1636: 1432: 1347: 1280:

Uthman Pasha engineered the replacement of Sidon's governor with his own son,

1204: 1059: 1047: 959: 904:

in 1725. The Azms often attempted to expand their control to the provinces of

897: 801: 689: 371: 348: 2998: 2262:, though the village and its fort were in ruins by the late 19th century. At 6054: 5978:

The Zionist Bible: Biblical Precedent, Colonialism and the Erasure of Memory

5653: 5157: 5128: 2483: 2441: 2248: 2236: 2144: 1853: 1825: 1783: 1582: 1339: 1223: 1153:

where Zahir and Uthman reconciled and Uthman was given control of Nazareth.

1110: 967: 888: 811: 758: 640:

Muhammad of the Husayni family, whose members were part of the city's elite

403: 57: 2471:

Previous imperial orders to Damascus had only called for "punishing" Zahir.

2293:: American models, claims descent from Zahir al-Umar through their father, 1158: 1042:

Zahir confiscated five villages in Sahil Akka (the coastal plain of Acre),

620: 599: 2219: 1625:

to Deir Hanna, and his younger brothers Yusuf and Salih were installed in

1354:

with their armies and moved north toward Damascus. They made it as far as

489:. Around 1698, Umar was appointed, in effect, as the tax collector of the 6361: 2189:

and had eighteen towers. The fortifications were severely damaged in the

2123: 1811: 1678: 1586: 1456: 1363: 1355: 1244: 1235: 975: 859: 847: 762: 649: 632: 625: 555: 519: 478: 391: 344: 146: 142: 6534:

Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, A Muslim Town in Transition, 1864–1914

5707:

Palestine in the 18th Century: Patterns of Government and Administration

5666:

Reapproaching Borders: New Perspectives on the Study of Israel–Palestine

6402: 2528: 2381: 2320: 2197: 2025: 1885: 1629:

and Arraba, respectively. Zahir appointed his eldest son Salibi as the

1392: 1249: 1146: 1098: 1063: 1055: 1008: 793: 787: 772: 675: 531: 513: 474: 340: 134: 6296: 1668:

attempting to smuggle wealth he had accumulated during his service to

5785:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

2540: 2514: 2404: 2400: 2263: 2255: 2131: 2119: 1982: 1837: 1829: 1664: 1482: 1470: 1383: 1371: 1319: 1239: 1162: 921: 828: 679: 643: 636: 527: 486: 466: 423: 399: 126: 6394: 590:

accountable in the event of a default. Legal control of the Zaydani

6209:

The World of Murtada Al-Zabidi: 1732-91 Life, Networks and Writings

1226:. Zahir al-Nassar died that year and was succeeded by his brother, 2520: 2449: 2356: 2218: 2208: 2176: 2113: 2085: 2064: 2029: 1938: 1904: 1889: 1865: 1802: 1728: 1693: 1685: 1669: 1611: 1438: 1396: 1379: 1343: 1301: 1285: 1184: 1127: 1106: 1090: 1043: 1028: 993: 929: 887: 841: 824: 725: 598: 503: 490: 481:

area in the late 17th century. Zahir's mother was a member of the

407: 387: 356: 328: 150: 85: 81: 77: 5293:, Nazareth Cultural and Tourism Association, 2008, archived from 2393:

By the early 18th century, Sidon Eyalet was divided into several

982:(Osman III had died on 30 October). Husayn Pasha was replaced by 2251:, the 19th-century, semi-autonomous Arab sheikh of the Galilee. 2036:

called it, in most of Palestine for over a quarter of a century.

1702: 1689: 1230:, who soon emerged as the most powerful chief of the Metawalis. 1077: 1051: 1032: 925: 796:

through diplomacy, followed by the nearby fortified village of

757:, occupying it and the adjacent areas under its control, namely 362:

Zahir withstood sieges and assaults by the Ottoman governors of

138: 5774:

Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus

3258: 3256: 1696:(Muslim scholarly community) and oversaw the interpretation of 1275:

In 1768, the Porte partially recognized or legitimized Zahir's

978:

and the sovereignty of the sultan, and restored them to Sultan

892:

Remains of the citadel at Tiberias, built by Zahir's son Salibi

398:. At the peak of his power in 1774, Zahir's rule extended from 2571: 2569: 2539:

in early 1723, after having been administratively part of the

1721:

or France, and by the early 1770s, the Russian imperial navy.

431: 6008:

Images of the Recent Past: Readings in Historical Archaeology

5689:. Translated by Naomi Goldblum. University of Alabama Press. 2535:, became part of the tax base of Acre, and by extension, the 2407:, including Sidon in the 17th century. Tax collection in the 1892:

allied with Zahir, his nephew and rival, Yusuf Shihab of the

6448:

Cyclamens from Galilee: Memoirs of a Physician from Nazareth

6142:. Vol. 2. London: Printed for the author, by W. Bowyer. 3727: 3725: 1256:, and Philipp deems Rukayni more reliable for these events. 670:

Around 1730, the governor of Sidon and the rural sheikhs of

5448: 5446: 5444: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5339: 5337: 5335: 2975:"Lajjun: forgotten provincial capital in Ottoman Palestine" 2973:

Marom, Roy; Tepper, Yotam; Adams, Matthew J. (2023-05-09).

1066:, which he also developed. He installed water mills on the 3514: 3512: 1705:, who in the last years of his rule was Ali ibn Khalid of 335:

in the mid-18th century, while the region was part of the

5414: 5412: 5053: 5051: 5049: 4937: 4935: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4234: 4232: 4219: 4217: 4204: 4202: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4152: 4150: 2603: 2601: 6554:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

6065:

Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831

4637: 4635: 4633: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4457: 4455: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 3978: 3976: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3297: 3295: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3039: 3037: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2588: 2586: 2584: 1981:, Damun. Many of the inhabitants of modern-day northern 1657:

Zahir had an aide who jointly served in the capacity of

5807:

Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth

5013: 5011: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4807: 4805: 4753: 4751: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 3993: 3991: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3821: 3819: 3712: 3710: 3661: 3659: 3475: 3473: 3054: 3052: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2929: 2927: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2831: 2829: 2666: 2664: 2090:

The Khan al-Shawarda caravanserai was restored by Zahir

426:. Zahir's tolerance of religious minorities encouraged 6413:

The Urban Social History of the Middle East, 1750–1950

6277:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

5318: 5316: 5179: 5177: 5032: 5030: 4788: 4786: 4674: 4672: 4670: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2751: 2749: 2747: 1923:

Zahir had eight sons from his wives, and according to

1819:

his rule and believed that their connections with the

631:

Sa'd and Zahir also gained respect from the people of

5068: 5066: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4568: 4566: 3931: 3929: 695: 687: 6510:

The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788

2681: 2679: 2548: 2512: 2481: 2435: 2434:

Muhammad's father Ali, based in Damun, had held the

2420: 2414: 2408: 2394: 2324: 2314: 2164: 2156: 2102:

In 1748, Zahir commissioned the construction of the

1915: 1752: 1746: 1658: 1648: 1630: 1559: 1548: 1404: 1366:, while he dispatched Ali on a campaign against the 1314:'s campaign against Zahir's territories in Palestine 1289: 1261: 1217: 1211: 1075: 1036: 1022: 1016: 805: 785: 779: 766: 739: 713: 707: 701: 641: 591: 585: 579: 578:

in 1711. The Zaydans occasionally transferred their

573: 559: 545: 539: 511: 493: 322: 6139:

A Description of the East, and some Other Countries

2372:may have established their initial foothold in the 2080:The father of the heroes he is, the beloved Zahir. 2069:

Section of the walls of Acre built by Zahir in 1750

1868:. He allowed the Greek Orthodox community to build 1692:(judge). The mufti was the chief scholar among the 916:. In 1737 and 1738, he had launched raids into the 854:The dominant clans of Jabal Nablus, especially the 280: 240: 229: 216: 199: 194: 177: 167: 125: 115: 102: 56: 34: 5804: 5877:History of Syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine 1074:north of the city, both part of the 16th-century 6363:Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, D-F 2313:The proper transliteration of his given name is 1751:. To avoid punitive measures for not paying the 765:, to the east. He was then formally granted the 5632: 5616: 5600: 5584: 5556: 5540: 5524: 5492: 2076: 2022: 1443:Zahir decisively defeated the army of Governor 1173:received the support of the governor of Sidon, 932:, which was annually marshaled in Damascus and 596:gave Zahir considerable power within his clan. 414:felt secure enough to check Zahir's power. The 27:Arab ruler of northern Palestine (1689/90–1775) 6416:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 67–103. 6339:Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, A 6437:The Critical Review, or, Annals of Literature 6047:Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée 1814:was built under the auspices of Zahir's rule 8: 6315:Shi'a of Lebanon: Clans, Parties and Clerics 2181:The Omari Mosque in Tiberias, built by Zahir 1616:Modern, artistic representation of Zahir in 818:Capture of Nazareth and conflict with Nablus 792:(headman). He also acquired the fortress of 43: 6668:18th-century people from the Ottoman Empire 6440:. Vol. 55. W. Simpkin and R. Marshall. 5740:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund 2163:(government residence). The remains of the 2082:May Allah reinforce his government forever. 1589:invaded Palestine and withdrew after being 1298:Alliance with Ali Bey and war with Damascus 534:, southern Mount Lebanon, and the adjacent 6608: 6212:. Oxford and Exeter: Gibb Memorial Trust. 6110:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 1996:, who asserts the latter view in his book 327:, 1689/90 – 21 or 22 August 1775), was an 31: 4604: 4434: 4250: 4088: 4072: 1409:(Hajj caravan tax). Nablus was under the 1350:. Together, Zahir and Ismail crossed the 1288:. He mended ties with his sons, who held 1181:Alliance with the Metawalis of Jabal Amil 6030:. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. 5464: 5452: 5435: 5403: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5343: 5235: 5199: 4641: 1124:Al-Zayadina § Intra-family conflict 1086:to which he paid a fixed amount yearly. 896:Zahir's rise coincided with that of the 878:Confrontations and respite with Damascus 461:Zahir was born around 1690. His father, 5572: 5508: 5418: 5391: 5263: 5154:Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History 5125:Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History 5110: 5017: 4914: 4898: 4811: 4757: 4722: 4694: 4620: 4588: 4541: 4525: 4485: 4422: 4354: 4303: 4168: 4137: 4121: 4104: 4056: 3997: 3963: 3876: 3853: 3837: 3810: 3793: 3781: 3503: 3460: 3419: 3407: 3391: 3358: 3325: 3301: 3175: 3150: 3122: 3098: 3082: 3043: 2893: 2866: 2808: 2783: 2755: 2726: 2619: 2592: 2565: 2306: 1888:were mixed. While Mansur Shihab of the 954:Sulayman Pasha's successor, his nephew 18:List of fortifications by Daher el-Omar 5476: 5322: 5307: 5275: 5247: 5223: 5211: 5183: 5057: 5036: 4986: 4953: 4941: 4926: 4859: 4843: 4827: 4792: 4773: 4738: 4706: 4678: 4657: 4557: 4506: 4473: 4461: 4446: 4410: 4391: 4379: 4342: 4330: 4282: 4266: 4238: 4223: 4208: 4193: 4156: 4037: 4025: 4013: 3982: 3951: 3908: 3825: 3760: 3743: 3731: 3716: 3701: 3665: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3554: 3518: 3479: 3443: 3431: 3374: 3337: 3313: 3286: 3274: 3247: 3223: 3187: 3138: 3110: 3058: 3028: 2945: 2933: 2918: 2847: 2835: 2820: 2771: 2670: 2631: 2607: 2575: 2527:, which spanned the coastland between 2319:, but in the colloquial Arabic of the 1799:Relationship with religious minorities 1585:as the sheikh of Safed. In 1799, when 1536:On 23 April, the Porte dispatched the 5072: 4998: 4970: 4875: 4572: 3935: 3920: 3892: 3689: 3677: 3566: 3542: 3530: 3491: 3262: 3235: 3211: 3199: 3070: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2738: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2655: 2643: 1334:. Seeking to extend his influence to 522:, of the district by the governor of 7: 6466:Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh (1988). 6118:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 393. 6049:. 55–56: Villes au Levant: 124–140. 6000:. Nazareth: Al Hakim Printing Press. 2048:got to a modern independent state". 1909:Genealogical tree of the Banu Zaydan 1399:and Gaza, but Zahir retained Jaffa. 908:and Sidon. Isma'il Pasha's brother, 648:(descendants of the Islamic prophet 394:, both acts in open defiance of the 6257:Palestine: History of a Lost Nation 6195:The Province of Damascus, 1723–1783 1844:and Shefa-Amr under Zahir's watch. 390:, while Ali Bey's forces conquered 312: 44: 6673:Arab people from Ottoman Palestine 5920:(Second ed.). Gorgias Press. 2413:was farmed out by the governor to 1149:culminated in a peace summit near 943:In September 1742, Sulayman Pasha 343:, with successive headquarters in 25: 5829:A History of the Druzes, Volume 1 5777:. University of California Press. 2223:Remains of the palace complex at 2209:alternating white and black stone 2006:Palestine Liberation Organization 934:traditionally led by its governor 778:Zahir next moved on Safed, whose 5658:"Expressions of Social Identity" 962:and Sardiyya tribes launched an 406:and included the Jabal Amil and 5811:. University of Chicago Press. 5710:. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press. 2399:(fiscal districts), unlike the 1733:Zahir rebuilt the Crusader-era 656:Rise and consolidation of power 572:for control of Bashir's former 485:, a Bedouin tribe based in the 6688:Rebels from the Ottoman Empire 6513:. Cambridge University Press. 6177:. Cambridge University Press. 6156:. Cambridge University Press. 5156:(Paperback ed.). London: 5127:(Paperback ed.). London: 2488:(treasurer) of Damascus under 2016:. Zahir is considered by many 1964:In the late 19th century, the 1881:and the Shihabs under Mulhim. 1520:and relieving itself from the 884:Sieges of Tiberias (1742–1743) 722:Northern and western expansion 225:, Sidon Eyalet, Ottoman Empire 1: 6068:. Columbia University Press. 5957:. Stanford University Press. 5660:. In Sufian, Sandra Marlene; 2991:10.1080/00758914.2023.2202484 2376:valley, or in the village of 1998:Palestine: A Personal History 1947:, built by Zahir's son Uthman 1920:of Bi'ina and Deir al-Qassi. 1791:redirected from the ports of 1464:, leaving Sidon under Sheikh 1190: 734:, in the northwestern Galilee 5916:Joudah, Ahmad Hasan (2013). 5895:Joudah, Ahmad Hasan (1987). 5853:Lebanon: A History, 600–2011 5668:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4437:, pp. 45–46 (note 242). 1012:resources against the city. 374:. In 1771, in alliance with 6192:Rafeq, Abdul Karim (1966). 6085:"Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar al-Zaydānī" 5856:. Oxford University Press. 5753:. BRILL. pp. 247–262. 5633:Conder & Kitchener 1881 5617:Conder & Kitchener 1881 5601:Conder & Kitchener 1881 5585:Conder & Kitchener 1881 5557:Conder & Kitchener 1881 5541:Conder & Kitchener 1881 5525:Conder & Kitchener 1881 5493:Conder & Kitchener 1881 3141:, pp. 25, 30, note 27. 2549: 2531:and Haifa and the adjacent 2513: 2482: 2436: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2395: 2325: 2315: 2165: 2157: 1916: 1753: 1747: 1659: 1649: 1631: 1560: 1549: 1405: 1290: 1262: 1218: 1212: 1076: 1037: 1023: 1017: 964:assault on the Hajj caravan 806: 786: 780: 767: 740: 714: 708: 702: 696: 688: 642: 592: 586: 580: 574: 560: 546: 540: 512: 494: 412:Ottoman imperial government 323: 6734: 6693:People from Arraba, Israel 6683:Ottoman governors of Sidon 6005:Orser, Charles E. (1996). 5951:Lehmann, Matthias (2014). 1966:Palestine Exploration Fund 1597:Constantin-François Volney 1591:defeated by Jazzar in Acre 1121: 881: 603:Zahir's purported home in 502:, a powerful chief of the 454: 6708:Ottoman rulers of Galilee 6678:Ottoman governors of Gaza 6636: 6619: 6611: 6566:10.1163/15685209-12341338 6499:. G.G.J. and J. Robinson. 6445:Srouji, Elias S. (2003). 6289:10.1017/S0041977X00074243 6026:Petersen, Andrew (2001). 2646:, pp. 8, 90 note 39. 2323:, his name is pronounced 1310:against the Ottomans and 1243:fought at the village of 990:Control of Acre and Haifa 661:Stronghold in the Galilee 570:defeated his Druze rivals 324:Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar az-Zaydānī 290: 190: 156: 91: 52: 41: 6718:18th-century Arab people 6713:17th-century Arab people 6312:Shanahan, Roger (2005). 6083:Philipp, Thomas (2002). 6062:Philipp, Thomas (2001). 5996:Moammar, Tawfiq (1990). 5803:Emmett, Chad F. (1995). 5782:Dumper, Michael (2007). 3533:, pp. 122, 139–140. 1674:Greek Orthodox Christian 1654:the Ottoman government. 299:, alternatively spelled 297:Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani 6698:People killed in action 6260:. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. 6055:10.3406/remmm.1990.2338 5738:. Vol. 1. London: 3796:, p. 239, note 37. 3101:, p. 208, note 16. 3089:, 208, notes 14 and 15. 2342:, Mikha'il Sabbagh and 1990:Palestinian nationalism 1545:Hasan Pasha al-Jazayiri 1027:. After mobilizing its 530:(province) spanned the 6615:Darwish Pasha al-Kurji 5935:Joudah, Ahmad (2015). 5683:Barnai, Jacob (1992). 3265:, p. 33, note 15. 3113:, p. 30, note 26. 2480:Ibn al-Falaqinsi, the 2228: 2182: 2127: 2091: 2084: 2070: 2038: 1970:Claude Reignier Conder 1948: 1910: 1815: 1741: 1621: 1451: 1315: 1196: 1137: 1070:south of Acre and the 1031:(Muslim scholars) and 1003: 972:Husayn Pasha ibn Makki 893: 851: 735: 628:throughout the 1720s. 607: 451:Origins and early life 382:and with backing from 109:Darwish Pasha al-Kurji 5704:Cohen, Amnon (1973). 5152:Masalha, Nur (2020). 5123:Masalha, Nur (2020). 3328:, pp. 35–36, 39. 2578:, p. 27, note 1. 2245:1948 Arab-Israeli War 2222: 2196:The two-story square 2180: 2117: 2089: 2068: 2040:Palestinian academic 2008:(PLO) radio station, 1942: 1908: 1806: 1732: 1615: 1445:Uthman Pasha al-Kurji 1442: 1305: 1188: 1175:Muhammad Pasha al-Azm 1131: 997: 984:Uthman Pasha al-Kurji 910:Sulayman Pasha al-Azm 891: 845: 729: 602: 498:(fiscal district) by 6233:The Arabs: A History 6171:Pringle, D. (2009). 5826:Firro, Kais (1992). 5160:. pp. 225–226. 1870:St. Gabriel's Church 1132:The holdings of the 902:Isma'il Pasha al-Azm 835:, a district of the 751:Ibrahim Pasha al-Azm 554:and the vicinity of 510:who was granted the 473:, a small family of 220:21 or 22 August 1775 121:Jazzar Pasha (Sidon) 6658:17th-century births 6383:Die Welt des Islams 6011:. Rowman Altamira. 5944:Jerusalem Quarterly 5467:, pp. 132–134. 5358:, pp. 144–145. 5094:"Land of My Father" 3734:, pp. 133–134. 3202:, pp. 155–156. 2700:, pp. 120–122. 1958:Mediterranean world 1620:, Ziad Daher Zedany 1429:Battle of Lake Hula 1201:Twelver Shia Muslim 928:pilgrim caravan to 761:, to the west, and 666:Capture of Tiberias 313:ظاهر العمر الزيداني 6599:it:Giovanni Mariti 6589:it:Giovanni Mariti 6451:. iUniverse, Inc. 6198:. Beirut: Khayats. 5901:. Kingston Press. 5113:, p. preface. 3506:, pp. 36, 38. 2490:As'ad Pasha al-Azm 2403:divisions of most 2229: 2183: 2128: 2092: 2071: 2010:Voice of Palestine 1949: 1911: 1860:Zahir allowed the 1816: 1808:St. Gabriel Church 1742: 1622: 1507:Downfall and death 1452: 1316: 1197: 1138: 1004: 956:As'ad Pasha al-Azm 894: 852: 736: 732:fortress of Jiddin 624:respect among the 608: 518:, or limited-term 331:ruler of northern 186:(as governor Acre) 6646: 6645: 6637:Succeeded by 6544:978-90-04-11051-9 6520:978-1-139-48681-1 6479:978-0-88706-712-9 6458:978-0-595-30304-5 6423:978-0-8156-5063-8 6373:978-90-04-13197-2 6349:978-90-04-10833-2 6325:978-0-85771-678-1 6267:978-1-55584-874-3 6243:978-0-465-03248-8 6219:978-0-906094-60-0 6204:Reichmuth, Stefan 6184:978-0-521-85148-0 6163:978-0-521-39037-8 6125:978-90-04-12756-2 6075:978-0-231-50603-8 6037:978-0-19-727011-0 6018:978-0-7619-9142-7 5988:978-1-317-54465-4 5964:978-0-8047-8965-3 5927:978-1-4632-0002-2 5908:978-0-940670-11-2 5887:978-1-59333-119-1 5880:. Gorgias Press. 5863:978-0-19-518111-1 5839:978-90-04-09437-6 5818:978-0-226-20711-7 5795:978-1-57607-919-5 5760:978-965-217-027-9 5717:978-0-19-647903-3 5696:978-0-8173-0572-7 5675:978-0-7425-4639-4 5226:, pp. 45–47. 5167:978-1-78699-869-9 5138:978-1-78699-869-9 4917:, pp. 31–32. 4476:, pp. 37–38. 4107:, pp. 42–43. 3653:, pp. 58–59. 3641:, pp. 57–58. 3617:, pp. 56–57. 3581:, pp. 54–55. 3569:, pp. 84–85. 3545:, pp. 42–43. 3521:, pp. 24–25. 3434:, pp. 38–39. 3422:, pp. 35–36. 3340:, pp. 41–42. 3277:, pp. 37–38. 3238:, pp. 32–33. 2948:, pp. 23–24. 2850:, pp. 22–23. 2823:, pp. 18–19. 2774:, pp. 15–16. 2658:, pp. 45–46. 2610:, pp. 84–85. 2519:(subdistrict) of 2378:Arrabat al-Battuf 2018:Arab nationalists 2002:Biladuna Filastin 1773:Economic policies 1522:Russo-Ottoman War 1403:collector of the 1306:The campaigns of 1118:Family rebellions 945:besieged Tiberias 550:) in the western 386:, Zahir captured 321: 294: 293: 16:(Redirected from 6725: 6612:Preceded by 6609: 6577: 6560:(4–5): 696–736. 6548: 6524: 6500: 6483: 6462: 6441: 6427: 6406: 6377: 6353: 6329: 6308: 6271: 6247: 6223: 6199: 6188: 6167: 6143: 6129: 6105:Heinrichs, W. P. 6079: 6058: 6041: 6022: 6001: 5992: 5968: 5947: 5941: 5931: 5912: 5891: 5867: 5843: 5822: 5810: 5799: 5778: 5764: 5743: 5730:Kitchener, H. H. 5721: 5700: 5679: 5640: 5630: 5624: 5614: 5608: 5598: 5592: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5554: 5548: 5538: 5532: 5522: 5516: 5506: 5500: 5490: 5484: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5439: 5433: 5422: 5416: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5330: 5320: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5086: 5080: 5070: 5061: 5055: 5044: 5034: 5025: 5015: 5006: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4968: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4896: 4883: 4873: 4867: 4857: 4851: 4841: 4835: 4825: 4819: 4809: 4800: 4790: 4781: 4771: 4765: 4755: 4746: 4736: 4730: 4720: 4714: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4676: 4665: 4655: 4649: 4639: 4628: 4618: 4612: 4602: 4596: 4586: 4580: 4570: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4539: 4533: 4523: 4510: 4504: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4362: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4311: 4301: 4290: 4280: 4274: 4264: 4258: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4227: 4221: 4212: 4206: 4197: 4191: 4176: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4145: 4135: 4129: 4119: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4086: 4080: 4070: 4064: 4054: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3933: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3890: 3884: 3874: 3861: 3851: 3845: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3814: 3808: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3764: 3758: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3720: 3714: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3468: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3389: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3356: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3158: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3047: 3041: 3032: 3026: 3011: 3010: 2970: 2961: 2960:, pp. 9–10. 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2922: 2916: 2901: 2891: 2874: 2864: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2791: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2634:, pp. 9–10. 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2579: 2573: 2554: 2552: 2518: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2366: 2360: 2353: 2347: 2344:Khalil al-Muradi 2336: 2330: 2328: 2318: 2311: 2282:District of Acre 2168: 2162: 2130:Zahir built the 2126:, built by Zahir 1992:. Among them is 1979:1948 destruction 1977:and, before its 1943:The fortress of 1919: 1756: 1750: 1725:General security 1662: 1652: 1634: 1563: 1552: 1408: 1346:under commander 1332:Ali Bey al-Kabir 1308:Ali Bey al-Kabir 1293: 1265: 1221: 1215: 1195: 1192: 1141:father's death. 1081: 1064:personal estates 1040: 1026: 1020: 810:of Damun, added 809: 791: 783: 770: 743: 717: 711: 705: 699: 693: 647: 595: 589: 583: 577: 563: 549: 543: 517: 497: 376:Ali Bey al-Kabir 326: 316: 314: 273:Nijma (daughter) 212:, Ottoman Empire 195:Personal details 180: 170: 161: 118: 105: 96: 48: 47: 46: 32: 21: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6629: 6617: 6585: 6583:Further reading 6580: 6551: 6545: 6527: 6521: 6503: 6486: 6480: 6465: 6459: 6444: 6430: 6424: 6409: 6395:10.2307/1570684 6380: 6374: 6356: 6350: 6332: 6326: 6311: 6274: 6268: 6250: 6244: 6236:. Basic Books. 6226: 6220: 6202: 6191: 6185: 6170: 6164: 6146: 6132: 6126: 6097:Bosworth, C. E. 6082: 6076: 6061: 6044: 6038: 6025: 6019: 6004: 5995: 5989: 5971: 5965: 5950: 5946:(63–64): 84–85. 5939: 5934: 5928: 5915: 5909: 5894: 5888: 5870: 5864: 5848:Harris, William 5846: 5840: 5825: 5819: 5802: 5796: 5781: 5767: 5761: 5746: 5724: 5718: 5703: 5697: 5682: 5676: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5631: 5627: 5615: 5611: 5599: 5595: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5555: 5551: 5539: 5535: 5523: 5519: 5507: 5503: 5491: 5487: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5442: 5434: 5425: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5342: 5333: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5131:. p. 221. 5122: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5071: 5064: 5056: 5047: 5035: 5028: 5016: 5009: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4969: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4897: 4886: 4874: 4870: 4858: 4854: 4842: 4838: 4826: 4822: 4810: 4803: 4791: 4784: 4772: 4768: 4756: 4749: 4737: 4733: 4721: 4717: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4677: 4668: 4656: 4652: 4640: 4631: 4619: 4615: 4603: 4599: 4587: 4583: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4540: 4536: 4524: 4513: 4505: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4365: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4314: 4302: 4293: 4281: 4277: 4265: 4261: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4215: 4207: 4200: 4192: 4179: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4148: 4136: 4132: 4120: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4087: 4083: 4071: 4067: 4055: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3891: 3887: 3875: 3864: 3852: 3848: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3767: 3759: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3471: 3459: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3390: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3357: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3316:, pp. 8–9. 3312: 3308: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3161: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3050: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3014: 2972: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2925: 2917: 2904: 2892: 2877: 2865: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2794: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2754: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2716: 2712:, pp. 8–9. 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2582: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2545:Damascus Eyalet 2510: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2456: 2433: 2429: 2392: 2388: 2367: 2363: 2354: 2350: 2337: 2333: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2276:Fakhr al-Din II 2272: 2217: 2191:1837 earthquake 2175: 2140: 2112: 2081: 2079: 2063: 2054: 1937: 1925:Tobias Smollett 1903: 1848:other parts of 1821:Jewish diaspora 1801: 1775: 1767:Richard Pococke 1727: 1610: 1605: 1574: 1509: 1300: 1273: 1228:Nasif al-Nassar 1193: 1183: 1126: 1120: 1082:(endowment) of 992: 886: 880: 837:Damascus Eyalet 820: 755:Jiddin fortress 724: 668: 663: 658: 459: 453: 285:Umar al-Zaydani 276: 221: 204: 178: 168: 162: 157: 137: 116: 103: 97: 92: 42: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6731: 6729: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6703:Zaydani family 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6635: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6549: 6543: 6525: 6519: 6501: 6484: 6478: 6472:. SUNY Press. 6463: 6457: 6442: 6428: 6422: 6407: 6389:(1): 458–475. 6385:. New Series. 6378: 6372: 6354: 6348: 6330: 6324: 6318:. I.B.Tauris. 6309: 6272: 6266: 6248: 6242: 6224: 6218: 6200: 6189: 6183: 6168: 6162: 6144: 6130: 6124: 6101:van Donzel, E. 6089:Bearman, P. J. 6080: 6074: 6059: 6042: 6036: 6023: 6017: 6002: 5993: 5987: 5969: 5963: 5948: 5932: 5926: 5913: 5907: 5892: 5886: 5868: 5862: 5844: 5838: 5823: 5817: 5800: 5794: 5779: 5765: 5759: 5744: 5722: 5716: 5701: 5695: 5680: 5674: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5625: 5609: 5593: 5577: 5575:, p. 463. 5565: 5549: 5533: 5517: 5501: 5485: 5469: 5457: 5455:, p. 135. 5440: 5438:, p. 301. 5423: 5408: 5406:, p. 305. 5396: 5394:, p. 353. 5384: 5382:, p. 304. 5372: 5370:, p. 303. 5360: 5348: 5346:, p. 145. 5331: 5312: 5300: 5280: 5268: 5256: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5173: 5166: 5144: 5137: 5115: 5103: 5092:(2006-06-02). 5081: 5062: 5060:, p. 118. 5045: 5026: 5007: 4991: 4989:, p. 697. 4979: 4958: 4946: 4944:, p. 139. 4931: 4919: 4907: 4884: 4868: 4852: 4836: 4820: 4801: 4782: 4766: 4747: 4731: 4715: 4699: 4687: 4666: 4650: 4629: 4613: 4605:Crecelius 1986 4597: 4581: 4562: 4560:, p. 123. 4550: 4534: 4511: 4490: 4478: 4466: 4451: 4449:, p. 129. 4439: 4435:Reichmuth 2009 4427: 4425:, p. 178. 4415: 4413:, p. 128. 4396: 4394:, p. 126. 4384: 4363: 4347: 4345:, p. 110. 4335: 4333:, p. 127. 4312: 4291: 4275: 4259: 4251:Thackston 1988 4243: 4241:, p. 117. 4228: 4226:, p. 116. 4213: 4211:, p. 115. 4198: 4196:, p. 114. 4177: 4161: 4159:, p. 112. 4146: 4130: 4109: 4097: 4089:Crecelius 1986 4081: 4073:Crecelius 1986 4065: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3987: 3972: 3956: 3944: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3885: 3862: 3846: 3830: 3815: 3798: 3786: 3765: 3763:, p. 135. 3748: 3746:, p. 132. 3736: 3721: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3508: 3496: 3494:, p. 133. 3484: 3469: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3410:, p. 135. 3400: 3379: 3377:, p. 143. 3367: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3159: 3143: 3131: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3075: 3073:, p. 130. 3063: 3048: 3033: 3012: 2985:(2): 218–241. 2962: 2950: 2938: 2923: 2902: 2875: 2852: 2840: 2825: 2813: 2792: 2776: 2764: 2743: 2731: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2675: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2597: 2595:, p. 393. 2580: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2504: 2494: 2473: 2464: 2454: 2427: 2386: 2361: 2348: 2331: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2284: 2279: 2271: 2268: 2216: 2213: 2187:Sea of Galilee 2174: 2171: 2139: 2136: 2111: 2108: 2104:Muallaq Mosque 2097:Sulayman Pasha 2062: 2059: 2053: 2052:Building works 2050: 2034:Albert Hourani 1953:Mahmoud Yazbak 1936: 1933: 1902: 1899: 1800: 1797: 1774: 1771: 1739:Khirbat Jiddin 1726: 1723: 1663:(manager) and 1609: 1608:Administration 1606: 1604: 1601: 1573: 1570: 1508: 1505: 1299: 1296: 1272: 1269: 1182: 1179: 1122:Main article: 1119: 1116: 991: 988: 949:Ottoman sultan 882:Main article: 879: 876: 864:throne village 819: 816: 723: 720: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 452: 449: 396:Ottoman sultan 337:Ottoman Empire 292: 291: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 275: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 244: 242: 238: 237: 231: 227: 226: 218: 214: 213: 201: 197: 196: 192: 191: 188: 187: 181: 175: 174: 171: 165: 164: 154: 153: 123: 122: 119: 113: 112: 106: 100: 99: 89: 88: 54: 53: 50: 49: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6730: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6641: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6493: 6489: 6488:Volney, C.-F. 6485: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6432:Smollet, T.G. 6429: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6093:Bianquis, Th. 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5998:Zahir Al Omar 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981:. Routledge. 5980: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5465:Petersen 2001 5461: 5458: 5454: 5453:Petersen 2001 5449: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436:Petersen 2001 5432: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5421:, p. 38. 5420: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5404:Petersen 2001 5400: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5380:Petersen 2001 5376: 5373: 5369: 5368:Petersen 2001 5364: 5361: 5357: 5356:Petersen 2001 5352: 5349: 5345: 5344:Petersen 2001 5340: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5310:, p. 14. 5309: 5304: 5301: 5297:on 2011-07-27 5296: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5281: 5278:, p. 43. 5277: 5272: 5269: 5266:, p. 25. 5265: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5241: 5238:, p. 88. 5237: 5236:Petersen 2001 5232: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5217: 5214:, p. 41. 5213: 5208: 5205: 5202:, p. 73. 5201: 5200:Petersen 2001 5196: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5145: 5140: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4956:, p. 55. 4955: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4929:, p. 41. 4928: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4700: 4697:, p. 70. 4696: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4642:Shanahan 2005 4638: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4509:, p. 38. 4508: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4488:, p. 94. 4487: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4467: 4464:, p. 37. 4463: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4382:, p. 39. 4381: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4040:, p. 86. 4039: 4034: 4031: 4028:, p. 85. 4027: 4022: 4019: 4016:, p. 88. 4015: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3985:, p. 84. 3984: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3954:, p. 81. 3953: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3923:, p. 50. 3922: 3917: 3914: 3911:, p. 70. 3910: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3831: 3828:, p. 24. 3827: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3813:, p. 38. 3812: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3784:, p. 37. 3783: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3719:, p. 23. 3718: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3704:, p. 58. 3703: 3698: 3695: 3692:, p. 44. 3691: 3686: 3683: 3680:, p. 86. 3679: 3674: 3671: 3668:, p. 60. 3667: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3629:, p. 57. 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3605:, p. 56. 3604: 3599: 3596: 3593:, p. 55. 3592: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3560: 3557:, p. 52. 3556: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3485: 3482:, p. 22. 3481: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3446:, p. 54. 3445: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3304:, p. 36. 3303: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3289:, p. 38. 3288: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3250:, p. 37. 3249: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3214:, p. 32. 3213: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3190:, p. 35. 3189: 3184: 3181: 3178:, p. 35. 3177: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3064: 3061:, p. 36. 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3046:, p. 33. 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3031:, p. 21. 3030: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2936:, p. 24. 2935: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2921:, p. 20. 2920: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2838:, p. 19. 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2811:, p. 32. 2810: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2729:, p. 31. 2728: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673:, p. 43. 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2622:, p. 30. 2621: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2541:Lajjun Sanjak 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2508: 2505: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2307: 2300: 2296: 2295:Mohamed Hadid 2292: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2149:David Roberts 2146: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2088: 2083: 2075: 2067: 2060: 2058: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1918: 1907: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1879:Jumblatt clan 1874: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1850:Ottoman Syria 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1488:Russian Fleet 1484: 1480: 1474: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1462:Deir al-Qamar 1458: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:Abu al-Dhahab 1373: 1370:tribe in the 1369: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352:Jordan Valley 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1313: 1312:Abu al-Dhahab 1309: 1304: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1282:Darwish Pasha 1278: 1271:Peak of power 1270: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1255: 1254:Stefan Winter 1251: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1210: 1209:Bilad Bishara 1206: 1202: 1187: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1101:, and nearby 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1072:Ga'aton River 1069: 1068:Na'aman River 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1001: 998:A drawing of 996: 989: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918:Golan Heights 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 890: 885: 877: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856:Jarrar family 849: 844: 840: 838: 834: 833:Nablus Sanjak 830: 826: 817: 815: 813: 808: 803: 799: 798:Deir al-Qassi 795: 790: 789: 782: 776: 774: 769: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 742: 733: 730:Ruins of the 728: 721: 719: 716: 710: 704: 698: 692: 691: 684: 681: 677: 673: 665: 660: 655: 653: 651: 646: 645: 638: 634: 629: 627: 622: 617: 613: 606: 601: 597: 594: 588: 582: 576: 571: 567: 566:Haydar Shihab 562: 557: 553: 552:Lower Galilee 548: 542: 537: 536:Mediterranean 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 515: 509: 508:Mount Lebanon 505: 501: 500:Bashir Shihab 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 458: 450: 448: 446: 442: 441:national hero 438: 433: 429: 425: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 319: 310: 306: 305:Dahir al-Umar 302: 301:Daher al-Omar 298: 289: 286: 283: 279: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 243: 239: 235: 232: 228: 224: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 198: 193: 189: 185: 182: 176: 172: 166: 160: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 114: 110: 107: 101: 95: 90: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 40: 36:Zahir al-Umar 33: 30: 19: 6640:Jazzar Pasha 6631: 6620: 6557: 6553: 6533: 6509: 6495: 6468: 6447: 6436: 6412: 6386: 6382: 6362: 6338: 6314: 6280: 6276: 6256: 6232: 6208: 6194: 6173: 6152: 6138: 6115: 6108: 6064: 6046: 6027: 6007: 5997: 5977: 5953: 5943: 5917: 5897: 5876: 5872:Hitti, P. K. 5852: 5828: 5806: 5788:. ABC-CLIO. 5784: 5773: 5749: 5734: 5726:Conder, C.R. 5706: 5685: 5665: 5662:Levine, Mark 5628: 5612: 5596: 5580: 5573:Schölch 1984 5568: 5552: 5536: 5520: 5509:Masalha 2013 5504: 5488: 5472: 5460: 5419:Sabbagh 2006 5399: 5392:Pringle 1998 5387: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5303: 5295:the original 5289: 5283: 5271: 5264:Philipp 2001 5259: 5243: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5153: 5147: 5124: 5118: 5111:Moammar 1990 5106: 5098:The Guardian 5097: 5084: 5018:Schölch 1984 4994: 4982: 4949: 4922: 4915:Philipp 2001 4910: 4899:Smollet 1783 4871: 4855: 4839: 4823: 4812:Philipp 2001 4769: 4758:Pringle 2009 4734: 4723:Sabbagh 2006 4718: 4702: 4695:Moammar 1990 4690: 4653: 4621:Doumani 1995 4616: 4600: 4589:Lehmann 2014 4584: 4553: 4542:Pococke 1745 4537: 4526:Philipp 2001 4486:Philipp 2001 4481: 4469: 4442: 4430: 4423:Philipp 2001 4418: 4387: 4355:Sabbagh 2006 4350: 4338: 4304:Philipp 2001 4278: 4262: 4246: 4169:Philipp 2001 4164: 4138:Philipp 2001 4133: 4122:Philipp 2001 4105:Philipp 2001 4100: 4084: 4068: 4057:Philipp 2001 4033: 4021: 4009: 3998:Doumani 1995 3964:Doumani 1995 3959: 3947: 3916: 3904: 3888: 3877:Philipp 2001 3854:Philipp 2001 3849: 3838:Philipp 2001 3833: 3811:Philipp 2001 3794:Philipp 2001 3789: 3782:Philipp 2001 3739: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3504:Philipp 2001 3499: 3487: 3461:Philipp 2001 3439: 3427: 3420:Philipp 2001 3415: 3408:Philipp 1990 3403: 3392:Philipp 2001 3370: 3359:Philipp 2001 3333: 3326:Philipp 2001 3321: 3309: 3302:Philipp 2001 3282: 3270: 3243: 3231: 3226:, p. 2. 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3176:Philipp 2001 3151:Philipp 2001 3146: 3134: 3123:Doumani 1995 3118: 3106: 3099:Philipp 2001 3094: 3083:Philipp 2001 3078: 3066: 3044:Philipp 2001 2982: 2978: 2953: 2941: 2894:Philipp 2001 2867:Philipp 2001 2843: 2816: 2809:Philipp 2001 2784:Philipp 2001 2779: 2767: 2756:Philipp 2001 2741:, p. 9. 2734: 2727:Philipp 2001 2705: 2693: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2620:Philipp 2001 2615: 2593:Philipp 2002 2537:Sidon Eyalet 2533:Mount Carmel 2507: 2497: 2476: 2467: 2457: 2430: 2419:(holders of 2389: 2364: 2351: 2334: 2309: 2253: 2234: 2230: 2206: 2202:cross vaults 2195: 2184: 2153:great mosque 2141: 2129: 2101: 2093: 2077: 2072: 2055: 2039: 2023: 2001: 1997: 1994:Karl Sabbagh 1987: 1963: 1950: 1929: 1922: 1912: 1883: 1875: 1859: 1846: 1817: 1789: 1780: 1776: 1763: 1759: 1743: 1715: 1683: 1656: 1623: 1595: 1579: 1575: 1566: 1556: 1538:Ottoman Navy 1535: 1530:caravanserai 1526: 1510: 1496: 1493: 1479:Jazzar Pasha 1475: 1466:Ali Jumblatt 1453: 1425:Jordan River 1416: 1410: 1401: 1389: 1360: 1322:governor of 1317: 1276: 1274: 1258: 1232: 1198: 1171: 1155: 1143: 1139: 1103:Mount Carmel 1088: 1014: 1005: 953: 942: 914:Jordan River 895: 853: 821: 777: 737: 685: 672:Jabal Nablus 669: 630: 609: 544:(holders of 526:. The Sidon 460: 445:Palestinians 420: 416:Ottoman Navy 380:Egypt Eyalet 361: 351:and finally 304: 300: 296: 295: 210:Sidon Eyalet 203:1689 or 1690 184:Jazzar Pasha 179:Succeeded by 158: 117:Succeeded by 93: 29: 6663:1775 deaths 6630:1771—1775 ( 6283:(1): 1–28. 6252:Sabbagh, K. 6228:Rogan, E.L. 6148:Pringle, D. 6134:Pococke, R. 5973:Masalha, N. 5769:Doumani, B. 5635:, pp. 5587:, pp. 5479:, pp. 5477:Sharon 2004 5323:Yazbak 1998 5308:Yazbak 1998 5276:Sharon 1997 5248:Sharon 1997 5224:Sharon 1997 5212:Sharon 1997 5184:Sharon 1997 5090:LeBor, Adam 5058:Joudah 1987 5037:Srouji 2003 4987:Yazbak 2013 4954:Joudah 1987 4942:Joudah 1987 4927:Joudah 1987 4860:Harris 2012 4844:Winter 2010 4828:Khoury 2008 4793:Emmett 1995 4774:Dumper 2007 4739:Barnai 1992 4707:Barnai 1992 4679:Barnai 1992 4658:Yazbak 1998 4558:Joudah 1987 4507:Joudah 1987 4474:Joudah 1987 4462:Joudah 1987 4447:Joudah 1987 4411:Joudah 1987 4392:Joudah 1987 4380:Joudah 1987 4343:Joudah 1987 4331:Joudah 1987 4283:Volney 1788 4267:Volney 1788 4253:, pp. 4239:Joudah 1987 4224:Joudah 1987 4209:Joudah 1987 4194:Joudah 1987 4157:Joudah 1987 4038:Joudah 1987 4026:Joudah 1987 4014:Joudah 1987 3983:Joudah 1987 3952:Joudah 1987 3909:Joudah 1987 3840:, pp. 3826:Joudah 2013 3761:Winter 2010 3744:Winter 2010 3732:Winter 2010 3717:Joudah 2013 3702:Joudah 2013 3666:Joudah 2013 3651:Joudah 2013 3639:Joudah 2013 3627:Joudah 2013 3615:Joudah 2013 3603:Joudah 2013 3591:Joudah 2013 3579:Joudah 2013 3555:Joudah 2013 3519:Joudah 2013 3480:Joudah 2013 3444:Joudah 2013 3432:Joudah 2013 3375:Joudah 1987 3338:Joudah 1987 3314:Shamir 1963 3287:Joudah 2013 3275:Joudah 2013 3248:Joudah 2013 3224:Shamir 1963 3188:Joudah 2013 3139:Joudah 2013 3125:, pp. 3111:Joudah 2013 3085:, pp. 3059:Joudah 2013 3029:Joudah 2013 2946:Joudah 1987 2934:Joudah 1987 2919:Joudah 2013 2848:Joudah 1987 2836:Joudah 2013 2821:Joudah 2013 2786:, pp. 2772:Joudah 2013 2671:Joudah 2013 2632:Sharon 2004 2608:Joudah 2015 2576:Joudah 2013 2370:Banu Zaydan 2291:Bella Hadid 2042:Nur Masalha 2014:imperialism 1698:Islamic law 1645:Transjordan 1499:ruler over 1433:gun salutes 1368:Banu Nu'aym 1194: 1772 1134:Banu Zaydan 1084:Sinan Pasha 980:Mustafa III 846:Drawing of 471:Banu Zaydan 457:Al-Zayadina 437:Banu Zaydan 408:Jabal Ajlun 368:Shia Muslim 267:Sa'd al-Din 234:Banu Zaydan 169:Preceded by 104:Preceded by 86:Jabal Ajlun 6652:Categories 6529:Yazbak, M. 6505:Winter, S. 6358:Sharon, M. 6334:Sharon, M. 6114:Volume XI: 5619:, p. 5603:, p. 5559:, p. 5543:, p. 5527:, p. 5511:, p. 5495:, p. 5325:, p. 5250:, p. 5186:, p. 5075:, p. 5073:Baram 2007 5039:, p. 5020:, p. 5001:, p. 4999:Orser 1996 4973:, p. 4971:Orser 1996 4901:, p. 4878:, p. 4876:Firro 1992 4862:, p. 4846:, p. 4830:, p. 4814:, p. 4795:, p. 4776:, p. 4760:, p. 4741:, p. 4725:, p. 4709:, p. 4681:, p. 4660:, p. 4644:, p. 4623:, p. 4607:, p. 4591:, p. 4575:, p. 4573:Hitti 1951 4544:, p. 4528:, p. 4357:, p. 4306:, p. 4285:, p. 4269:, p. 4171:, p. 4140:, p. 4124:, p. 4091:, p. 4075:, p. 4059:, p. 4000:, p. 3966:, p. 3938:, p. 3936:Rogan 2009 3921:Rogan 2009 3895:, p. 3893:Rogan 2009 3879:, p. 3856:, p. 3690:Cohen 1973 3678:Cohen 1973 3567:Cohen 1973 3543:Cohen 1973 3531:Cohen 1973 3492:Cohen 1973 3463:, p. 3394:, p. 3361:, p. 3263:Cohen 1973 3236:Cohen 1973 3212:Cohen 1973 3200:Rafeq 1966 3153:, p. 3071:Rafeq 1966 2958:Cohen 1973 2896:, p. 2869:, p. 2758:, p. 2739:Cohen 1973 2710:Cohen 1973 2698:Cohen 1973 2686:Cohen 1973 2656:Firro 1992 2644:Cohen 1973 2561:References 2440:of nearby 2225:Deir Hanna 1975:Kafr Manda 1945:Shefa-'Amr 1862:Franciscan 1842:Kafr Yasif 1826:synagogues 1784:cash crops 1637:Kafr Kanna 1481:took over 1348:Ismail Bey 1205:Jabal Amil 1060:Sumayriyya 960:Banu Sakhr 898:Azm family 802:Deir Hanna 697:mutesellim 690:mutesellim 568:, when he 455:See also: 372:Jabal Amil 349:Deir Hanna 45:ظاهر العمر 6605:, part 2. 6595:, part 1. 6574:154242949 6537:. Brill. 6366:. Brill. 6342:. Brill. 6305:162913446 5832:. Brill. 5654:Baram, U. 5158:Zed Books 5129:Zed Books 3007:258602184 2999:0075-8914 2484:defterdar 2442:Shefa-Amr 2416:multazims 2410:muqata'as 2396:muqata'as 2249:Aqil Agha 2237:Deir Kifa 2235:North of 2145:Haifa Bay 2046:Palestine 1854:Maronites 1583:Selim III 1572:Aftermath 1501:Palestine 1449:Lake Hula 1420:Lake Hula 1224:Marjayoun 1203:clans of 986:in 1760. 968:Osman III 812:Shefa-Amr 759:Abu Sinan 715:multazims 626:peasantry 616:Banu Saqr 587:multazims 541:multazims 428:Christian 424:peasantry 370:clans of 333:Palestine 318:romanized 230:Relations 163:1768–1775 159:In office 98:1774–1774 94:In office 70:Jerusalem 6632:de facto 6601:, 1774, 6591:, 1774, 6531:(1998). 6507:(2010). 6490:(1788). 6434:(1783). 6360:(2004). 6336:(1997). 6254:(2006). 6230:(2009). 6206:(2009). 6150:(1998). 6136:(1745). 6107:(eds.). 5975:(2013). 5874:(1951). 5850:(2012). 5771:(1995). 5732:(1881). 5664:(eds.). 5656:(2007). 2446:I'billin 2270:See also 2215:Villages 2173:Tiberias 2124:Nazareth 2110:Nazareth 1917:mukhtars 1812:Nazareth 1735:fortress 1688:and the 1679:Damietta 1660:mudabbir 1650:multazim 1632:multazim 1627:I'billin 1603:Politics 1587:Napoleon 1497:de facto 1457:Nabatieh 1411:de facto 1364:Quneitra 1356:Muzayrib 1326:and the 1277:de facto 1263:multazim 1245:Tarbikha 1038:multazim 1024:multazim 976:Muhammad 920:and the 860:al-Mansi 848:Nazareth 807:multazim 781:multazim 775:troops. 773:Maghrebi 763:Tarshiha 741:multazim 709:multazim 650:Muhammad 633:Damascus 575:ilitizam 556:Nazareth 520:tax farm 495:muqata'a 483:Sardiyya 479:Tiberias 465:, was a 392:Damascus 364:Damascus 359:nearby. 345:Tiberias 241:Children 236:(family) 147:Tiberias 143:Nazareth 133:and All 58:Governor 6403:1570684 5646:Sources 2543:of the 2529:Tantura 2502:attack. 2437:iltizam 2422:iltizam 2405:eyalets 2382:Sallama 2374:Shaghur 2321:Galilee 2198:citadel 1894:Tripoli 1886:Shihabs 1541:admiral 1393:Tulkarm 1291:iltizam 1250:Tebnine 1219:nahiyas 1147:Hasbaya 1107:Maltese 1099:Tantura 1056:Judayda 1048:Mazra'a 1018:iltizam 1009:Melkite 1002:, 1839. 906:Tripoli 794:Suhmata 788:mukhtar 768:iltizam 744:of the 703:iltizam 676:Samaria 593:iltizam 581:iltizam 561:iltizam 547:iltizam 532:Galilee 514:iltizam 475:Bedouin 469:of the 447:today. 378:of the 341:Galilee 320:: 135:Galilee 111:(Sidon) 6572: 6541: 6517: 6476: 6455: 6420: 6401: 6370: 6346: 6322: 6303: 6297:611304 6295: 6264: 6240: 6216: 6181: 6160: 6122: 6103:& 6072: 6034: 6015: 5985: 5961: 5924: 5905: 5884: 5860: 5836: 5815: 5792: 5757: 5714: 5693: 5672: 5290:Seraya 5164: 5135: 3005: 2997: 2979:Levant 2550:nahiya 2515:nahiya 2462:slain. 2401:sanjak 2340:Volney 2264:Tabgha 2260:Harbaj 2256:Tibnin 2241:hammam 2166:saraya 2159:saraya 2132:Seraya 2120:Seraya 1983:Israel 1935:Legacy 1901:Family 1838:Smyrna 1834:Cyprus 1830:Aleppo 1719:Venice 1707:Sha'ab 1665:vizier 1518:Russia 1483:Beirut 1471:Lajjun 1384:caliph 1372:Hauran 1320:mamluk 1240:Yaroun 1213:nahiya 1167:Salibi 1163:Hittin 1159:Tur'an 1097:, and 1058:, and 922:Hauran 872:Tuqans 850:, 1839 829:Nablus 746:Jiddin 680:Nablus 674:(e.g. 644:ashraf 637:Aleppo 621:Bi'ina 612:Arraba 605:Arraba 528:eyalet 487:Hauran 467:sheikh 443:among 432:Jewish 400:Beirut 384:Russia 309:Arabic 281:Parent 255:Uthman 248:Salibi 206:Arraba 127:Sheikh 66:Nablus 6626:Sidon 6570:S2CID 6497:Arabs 6399:JSTOR 6301:S2CID 6293:JSTOR 6087:. In 5940:(PDF) 5639:–377. 5591:–208. 3003:S2CID 2525:Yajur 2521:Haifa 2450:Tamra 2357:Damun 2326:Ḍāhir 2316:Ẓāhir 2301:Notes 2138:Haifa 2030:Nakba 1890:Chouf 1866:Jesus 1709:. An 1694:ulema 1686:mufti 1670:Malta 1516:with 1514:peace 1512:made 1447:near 1397:Ramla 1380:Sidon 1344:Jaffa 1336:Syria 1328:Hejaz 1324:Egypt 1286:sabre 1236:Bassa 1091:Haifa 1062:, as 1044:Julis 1029:ulema 930:Mecca 868:Sanur 825:Jenin 524:Sidon 504:Druze 491:Safed 388:Sidon 357:Haifa 270:Abbas 264:Salih 261:Ahmad 258:Sa'id 151:Safed 82:Jaffa 78:Ramla 62:Sidon 6622:Wali 6539:ISBN 6515:ISBN 6474:ISBN 6453:ISBN 6418:ISBN 6368:ISBN 6344:ISBN 6320:ISBN 6262:ISBN 6238:ISBN 6214:ISBN 6179:ISBN 6158:ISBN 6120:ISBN 6070:ISBN 6032:ISBN 6013:ISBN 5983:ISBN 5959:ISBN 5922:ISBN 5903:ISBN 5882:ISBN 5858:ISBN 5834:ISBN 5813:ISBN 5790:ISBN 5755:ISBN 5712:ISBN 5691:ISBN 5670:ISBN 5483:–58. 5162:ISBN 5133:ISBN 4257:–18. 3844:–40. 3129:–42. 2995:ISSN 2790:–32. 2523:and 2511:The 2448:and 2368:The 2289:and 2287:Gigi 2118:The 2061:Acre 2026:East 1836:and 1793:Tyre 1754:miri 1748:miri 1711:agha 1703:imam 1690:qadi 1641:Salt 1618:Acre 1561:miri 1550:miri 1406:miri 1342:and 1340:Gaza 1238:and 1161:and 1151:Tyre 1095:Tira 1078:waqf 1052:Makr 1033:qadi 1000:Acre 938:Acre 926:Hajj 827:and 463:Umar 430:and 404:Gaza 353:Acre 329:Arab 223:Acre 217:Died 200:Born 173:None 149:and 139:Emir 131:Acre 84:and 74:Gaza 6624:of 6562:doi 6391:doi 6285:doi 6116:W–Z 6051:doi 5637:376 5621:285 5605:248 5589:207 5561:269 5545:338 5529:272 5513:178 5497:125 5041:187 5022:474 5003:474 4975:473 4903:282 4864:120 4848:132 4816:177 4743:156 4711:148 4609:249 4577:688 4308:153 4287:133 4142:137 4093:248 4077:247 2987:doi 2254:In 2122:of 1968:'s 1810:in 1737:at 1643:in 1111:bay 866:of 506:in 402:to 303:or 252:Ali 141:of 129:of 60:of 6654:: 6634:) 6568:. 6558:56 6556:. 6494:. 6397:. 6387:23 6299:. 6291:. 6281:26 6279:. 6112:. 6099:; 6095:; 6091:; 5942:. 5728:; 5481:57 5443:^ 5426:^ 5411:^ 5334:^ 5327:15 5315:^ 5252:38 5188:28 5176:^ 5096:. 5077:28 5065:^ 5048:^ 5029:^ 5010:^ 4961:^ 4934:^ 4887:^ 4880:46 4832:94 4804:^ 4797:22 4785:^ 4762:30 4750:^ 4727:38 4683:15 4669:^ 4662:13 4646:23 4632:^ 4625:98 4593:31 4565:^ 4546:69 4530:38 4514:^ 4493:^ 4454:^ 4399:^ 4366:^ 4359:41 4315:^ 4294:^ 4271:91 4255:17 4231:^ 4216:^ 4201:^ 4180:^ 4173:44 4149:^ 4126:43 4112:^ 4061:42 4045:^ 4002:96 3990:^ 3975:^ 3968:95 3940:51 3928:^ 3897:50 3881:41 3865:^ 3858:40 3842:39 3818:^ 3801:^ 3768:^ 3751:^ 3724:^ 3709:^ 3658:^ 3511:^ 3472:^ 3465:36 3451:^ 3396:35 3382:^ 3363:39 3345:^ 3294:^ 3255:^ 3162:^ 3155:34 3127:41 3087:33 3051:^ 3036:^ 3015:^ 3001:. 2993:. 2983:55 2981:. 2977:. 2965:^ 2926:^ 2905:^ 2898:33 2878:^ 2871:32 2855:^ 2828:^ 2795:^ 2788:31 2760:31 2746:^ 2717:^ 2678:^ 2663:^ 2600:^ 2583:^ 2568:^ 2444:, 2099:. 1832:, 1543:, 1330:, 1191:c. 1093:, 1054:, 1050:, 1046:, 940:. 347:, 315:, 311:: 208:, 145:, 80:, 76:, 72:, 68:, 64:, 6576:. 6564:: 6547:. 6523:. 6482:. 6461:. 6426:. 6405:. 6393:: 6376:. 6352:. 6328:. 6307:. 6287:: 6270:. 6246:. 6222:. 6187:. 6166:. 6128:. 6078:. 6057:. 6053:: 6040:. 6021:. 5991:. 5967:. 5930:. 5911:. 5890:. 5866:. 5842:. 5821:. 5798:. 5763:. 5742:. 5720:. 5699:. 5678:. 5623:. 5607:. 5563:. 5547:. 5531:. 5515:. 5499:. 5329:. 5254:. 5190:. 5170:. 5141:. 5100:. 5079:. 5043:. 5024:. 5005:. 4977:. 4905:. 4882:. 4866:. 4850:. 4834:. 4818:. 4799:. 4780:. 4778:6 4764:. 4745:. 4729:. 4713:. 4685:. 4664:. 4648:. 4627:. 4611:. 4595:. 4579:. 4548:. 4532:. 4361:. 4310:. 4289:. 4273:. 4175:. 4144:. 4128:. 4095:. 4079:. 4063:. 4004:. 3970:. 3942:. 3899:. 3883:. 3860:. 3467:. 3398:. 3365:. 3157:. 3009:. 2989:: 2900:. 2873:. 2762:. 2688:. 2329:. 307:( 20:)

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