704:
696:
157:
932:. At its base on the ocean bed it is 30 miles wide in one of the directions tested, and 28 miles wide on the other. It rises in a gentle slope which gradually steepens to a point 2,400 feet below water level, after which it rises at an angle of 80 degrees to 840 feet below water level. From this point it rises vertically, like an enormous pillar, till reaches the surface in the form of a reef enclosing a lagoon of irregular size, but of which the extremities give a measurement of 13.5 by 10.0 miles”.
650:
996:
978:
2135:
1682:
2418:
2512:
2570:
2446:
905:
875:
The purpose of the expedition was to attempt to settle the question as to the formation of coral atolls. The first expedition experienced defects in the boring machinery and the bore penetrated only slightly more than 100 feet (approx. 31 m). The second expedition reached a depth of 557 feet
56:
are causing more wave energy to be transferred across reef surfaces, which has tended to push more sand onto island shorelines, increasing islands’ land area. Over a recent four-decade period, there was a net increase in the land area of the islets of 2.9% (73.5 ha), although the changes were not
119:
typically found on reef islands. The reef platforms do have a completely enclosed rim of dry land, and the rim surrounds the remnants of a lagoon, but these lagoon remnants have no connection to the open sea, and tend to dry up as coral debris accumulates in them over time. For example,
2393:
703:
695:
143:
to settle there instead, because Niutao was considered to be overpopulated. Niulakita is a separate local government district, but it is administered as part of Niutao, and is represented in the
Parliament of Tuvalu by members of the constituency of Niutao.
1142:
Morris, C., & Mackay, K. (2008). Status of coral reefs in the
Southwest Pacific: Fiji, Nauru, New Caledonia, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu (Report). Status of coral reefs of the world (Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science).
115:, containing approximately 710 km (270 sq mi) of reef platforms. The reef islands have a different structure to the atolls, and are perhaps better described as “reef platforms,” as they are small, tabular platforms that lack the salt-water
2386:
2379:
1022:
2528:
924:
is an almost circular and conical submarine mountain 12,000 feet high, originally volcanic, and of immense geological age, much older than the relatively young and active mountains of the
2199:
1343:
139:
permission to settle there. However, in 1949, a successor administration made the controversial decision to expel the
Vaitupuans from Niulakita, and arrange for residents of
1154:
641:
defined for 1 town council (Funafuti) and 7 island councils. Niulakita, which now has its own island council, is not listed as it is administered as part of Niutao.
2345:
45:
to increase their fertility. Tuvalu's small, widely scattered atolls have a total land area of only about 26 square kilometres (10 square miles) making Tuvalu the
2310:
795:, A goal of the expeditions was to drill down to confirm that the coral material was located on a base of volcanic rock. This investigation followed the work on
881:
796:
41:
values of up to 8.2 to 8.9. The soils are usually deficient in most of the important nutrients needed for plant growth, so garden beds need to be enhanced with
2646:
156:
2607:
1634:
2641:
152:
2523:
2350:
2214:
2171:
1023:"EU-SOPAC Project Report 50: TUVALU TECHNICAL REPORT High-Resolution Bathymetric Survey Fieldwork undertaken from 19 September to 24 October 2004"
131:, which is the ninth island in the Tuvaluan archipelago, has not been continuously inhabited. It has been privately owned since 1944, when the
2651:
2360:
707:
The atoll of
Funafuti; borings into a coral reef and the results, being the report of the Coral Reef Committee of the Royal Society (1904)
699:
The atoll of
Funafuti; borings into a coral reef and the results, being the report of the Coral Reef Committee of the Royal Society (1904)
892:, as it subsides slowly a wide barrier reef forms, then after it has sunk below sea level the coral continues to grow forming a circular
2429:
2320:
2305:
2277:
2234:
2244:
2591:
2300:
876:(170 m). The third expedition was successful in carrying the bore to 1,114 feet (340 m). The results provided support for
1352:
2467:
2335:
46:
2636:
1627:
2224:
561:
502:
443:
659:
52:
The sea level at the
Funafuti tide gauge has been rising at a rate of 3.9 mm per year, and it has been determined that
37:. The soils of Tuvalu's islands are usually shallow, porous, alkaline, coarse-textured, with carbonate mineralogy and high
2656:
2462:
957:
2371:
2194:
2024:
2019:
1170:"Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations (Supplementary Note 1)"
803:
in the
Pacific. However, the geologic history of atolls is more complex than Darwin (1842) and Davis (1928) envisioned.
653:
211:
2340:
2554:
2315:
2209:
2164:
896:. However, the geologic history of atolls is more complex than Darwin (1842) and Davis (1920 & 1928) envisioned.
2626:
2355:
2259:
2180:
1620:
962:
132:
2631:
2330:
1548:
1414:
947:
2581:
2249:
2239:
2229:
2219:
776:
1351:. SPC Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC Division of SPC). pp. 35 & 40. Archived from
1373:
2496:
2403:
2325:
2282:
2204:
952:
852:
824:
724:
90:
1269:
633:
At least 11 islands are inhabited, expanded over the biggest isles of the nine atolls, plus two islands in
2491:
2434:
2157:
1476:
864:
812:
716:
1524:
1236:
1576:
760:
was under the command of
Captain Arthur Mostyn Field and her surveying work included further voyages to
104:
1451:
1316:
764:
atoll to deliver the expeditions of the Royal
Society in 1897 and 1898. The surveys carried out by the
2472:
1148:
844:
828:
816:
787:. Three expeditions used drilling equipment to take core samples of the coral reef. The boreholes on
967:
82:
74:
1456:. Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
2586:
2533:
1994:
1812:
1207:
1074:"Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations"
738:
70:
649:
2457:
1499:
1199:
1103:
749:
720:
97:
1477:"Alfred Edmund Finckh 1866-1961: Leader of the 1898 Coral Reef Boring Expedition to Funafuti"
1438:
Funafuti or Three Months On A Coral Atoll: an unscientific account of a scientific expedition
1862:
1491:
1388:
1251:
1189:
1181:
1093:
1085:
151:
2538:
2100:
1898:
929:
885:
840:
820:
769:
1490:(4). Historical Records of Australian Science, Volume 7, Number 4, pp. 393–403: 393–403.
2110:
2004:
1822:
1194:
1098:
1073:
982:
877:
800:
421:
86:
53:
2620:
2139:
2115:
1211:
1000:
942:
744:, under the command of Captain Arthur Mostyn Field, delivered the 1896 expedition to
638:
124:
has two brackish, saline lakes which are the degraded remnants of an ancient lagoon.
1169:
1984:
1903:
1255:
1028:. Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission c/o SOPAC Secretariat. October 2018
848:
382:
645:
Royal
Society of London investigation of the formation of coral reefs at Funafuti
2421:
1979:
1933:
1837:
1706:
287:
2417:
1612:
1185:
1089:
33:: Tuvalu has a total of 124 islands and islets. Each island is surrounded by a
2515:
2105:
2079:
2069:
2064:
1919:
1832:
1827:
1817:
1716:
889:
728:
347:
57:
uniform: About 74% of them increased in size and about 27% decreased in size.
34:
2149:
1543:
1409:
779:
and whether traces of shallow-water organisms could be found at depth in the
674:
661:
576:
563:
517:
504:
458:
445:
2573:
2449:
2095:
2059:
2009:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1777:
1762:
1752:
1711:
1681:
1666:
1661:
1571:
977:
788:
480:
475:
416:
317:
128:
78:
1503:
1203:
1107:
1121:
2074:
2034:
2014:
1948:
1938:
1924:
1893:
1792:
1787:
1747:
1696:
1495:
1345:
South Pacific Sea Level & Climate Monitoring Project – Funafuti atoll
921:
761:
745:
732:
688:
634:
227:
66:
1051:"Tuvalu Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity"
2511:
2407:
2049:
2039:
2029:
1999:
1989:
1872:
1867:
1852:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1782:
1767:
1737:
1721:
1701:
1580:. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 10 December 1897. p. 5
1393:
925:
408:
377:
352:
292:
257:
136:
2569:
2445:
1050:
2054:
1963:
1888:
1857:
1847:
1842:
1772:
1757:
1742:
1671:
1647:
1168:
Paul S. Kench, Murray R. Ford & Susan D. Owen (9 February 2018).
1072:
Paul S. Kench, Murray R. Ford & Susan D. Owen (9 February 2018).
753:
625:
534:
322:
232:
219:
194:
149:
140:
121:
116:
112:
18:
904:
1298:
Sollas, William J. (1899). "Funafati: the study of a coral atoll".
135:
Colony administration purchased the island and granted people from
2120:
1928:
903:
893:
884:; in which there are four stages in development of coral reefs: a
784:
780:
702:
694:
648:
539:
262:
42:
30:
22:
2483:
1526:
The Funafuti Coral-Boring Expedition, Address by Professor David
1273:
108:
26:
2375:
2153:
1616:
2044:
1552:. National Library of Australia. 11 September 1934. p. 6
38:
1317:
Admiral Sir Arthur Mostyn Field (1855–1950) from nmm.ac.uk
713:
Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition of the Royal Society
406:
217:
1374:"Pacific Atoll Living: How Long Already and Until When?"
2608:
Table of administrative country subdivisions by country
96:
The name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in
2567:
2547:
2509:
2481:
2443:
2415:
2291:
2268:
2187:
2088:
1972:
1912:
1881:
1730:
1689:
1654:
775:The Royal Society of London were investigating the
916:) is about 20 fathoms (36.5 metres or 120 feet).
65:The islands of Tuvalu are spread out between the
29:islands. An atoll typically consists of several
918:
1532:. The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 December 1897.
1408:Dr. Alfred Edmund Finckh (11 September 1934).
2387:
2165:
1628:
797:the structure and distribution of coral reefs
8:
1331:. United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO).
1153:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
752:, arriving on 21 May 1896, and returned to
623:
2544:
2478:
2394:
2380:
2372:
2172:
2158:
2150:
1635:
1621:
1613:
1418:. National Library of Australia. p. 6
1237:"General account of the Atoll of Funafuti"
912:The average depth in the Funafuti lagoon (
146:
1475:K. A. Rodgers and Carol Cantrell (1989).
1392:
1193:
1097:
756:on 22 August 1896. From 1896 to 1899 the
1484:Historical Records of Australian Science
871:Results of the Royal Society expeditions
592:
1230:
1228:
1014:
21:consists of nine separate islands: six
1367:
1365:
1146:
1045:
1043:
624:main island plus islets in landlocked
1597:
1595:
1293:
1291:
7:
839:The expedition was led by Professor
811:The expedition was led by Professor
47:fourth-smallest country in the world
2647:Administrative divisions in Oceania
888:forms, is surrounded by a fringing
768:resulted in the preparation of the
14:
2642:Lists of administrative divisions
1453:Finckh, Alfred Edmund (1866–1961)
791:islet are at the site now called
2568:
2510:
2444:
2416:
2133:
1680:
994:
976:
155:
150:
532:
473:
414:
405:
375:
345:
315:
285:
255:
225:
2529:Federated States of Micronesia
2200:Federated States of Micronesia
1372:Dickinson, William R. (2009).
1256:10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1896.487
1:
1544:"TO THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD"
1410:"TO THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD"
1329:Admiralty Nautical Chart 2983
958:List of butterflies of Tuvalu
867:of the University of Sydney.
2025:Motuloa (south of Nukufetau)
2020:Motuloa (north of Nukufetau)
1272:. tighar.org. Archived from
1053:. Government of Tuvalu. 2016
727:carried out drilling on the
2652:Lists of islands by country
2181:List of islands of Oceania
1440:, London: John Murray, 1899
900:Structure of Funafuti atoll
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
496:
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487:
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242:
239:
236:
2673:
1186:10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1
1090:10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1
963:Funafuti Conservation Area
863:The expedition was led by
851:as second-in-command, and
133:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
2605:
2129:
1678:
1549:The Sydney Morning Herald
1415:The Sydney Morning Herald
948:List of mammals of Tuvalu
2404:administrative divisions
2402:Articles on first-level
2346:Northern Mariana Islands
1244:Australian Museum Memoir
1235:Hedley, Charles (1896).
835:Second expedition (1897)
777:formation of coral reefs
770:Admiralty Nautical Chart
735:in 1896, 1897 and 1898.
717:Professor William Sollas
2311:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1606:. H.M.S.O. p. 349.
1604:Western Pacific Islands
953:List of birds of Tuvalu
859:Third expedition (1898)
853:Walter George Woolnough
825:Walter George Woolnough
819:and included Professor
807:First expedition (1896)
725:Royal Society of London
372:09°22′52″S 179°51′08″E
312:07°13′29″S 177°09′37″E
91:International Date Line
2637:Subdivisions of Tuvalu
1436:David, Mrs Edgeworth,
934:
909:
813:William Johnson Sollas
772:2983 for the islands.
708:
700:
692:
2294:and other territories
1174:Nature Communications
1078:Nature Communications
907:
706:
698:
652:
127:The smallest island,
105:Coral reefs of Tuvalu
2657:Tuvalu-related lists
1496:10.1071/hr9890740393
882:theory of subsidence
865:Alfred Edmund Finckh
845:University of Sydney
829:University of Sydney
817:University of Oxford
1973:Islets of Nukufetau
1602:Coates, A. (1970).
1358:on 3 February 2014.
968:Geography of Tuvalu
723:, conducted by the
671: /
573: /
514: /
455: /
1995:Kongo Loto Lafanga
1731:Islets of Funafuti
1644:Islands and atolls
1394:10.1130/GSATG35A.1
1276:on 2 February 2017
983:Islands portal
910:
709:
701:
693:
518:10.750°S 179.500°E
107:consists of three
2627:Islands of Tuvalu
2614:
2613:
2563:
2562:
2548:Also in Polynesia
2505:
2504:
2369:
2368:
2361:Wallis and Futuna
2269:Associated states
2147:
2146:
2140:Tuvalu portal
2089:Islets of Vaitupu
1882:Islets of Nanumea
1572:"CORAL FORMATION"
1450:Cantrell, Carol.
1143:pp. 177–188.
1003:
1001:Tuvalu portal
985:
721:Oxford University
631:
630:
577:6.100°S 177.267°E
459:6.333°S 176.417°E
402:07°28′S 178°41′E
342:08°00′S 178°22′E
282:05°41′S 176°09′E
198:
187:
178:
61:Islands of Tuvalu
54:rising sea levels
2664:
2632:Atolls of Tuvalu
2572:
2545:
2524:Marshall Islands
2514:
2479:
2463:Papua New Guinea
2448:
2420:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2351:Pitcairn Islands
2321:French Polynesia
2306:Christmas Island
2235:Papua New Guinea
2215:Marshall Islands
2188:Sovereign states
2174:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2136:
1863:Tepuka Vili Vili
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1637:
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1165:
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1130:
1128:
1122:"Maps of Tuvalu"
1118:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1035:
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1027:
1019:
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981:
980:
974:
686:
685:
683:
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672:
669:
668:
667:
664:
639:ISO 3166-2 codes
588:
587:
585:
584:
583:
578:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
529:
528:
526:
525:
524:
523:-10.750; 179.500
519:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
470:
469:
467:
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460:
456:
453:
452:
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252:8°31′S 179°13′E
192:
185:
176:
159:
154:
147:
111:islands and six
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2601:
2559:
2543:
2501:
2477:
2468:Solomon Islands
2439:
2411:
2400:
2370:
2365:
2293:
2287:
2270:
2264:
2245:Solomon Islands
2183:
2178:
2148:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2125:
2101:Isles of Mosana
2084:
1968:
1908:
1899:Teatua a Taepoa
1877:
1726:
1685:
1676:
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1326:
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1300:Natural Science
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1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1012:
995:
993:
975:
939:
902:
886:volcanic island
873:
861:
847:(that included
841:Edgeworth David
837:
821:Edgeworth David
809:
711:An expedition (
679:
677:
675:8.31°S 179.13°E
673:
670:
665:
662:
660:
658:
657:
647:
582:-6.100; 177.267
581:
579:
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572:
567:
564:
562:
560:
559:
522:
520:
516:
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508:
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503:
501:
500:
464:-6.333; 176.417
463:
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207:
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182:
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5:
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2341:Norfolk Island
2338:
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2328:
2323:
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2301:American Samoa
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2271:of New Zealand
2266:
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2257:
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2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
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2197:
2191:
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2169:
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2154:
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2118:
2113:
2108:
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2077:
2072:
2067:
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2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:Matanukulaelae
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
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1970:
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1823:Nukusavalevale
1820:
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1795:
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1361:
1342:Lal, Andrick.
1334:
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1113:
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965:
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945:
938:
935:
908:Funafuti atoll
901:
898:
878:Charles Darwin
872:
869:
860:
857:
836:
833:
808:
805:
801:Charles Darwin
799:conducted by
793:Darwin's Drill
750:Ellice Islands
646:
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629:
628:
621:
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89:, west of the
62:
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13:
10:
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2336:New Caledonia
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2316:Easter Island
2314:
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2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:
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2142:
2141:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:Te Motu Olepa
2114:
2112:
2109:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
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1991:
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1983:
1981:
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1971:
1965:
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1947:
1945:
1942:
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1937:
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1932:
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1915:
1913:Islets of Nui
1911:
1905:
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1900:
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1321:
1318:
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1310:
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1294:
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1288:
1275:
1271:
1270:"Foua Tofiga"
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
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1229:
1225:
1213:
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979:
971:
969:
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961:
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954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:ISO 3166-2:TV
941:
940:
936:
933:
931:
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923:
917:
915:
906:
899:
897:
895:
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826:
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802:
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771:
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747:
743:
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736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
705:
697:
690:
684:
680:-8.31; 179.13
655:
651:
644:
642:
640:
637:. Tuvalu has
636:
627:
622:
618:
601:
599:
598:
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591:
586:
558:
541:
538:
536:
533:
527:
499:
482:
479:
477:
474:
468:
440:
423:
420:
418:
415:
411:
410:
401:
384:
381:
379:
376:
371:
354:
351:
349:
346:
341:
324:
321:
319:
316:
311:
294:
291:
289:
286:
281:
264:
261:
259:
256:
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234:
231:
229:
226:
222:
221:
216:
213:
210:
205:
200:
196:
189:
180:
171:
166:
164:Atoll/Island
163:
162:
158:
153:
148:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
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88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
58:
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
2596:
2292:Dependencies
2278:Cook Islands
2254:
2131:
1904:Temotufoliki
1643:
1603:
1582:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1525:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1487:
1483:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1452:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1413:
1403:
1384:
1380:
1353:the original
1344:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1264:
1247:
1243:
1215:. Retrieved
1177:
1173:
1163:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1116:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1030:. Retrieved
1017:
991:
990:
973:
972:
926:New Hebrides
919:
913:
911:
874:
862:
849:George Sweet
838:
810:
792:
774:
765:
757:
740:
737:
712:
710:
632:
593:
407:
218:
126:
102:
95:
64:
51:
17:
15:
2435:New Zealand
2422:Australasia
2225:New Zealand
1980:Faiava Lasi
1934:Motupuakaka
1838:Te Afualiku
1509:23 December
1460:23 December
1387:(3): 4–10.
1250:(2): 1–72.
1217:11 February
1149:cite report
1057:11 November
783:of Pacific
678: /
654:Coordinates
580: /
521: /
462: /
201:Min. number
2621:Categories
2516:Micronesia
2497:East Timor
2106:Motutanifa
2080:Temotuloto
2070:Teafuanonu
2065:Teafuaniua
1920:Fenua Tapu
1833:Te Afuafou
1828:Papa Elise
1818:Mulitefala
1717:Nukulaelae
1180:(1): 605.
1127:15 January
1084:(1): 605.
1032:21 October
1010:References
890:coral reef
729:coral reef
348:Nukulaelae
203:of islets
35:coral reef
25:and three
2574:Polynesia
2492:Indonesia
2450:Melanesia
2430:Australia
2410:countries
2195:Australia
2096:Luasamotu
2060:Teafatule
2010:Motufetau
1959:Tokinivae
1954:Talalolae
1944:Piliaieve
1778:Fualefeke
1763:Fongafale
1753:Fale Fatu
1712:Nukufetau
1667:Niulakita
1662:Nanumanga
1577:The Argus
1381:GSA Today
1212:256641955
789:Fongafale
481:Niulakita
476:Niulakita
417:Nanumanga
318:Nukufetau
208:villages
206:Number of
129:Niulakita
79:longitude
75:10° south
2555:Kiribati
2482:Also in
2408:Oceanian
2210:Kiribati
2075:Teafuone
2035:Niualuka
2015:Motulalo
1949:Pongalei
1939:Pakantou
1925:Telikiai
1894:Lefogaki
1793:Funamanu
1788:Funafala
1748:Falaoigo
1697:Funafuti
1504:11617111
1306:: 17–37.
1280:26 April
1204:29426825
1108:29426825
937:See also
930:Solomons
922:Funafuti
762:Funafuti
746:Funafuti
733:Funafuti
715:) under
689:Funafuti
666:179°08′E
635:Funafuti
568:177°16′E
509:179°30′E
450:176°25′E
228:Funafuti
212:Location
169:village
98:Tuvaluan
67:latitude
2473:Vanuatu
2356:Tokelau
2260:Vanuatu
2050:Sakalua
2040:Niuatui
2030:Motumua
2000:Lafanga
1990:Funaota
1873:Vasafua
1868:Tutanga
1853:Tengasu
1813:Motuloa
1808:Motugie
1803:Mateika
1798:Luamotu
1783:Fualopa
1768:Fuafatu
1738:Amatuku
1722:Vaitupu
1702:Nanumea
1655:Islands
1584:19 June
1556:20 June
1422:20 June
1195:5807422
1099:5807422
914:Te Namo
843:of the
827:of the
815:of the
766:Penguin
758:Penguin
748:in the
741:Penguin
619:
565:06°06′S
506:10°45′S
447:06°20′S
409:Islands
378:Vaitupu
353:Fangaua
293:Tanrake
258:Nanumea
137:Vaitupu
2597:Tuvalu
2331:Hawaii
2255:Tuvalu
2111:Temotu
2055:Savave
1964:Unimai
1889:Lakena
1858:Tepuka
1848:Telele
1843:Tefala
1773:Fuagea
1758:Fatato
1743:Avalau
1690:Atolls
1672:Niutao
1648:Tuvalu
1502:
1210:
1202:
1192:
1106:
1096:
785:atolls
754:Sydney
663:8°19′S
626:lagoon
610:10,507
535:Niutao
323:Savave
233:Vaiaku
220:Atolls
141:Niutao
122:Niutao
117:lagoon
113:atolls
23:atolls
19:Tuvalu
2592:Tonga
2587:Samoa
2539:Palau
2534:Nauru
2250:Tonga
2240:Samoa
2230:Palau
2220:Nauru
2121:Tofia
1929:Meang
1530:(PDF)
1480:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
1356:(PDF)
1349:(PDF)
1240:(PDF)
1208:S2CID
1026:(PDF)
894:atoll
781:coral
604:25.44
594:Total
540:Kulia
422:Tonga
393:1,061
263:Lolua
243:6,320
197:2017)
181:Total
43:mulch
31:motus
2582:Niue
2484:Asia
2458:Fiji
2326:Guam
2283:Niue
2205:Fiji
1985:Fale
1927:aka
1586:2012
1558:2012
1511:2012
1500:PMID
1462:2012
1424:2012
1282:2015
1219:2018
1200:PMID
1155:link
1129:2021
1104:PMID
1059:2023
1034:2019
928:and
823:and
739:HMS
547:2.53
544:2.53
488:0.40
485:0.40
429:3.00
426:3.00
387:5.60
383:Asau
357:1.82
327:2.99
297:2.83
267:3.87
237:2.40
190:Pop.
186:(km)
183:area
177:(km)
174:area
172:Land
167:Main
109:reef
103:The
87:180°
83:176°
77:and
27:reef
2406:of
2045:Oua
1707:Nui
1646:of
1492:doi
1389:doi
1252:doi
1190:PMC
1182:doi
1094:PMC
1086:doi
880:'s
855:).
731:at
719:of
613:124
607:520
550:582
432:491
363:300
333:597
330:145
303:610
288:Nui
273:512
240:277
85:to
81:of
73:to
69:of
49:.
2623::
1594:^
1574:.
1546:.
1498:.
1486:.
1482:.
1412:.
1385:19
1383:.
1379:.
1364:^
1304:14
1302:.
1290:^
1246:.
1242:.
1227:^
1206:.
1198:.
1188:.
1176:.
1172:.
1151:}}
1147:{{
1102:.
1092:.
1080:.
1076:.
1042:^
831:.
656::
616:34
491:34
390:10
366:15
360:43
336:33
306:21
300:17
270:22
246:30
195:c.
100:.
93:.
71:5°
39:pH
2395:e
2388:t
2381:v
2173:e
2166:t
2159:v
1636:e
1629:t
1622:v
1588:.
1560:.
1513:.
1494::
1488:7
1464:.
1426:.
1397:.
1391::
1284:.
1258:.
1254::
1248:3
1221:.
1184::
1178:9
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1131:.
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1036:.
920:“
691:)
687:(
556:2
553:4
497:1
494:1
438:2
435:5
399:7
396:9
369:2
339:2
309:4
279:2
276:5
249:9
193:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
