253:
19:
611:
861:
150:
158:
456:
77:
Little penguins typically return to their colonies to feed their chicks after sunset, which is when they are most visible to people and where tourist attention is focussed. Little penguins attract large numbers of tourists in
Australia, and are important in several local economies. However, penguin
56:
to their breeding colonies and nesting sites over successive years. They live year-round in large or small colonies, with each individual breeding pair forming a burrow, or using caves or crevices between rocks, in which to raise their chicks (of which two are born at a time, usually about two days
68:
may range from thousands to just a few nests, with some penguins ranging into urban areas. The total population is estimated to lie between 350,000 and 600,000 individuals. Most of these breed on offshore islands where they are not subject to predation by introduced mammals, nor to regular
124:
Due to their diminutive size, the introduction of predators and the spread of human settlement, some colonies have been reduced in size by as much as 98% in just a few years. An example is the small colony on
1554:
Madden-Hallett, D. M., Hammer, M., Gursansky, W. and Donato, D. B., 2011. Lipson Island baseline flora and fauna report and assessment of risk. For Golder
Associates, Donato Environmental Services, Darwin.
581:
52:) colonies are particularly large, well-known, or are tourist attractions; even small colonies in urban areas may attract tours. Little penguins, also known as little blue or fairy penguins, exhibit
776:, Figure of 8 Island, Hood Island, Mackenzie Island, Mondrain Island, Observatory Island, Ram Island, Remark Island, Sandy Hook Island, South East Isles, Wilson Island (present in 2001) and
949:
69:
disturbance by people, and are relatively secure. Many colonies on the
Australian mainland, as well as on the coasts of Tasmania and New Zealand's North and South Islands, are in decline.
1369:
1349:
Priddel, D., Carlile, N. & Wheeler, R., 2008. Population size, breeding success and provenance of a mainland colony of Little
Penguins (Eudyptula minor). EMU, 108, pp.35–41.
1376:
1510:
909:
202:
1367:
Conservation management priorities for little penguin populations in Gulf St
Vincent. Report to Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board.
492:- declining colony of about 400 pairs at the Neck (sandy isthmus between North and South Bruny Island) attracts large numbers of tourists to its viewing platforms
1096:
1391:
431:- formerly 3000-6000 individuals and one of South Australia's largest colonies, access by permit. As of 2013, colony is believed to be in decline.
1563:
Donato
Environmental Services (2012). Port Spencer Stage 1 Public Environmental Report, Volume 4 of 5, Appendix J. Adelaide: Centrex Metals Ltd.
530:
1366:
1568:
401:- as of 1982, the species was reported as being “most numerous” on the island. As of 2011, the status of the breeding colony was not known.
60:
Although many breed in large, well-defined colonies, the penguins also occur in scattered locations along long stretches of coastline. In
1487:
738:
1581:
2559:"REMARKS RESPECTING THE IS[?] LANDS ON THE COAST OF S. W. AUSTRALIA. To the Editor of the Perth Gazette. [CONTINUED.]"
1262:
1067:
1021:
783:
747:
712:
299:- colony in possibly terminal decline, from 1600 to 1800 individuals in 2000 to about 20 in 2012, evening tours and information centre
206:
1798:
1780:
1751:
1334:
893:
724:
1483:
777:
684:
302:
292:
215:- 300 pairs, nesting site threatened by invasive weeds, island subject to environmental rehabilitation program, restricted access
384:
1246:
755:
444:
296:
286:
78:
tourism can also affect penguin breeding success through causing adults to desert nests and chicks to receive fewer meals.
1772:
540:
212:
209:, near Port Stephens - four small colonies constituting the most northerly breeding site of the species, restricted access
345:
1669:"Population decreases in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia, over the past 45 years"
651:
645:
420:
230:
224:
126:
1103:. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Australia. 2012-05-23. Archived from
1104:
556:
339:
333:
240:
2583:
2534:
2690:
1046:
594:
483:
178:
22:
751:
641:
252:
2510:
2486:
2462:
2438:
2414:
2390:
2366:
2342:
2318:
2294:
2270:
2221:
2175:
2126:
2102:
2029:
1990:
1966:
1942:
1918:
1894:
1845:
1821:
1379:(Aquatic Sciences), Adelaide. SARDI Publication No. F2011/000188-1. SARDI Research Report Series No.588. 97pp.
1764:
1388:
2685:
1211:
837:
635:
534:
1125:
90:
but are now primarily confined to various small islands and isolated coastal locations due to predation by
18:
1200:
654:- small, threatened colony protected by innovative conservation program using sheepdogs; restricted access
598:
511:
404:
218:
786:, near Torbay. Historic account, current status unknown. Skin of a specimen also collected there in 1988.
769:
1321:
1150:
407:- island group in Spencer Gulf supporting multiple colonies - some in decline, others of unknown status
149:
1263:"Southern Oceans Seabird Study Association Inc. (SOSSA) - Five Islands History and Future Management"
833:
622:
171:
134:
2200:
1718:
1233:
227:- offshore from Port Kembla. Over 1000 occupied burrows in 1962, significant decline noted in 1990s.
544:
518:
505:
280:
137:, which was reduced from 5,000 penguins to 100; a subsequent conservation management program using
65:
2640:
903:
845:
754:, has the state's largest population. Population estimated at 1,000 birds in 2011. It is part of
524:
351:
320:
308:
91:
660:- 70,000 individuals; iconic colony and major Australian tourist attraction operating since 1928
2511:"Record: 043c89c0-1584-4443-acc2-8f96a07d8e58 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2487:"Record: 4f2b8c90-d66b-4381-badd-9a4fcd8913c4 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2463:"Record: dbb2d022-122c-41a5-8c0a-a9c04685b7bf | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2439:"Record: c7b810e8-2c48-4f66-b50b-c79b317e585a | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2415:"Record: c78f8c6d-2350-4bf7-a39f-fe47a7b27c2b | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2391:"Record: 5cb8d6dd-4495-45d7-b507-7b371245b14f | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2367:"Record: afcb27dc-3a0e-4b34-b443-24a4d64589a9 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2343:"Record: 9e5c61ac-5ffa-4733-a622-a572df74870d | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2319:"Record: 3a2f4faa-9c6c-4dbf-bd69-83964c22e087 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2295:"Record: 57c32ea4-7ff9-40fc-aed3-ad151db4e5c4 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2271:"Record: 2535f142-3b5c-456b-b2dd-4c8e74954d8b | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2222:"Record: 64ecb216-f193-4b3f-a46e-8ea9e533a891 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2176:"Record: 18f463d4-66e9-49eb-8631-68f8f660d8f4 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2127:"Record: db2142c0-1eae-4ea7-b2c0-2a53e652cfcd | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2103:"Record: 9a2cf3ca-2e6a-4b06-8f8f-a0afba34bcab | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
2030:"Record: 1491d755-d987-4a91-b81f-52eb7be3c66c | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
1991:"Record: a4a41dd7-ac86-4a3c-bd50-b656722bc778 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
1943:"Record: 573aa6a2-096a-4aff-9845-9cf3b9a65964 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
1919:"Record: f53d6579-544e-487a-9963-3d7a19245adb | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
1895:"Record: f8f0c2cb-f583-4e92-8ed7-6c771af18ce6 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
1846:"Record: e31599d4-0ced-4085-ba06-e1c6ea640cce | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
1822:"Record: 0b4a29b7-13d8-4115-9aef-4e873597759c | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
1794:
1776:
1747:
1564:
1330:
1242:
1176:
957:. SARDI Research Report No.217. Adelaide: South Australian Research and Development Institute.
889:
730:
676:
550:
479:
460:
416:
198:
2641:"The Abundance, Breeding Distribution, and nest sites of Blue Penguins in Otago, New Zealand"
2078:
1412:
761:
707:
610:
357:
Sandy Creek - "dozens" inhabiting limestone caves, reported in 1972. Current status unknown.
276:
138:
110:
1668:
1025:
1693:
1462:
1395:
1373:
860:
841:
816:
810:
734:
727:, 6.5 km north of Penguin Island. Estimated 500-600 birds in monitored areas in 2011.
428:
424:
398:
336:- about 700 individuals in 2010, guided tours were given each evening, but stopped in 2013
326:
312:
269:
191:
1075:
766:
Newdegate Island, at the mouth of Deep River. Historical account, current status unknown.
113:
on the mainland. The birds and their nests are also preyed on by native animals such as
1437:
865:
827:
741:. Breaksea Island mentioned in an historical account from 1827, current status unknown.
657:
615:
590:
585:
501:
434:
410:
394:
390:
370:
316:
45:
2679:
2621:
2016:
Potential impacts of the
Mangles Bay Marina Based Tourist Precinct on Little Penguins
1155:
A Question of
Balance: summary of radio interview of Nicholas Carlile by Ruby Vincent
692:
663:
575:
348:- "thousands" inhabiting the park's shores, reported in 1972. Current status unknown.
157:
886:
Handbook of
Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to Ducks
822:
718:
569:
489:
438:
380:
261:
26:
951:
What is causing the decline of Little
Penguins on Granite Island, South Australia?
455:
1310:
Barton, D. (1978). Breeding Fairy Penguins at Twofold Bay, NSW. Corella 2,7 1-72.
1742:
Brothers, Nigel; Pemberton, David; Pryor, Helen; & Halley, Vanessa. (2001).
1651:
1286:
796:
773:
629:
362:
342:- small, declining colony threatened by fur seal predation, evening guided tours
257:
236:
130:
61:
44:
notable for their size, location or public profile. It is not exhaustive. Some
53:
2245:
2150:
2053:
1869:
996:
923:
543:- up to 15,000 pairs at various sites around the fishing and holiday town of
702:
376:
366:
94:
87:
34:
2558:
86:
Little penguins were once common along the southern coastline of mainland
1047:"BBC - Science & Nature -Sea Life - Fact Files: Little/Fairy penguin"
472:
141:
to guard the colony and deter foxes allowed numbers to start to recover.
118:
30:
354:- population described as "innumerable" in 1972. Current status unknown.
319:
which was surveyed as having approximately 12,000 birds in 2004 and the
780:(which supports a colony of unknown size at the island's Eastern end).
2584:"Record: AVIF:A21721 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
1967:"Record: AVIF:A12858 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia"
1241:. Recovery Plans. Sydney: NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service.
803:
495:
464:
114:
106:
1809:
1235:
Endangered Population of Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) at Manly
609:
454:
156:
148:
121:. Where roads pass close to colonies, they may be killed by cars.
102:
1511:"Fate of island penguins appears sealed as hunted become hunters"
1744:
Tasmania’s Offshore Islands: seabirds and other natural features
305:- Island offshore from Coffin Bay in the Great Australian Bight
289:, Little Goose Island & White Rock Island - aquatic reserve
64:
numerous beaches, bays and coves are host to penguin colonies.
1544:. Netley, South Australia: Griffin Press. pp. 63, 68, 73.
1444:. Department of Natural Resources, South Australia. 2011-02-07
582:
Chalky, Big Green and Badger Island Groups Important Bird Area
98:
2606:
830:
Nature Reserve - approximately 1,650 nests, access restricted
533:- over 16,000 pairs spread over several small islands in the
1870:"LIFE and LORE of the BUSH SEVERAL MATTERS FROM NORTH PERTH"
1580:
Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996).
1024:. Penguin Sentinels/University of Washington. Archived from
2668:
930:. International Penguin Conservation Work Group. 2011-08-06
243:
adjacent to the town of Eden. This colony has gone extinct.
1625:
387:) - status unknown, previously a large colony in the 1800s
884:
Marchant, S.; & Higgins, P.J. (Coordinators) (1990).
486:
adjacent to and accessible from the town; tours available
888:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 246–259.
695:, near Perth and north of Garden Island. Status unknown.
514:- part of the Three Sisters - Goat Island Nature Reserve
221:
Point - small, threatened urban colony in Sydney Harbour
666:- small urban colony of approximately 1400 individuals
584:- over 40,000 pairs spread over several islands in the
233:- up to 8000 pairs, largest NSW colony, tours conducted
2650:. Journal of the Ornithological Society of New Zealand
2079:"Penguins to help monitor health of King George Sound"
2539:
Esperance Island Cruises & Woody Island Eco Stays
1413:"Granite Island penguin population in possible peril"
1015:
1013:
997:"Penguins: Little (Blue) Penguins - Eudyptula minor"
373:- colony appears to be stable at around 100 animals.
1377:
South Australian Research and Development Institute
1329:. Eden: NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service.
504:- 500 pairs; part of the Maatsuyker Island Group
2563:The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal
948:Bool, N.M.; Page, B.; Goldsworthy, S.D. (2007).
117:and, in the vicinity of the colonies at sea, by
2054:"Albany Suspects Incendiarism ALBANY, Saturday"
1738:
1736:
1734:
1151:"Broughton Island's recovery is well under way"
999:. International Penguin Conservation Work Group
1587:. Australian Heritage Commission. p. 283
1323:Eagles Claw Nature Reserve Plan of Management
1201:"Lion Island Little Penguin Threat Abatement"
8:
1746:. Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery: Hobart.
908:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
698:Coffin Island northeast of King George Sound
2616:
2614:
1667:Stevenson, Caryn; Woehler, Eric J. (2007).
648:- small colony; tours and viewing platforms
1074:. Warrnambool City Council. Archived from
2018:. Western Australia: Oceanica. p. 4.
1653:Small North-East Islands Management Plan
1484:"Kingscote Penguin Centre tours to stop"
990:
988:
986:
984:
251:
17:
1465:. Tourkangarooisland.com.au. 2009-06-30
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
876:
413:- large island in southern Spencer Gulf
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
901:
733:- islands including Michelmas Island,
578:- 15,000 pairs; nature reserve and IBA
531:Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area
1656:. Hobart: Parks and Wildlife Service.
1535:
1533:
1531:
1419:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
572:- 20,000 pairs; IBA; access difficult
7:
1626:"Species factsheet: Eudyptula minor"
1582:"South Australia's offshore islands"
1438:"Kingscote Community Penguin Census"
1101:Booderee National Park: Birdwatching
153:Little penguin habitats in Australia
2151:"HISTORY in NAMES Albany's Harbour"
1488:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
721:- Seal Island and St Alouarn Island
1022:"Little Penguin - Penguin Project"
601:Important Bird Area - 80,000 pairs
521:- small colony; viewing facilities
14:
437:- formerly the largest colony in
2250:The Inquirer and Commercial News
1411:Williamson, Brett (2012-08-14).
924:"Little (Blue or Fairy) Penguin"
859:
701:Daw Island, 150 km east of
553:- tours available by appointment
1068:"Middle Island Maremma Project"
467:gives these rocks a red colour.
441:. Population status is unknown.
239:- small mainland colony in the
181:- 5000 pairs, restricted access
42:list of little penguin colonies
2639:Dann, Peter (September 1994).
1767:Marine Pollution: New Research
1632:. BirdLife International. 2012
1389:"Goose Island Aquatic Reserve"
1157:. 2SER Community Radio Station
756:Shoalwater Islands Marine Park
498:- observation centre and tours
283:, southwest of Yorke Peninsula
1:
2199:Moodle, Claire (2014-09-22).
1773:Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
1399:Government of South Australia
772:- numerous islands including
564:Tasmanian Bass Strait islands
541:St Helens Important Bird Area
1540:Masterman, Mervinia (1972).
1509:Lloyd, Graham (2011-03-26).
527:- small colony; guided tours
346:Flinders Chase National Park
1267:www.sossa-international.org
1149:Barry, Victor (June 2011).
664:St Kilda Harbour Breakwater
646:Port Campbell National Park
256:Fairy penguin in burrow on
231:Barunguba / Montague Island
225:Five Islands Nature Reserve
2707:
2607:Oamaru Blue Penguin Colony
241:Eagles Claw Nature Reserve
23:Australian little penguins
2014:Cannell, Belinda (2011).
1763:Hofer, Tobias N. (2008).
1542:Flinder's Chase Revisited
1020:Grabski, Valerie (2009).
819:(white-flippered variety)
482:- colony of 200 pairs on
397:at the south-west end of
2628:New Zealand Birds Online
1876:. 1928-03-18. p. 44
806:- >1,000 individuals
194:include from the north:
161:A little penguin walking
2625:In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.)
2620:Flemming, S.A. (2013) "
2565:. 1842-10-01. p. 2
2252:. 1898-11-11. p. 4
2157:. 1947-05-17. p. 5
2060:. 1938-01-01. p. 7
1719:"WYNYARD PENGUIN TOURS"
1401:. (Accessed 2013-12-13)
1293:. Montague Island Tours
1212:NSW Environmental Trust
1181:Little Penguin research
1130:Port Stephens Australia
636:Lady Julia Percy Island
535:Southwest National Park
95:feral and domestic cats
1365:Wiebkin, A. S. (2011)
638:- 2,000 breeding pairs
618:
468:
459:Image of the coast of
405:Sir Joseph Banks Group
279:- Group of islands in
265:
162:
154:
37:
2201:"Saving the penguins"
1700:. Burnie City Council
848:(Te Whanganui-a-Tara)
809:Pipikaretu Beach, on
770:Recherche Archipelago
613:
458:
255:
160:
152:
21:
815:Pōhatu/Flea Bay, on
632:- up to 20,000 pairs
463:. The growth of red
172:Jervis Bay Territory
166:Jervis Bay Territory
101:or, in New Zealand,
2588:biocache.ala.org.au
2515:biocache.ala.org.au
2491:biocache.ala.org.au
2467:biocache.ala.org.au
2443:biocache.ala.org.au
2419:biocache.ala.org.au
2395:biocache.ala.org.au
2371:biocache.ala.org.au
2347:biocache.ala.org.au
2323:biocache.ala.org.au
2299:biocache.ala.org.au
2275:biocache.ala.org.au
2246:"CHAPTER XII.—1841"
2226:biocache.ala.org.au
2180:biocache.ala.org.au
2155:The West Australian
2131:biocache.ala.org.au
2107:biocache.ala.org.au
2034:biocache.ala.org.au
1995:biocache.ala.org.au
1971:biocache.ala.org.au
1947:biocache.ala.org.au
1923:biocache.ala.org.au
1899:biocache.ala.org.au
1850:biocache.ala.org.au
1826:biocache.ala.org.au
1291:Montague Island NSW
623:Victoria, Australia
517:Lillico Beach near
506:Important Bird Area
281:Investigator Strait
203:Cabbage Tree Island
2535:"Wildlife viewing"
1676:Marine Ornithology
1630:BirdLife Data Zone
1463:"Birds & Bees"
1394:2015-04-05 at the
1372:2014-02-22 at the
866:Animals portal
846:Wellington Harbour
737:, Seal Island and
619:
537:; access difficult
469:
321:Waldegrave Islands
309:Investigator Group
266:
163:
155:
38:
25:exiting a burrow,
2648:Volume 41, Part 3
1810:St Kilda Penguins
1569:978-0-9872794-3-9
1287:"Little Penguins"
731:King George Sound
715:(south of Albany)
677:Western Australia
671:Western Australia
547:; tours available
461:Bicheno, Tasmania
417:Troubridge Island
352:Ravine de Casoars
264:, South Australia
199:Boondelbah Island
139:Maremma sheepdogs
2698:
2691:Penguin colonies
2671:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2618:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1760:
1754:
1740:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1622:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:. The Australian
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1417:891 ABC Adelaide
1408:
1402:
1386:
1380:
1363:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1240:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1208:Project overview
1205:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1097:"Little Penguin"
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:. bbc. July 2005
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
992:
959:
958:
956:
945:
939:
938:
936:
935:
920:
914:
913:
907:
899:
881:
864:
863:
762:Quagering Island
708:Doubtful Islands
557:Preservation Bay
277:Althorpe Islands
207:Broughton Island
170:Colonies in the
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:Pohatu Penguins
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1698:Discover Burnie
1692:
1691:
1687:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1442:Kangaroo Island
1436:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1396:Wayback Machine
1387:
1383:
1374:Wayback Machine
1364:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1177:"port stephens"
1174:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1002:
1000:
994:
993:
962:
954:
947:
946:
942:
933:
931:
922:
921:
917:
900:
896:
883:
882:
878:
874:
858:
855:
817:Banks Peninsula
811:Otago Peninsula
793:
739:Breaksea Island
735:Mistaken Island
683:6-mile Island,
673:
608:
566:
453:
429:Gulf St Vincent
425:Yorke Peninsula
399:Yorke Peninsula
327:Kangaroo Island
313:Dorothee Island
270:South Australia
250:
248:South Australia
192:New South Wales
188:
186:New South Wales
168:
147:
84:
75:
50:Eudyptula minor
12:
11:
5:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2686:Lists of birds
2678:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2661:
2631:
2610:
2599:
2575:
2550:
2526:
2502:
2478:
2454:
2430:
2406:
2382:
2358:
2334:
2310:
2286:
2262:
2237:
2213:
2191:
2167:
2142:
2118:
2094:
2083:www.abc.net.au
2070:
2058:The Daily News
2045:
2021:
2006:
1982:
1958:
1934:
1910:
1886:
1861:
1837:
1813:
1802:
1781:
1755:
1730:
1710:
1685:
1659:
1642:
1598:
1572:
1556:
1547:
1527:
1501:
1490:. 22 July 2013
1475:
1454:
1429:
1403:
1381:
1351:
1342:
1335:
1312:
1303:
1278:
1254:
1247:
1224:
1192:
1167:
1141:
1117:
1088:
1059:
1038:
1009:
960:
940:
928:About Penguins
915:
894:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
854:
851:
850:
849:
831:
828:Motunau Island
825:
820:
813:
807:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:Shelter Island
781:
767:
764:
759:
748:Penguin Island
745:
742:
728:
722:
716:
713:Eclipse Island
710:
705:
699:
696:
690:
687:
672:
669:
668:
667:
661:
658:Phillip Island
655:
649:
639:
633:
616:Phillip Island
607:
604:
603:
602:
588:
586:Furneaux Group
579:
573:
565:
562:
561:
560:
559:- Small colony
554:
548:
538:
528:
522:
515:
509:
502:De Witt Island
499:
493:
487:
484:Diamond Island
452:
449:
448:
447:
442:
435:Wardang Island
432:
414:
411:Thistle Island
408:
402:
395:Pondalowie Bay
391:Royston Island
388:
374:
371:Eyre Peninsula
359:
358:
355:
349:
343:
337:
330:
329:
324:
317:Pearson Island
311:- colonies on
306:
303:Greenly Island
300:
293:Granite Island
290:
284:
249:
246:
245:
244:
234:
228:
222:
216:
210:
187:
184:
183:
182:
167:
164:
146:
143:
83:
80:
74:
71:
46:little penguin
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2703:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2007:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:9781604562422
1796:
1784:
1782:9781604562422
1778:
1775:p. 344.
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:0-7246-4816-X
1749:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1650:Anon (2002).
1646:
1643:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1336:0-7305-7338-9
1332:
1325:
1324:
1320:Anon (1992).
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1232:Anon (2000).
1228:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1107:on 2012-08-25
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1078:on 2012-08-19
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1028:on 2011-12-16
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1010:
998:
995:Dann, Peter.
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
961:
953:
952:
944:
941:
929:
925:
919:
916:
911:
905:
897:
895:0-19-553068-3
891:
887:
880:
877:
871:
867:
862:
857:
856:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
829:
826:
824:
821:
818:
814:
812:
808:
805:
802:
801:
800:
798:
790:
785:
782:
779:
775:
771:
768:
765:
763:
760:
757:
753:
749:
746:
744:Pasley Island
743:
740:
736:
732:
729:
726:
725:Garden Island
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
700:
697:
694:
693:Carnac Island
691:
688:
686:
685:Israelite Bay
682:
681:
680:
678:
670:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
652:Middle Island
650:
647:
643:
642:London Bridge
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
627:
626:
624:
617:
614:The coast of
612:
605:
600:
596:
592:
589:
587:
583:
580:
577:
576:Betsey Island
574:
571:
568:
567:
563:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
542:
539:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
513:
510:
507:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
481:
478:
477:
476:
474:
466:
462:
457:
450:
446:
443:
440:
436:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
396:
392:
389:
386:
385:Rabbit Island
382:
378:
375:
372:
368:
364:
363:Lipson Island
361:
360:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
331:
328:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:Victor Harbor
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
278:
275:
274:
273:
271:
263:
259:
258:Lipson Island
254:
247:
242:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
204:
200:
197:
196:
195:
193:
185:
180:
177:
176:
175:
173:
165:
159:
151:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:Middle Island
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
81:
79:
72:
70:
67:
63:
58:
55:
54:site fidelity
51:
47:
43:
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
2664:
2654:September 4,
2652:. Retrieved
2647:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2602:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:
2578:
2567:. Retrieved
2562:
2553:
2542:. Retrieved
2538:
2529:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:
2505:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:
2457:
2446:. Retrieved
2442:
2433:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:
2409:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
2374:. Retrieved
2370:
2361:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:
2337:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:
2313:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:
2289:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2254:. Retrieved
2249:
2240:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:
2216:
2205:. Retrieved
2194:
2183:. Retrieved
2179:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2154:
2145:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2121:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:
2073:
2062:. Retrieved
2057:
2048:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2024:
2015:
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:Sunday Times
1873:
1864:
1853:. Retrieved
1849:
1840:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1805:
1788:September 4,
1786:. Retrieved
1768:
1765:
1758:
1743:
1722:. Retrieved
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1662:
1652:
1645:
1634:. Retrieved
1629:
1589:. Retrieved
1575:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1519:. Retrieved
1514:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1457:
1446:. Retrieved
1441:
1432:
1421:. Retrieved
1416:
1406:
1398:
1384:
1345:
1322:
1315:
1306:
1295:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:
1257:
1234:
1227:
1216:. Retrieved
1214:. April 2007
1207:
1195:
1184:. Retrieved
1180:
1170:
1159:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1100:
1091:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1071:
1062:
1051:. Retrieved
1041:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:the original
1001:. Retrieved
950:
943:
932:. Retrieved
927:
918:
885:
879:
823:Taiaroa Head
795:Colonies in
794:
778:Woody Island
719:Flinders Bay
675:Colonies in
674:
621:Colonies in
620:
570:Babel Island
490:Bruny Island
471:Colonies in
470:
445:Wedge Island
439:Spencer Gulf
381:Louth Island
287:Goose Island
268:Colonies in
267:
262:Spencer Gulf
190:Colonies in
189:
179:Bowen Island
169:
123:
85:
76:
66:Colony sizes
59:
49:
41:
39:
27:Bruny Island
15:
1591:13 December
1126:"Shoal Bay"
1072:Warrnambool
844:Islands in
834:Matiu/Somes
797:New Zealand
791:New Zealand
774:Cull Island
689:Bald Island
630:Gabo Island
599:Gull Island
512:Goat Island
365:, north of
237:Twofold Bay
213:Lion Island
131:Warrnambool
62:New Zealand
2680:Categories
2593:2015-12-26
2569:2015-12-18
2544:2014-12-03
2520:2015-12-26
2496:2015-12-26
2472:2015-12-26
2448:2015-12-26
2424:2015-12-26
2400:2015-12-26
2376:2015-12-26
2352:2015-12-26
2328:2015-12-26
2304:2015-12-26
2280:2015-12-26
2256:2015-11-07
2231:2015-12-26
2207:2014-11-10
2185:2015-12-26
2161:2015-12-18
2136:2015-12-26
2112:2015-12-26
2088:2015-11-07
2064:2015-11-07
2039:2015-12-26
2000:2015-12-26
1976:2015-12-26
1952:2015-12-26
1928:2015-12-26
1904:2015-12-26
1880:2015-12-18
1855:2015-12-26
1831:2015-12-26
1724:2015-12-19
1704:2012-09-14
1694:"Penguins"
1636:2012-09-08
1521:2012-09-12
1494:16 January
1469:2012-09-04
1448:2012-09-12
1423:2012-09-12
1297:2012-09-11
1272:2020-04-30
1248:0731362608
1218:2012-09-11
1186:2020-04-30
1175:laspinne.
1161:2012-09-11
1135:2020-04-30
1111:2012-09-08
1082:2012-09-06
1053:2011-11-25
1032:2011-11-25
1003:2011-11-25
934:2012-09-17
872:References
421:Edithburgh
111:stray dogs
92:introduced
40:This is a
904:cite book
799:include:
703:Condingup
679:include:
625:include:
545:St Helens
519:Devonport
475:include:
377:Louth Bay
367:Tumby Bay
340:Penneshaw
334:Kingscote
272:include:
174:include:
145:Australia
119:fur seals
88:Australia
82:Predation
35:Australia
1682:: 71–76.
1392:Archived
1370:Archived
853:See also
842:Mokopuna
606:Victoria
525:Low Head
473:Tasmania
451:Tasmania
135:Victoria
57:apart).
31:Tasmania
750:, near
644:beach,
595:Passage
591:Forsyth
551:Wynyard
480:Bicheno
129:, near
115:goannas
107:ferrets
73:Tourism
1797:
1779:
1750:
1567:
1333:
1245:
892:
840:, and
838:Mākaro
804:Oamaru
496:Burnie
465:lichen
419:, off
109:, and
103:stoats
2644:(PDF)
2203:. ABC
1672:(PDF)
1585:(PDF)
1327:(PDF)
1239:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
955:(PDF)
752:Perth
508:(IBA)
393:, in
219:Manly
99:foxes
2656:2012
1795:ISBN
1790:2012
1777:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1593:2013
1565:ISBN
1515:News
1496:2019
1331:ISBN
1243:ISBN
910:link
890:ISBN
597:and
383:and
205:and
105:and
2623:".
427:in
2682::
2646:.
2613:^
2586:.
2561:.
2537:.
2513:.
2489:.
2465:.
2441:.
2417:.
2393:.
2369:.
2345:.
2321:.
2297:.
2273:.
2248:.
2224:.
2178:.
2153:.
2129:.
2105:.
2081:.
2056:.
2032:.
1993:.
1969:.
1945:.
1921:.
1897:.
1872:.
1848:.
1824:.
1771:.
1733:^
1696:.
1680:35
1678:.
1674:.
1628:.
1601:^
1530:^
1513:.
1486:.
1440:.
1415:.
1354:^
1289:.
1265:.
1210:.
1206:.
1179:.
1153:.
1128:.
1099:.
1070:.
1012:^
963:^
926:.
906:}}
902:{{
836:,
593:,
423:,
369:,
315:,
295:,
260:,
201:,
133:,
97:,
33:,
29:,
2658:.
2596:.
2572:.
2547:.
2523:.
2499:.
2475:.
2451:.
2427:.
2403:.
2379:.
2355:.
2331:.
2307:.
2283:.
2259:.
2234:.
2210:.
2188:.
2164:.
2139:.
2115:.
2091:.
2067:.
2042:.
2003:.
1979:.
1955:.
1931:.
1907:.
1883:.
1858:.
1834:.
1792:.
1727:.
1707:.
1639:.
1595:.
1524:.
1498:.
1472:.
1451:.
1426:.
1339:.
1300:.
1275:.
1251:.
1221:.
1189:.
1164:.
1138:.
1114:.
1085:.
1056:.
1035:.
1006:.
937:.
912:)
898:.
758:.
379:(
323:.
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
