230:
267:
318:
196:
63:, the main cultural arm of the Philippine government, it is possible that the sampling of the mosque types in Lanao might represent the “typical” mosques in the Philippines prior to the importation of mosque architecture from Arabia, as Islam was introduced to the Sulu archipelago first, followed by Maguindanao, and then Lanao. Both Sulu and Maguindanao have lost almost all of their non-Arabian style mosque architectural knowledge, making Lanao the last area where such knowledge is still extant, although some pockets still exist in Sulu and Maguindanao. One of the earliest types of mosques in Lanao is a five-tiered building resembling a Chinese pagoda. A variation of this type is a three-tiered or seven-tiered edifice. The earliest mosque in Simunul,
167:
391:
138:
420:
351:
27:. Prior to the usage of the common Arabic style merged with modernist style mosque architecture, the vernacular mosques of the Philippines used to be the hut-style and the pagoda-style, which were very common until the late 19th century. Most of the mosques in the Philippines today have common Islamic architectures imported from Arabia, though some vernacular pagoda-style mosques can still be seen in Mindanao such as the Masjid Datu Untong Balabaran of Taviran in
1568:
1578:
88:. The pagoda-style mosques are largely attributed to Hindu and Buddhist pasts of the current Muslim areas in the Philippines. These mosques have eight, five, or three tiers, making them look as if they are pathways to heaven. The pagoda-style mosque building is currently an endangered art form in the Philippines, as most mosques are now built in the Domed/Arabian-style.
447:
679:
72:
structure, where the khatib delivers his sermon. Philippine mosques do not have a sahn (courtyard) like those of Middle East mosques. Instead, they have benches outside where people sit and talk while waiting for the next prayer. According to
Filipino Muslims, it is not permitted to discuss unIslamic matter inside the mosques.
56:
remaining earlier types were either demolished, destroyed during earthquakes, or reconstructed/remodelled to suit modern architectural types based on the middle-east designs; (3) the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca radically changed all earliest types; and (4) very little has been written about the subject.
79:
Langgal/ranggar - small structures for the faithful, and is usually built in rural areas (like the small chapels in
Catholicism). These are the oldest form of mosque in the Philippines. The langgal/ranggar-style mosques are still being built and used in Islamic areas in the Philippines, especially in
67:
was initially built through the pagoda-style. Its 4 pillars are still there after more than 400 years. Another example of vernacular mosque in the
Philippines is the Masgit sa Buadi Sakayo located, a mosque in Lanao that resembles a Buddhist temple with okir motifs. Other early types of mosques are
91:
Onion-domed/Arabian-style Mosque - currently the most prominent and widespread style used in building mosques in the
Philippines. The Domed/Arabian-style was imported to the Philippines when Filipino Muslims began performing the hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). On their journey, they saw the mosques of
55:
Very little is known about the architectural designs of mosque types in the
Philippines. This is due to several factors: (1) much of the earliest types of mosques constructed by early missionaries were made of temporary materials like wood, bamboo, and cogon which do not last for years; (2) the
71:
In Lanao, a huge drum called tabo is suspended horizontally inside the mosque and is beaten to call the believers to the mosque. Among the Yakan, a bamboo drum is used for calling people to worship. Inside the mosque, one does not find a pulpit (mimbar) but an elevated platform, a chair or a
42:
declaration in the future. The proposals made were to input the historic mosques of the
Philippines (mosque in Simunul), to input the vernacular mosques of the Philippines (langga/rangga-style and pagoda-style mosques), or to combine both and input them in the tentative list of
83:
Pagoda-style Mosque - used by
Muslims throughout Islamic areas in the Philippines prior to the importation of the Arabian-style mosque architecture. It is similar to the pagoda-style places of worship in Malaysia and Indonesia, specifically,
68:
found in the eastern coasts of Lake Lanao, where some mosques have okir motifs and burak (centaur) depictions some mirrors engraved on the panels of the mosque. Some early type mosques also has inverted jars on top of their domes.
2659:
229:
266:
317:
2509:
2226:
166:
60:
1457:
565:
1744:
195:
1674:
1502:
710:
375:
2622:
2002:
1482:
1616:
786:
1881:
1694:
1094:
864:
623:
2359:
2030:
1719:
1533:
1292:
1207:
390:
2474:
2444:
2349:
683:
2649:
2065:
382:
2075:
1801:
755:
2469:
2176:
849:
2502:
2219:
2141:
1543:
604:
2399:
2449:
869:
2518:
2235:
2166:
2289:
1452:
1417:
1372:
1034:
137:
2339:
1009:
2612:
2434:
2181:
2055:
2045:
1866:
1342:
1232:
929:
730:
28:
2354:
2249:
2404:
1120:
2191:
1942:
1796:
1776:
1756:
1659:
1462:
1437:
1332:
1252:
1242:
969:
884:
703:
2439:
2151:
2136:
2108:
1538:
1167:
1163:
2589:
2534:
2495:
2304:
2212:
2025:
1957:
1947:
1909:
1806:
1548:
1497:
1427:
1422:
1302:
974:
419:
2459:
2171:
2131:
2617:
2579:
2554:
2454:
2146:
1995:
1914:
1821:
1766:
1679:
1507:
1442:
1397:
1367:
1267:
1049:
924:
874:
839:
344:
2464:
1919:
1159:
1024:
829:
2344:
2294:
2254:
1337:
1039:
859:
592:
350:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2274:
2090:
2011:
1876:
1836:
1826:
1739:
1734:
1724:
1709:
1699:
1684:
1669:
1654:
1649:
1639:
1609:
1467:
1362:
1352:
1282:
1247:
1237:
1099:
1059:
1029:
1019:
1014:
999:
984:
979:
954:
909:
889:
844:
809:
779:
740:
543:
2414:
2329:
1771:
2654:
2569:
2544:
2379:
2324:
2314:
2284:
2269:
2259:
2040:
1967:
1952:
1904:
1899:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1831:
1816:
1811:
1729:
1714:
1689:
1625:
1512:
1492:
1447:
1412:
1377:
1347:
1327:
1317:
1277:
1262:
1074:
1064:
919:
899:
894:
824:
795:
2584:
2559:
2539:
2409:
2394:
2389:
2319:
2299:
2186:
1786:
1704:
1664:
1644:
1382:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1128:
989:
944:
939:
834:
2564:
2549:
2526:
2334:
2264:
2161:
2085:
2080:
2060:
1962:
1856:
1791:
1781:
1761:
1751:
1472:
1432:
1407:
1387:
1322:
1297:
1287:
1272:
1257:
1224:
1200:
1069:
1044:
1004:
994:
959:
949:
934:
914:
879:
819:
814:
696:
569:
503:
189:
2384:
2309:
2070:
2050:
1937:
1553:
1124:
904:
2279:
2156:
2113:
1357:
1054:
854:
2574:
2035:
1392:
1312:
1307:
1216:
964:
750:
745:
1988:
1602:
772:
735:
2600:
1522:
1193:
430:
328:
258:
240:
235:
39:
1577:
413:
75:
Overall, the types of mosque architecture in the
Philippines can be divided into three, namely:
600:
593:"Constructing Identity: Visual Expressions of Islam in the Predominantly Catholic Philippines"
719:
508:
294:
223:
160:
131:
544:"In Focus: A Look at Philippine Mosques - National Commission for Culture and the Arts"
513:
425:
323:
2643:
1571:
396:
484:
215:
177:
148:
597:
Identity in
Crossroad Civilisations: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Globalism in Asia
1581:
23:
463:
452:
401:
367:
301:
277:
246:
206:
361:
92:
Arabia and copied it, replacing the pagoda-style mosques in the
Philippines.
64:
214:
Current building built in 2023 after the mosque was heavily damaged in the
678:
650:
446:
518:
356:
479:
272:
201:
172:
143:
44:
36:
19:
688:
628:
Talapamana ng Pilipinas: Philippine Registry of Cultural Property
457:
85:
2491:
2208:
1984:
1598:
1189:
768:
692:
2660:
Lists of religious buildings and structures in the Philippines
2598:
2525:
2368:
2242:
2122:
2099:
2018:
1928:
1890:
1632:
1521:
1481:
1223:
1108:
1083:
802:
106:
630:. Philippine Registry of Cultural Property Office
566:"PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE: Forms and Types |"
2503:
2220:
1996:
1610:
1201:
780:
704:
538:
536:
534:
8:
2624:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
61:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2510:
2496:
2488:
2227:
2213:
2205:
2003:
1989:
1981:
1617:
1603:
1595:
1208:
1194:
1186:
787:
773:
765:
711:
697:
689:
100:
618:
616:
599:. Amsterdam University Press: 195–218.
530:
35:into the Philippine tentative list for
31:. There have been proposals to put the
7:
751:List of tallest mosques in the world
746:List of largest mosques in the world
383:Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque
741:List of oldest mosques in the world
33:Heritage Mosques of the Philippines
2236:List of mosques in North America
756:List of mosques in the Arab League
14:
2519:List of mosques in South America
2350:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1576:
1567:
1566:
1095:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
865:Democratic Republic of the Congo
677:
649:Caluag, Randy (March 20, 2023).
445:
418:
389:
349:
316:
265:
228:
194:
165:
136:
2031:Federated States of Micronesia
1534:British Indian Ocean Territory
546:. Ncca.gov.ph. October 6, 2003
29:Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao
1:
2475:United States Virgin Islands
376:National Historical Landmark
289:Panglima Sugala Grand Mosque
2012:List of mosques in Oceania
651:"Biggest in Southeast Asia"
345:Sheik Karimol Makdum Mosque
2676:
2650:Mosques in the Philippines
1626:List of mosques in Europe
796:List of mosques in Africa
684:Mosques in the Philippines
591:Angeles, Vivienne (2009).
473:
441:
412:
381:
343:
312:
288:
257:
222:
188:
159:
130:
2487:
2450:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2204:
1980:
1594:
1562:
1185:
764:
726:
115:
112:
109:
103:
2470:Turks and Caicos Islands
2177:Northern Mariana Islands
1283:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1217:List of mosques in Asia
850:Central African Republic
504:Islam in the Philippines
190:Dansalan Bato Ali Mosque
2142:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1544:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
386:(Cotabato Grand Mosque)
2400:British Virgin Islands
1675:Bosnia and Herzegovina
731:Congregational mosques
2340:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2125:and other territories
1010:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
870:Republic of the Congo
686:at Wikimedia Commons
624:"TALAPAMANA Mindanao"
1458:United Arab Emirates
2355:Trinidad and Tobago
2250:Antigua and Barbuda
1891:States with limited
1485:limited recognition
1085:States with limited
431:Zamboanga Peninsula
329:Zamboanga Peninsula
259:Marawi Grand Mosque
241:Maguindanao del Sur
236:Datu Saudi Ampatuan
51:Architectural types
40:World Heritage Site
2290:Dominican Republic
442:Tulay Grand Mosque
414:Taluksangay Mosque
335:under-construction
313:Sadik Grand Mosque
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2605:other territories
2483:
2482:
2372:other territories
2200:
2199:
2192:Wallis and Futuna
2100:Associated states
1976:
1975:
1590:
1589:
1527:other territories
1181:
1180:
1112:other territories
885:Equatorial Guinea
682:Media related to
572:on March 22, 2018
495:
494:
121:City/municipality
59:According to the
2667:
2655:Lists of mosques
2625:
2613:Falkland Islands
2527:Sovereign states
2512:
2505:
2498:
2489:
2440:Saint Barthélemy
2370:Dependencies and
2243:Sovereign states
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2182:Pitcairn Islands
2152:French Polynesia
2137:Christmas Island
2066:Papua New Guinea
2046:Marshall Islands
2019:Sovereign states
2005:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1929:Dependencies and
1633:Sovereign states
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1539:Christmas Island
1225:Sovereign states
1210:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1173:
1172:(United Kingdom)
1168:Tristan da Cunha
1164:Ascension Island
1156:
1143:
1134:
1110:Dependencies and
803:Sovereign states
789:
782:
775:
766:
720:Lists of mosques
713:
706:
699:
690:
681:
666:
665:
663:
661:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
620:
611:
610:
588:
582:
581:
579:
577:
568:. Archived from
562:
556:
555:
553:
551:
540:
509:Lists of mosques
449:
422:
393:
353:
320:
269:
262:(Islamic Center)
232:
198:
169:
140:
101:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2521:
2516:
2479:
2373:
2371:
2364:
2238:
2233:
2196:
2124:
2118:
2101:
2095:
2076:Solomon Islands
2014:
2009:
1972:
1930:
1924:
1910:Northern Cyprus
1892:
1886:
1807:North Macedonia
1628:
1623:
1586:
1558:
1526:
1517:
1498:Northern Cyprus
1484:
1477:
1219:
1214:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1154:
1141:
1132:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1088:
1086:
1079:
798:
793:
760:
722:
717:
675:
670:
669:
659:
657:
655:Manila Standard
648:
647:
643:
633:
631:
622:
621:
614:
607:
590:
589:
585:
575:
573:
564:
563:
559:
549:
547:
542:
541:
532:
527:
500:
455:
385:
359:
297:
295:Panglima Sugala
261:
238:
224:Dimaukom Mosque
161:Baclaran Mosque
132:Al-Dahab Mosque
122:
99:
53:
12:
11:
5:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Sint Eustatius
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Cayman Islands
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Norfolk Island
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:American Samoa
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2102:of New Zealand
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1931:other entities
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1882:United Kingdom
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1695:Czech Republic
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1157:
1144:
1135:
1121:Canary Islands
1117:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
806:
804:
800:
799:
794:
792:
791:
784:
777:
769:
762:
761:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
727:
724:
723:
718:
716:
715:
708:
701:
693:
674:
673:External links
671:
668:
667:
641:
612:
605:
583:
557:
529:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
516:
514:Maranao people
511:
506:
499:
496:
493:
492:
490:
487:
482:
477:
475:
471:
470:
468:
466:
461:
450:
443:
439:
438:
436:
433:
428:
426:Zamboanga City
423:
416:
410:
409:
407:
404:
399:
394:
387:
379:
378:
373:
370:
365:
354:
347:
341:
340:
338:
331:
326:
324:Zamboanga City
321:
314:
310:
309:
307:
304:
299:
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1943:Faroe Islands
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736:Grand mosques
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397:Cotabato City
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2601:Dependencies
2465:Sint Maarten
2445:Saint Martin
2123:Dependencies
2109:Cook Islands
1920:Transnistria
1523:Dependencies
1453:Turkmenistan
1418:Saudi Arabia
1402:
1160:Saint Helena
1131:
1035:South Africa
1025:Sierra Leone
830:Burkina Faso
676:
658:. Retrieved
654:
644:
632:. Retrieved
627:
596:
586:
574:. Retrieved
570:the original
560:
550:December 28,
548:. Retrieved
485:Metro Manila
334:
216:Marawi siege
178:Metro Manila
149:Metro Manila
113:First built
80:rural areas.
74:
70:
58:
54:
32:
17:
15:
2435:Puerto Rico
2345:Saint Lucia
2295:El Salvador
2056:New Zealand
1958:Isle of Man
1893:recognition
1867:Switzerland
1802:Netherlands
1582:Asia portal
1483:States with
1403:Philippines
1343:South Korea
1338:North Korea
1233:Afghanistan
1087:recognition
1040:South Sudan
930:Ivory Coast
660:December 2,
634:December 2,
474:Blue Mosque
298:(Tawi Tawi)
123:(Province)
24:Philippines
2644:Categories
2430:Montserrat
2425:Martinique
2420:Guadeloupe
2275:Costa Rica
1837:San Marino
1797:Montenegro
1777:Luxembourg
1757:Kazakhstan
1660:Azerbaijan
1463:Uzbekistan
1438:Tajikistan
1353:Kyrgyzstan
1333:Kazakhstan
1253:Bangladesh
1243:Azerbaijan
1142:(Portugal)
1100:Somaliland
1020:Seychelles
985:Mozambique
970:Mauritania
955:Madagascar
910:The Gambia
845:Cape Verde
525:References
464:Bangsamoro
402:Bangsamoro
368:Bangsamoro
302:Bangsamoro
278:Bangsamoro
247:Bangsamoro
207:Bangsamoro
16:This is a
2590:Venezuela
2535:Argentina
2415:Greenland
2330:Nicaragua
2305:Guatemala
2026:Australia
1948:Gibraltar
1772:Lithuania
1549:Hong Kong
1503:Palestine
1428:Sri Lanka
1423:Singapore
1303:Indonesia
975:Mauritius
576:March 21,
362:Tawi-tawi
218:of 2017.
110:Location
65:Tawi-tawi
2580:Suriname
2570:Paraguay
2555:Colombia
2380:Anguilla
2315:Honduras
2285:Dominica
2260:Barbados
2041:Kiribati
1968:Svalbard
1953:Guernsey
1900:Abkhazia
1852:Slovenia
1847:Slovakia
1822:Portugal
1680:Bulgaria
1572:Category
1493:Abkhazia
1443:Thailand
1398:Pakistan
1378:Mongolia
1373:Maldives
1368:Malaysia
1268:Cambodia
1166: /
1162: /
1155:(France)
1149: /
1127: /
1123: /
1075:Zimbabwe
1050:Tanzania
900:Ethiopia
895:Eswatini
875:Djibouti
840:Cameroon
825:Botswana
498:See also
18:list of
2585:Uruguay
2560:Ecuador
2540:Bolivia
2410:Curaçao
2395:Bonaire
2390:Bermuda
2320:Jamaica
2300:Grenada
2255:Bahamas
2187:Tokelau
2091:Vanuatu
1877:Ukraine
1827:Romania
1787:Moldova
1745:Ireland
1740:Iceland
1735:Hungary
1725:Germany
1720:Georgia
1710:Finland
1705:Estonia
1700:Denmark
1685:Croatia
1670:Belgium
1665:Belarus
1655:Austria
1650:Armenia
1645:Andorra
1640:Albania
1468:Vietnam
1383:Myanmar
1363:Lebanon
1293:Georgia
1248:Bahrain
1238:Armenia
1151:RĂ©union
1147:Mayotte
1138:Madeira
1133:(Spain)
1129:Melilla
1060:Tunisia
1030:Somalia
1015:Senegal
1000:Nigeria
990:Namibia
980:Morocco
945:Liberia
940:Lesotho
890:Eritrea
860:Comoros
835:Burundi
810:Algeria
519:Torogan
357:Simunul
126:Region
22:in the
20:mosques
2565:Guyana
2545:Brazil
2335:Panama
2325:Mexico
2270:Canada
2265:Belize
2162:Hawaii
2086:Tuvalu
1963:Jersey
1905:Kosovo
1872:Turkey
1862:Sweden
1842:Serbia
1832:Russia
1817:Poland
1812:Norway
1792:Monaco
1762:Latvia
1730:Greece
1715:France
1690:Cyprus
1513:Taiwan
1448:Turkey
1413:Russia
1348:Kuwait
1328:Jordan
1318:Israel
1278:Cyprus
1263:Brunei
1258:Bhutan
1170:
1153:
1140:
1070:Zambia
1065:Uganda
1005:Rwanda
960:Malawi
920:Guinea
815:Angola
603:
480:Taguig
333:2023 (
273:Marawi
202:Marawi
173:Manila
144:Manila
116:Notes
107:Photo
45:UNESCO
37:UNESCO
2550:Chile
2385:Aruba
2310:Haiti
2081:Tonga
2071:Samoa
2061:Palau
2051:Nauru
1938:Ă…land
1857:Spain
1782:Malta
1752:Italy
1554:Macau
1473:Yemen
1433:Syria
1408:Qatar
1388:Nepal
1323:Japan
1298:India
1288:Egypt
1273:China
1125:Ceuta
1045:Sudan
995:Niger
950:Libya
935:Kenya
915:Ghana
905:Gabon
880:Egypt
820:Benin
211:1950s
104:Name
2575:Peru
2455:Saba
2280:Cuba
2157:Guam
2114:Niue
2036:Fiji
1393:Oman
1358:Laos
1313:Iraq
1308:Iran
1055:Togo
965:Mali
855:Chad
662:2023
636:2023
601:ISBN
578:2018
552:2019
489:1976
458:Sulu
453:Jolo
435:1885
406:2011
372:1380
282:1970
251:2014
182:1994
153:1976
97:List
86:Bali
2603:and
1525:and
2646::
653:.
626:.
615:^
595:.
533:^
47:.
2511:e
2504:t
2497:v
2228:e
2221:t
2214:v
2004:e
1997:t
1990:v
1618:e
1611:t
1604:v
1209:e
1202:t
1195:v
788:e
781:t
774:v
712:e
705:t
698:v
664:.
638:.
609:.
580:.
554:.
460:)
456:(
364:)
360:(
337:)
306:—
243:)
239:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
